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Mendela TS, Isaac SR, Enzor LA. Impacts of elevated temperature, decreased salinity and microfibers on the bioenergetics and oxidative stress in eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 274:111002. [PMID: 38909831 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2024.111002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Projected increases in temperature and decreases in salinity associated with global climate change will likely have detrimental impacts on eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, as these variables can influence physiological processes in these keystone species. We set out to determine how the interactive effects of temperature (20 °C or 27 °C) and/or salinity (27‰ or 17‰) impacted the energetic reserves, aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, and changes to oxidative stress or total antioxidant potential as a consequence of an altered environment over a 21-day exposure. Gill and adductor muscle were used to quantify changes in total glycogen and lipid content, Electron Transport System and Citrate Synthase activities, Malate Dehydrogenase activity, Protein Carbonyl formation, lipid peroxidation, and total antioxidant potential. A second exposure was performed to determine if these environmental factors influenced the ingestion of microfibers, which are now one of the leading forms of marine debris. Elevated temperature and the combination of elevated temperature and decreased salinity led to an overall decline in oyster mass, which was exacerbated by the presence of microfibers. Changes in metabolism and oxidative stress were largely influenced by time, but exposure to elevated temperature, decreased salinity, the combination of these stressors or exposure to microfibers had small impacts on oyster physiology and survival. Overall these studies demonstrate that oyster are fairly resilient to changes in salinity in short-term exposures, and elevations in temperature or temperature combined with salinity result in changes to the oyster energetic response, which can be further impacted by the presence of microfibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler S Mendela
- Department of Biology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, United States of America
| | - Sean R Isaac
- Department of Biology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, United States of America
| | - Laura A Enzor
- Department of Biology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, United States of America.
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2
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Falconí K, Zapata-Vívenes É, Lodeiros C. Inorganic osmolytes and enzymatic biomarkers from the manabi oyster (Crassostrea cf. corteziensis) in response to saline stress. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 196:106409. [PMID: 38461608 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Abrupt drops in salinity that occur in tropical estuaries during the equatorial rainy season led to hyposaline conditions which may reduce the populational density of oysters. To assess the effect of saline stress on physiological and metabolic responses of the Manabi oyster (Crassostrea cf. corteziensis) was exposed to 35, 30, 20,10 and 5‰ concentrations during 96 h. Inorganic osmolytes, pH, salinity, haemocyanin and protein concentration in the plasma as well as the number of oysters with closed valves were recorded. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and catalase (CAT) activity were analysed. Inorganic osmolytes and internal salinity were elevated in oysters exposed to 35, 10 and 5‰. A significant number of oysters with valve closure was observed in 10 and 5‰, which coincided with a decline in physiological pH and changes in haemocyanin concentrations. AST activity and AST/ALT ratio were reduced under 35, 10 and 5‰, and CAT increased in oysters exposed to 35‰; but protein concentration, LDH and ALP did not show significant variations. Metabolic adjustment and behavior of the Manabi oyster could explain tolerance and survival (at least for a short term) to hyposaline stress in tropical estuarine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Falconí
- Programa de Maestría en Acuicultura, Instituto de Postgrado, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Bahía de Caráquez, Manabí, Ecuador.
| | - Édgar Zapata-Vívenes
- Grupo de Investigación, Biología y Cultivo de Moluscos, Departamento de Acuicultura, Pesca y Recursos Naturales Renovables, Facultad de Acuicultura y Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Ecuador.
| | - César Lodeiros
- Grupo de Investigación, Biología y Cultivo de Moluscos, Departamento de Acuicultura, Pesca y Recursos Naturales Renovables, Facultad de Acuicultura y Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Ecuador.
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García-Souto D, Martínez-Mariño V, Morán P, Olabarria C, Vázquez E. Hiding from heat: The transcriptomic response of two clam species is modulated by behaviour and habitat. J Therm Biol 2024; 119:103776. [PMID: 38163416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Rising occurrence of extreme warming events are profoundly impacting ecosystems, altering their functioning and services with significant socio-economic consequences. Particularly susceptible to heatwaves are intertidal shellfish beds, located in estuarine areas already stressed by factors such as rainfall events, red tides, eutrophication, and pollution. In Galicia, Northwestern Spain, these beds support vital shellfisheries, featuring the native clam Ruditapes decussatus and the non-indigenous R. philippinarum. Over recent decades, these populations have experienced notable abundance shifts due to various anthropogenic impacts, including climate change. In this habitat, patches of the seagrass Zostera noltei that coexist with bare sand can act as thermal refuges for benthic organisms such as clams. To assess the impact of heatwaves on these ecosystems, a mesocosm experiment was conducted. Juveniles of both clam species in two habitat types-bare sand and sand with Z. noltei-were exposed to simulated atmospheric heatwaves during diurnal low tide for four consecutive days. Subsequent transcriptomic analysis revealed that high temperatures had a more pronounced impact on the transcriptome of R. philippinarum compared to R. decussatus. The habitat type played a crucial role in mitigating heat stress in R. philippinarum, with the presence of Z. noltei notably ameliorating the transcriptomic response. These findings have direct applications in shellfishery management, emphasizing the importance of preserving undisturbed patches of Z. noltei as thermal refuges, contributing to the mitigation of heatwave effects on shellfish populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel García-Souto
- Genomas y Enfermedad, Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Departamento de Zoología, Genética y Antropología Física, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Víctor Martínez-Mariño
- Centro de Investigación Mariña (CIM) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Xenética e Inmunoloxía, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain.
| | - Paloma Morán
- Centro de Investigación Mariña (CIM) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Xenética e Inmunoloxía, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain.
| | - Celia Olabarria
- Centro de Investigación Mariña (CIM) and Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Facultade de Ciencias do Mar, Universidade de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain.
| | - Elsa Vázquez
- Centro de Investigación Mariña (CIM) and Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Facultade de Ciencias do Mar, Universidade de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain.
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Liu Y, Ren JS, Wang X, Wu W, Zhang J. Environmental influence on summer survival of Manila Clam Ruditapes philippinarum: A case study in an aquaculture bay. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 192:106242. [PMID: 37926587 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The aquaculture of Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) is under threat due to its high mortality in summer. To investigate the environmental influence on mortality of the species, we have conducted field surveys in the aquaculture area in Laizhou Bay, during the summers of 2019 and 2020. Environmental and biological data were collected. The results of data analysis have shown that in 2020, large-scale mortality events were not recorded and spatial variations of environmental variables were no significant within the survey area. However, in August 2019, significant variations of environmental variables were detected in the middle tidal area. This area was charactered with relatively high-water temperature (with maximum temperature of 31.49 °C and mean value of 26.17 ± 1.62 °C), elevated hydrogen sulfide concentrations (with a maximum concentration of 24.72 μmol/L and a mean concentration of 7.89 ± 4.14 μmol/L), and low dissolved oxygen concentrations (with a minimum concentration of 3.35 mg/L and a mean concentration of 6.27 ± 0.42 mg/L). Correspondingly, high mortality of the clam was recorded in the area, the abundance of live Manila clams has decreased by 80%. No significant abnormalities of environmental variables and clam growth were observed in other regions in 2019. Glycogen content and condition index of the clam were analyzed to investigate the relationship between environmental stress and the health of the clam. Compared to the condition index, glycogen content is a more sensitive indicator of the health status of the clam because changes in glycogen content appeared earlier than changes in condition index and mortality. A principal component analysis further indicated that the high mortality of the clam corresponds with a few environmental variables, including elevated temperature, hypoxia and the concentration of hydrogen sulfide. The simultaneous presence of these multiple environmental stressors could have triggered alterations in the physiological responses of the clam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Jeffrey S Ren
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, 10 Kyle Street, PO Box 8602, Christchurch, 8440, New Zealand
| | - Xinmeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Wenguang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Jihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China.
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Milan M, Bernardini I, Bertolini C, Dalla Rovere G, Manuzzi A, Pastres R, Peruzza L, Smits M, Fabrello J, Breggion C, Sambo A, Boffo L, Gallocchio L, Carrer C, Sorrentino F, Bettiol C, Lodi GC, Semenzin E, Varagnolo M, Matozzo V, Bargelloni L, Patarnello T. Multidisciplinary long-term survey of Manila clam grown in farming sites subjected to different environmental conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 863:160796. [PMID: 36528093 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent years recurrent bivalve mass mortalities considerably increased around the world, causing the collapse of natural and farmed populations. Venice Lagoon has historically represented one of the major production areas of the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum in Europe. However, in the last 20 years a 75 % decrease in the annual production has been experienced. While climate change and anthropogenic interventions may have played a key role in natural and farmed stocks reductions, no studies investigated at multiple levels the environmental stressors affecting farmed Manila clam to date. In this work we carried out a long-term monitoring campaign on Manila clam reared in four farming sites located at different distances from the southern Venice Lagoon inlet, integrating (meta)genomic approaches (i.e. RNA-seq; microbiota characterization), biometric measurements and chemical-physical parameters. Our study allowed to characterize the molecular mechanisms adopted by this species to cope with the different environmental conditions characterizing farming sites and to propose hypotheses to explain mortality events observed in recent years. Among the most important findings, the disruption of clam's immune response, the spread of Vibrio spp., and the up-regulation of molecular pathways involved in xenobiotic metabolism suggested major environmental stressors affecting clams farmed in sites placed close to Chioggia's inlet, where highest mortality was also observed. Overall, our study provides knowledge-based tools for managing Manila clam farming on-growing areas. In addition, the collected data is a snapshot of the time immediately before the commissioning of MoSE, a system of mobile barriers aimed at protecting Venice from high tides, and will represent a baseline for future studies on the effects of MoSE on clams farming and more in general on the ecology of the Venice Lagoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Milan
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Agripolis, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Bernardini
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Agripolis, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Camilla Bertolini
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via torino 155, 30170 Venezia, Italy
| | - Giulia Dalla Rovere
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Agripolis, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Alice Manuzzi
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Agripolis, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Roberto Pastres
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via torino 155, 30170 Venezia, Italy
| | - Luca Peruzza
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Agripolis, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Morgan Smits
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Agripolis, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Jacopo Fabrello
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Cristina Breggion
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Sambo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Loretta Gallocchio
- Thetis s.p.a., c /o Provveditorato Interregionale OO.PP. - Ufficio Tecnico Antinquinamento Laboratorio CSMO, Via Asconio Pediano, 9, 35127 Padova, PD, Italy
| | - Claudio Carrer
- Thetis s.p.a., c /o Provveditorato Interregionale OO.PP. - Ufficio Tecnico Antinquinamento Laboratorio CSMO, Via Asconio Pediano, 9, 35127 Padova, PD, Italy
| | - Francesco Sorrentino
- Provveditorato Interregionale OO.PP. - Ufficio Tecnico Antinquinamento, San Polo 19, 30124 Venezia, Italy)
| | - Cinzia Bettiol
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via torino 155, 30170 Venezia, Italy
| | - Giulia Carolina Lodi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via torino 155, 30170 Venezia, Italy
| | - Elena Semenzin
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via torino 155, 30170 Venezia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Varagnolo
- Societa' Agricola Kappa S. S. di Varagnolo Maurizio E. C., Chioggia, VE, Italy
| | - Valerio Matozzo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Bargelloni
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Agripolis, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Tomaso Patarnello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Agripolis, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
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Missionário M, Travesso M, Calado R, Madeira D. Cellular stress response and acclimation capacity of the ditch shrimp Palaemon varians to extreme weather events - How plastic can a plastic species be? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:158732. [PMID: 36122726 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Species from shallow marine environments are particularly vulnerable to extreme weather events (heatwaves and extreme rainfall) that can promote abrupt environmental shifts, namely in temperature and salinity (respectively). To assess how these shifts impact species' cellular stress responses (CSR), ditch shrimps Palaemon varians were exposed to a chronic (28 days) thermohaline stress experiment. Three levels of temperature (20, 23 and 26 °C) and two levels of salinity (20 and 40) were tested in a full factorial experiment, and shrimps sampled at the 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day of exposure. Survival, wet weight (as proxy for growth), and cellular stress biomarkers associated with oxidative stress (LPO - Lipid Peroxidation, GST - Glutathione-S-Transferase, SOD - Superoxide Dismutase, TAC - Total Antioxidant Capacity and CAT - Catalase) and protein denaturation (UBI - Ubiquitin and HSP-70 - Heat Shock Protein 70 kDa) were analysed in shrimps' muscle at each sampling day. Temperature and time of exposure significantly affected biomarker levels, with shrimps exposed to 20 and 26 °C revealing more pronounced differences. No interactions were detected between temperature and salinity, suggesting that these factors display additive effects on shrimps' CSR. Antioxidant agents (CAT and TAC) increased under elevated temperature, while protein denaturation markers (UBI and HSP-70) were mostly affected by time of exposure, decreasing at 28 days. Total protein reserves increased throughout time and no effects on wet weight were observed. A negative correlation between wet weight and HSP-70 was detected, suggesting that HSP-70 levels are dependent on organism size. Peak survival (~73 %) was found under 20 °C and salinity 40 and lower survival (~30-40 %) was associated with higher temperatures (23 and 26 °C) and lower salinity (20). We conclude that P. varians displays some level of acclimation capacity but differences in survival may indicate effects on osmoregulation processes and the need for longer timeframes to fully acclimate to heat and hyposaline stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalena Missionário
- ECOMARE-Laboratory for Innovation and Sustainability of Marine Biological Resources, CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Estrada do Porto de Pesca Costeira, 3830-565 Gafanha da Nazaré, Portugal
| | - Margarida Travesso
- ECOMARE-Laboratory for Innovation and Sustainability of Marine Biological Resources, CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Estrada do Porto de Pesca Costeira, 3830-565 Gafanha da Nazaré, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Calado
- ECOMARE-Laboratory for Innovation and Sustainability of Marine Biological Resources, CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Estrada do Porto de Pesca Costeira, 3830-565 Gafanha da Nazaré, Portugal
| | - Diana Madeira
- ECOMARE-Laboratory for Innovation and Sustainability of Marine Biological Resources, CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Estrada do Porto de Pesca Costeira, 3830-565 Gafanha da Nazaré, Portugal.
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Castro-Olivares A, Des M, Olabarria C, deCastro M, Vázquez E, Sousa MC, Gómez-Gesteira M. Does global warming threaten small-scale bivalve fisheries in NW Spain? MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 180:105707. [PMID: 35963134 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Shellfisheries of the intertidal and shallow subtidal infaunal bivalves Ruditapes decussatus, Ruditapes philippinarum, Venerupis corrugata and Cerastoderma edule are of great socio-economic importance (in terms of landings) in Europe, specifically in the Galician Rías Baixas (NW Spain). However, ocean warming may threaten these fisheries by modifying the geographic distribution of the species and thus affecting productive areas. The present study analysed the impact of rising ocean temperature on the geographical distribution of the thermal comfort areas of these bivalves throughout the 21st century. The Delft3D model was used to downscale climate data from CORDEX and CMIP5 and was run for July and August in three future periods (2025-2049, 2050-2074 and 2075-2099) under the RCP8.5 scenario. The areas with optimal temperature conditions for shellfish harvesting located in the middle and outer parts of the rias may increase in the near future for R. decussatus, V. corrugata and C. edule and decrease in the far future for R. philippinarum. Moreover, shellfish beds located in the shallower areas of the inner parts of the Rías Baixas could be affected by increased water temperature, reducing the productive areas of the four species by the end of the century. The projected changes in thermal condition will probably lead to changes in shellfish harvesting modality (on foot or aboard vessels) with further socio-economic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Castro-Olivares
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Environmental Physics Laboratory (EPhysLab), Campus As Lagoas s/n, Ourense, 32004, Spain.
| | - M Des
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Environmental Physics Laboratory (EPhysLab), Campus As Lagoas s/n, Ourense, 32004, Spain
| | - C Olabarria
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Facultade de Ciencias do Mar, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - M deCastro
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Environmental Physics Laboratory (EPhysLab), Campus As Lagoas s/n, Ourense, 32004, Spain
| | - E Vázquez
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Facultade de Ciencias do Mar, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - M C Sousa
- CESAM, Physics Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - M Gómez-Gesteira
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Environmental Physics Laboratory (EPhysLab), Campus As Lagoas s/n, Ourense, 32004, Spain
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8
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Pérez-Velasco R, Manzano-Sarabia M, Hurtado-Oliva MÁ. Effect of hypo- and hypersaline stress conditions on physiological, metabolic, and immune responses in the oyster Crassostrea corteziensis (Bivalvia: Ostreidae). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 120:252-260. [PMID: 34848305 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Salinity in the oceans is changing due to climate change and global warming. Intense rainfalls and freshwater runoff decrease salinity along the coastal areas. In contrast, intense drought seasons and river damming have certainly increased salinity in lagoons and estuaries. Few studies have focused on aspects of the biology and culture of oyster Crassostrea corteziensis, but until now, physiological and immunological responses in this species have not been assessed under acute hypo- and hypersaline stress conditions. Oysters obtained from a local farm were acclimated for three weeks in laboratory conditions. To avoid closure of oyster valves during salinity induced-stress conditions, a notch was done on each organism shell not only to facilitate oyster tissue exposure to rearing water but also for sampling hemolymph. Oysters (N = 180) were abruptly exposed to three salinity treatments: (HO) hypo-, (C) control, and (HP) hypersaline stress conditions (10, 35, and 50 PSU, respectively). Four oysters per treatment were sampled at 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after exposure. Hemolymph osmolality, water content and total protein concentration in tissues, metabolic and immune responses were assessed for each organism. Oyster survival was not different among treatments and was maintained above 96% at the end of the experimental trial. Hemolymph osmolality reached the value of rearing water at 6 and 48 h of exposure to HP and HO stress conditions, where oysters exposed to salinity increase showed less resilience than those to decrease. Higher glucose levels in plasma and lower ones of hemocyanin were assessed in the oysters exposed to HP compared to HO conditions, suggesting more stressful conditions or susceptibility of oysters during salinity increase. Total hemocyte (THC), hyalinocyte (HC), and granulocyte (GC) counts decreased in oysters exposed to HP condition, while total and differential hemocyte counts were similar among oysters exposed to HO and control conditions. Despite hemocyte phagocytosis was not different among treatments, viability decreased in those exposed to HP condition. Contrastingly, superoxide anion (SOA) production (oxidative capacity) increased in oysters exposed to both induced salinity-stress conditions, which suggest susceptibility increase in oysters, particularly during salinity increase. The results show that HP condition is particularly stressful for C. corteziensis. In turn, this condition could increase both their vulnerability to other environmental stressors, such as temperature and/or acidification or susceptibility to opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms that cause the most common oyster diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Pérez-Velasco
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Paseo Claussen s/n, 82000, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Marlenne Manzano-Sarabia
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Paseo Claussen s/n, 82000, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel Hurtado-Oliva
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Paseo Claussen s/n, 82000, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico.
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