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Cai Y, Yin G, Huang X, Hu J, Gao Z, Guo X, Qiu Y, Sun H, Feng X. Identification of B-cell epitopes located on the surface in the PB2 protein of the H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus. Avian Pathol 2024; 53:390-399. [PMID: 38563198 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2024.2338816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI), caused by H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV), poses a serious threat to poultry farming and public health due to its transmissibility and pathogenicity. The PB2 protein is a major component of the viral RNA polymerase complex. It is of great importance to identify the antigenic determinants of the PB2 protein to explore the function of the PB2 protein. In this study, the PB2 sequence of H9N2 subtype AIV, from 1090 to 1689 bp, was cloned and expressed. The recombinant PB2 protein with cutting gel was used to immunize BALB/c mice. After cell fusion, the hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the PB2 protein were screened by indirect ELISA and western blotting, and the antigenic epitopes of mAbs were identified by constructing truncated overlapping fragments in the PB2 protein of H9N2 subtype AIV. The results showed that three hybridoma cell lines (4B7, 4D10, and 5H1) that stably secreted mAbs specific to the PB2 protein were screened; the heavy chain of 4B7 was IgG2α, those of 4D10 and 5H1 were IgG1, and all three mAbs had kappa light chain. Also, the minimum B-cell epitope recognized was 475LRGVRVSK482 and 528TITYSSPMMW537. Homology analysis showed that these two epitopes were conserved among the different subtypes of AIV strains and located on the surface of the PB2 protein. The above findings provide an experimental foundation for further investigation of the function of the PB2 protein and developing monoclonal antibody-based diagnostic kits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqin Cai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guihu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zichen Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yawei Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuli Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Cargnin Faccin F, Cáceres CJ, Gay LC, Seibert B, van Bentem N, Rodriguez LA, Soares Fraiha AL, Cardenas M, Geiger G, Ortiz L, Carnaccini S, Kapczynski DR, Rajao DS, Perez DR. Mass vaccination with reassortment-impaired live H9N2 avian influenza vaccine. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:136. [PMID: 39097573 PMCID: PMC11297921 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00923-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza poses a severe threat to poultry production and global food security, prompting the development of vaccination programs in numerous countries. Modified live virus (MLV) vaccines, with their potential for mass application, offer a distinct advantage over existing options. However, concerns surrounding reversion, recombination, and unintended transmission have hindered the progress of MLV development for avian influenza in poultry. To address these concerns, we engineered reassortment-impaired, non-transmissible, safe, immunogenic, and protective MLVs through the rearrangement of internal gene segments and additional modifications to the surface gene segments HA and NA. The unique peptide marker aspartic acid-arginine-proline-alanine-valine-isoleucine-alanine-asparragine (DRPAVIAN) was incorporated into HA, while NA was modified to encode the chicken interleukin-18 (ckIL18) gene (MLV-H9N2-IL). In vitro, the MLV-H9N2 and MLV-H9N2-IL candidates demonstrated stability and virus titers comparable to the wild-type H9N2 strain. In chickens, the MLV-H9N2 and MLV-H9N2-IL candidates did not transmit via direct contact. Co-infection studies with wild-type virus confirmed that the altered HA and NA segments exhibited fitness disadvantages and did not reassort. Vaccinated chickens showed no clinical signs upon vaccination, all seroconverted, and the inclusion of ckIL18 in the MLV-H9N2-IL vaccine enhanced neutralizing antibody production. A significant decrease in viral loads post-challenge underscored the protective effect of the MLVs. The MLV-H9N2-IL vaccine, administered via drinking water, proved immunogenic in chickens in a dose-dependent manner, generating protective levels of neutralizing antibodies upon aggressive homologous virus challenge. In summary, this study lays the groundwork for safe MLVs against avian influenza suitable for mass vaccination efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Cargnin Faccin
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - C Joaquin Cáceres
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - L Claire Gay
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Brittany Seibert
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nick van Bentem
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Division of Farm Animal Health, Department Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Luis A Rodriguez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ana Luiza Soares Fraiha
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo, Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Matias Cardenas
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ginger Geiger
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Lucia Ortiz
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Silvia Carnaccini
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Darrell R Kapczynski
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Disease Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Daniela S Rajao
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Daniel R Perez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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Fusaro A, Pu J, Zhou Y, Lu L, Tassoni L, Lan Y, Lam TTY, Song Z, Bahl J, Chen J, Gao GF, Monne I, Liu J. Proposal for a Global Classification and Nomenclature System for A/H9 Influenza Viruses. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:1-13. [PMID: 39043566 PMCID: PMC11286050 DOI: 10.3201/eid3008.231176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A/H9 viruses circulate worldwide in wild and domestic avian species, continuing to evolve and posing a zoonotic risk. A substantial increase in human infections with A/H9N2 subtype avian influenza viruses (AIVs) and the emergence of novel reassortants carrying A/H9N2-origin internal genes has occurred in recent years. Different names have been used to describe the circulating and emerging A/H9 lineages. To address this issue, an international group of experts from animal and public health laboratories, endorsed by the WOAH/FAO Network of Expertise on Animal Influenza, has created a practical lineage classification and nomenclature system based on the analysis of 10,638 hemagglutinin sequences from A/H9 AIVs sampled worldwide. This system incorporates phylogenetic relationships and epidemiologic characteristics designed to trace emerging and circulating lineages and clades. To aid in lineage and clade assignment, an online tool has been created. This proposed classification enables rapid comprehension of the global spread and evolution of A/H9 AIVs.
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Zhang Y, Li L, Xin X, Chang L, Luo H, Qiao W, Xia J, Ping J, Su J. Effects of H9N2 avian influenza virus infection on metabolite content and gene expression in chick DF1 cells. Poult Sci 2024; 103:104125. [PMID: 39137496 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
After viral infection, the virus relies on the host cell's complex metabolic and biosynthetic machinery for replication. However, the impact of avian influenza virus (AIV) on metabolites and gene expression in poultry cells remains unclear. To investigate this, we infected chicken embryo fibroblasts DF1 cells with H9N2 AIV at an MOI of 3. Our aim was to explore how H9N2 AIV alters DF1 cells metabolic pathways to facilitate its replication. We employed metabolomics and transcriptomics techniques to analyze changes in metabolite content and gene expression. Metabolomics analysis revealed a significant increase in glutathione-related metabolites, including reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and total glutathione (T-GSH) upon H9N2 AIV infection in DF1 cells. Elisa results confirmed elevated levels of GSH, GSSG, and T-GSH consistent with metabolomics findings, noting a pronounced increase in GSSG compared to GSH. Transcriptomics showed significant alterations in genes involved in glutathione synthesis and metabolism post-H9N2 infection. However, adding the glutathione synthesis inhibitor BSO exogenously significantly promoted H9N2 replication in DF1 cells. This was accompanied by increased mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IFN-γ) and decreased mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β, IL-13). BSO also reduced catalase (CAT) gene expression and inhibited its activity, leading to higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in DF1 cells. qPCR results indicated decreased mRNA levels of Nrf2, NQO1, and HO-1 with BSO, ultimately increasing oxidative stress in DF1 cells. Therefore, the above results indicated that H9N2 AIV infection in DF1 cells activated the glutathione metabolic pathway to enhance the cell's self-defense mechanism against H9N2 replication. However, when GSH synthesis is inhibited within the cells, it leads to an elevated oxidative stress level, thereby promoting H9N2 replication within the cells through Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. This study provides a theoretical basis for future rational utilization of the glutathione metabolic pathway to prevent viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Neurobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Li Li
- Laboratory of Animal Neurobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xin Xin
- Laboratory of Animal Neurobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lifeng Chang
- Laboratory of Animal Neurobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haowei Luo
- Laboratory of Animal Neurobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenna Qiao
- Laboratory of Animal Neurobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jun Xia
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Herbivorous Animal Diseases of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Xinjiang Animal Disease Research Key Laboratory, Urumchi, 830000, China
| | - Jihui Ping
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Juan Su
- Laboratory of Animal Neurobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Chen SS, Yang YL, Wang HY, Guo TK, Azeem RM, Shi CW, Yang GL, Huang HB, Jiang YL, Wang JZ, Cao X, Wang N, Zeng Y, Yang WT, Wang CF. CRISPR/Cas13a-based genome editing for establishing the detection method of H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus. Poult Sci 2024; 103:104068. [PMID: 39096825 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H9N2 has significantly threatened the poultry business in recent years by having become the predominant subtype in flocks of chickens, ducks, and pigeons. In addition, the public health aspects of H9N2 AIV pose a significant threat to humans. Early and rapid diagnosis of H9N2 AIV is therefore of great importance. In this study, a new method for the detection of H9N2 AIV based on fluorescence intensity was successfully established using CRISPR/Cas13a technology. The Cas13a protein was first expressed in a prokaryotic system and purified using nickel ion affinity chromatography, resulting in a high-purity Cas13a protein. The best RPA (recombinase polymerase amplification) primer pairs and crRNA were designed and screened, successfully constructing the detection of H9N2 AIV based on CRISPR/Cas13a technology. Optimal concentration of Cas13a and crRNA was determined to optimize the constructed assay. The sensitivity of the optimized detection system is excellent, with a minimum detection limit of 10° copies/μL and didn't react with other avian susceptible viruses, with excellent specificity. The detection method provides the basis for the field detection of the H9N2 AIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha-Sha Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yong-Lei Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Hong-Yun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Tian-Kui Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Riaz-M Azeem
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Chun-Wei Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Gui-Lian Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Hai-Bin Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yan-Long Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xin Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Wen-Tao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
| | - Chun-Feng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Microecology and Healthy Breeding, Engineering Research Center of Microecological Vaccines (Drugs) for Major Animal Diseases, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
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Kappari L, Dasireddy JR, Applegate TJ, Selvaraj RK, Shanmugasundaram R. MicroRNAs: exploring their role in farm animal disease and mycotoxin challenges. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1372961. [PMID: 38803799 PMCID: PMC11129562 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1372961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) serve as key regulators in gene expression and play a crucial role in immune responses, holding a significant promise for diagnosing and managing diseases in farm animals. This review article summarizes current research on the role of miRNAs in various farm animal diseases and mycotoxicosis, highlighting their potential as biomarkers and using them for mitigation strategies. Through an extensive literature review, we focused on the impact of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of several farm animal diseases, including viral and bacterial infections and mycotoxicosis. They regulate gene expression by inducing mRNA deadenylation, decay, or translational inhibition, significantly impacting cellular processes and protein synthesis. The research revealed specific miRNAs associated with the diseases; for instance, gga-miR-M4 is crucial in Marek's disease, and gga-miR-375 tumor-suppressing function in Avian Leukosis. In swine disease such as Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS) and swine influenza, miRNAs like miR-155 and miR-21-3p emerged as key regulatory factors. Additionally, our review highlighted the interaction between miRNAs and mycotoxins, suggesting miRNAs can be used as a biomarker for mycotoxin exposure. For example, alterations in miRNA expression, such as the dysregulation observed in response to Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in chickens, may indicate potential mechanisms for toxin-induced changes in lipid metabolism leading to liver damage. Our findings highlight miRNAs potential for early disease detection and intervention in farm animal disease management, potentially reducing significant economic losses in agriculture. With only a fraction of miRNAs functionally characterized in farm animals, this review underlines more focused research on specific miRNAs altered in distinct diseases, using advanced technologies like CRISPR-Cas9 screening, single-cell sequencing, and integrated multi-omics approaches. Identifying specific miRNA targets offers a novel pathway for early disease detection and the development of mitigation strategies against mycotoxin exposure in farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laharika Kappari
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Todd J. Applegate
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ramesh K. Selvaraj
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Revathi Shanmugasundaram
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, United States
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Zhi Y, Zhao X, Liu Z, Shen G, Zhang T, Zhang T, Hu G. Oxymatrine Modulation of TLR3 Signaling: A Dual-Action Mechanism for H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus Defense and Immune Regulation. Molecules 2024; 29:1945. [PMID: 38731436 PMCID: PMC11085666 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29091945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In our research, we explored a natural substance called Oxymatrine, found in a traditional Chinese medicinal plant, to fight against a common bird flu virus known as H9N2. This virus not only affects birds but can also pose a threat to human health. We focused on how this natural compound can help in stopping the virus from spreading in cells that line the lungs of birds and potentially humans. Our findings show that Oxymatrine can both directly block the virus and boost the body's immune response against it. This dual-action mechanism is particularly interesting because it indicates that Oxymatrine might be a useful tool in developing new ways to prevent and treat this type of bird flu. Understanding how Oxymatrine works against the H9N2 virus could lead to safer and more natural ways to combat viral infections in animals and humans, contributing to the health and well-being of society. The H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) is a persistent health threat because of its rapid mutation rate and the limited efficacy of vaccines, underscoring the urgent need for innovative therapies. This study investigated the H9N2 AIV antiviral properties of Oxymatrine (OMT), a compound derived from traditional Chinese medicine, particularly focusing on its interaction with pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs). Employing an array of in vitro assays, including 50% tissue culture infectious dose, Cell Counting Kit-8, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blot, we systematically elucidated the multifaceted effects of OMT. OMT dose-dependently inhibited critical antiviral proteins (PKR and Mx1) and modulated the expression of type I interferons and key cytokines (IFN-α, IFN-β, IL-6, and TNF-α), thereby affecting TLR3 signaling and its downstream elements (NF-κB and IRF-3). OMT's antiviral efficacy extended beyond TLR3-mediated responses, suggesting its potential as a versatile antiviral agent. This study not only contributes to the growing body of research on the use of natural compounds as antiviral agents but also underscores the importance of further investigating the broader application of OMT for combating viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ge Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (Z.L.); (G.S.); (T.Z.); (T.Z.)
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Meng B, Wang Q, Leng H, Ren C, Feng C, Guo W, Feng Y, Zhang Y. Evolutionary Events Promoted Polymerase Activity of H13N8 Avian Influenza Virus. Viruses 2024; 16:329. [PMID: 38543694 PMCID: PMC10975323 DOI: 10.3390/v16030329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Wild birds are considered to be the natural reservoir hosts of avian influenza viruses (AIVs). Wild bird-origin AIVs may spill over into new hosts and overcome species barriers after evolutionary adaptation. H13N8 AIVs used to be considered primarily circulated in multispecies gulls but have recently been shown to possess cross-species infectivity. In this study, we analyzed the genetic changes that occurred in the process of the evolution of H13 AIVs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that H13 AIVs underwent complex reassortment events. Based on the full genomic diversity, we divided H13 AIVs into 81 genotypes. Reassortment experiments indicated that basic polymerase 2 (PB2) and nucleoprotein (NP) genes of the H9N2 AIV significantly enhanced the polymerase activity of the H13N8 AIV. Using the replication-incompetent virus screening system, we identified two mutations, PB2-I76T and PB2-I559T, which could enhance the polymerase activity of the H13N8 AIV in mammalian cells. Notably, these mutations had been acquired by circulating H13N8 AIVs in 2015. These findings suggest that H13N8 AIVs are about to cross the host barrier. Occasional genetic reassortments with other AIVs and natural mutation events could promote this process. It is imperative to intensify monitoring efforts for H13N8 AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Liaoning Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Liaoning Panjin Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Rd., Shenyang 110866, China (C.R.)
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Zhu S, Nie Z, Che Y, Shu J, Wu S, He Y, Wu Y, Qian H, Feng H, Zhang Q. The Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell-Based H9 HA Subunit Avian Influenza Vaccine Provides Complete Protection against the H9N2 Virus Challenge in Chickens. Viruses 2024; 16:163. [PMID: 38275973 PMCID: PMC10821000 DOI: 10.3390/v16010163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Avian influenza has attracted widespread attention because of its severe effect on the poultry industry and potential threat to human health. The H9N2 subtype of avian influenza viruses was the most prevalent in chickens, and there are several commercial vaccines available for the prevention of the H9N2 subtype of avian influenza viruses. However, due to the prompt antigenic drift and antigenic shift of influenza viruses, outbreaks of H9N2 viruses still continuously occur, so surveillance and vaccine updates for H9N2 subtype avian influenza viruses are particularly important. (2) Methods: In this study, we constructed a stable Chinese hamster ovary cell line (CHO) to express the H9 hemagglutinin (HA) protein of the major prevalent H9N2 strain A/chicken/Daye/DY0602/2017 with genetic engineering technology, and then a subunit H9 avian influenza vaccine was prepared using the purified HA protein with a water-in-oil adjuvant. (3) Results: The results showed that the HI antibodies significantly increased after vaccination with the H9 subunit vaccine in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens with a dose-dependent potency of the immunized HA protein, and the 50 μg or more per dose HA protein could provide complete protection against the H9N2 virus challenge. (4) Conclusions: These results indicate that the CHO expression system could be a platform used to develop the subunit vaccine against H9 influenza viruses in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunfan Zhu
- Department of Biopharmacy, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (S.Z.); (Z.N.); (J.S.); (Y.H.)
| | - Zhenyu Nie
- Department of Biopharmacy, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (S.Z.); (Z.N.); (J.S.); (Y.H.)
| | - Ying Che
- Zhejiang Novo Biotech Co., Ltd., Shaoxing 312366, China; (Y.C.); (S.W.); (Y.W.); (H.Q.)
| | - Jianhong Shu
- Department of Biopharmacy, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (S.Z.); (Z.N.); (J.S.); (Y.H.)
| | - Sufang Wu
- Zhejiang Novo Biotech Co., Ltd., Shaoxing 312366, China; (Y.C.); (S.W.); (Y.W.); (H.Q.)
| | - Yulong He
- Department of Biopharmacy, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (S.Z.); (Z.N.); (J.S.); (Y.H.)
| | - Youqiang Wu
- Zhejiang Novo Biotech Co., Ltd., Shaoxing 312366, China; (Y.C.); (S.W.); (Y.W.); (H.Q.)
| | - Hong Qian
- Zhejiang Novo Biotech Co., Ltd., Shaoxing 312366, China; (Y.C.); (S.W.); (Y.W.); (H.Q.)
| | - Huapeng Feng
- Department of Biopharmacy, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (S.Z.); (Z.N.); (J.S.); (Y.H.)
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Zhejiang Novo Biotech Co., Ltd., Shaoxing 312366, China; (Y.C.); (S.W.); (Y.W.); (H.Q.)
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Fan G, Zhou Y, Zhou F, Yu Z, Gu X, Zhang X, Liu Z, Zhou M, Cao B. The mortality and years of life lost for community-acquired pneumonia before and during COVID-19 pandemic in China. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2024; 42:100968. [PMID: 38022712 PMCID: PMC10679495 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading cause of mortality worldwide, but disease burden of CAP is not clear so far. We aim to explore the spatial and temporal trends of mortality and years of life lost (YLL) due to CAP during 2013-2021 in mainland China, especially the mortality changes before and during COVID-19 pandemic due to COVID-19 related non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). Methods We used data from the National Mortality Surveillance System to estimate the age-standardized rates of death and YLL of CAP at national and provincial level in China during 2013-2021. Monthly and provincial NPIs data were obtained from Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker. The Average annual percentage change (AAPC) and mortality reduction were estimated by log-linear regression and interrupted time series, respectively. Findings In China, most CAP that caused deaths had no clear etiology, and bacterial pneumonia and viral pneumonia were the leading 2 causes among CAP deaths with determined etiology before and during COVID-19 pandemic. The age-standardized CAP mortality rate decreased from 11.18 per 100,000 in 2013 to 8.76 per 100,000 in 2019, and to 5.74 per 100,000 in 2021 (AAPC -4.51% vs -7.89%). Trends were similar in age-standardized rate of YLL. Both rates declined more for viral pneumonia, compared with bacterial pneumonia. After adjusting for NPIs at provincial level after 2020, the NPIs for COVID-19 was associated with significant reductions in CAP mortality (-0.34 per 100,000, -0.41 to -0.27; p < 0.0001), and provinces that economically developed and conducted strict regular NPIs against COVID-19 contributed the most reduction. Interpretation We observed a decreasing trend of age-standardized CAP mortality from 2013 to 2019, and a dramatical reduction during COVID-19 pandemic, especially for viral pneumonia. Our study provided the evidence for the effectiveness of regular NPIs on the significant reductions in CAP mortality. Funding This work has been supported by Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Project Z191100006619101, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS 2021-I2M-1-048), CAMS Institute of Respiratory Medicine Grant for Young Scholars (2023-ZF-8) and the New Cornerstone Science Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohui Fan
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Research and Data Management, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yuchang Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- National Center for Chronic Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhongguang Yu
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Gu
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Research and Data Management, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xueyang Zhang
- Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhengping Liu
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Maigeng Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- National Center for Chronic Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Cao
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, PR China
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11
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Zhang N, Quan K, Chen Z, Hu Q, Nie M, Xu N, Gao R, Wang X, Qin T, Chen S, Peng D, Liu X. The emergence of new antigen branches of H9N2 avian influenza virus in China due to antigenic drift on hemagglutinin through antibody escape at immunodominant sites. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2246582. [PMID: 37550992 PMCID: PMC10444018 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2246582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is a crucial prevention and control measure against H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) that threaten poultry production and public health. However, H9N2 AIVs in China undergo continuous antigenic drift of hemagglutinin (HA) under antibody pressure, leading to the emergence of immune escape variants. In this study, we investigated the molecular basis of the current widespread antigenic drift of H9N2 AIVs. Specifically, the most prevalent h9.4.2.5-lineage in China was divided into two antigenic branches based on monoclonal antibody (mAb) hemagglutination inhibition (HI) profiling analysis, and 12 antibody escape residues were identified as molecular markers of these two branches. The 12 escape residues were mapped to antigenic sites A, B, and E (H3 was used as the reference). Among these, eight residues primarily increased 3`SLN preference and contributed to antigenicity drift, and four of the eight residues at sites A and B were positively selected. Moreover, the analysis of H9N2 strains over time and space has revealed the emergence of a new antigenic branch in China since 2015, which has replaced the previous branch. However, the old antigenic branch recirculated to several regions after 2018. Collectively, this study provides a theoretical basis for understanding the molecular mechanisms of antigenic drift and for developing vaccine candidates that contest with the current antigenicity of H9N2 AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Keji Quan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zixuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qun Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Maoshun Nie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nuo Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruyi Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daxin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- The International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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12
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Zhang J, Wang X, Chen Y, Ye H, Ding S, Zhang T, Liu Y, Li H, Huang L, Qi W, Liao M. Mutational antigenic landscape of prevailing H9N2 influenza virus hemagglutinin spectrum. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113409. [PMID: 37948179 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
H9N2 influenza viruses are globally endemic in birds, and a sharp increase in human infections with H9N2 occurred during 2021 to 2022. In this study, we assess the antigenic and pathogenic impact of 23 hemagglutinin (HA) amino acid mutations. Our study reveals that three specific mutations, labeled R164Q, N166D, and I220T, are responsible for the binding of antibodies with escape mutations. Variants containing R164Q and I220T mutations increase viral replication in avian and mammalian cells. Furthermore, T150A and I220T mutations are found to enhance viral replication in mice, indicating that these mutations may have the potential to adapt mammals. Structure analysis reveals that residues 164 and 220 bearing R164Q and I220T mutations increase interactions with the surrounding residues. Our findings enrich current knowledge about the risk assessment regarding which predominant HA immune-escape mutations of H9N2 viruses may pose the greatest threat to the emergence of pandemics in birds and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yiqun Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hejia Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shiping Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huanan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lihong Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenbao Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Ming Liao
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510642, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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13
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Menotti L. Virus Engineering and Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16788. [PMID: 38069111 PMCID: PMC10706429 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This Special Issue highlights multiple facets of virus engineering, ranging from the dissection of the biological properties of individual viral functions in the context of safe genomic backbones, virus genetic modification for applications in gene therapy, oncolytic virotherapy and vaccine production, to the hurdles presented by quality control and the delivery of viruses for their final applications and finally to the simulation, prediction and validation of virus evolution [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Menotti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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14
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Alizadeh M, Raj S, Shojadoost B, Matsuyama-Kato A, Boodhoo N, Abdelaziz K, Sharif S. In ovo administration of retinoic acid enhances cell-mediated immune responses against an inactivated H9N2 avian influenza virus vaccine. Vaccine 2023; 41:7281-7289. [PMID: 37923694 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) is a low pathogenic AIV that infects avian species and lead to huge economical losses in the poultry industry. The unique immunomodulatory properties of Retinoic acid (RA), an active component of vitamin A, highlights its potential to enhance chicken's resistance to infectious diseases and perhaps vaccine-induced immunity. Therefore, the present study evaluated the effects of in ovo supplementation of RA on the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of an inactivated avian influenza virus vaccine. On embryonic day 18, eggs were inoculated with either 90 μmol RA/200 μL/egg or diluent into the amniotic sac. On days 7 and 21 post-hatch, birds were vaccinated with 15 μg of β-propiolactone (BPL) inactivated H9N2 virus via the intramuscular route. One group received BPL in combination with an adjuvant, while the other group received saline solution and served as a non-vaccinated control group. Serum samples were collected on days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 post-primary vaccination (ppv) for antibody analysis. On day 24 ppv, spleens were collected, and splenocytes were isolated to analyze cytokine expression, interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production, and cell population. On day 28 ppv, birds in all groups were infected with H9N2 virus and oral and cloacal swabs were collected for TCID50 (50 % Tissue Culture Infectious Dose) assay up to day 7 post-infection. The results demonstrated that in ovo administration of RA did not significantly enhance the AIV vaccine-induced antibody response against H9N2 virus compared to the group that received the vaccine alone. However, RA supplementation enhanced the frequency of macrophages (KUL01+), expression of inflammatory cytokines and production of IFN-γ by splenocytes. In addition, RA administration reduced oral shedding of AIV on day 5 post-infection. In conclusion, these findings suggest that RA can be supplemented in ovo to enhance AIV vaccine efficacy against LPAIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadali Alizadeh
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Sugandha Raj
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | | | - Ayumi Matsuyama-Kato
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Nitish Boodhoo
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Khaled Abdelaziz
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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15
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Liu Y, Zhao D, Zhang J, Huang X, Han K, Liu Q, Yang J, Zhang L, Li Y. Development of an Inactivated Avian Influenza Virus Vaccine against Circulating H9N2 in Chickens and Ducks. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030596. [PMID: 36992180 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H9N2 is the most widespread AIV in poultry worldwide, causing great economic losses in the global poultry industry. Chickens and ducks are the major hosts and play essential roles in the transmission and evolution of H9N2 AIV. Vaccines are considered an effective strategy for fighting H9N2 infection. However, due to the differences in immune responses to infection, vaccines against H9N2 AIV suitable for use in both chickens and ducks have not been well studied. This study developed an inactivated H9N2 vaccine based on a duck-origin H9N2 AIV and assessed its effectiveness in the laboratory. The results showed that the inactivated H9N2 vaccine elicited significant haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies in both chickens and ducks. Virus challenge experiments revealed that immunization with this vaccine significantly blocked virus shedding after infection by both homogenous and heterologous H9N2 viruses. The vaccine was efficacious in chicken and duck flocks under normal field conditions. We also found that egg-yolk antibodies were produced by laying birds immunized with the inactivated vaccine, and high levels of maternal antibodies were detected in the serum of the offspring. Taken together, our study showed that this inactivated H9N2 vaccine could be extremely favourable for the prevention of H9N2 in both chickens and ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhuo Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Dongmin Zhao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jingfeng Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xinmei Huang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Kaikai Han
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Qingtao Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Lijiao Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou 225300, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Zhang J, Huang L, Liao M, Qi W. H9N2 avian influenza viruses: challenges and the way forward. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2023; 4:e70-e71. [PMID: 36372076 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(22)00305-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liao
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Wenbao Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China; National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, National Development and Reform Commission of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.
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