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Nasiri-Tabrizi B, Basirun WJ, Walvekar R, Yeong CH, Phang SW. Exploring the potential of intermetallic alloys as implantable biomaterials: A comprehensive review. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 161:213854. [PMID: 38703541 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2024.213854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
This review delves into the utilization of intermetallic alloys (IMAs) as advanced biomaterials for medical implants, scrutinizing their conceptual framework, fabrication challenges, and diverse manufacturing techniques such as casting, powder metallurgy, and additive manufacturing. Manufacturing techniques such as casting, powder metallurgy, additive manufacturing, and injection molding are discussed, with specific emphasis on achieving optimal grain sizes, surface roughness, and mechanical properties. Post-treatment methods aimed at refining surface quality, dimensional precision, and mechanical properties of IMAs are explored, including the use of heat treatments to enhance biocompatibility and corrosion resistance. The review presents an in-depth examination of IMAs-based implantable biomaterials, covering lab-scale developments and commercial-scale implants. Specific IMAs such as Nickel Titanium, Titanium Aluminides, Iron Aluminides, Magnesium-based IMAs, Zirconium-based IMAs, and High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are highlighted, with detailed discussions on their mechanical properties, including strength, elastic modulus, and corrosion resistance. Future directions are outlined, with an emphasis on the anticipated growth in the orthopedic devices market and the role of IMAs in meeting this demand. The potential of porous IMAs in orthopedics is explored, with emphasis on achieving optimal pore sizes and distributions for enhanced osseointegration. The review concludes by highlighting the ongoing need for research and development efforts in IMAs technologies, including advancements in design and fabrication techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Nasiri-Tabrizi
- Faculty of Innovation and Technology, School of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Programme, No.1 Jalan Taylor's, Taylor's University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Wan Jefrey Basirun
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Rashmi Walvekar
- Faculty of Innovation and Technology, School of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Programme, No.1 Jalan Taylor's, Taylor's University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Chitkara Centre for Research and Development, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh 174103, India
| | - Chai Hong Yeong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Siew Wei Phang
- Faculty of Innovation and Technology, School of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Programme, No.1 Jalan Taylor's, Taylor's University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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Shashikumar U, Saraswat A, Deshmukh K, Hussain CM, Chandra P, Tsai PC, Huang PC, Chen YH, Ke LY, Lin YC, Chawla S, Ponnusamy VK. Innovative technologies for the fabrication of 3D/4D smart hydrogels and its biomedical applications - A comprehensive review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 328:103163. [PMID: 38749384 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Repairing and regenerating damaged tissues or organs, and restoring their functioning has been the ultimate aim of medical innovations. 'Reviving healthcare' blends tissue engineering with alternative techniques such as hydrogels, which have emerged as vital tools in modern medicine. Additive manufacturing (AM) is a practical manufacturing revolution that uses building strategies like molding as a viable solution for precise hydrogel manufacturing. Recent advances in this technology have led to the successful manufacturing of hydrogels with enhanced reproducibility, accuracy, precision, and ease of fabrication. Hydrogels continue to metamorphose as the vital compatible bio-ink matrix for AM. AM hydrogels have paved the way for complex 3D/4D hydrogels that can be loaded with drugs or cells. Bio-mimicking 3D cell cultures designed via hydrogel-based AM is a groundbreaking in-vivo assessment tool in biomedical trials. This brief review focuses on preparations and applications of additively manufactured hydrogels in the biomedical spectrum, such as targeted drug delivery, 3D-cell culture, numerous regenerative strategies, biosensing, bioprinting, and cancer therapies. Prevalent AM techniques like extrusion, inkjet, digital light processing, and stereo-lithography have been explored with their setup and methodology to yield functional hydrogels. The perspectives, limitations, and the possible prospects of AM hydrogels have been critically examined in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday Shashikumar
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Aditya Saraswat
- Department of Chemistry, Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Noida, UP, India
| | - Kalim Deshmukh
- New Technologies - Research Centre University of West Bohemia Univerzitní 2732/8, 30100, Plzeň, Czech Republic
| | - Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, United States
| | - Pranjal Chandra
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nanobioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pei-Chien Tsai
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Computational Biology, Institute of Bioinformatics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Po-Chin Huang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan; Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital (CMUH), China Medical University (CMU), Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsun Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | - Liang-Yin Ke
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chung Lin
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University (NSYSU), Kaohsiung City 804, Taiwan; Center for Emerging Contaminants Research, National Sun Yat-sen University (NSYSU), Kaohsiung City 804, Taiwan.
| | - Shashi Chawla
- Department of Chemistry, Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Noida, UP, India.
| | - Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Emerging Contaminants Research, National Sun Yat-sen University (NSYSU), Kaohsiung City 804, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital (KMUH), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University (NSYSU), Kaohsiung City 804, Taiwan.
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Joshua RJN, Raj SA, Hameed Sultan MT, Łukaszewicz A, Józwik J, Oksiuta Z, Dziedzic K, Tofil A, Shahar FS. Powder Bed Fusion 3D Printing in Precision Manufacturing for Biomedical Applications: A Comprehensive Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:769. [PMID: 38591985 PMCID: PMC10856375 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Precision manufacturing requirements are the key to ensuring the quality and reliability of biomedical implants. The powder bed fusion (PBF) technique offers a promising solution, enabling the creation of complex, patient-specific implants with a high degree of precision. This technology is revolutionizing the biomedical industry, paving the way for a new era of personalized medicine. This review explores and details powder bed fusion 3D printing and its application in the biomedical field. It begins with an introduction to the powder bed fusion 3D-printing technology and its various classifications. Later, it analyzes the numerous fields in which powder bed fusion 3D printing has been successfully deployed where precision components are required, including the fabrication of personalized implants and scaffolds for tissue engineering. This review also discusses the potential advantages and limitations for using the powder bed fusion 3D-printing technology in terms of precision, customization, and cost effectiveness. In addition, it highlights the current challenges and prospects of the powder bed fusion 3D-printing technology. This work offers valuable insights for researchers engaged in the field, aiming to contribute to the advancement of the powder bed fusion 3D-printing technology in the context of precision manufacturing for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan John Nekin Joshua
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Sakthivel Aravind Raj
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Mohamed Thariq Hameed Sultan
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Aerospace Malaysia Innovation Centre (944751-A), Prime Minister’s Department, MIGHT Partnership Hub, Jalan Impact, Cyberjaya 63000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Andrzej Łukaszewicz
- Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45C, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Jerzy Józwik
- Department of Production Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
- Institute of Technical Sciences and Aviation, University College of Applied Sciences in Chełm, Pocztowa 54, 22-100 Chełm, Poland;
| | - Zbigniew Oksiuta
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45C, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Dziedzic
- Institute of Computer Science, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Faculty, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Arkadiusz Tofil
- Institute of Technical Sciences and Aviation, University College of Applied Sciences in Chełm, Pocztowa 54, 22-100 Chełm, Poland;
| | - Farah Syazwani Shahar
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
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Logar A, Klobčar D, Nagode A, Trdan U, Černivec G, Sharma A. Advanced Analysis of the Properties of Solid-Wire Electric Contacts Produced by Ultrasonic Welding and Soldering. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:334. [PMID: 38255501 PMCID: PMC10817488 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The current article presents an advanced analysis of the properties of solid-wire electric contacts produced with ultrasonic welding and soldering. Soldering is generally used to join thin, solid copper wires to produce electrical contacts in small-volume production, as ultrasonic welding does not provide acceptable peel force and tensile strength due to the deformation and thinning of the wires. In this article, ultrasonic welding of thin, solid copper wires using a ring before and after a thermal shock test is discussed and compared with the standard soldering technique. The thermal shock test was carried out in the temperature range from -30 to 150 °C. Half of the samples, for both the joining techniques and the wires, were subjected to the thermal shock test; the other half were not. Investigations included electrical resistance tests, optical and SEM microscopy, XRD, microhardness measurements, peel tests, tensile tests, and fractographic analysis. The electrical resistance test, microscopy, microhardness measurements, and fracture examinations showed no differences between the thermal shock-exposed and the non-exposed samples with the same joining process. In mechanical tests, the ultrasonic joint demonstrated superior strength compared to the soldered joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andraž Logar
- Bosch Rexroth d.o.o., Zgornji Brnik 410, 4210 Brnik, Slovenia; (A.L.); (G.Č.)
| | - Damjan Klobčar
- Laboratory for Welding, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Aleš Nagode
- Department of Materials and Metallurgy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Uroš Trdan
- Laboratory for Welding, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Gregor Černivec
- Bosch Rexroth d.o.o., Zgornji Brnik 410, 4210 Brnik, Slovenia; (A.L.); (G.Č.)
| | - Abhay Sharma
- Faculty of Engineering Technology, KU Leuven, Jan Pieter de Nayerlaan 5, 2860 Sint-Katelijne Waver, Belgium;
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Karlsson HL, Vallabani NVS, Wang X, Assenhöj M, Ljunggren S, Karlsson H, Odnevall I. Health hazards of particles in additive manufacturing: a cross-disciplinary study on reactivity, toxicity and occupational exposure to two nickel-based alloys. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20846. [PMID: 38012238 PMCID: PMC10682021 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47884-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing use of additive manufacturing (AM) techniques (e.g., 3D-printing) offers many advantages but at the same time presents some challenges. One concern is the possible exposure and health risk related to metal containing particles of different sizes. Using the nickel-based alloys Hastelloy X (HX) and Inconel 939 (IN939) as a case, the aim of this cross-disciplinary study was to increase the understanding on possible health hazards and exposure. This was done by performing in-depth characterization of virgin, reused and condensate powders, testing in vitro toxicity (cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, oxidative stress), and measuring occupational airborne exposure. The results showed limited metal release from both HX and IN939, and slightly different surface composition of reused compared to virgin powders. No or small effects on the cultured lung cells were observed when tested up to 100 µg/mL. Particle background levels in the printing facilities were generally low, but high transient peaks were observed in relation to sieving. Furthermore, during post processing with grinding, high levels of nanoparticles (> 100,000 particles/cm3) were noted. Urine metal levels in AM operators did not exceed biomonitoring action limits. Future studies should focus on understanding the toxicity of the nanoparticles formed during printing and post-processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna L Karlsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Xuying Wang
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Assenhöj
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine Center in Linköping, and Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Stefan Ljunggren
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine Center in Linköping, and Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Helen Karlsson
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine Center in Linköping, and Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Inger Odnevall
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
- AIMES - Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering Sciences, Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Wang H, Miyagi T, Chiba A. Effect of Multiple Reverse Transformation Treatments on Grain Refinement and Mechanical Properties of Biomedical Co-Cr-Mo-N Alloys Fabricated by Electron Beam Melting. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6528. [PMID: 37834665 PMCID: PMC10573980 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the improvement of mechanical properties of biograde Co-28Cr-6Mo-0.11N alloy prepared by electron beam melting through grain refinement via multiple reverse transformations. While the effects of single and double reverse transformation treatments on the microstructure have been investigated in previous studies, we investigated the effects of multiple reverse transformation heat treatments. The particle size was refined to 1/4, and the yield strength, tensile silence strength, and elongation were enhanced to 655 MPa, 1234 MPa, and 45%, respectively, satisfying ASTM F75 standards. Moreover, a mixed phase of ε and γ was observed to provide higher yield strength than a single γ structure. The dominant behavior in the γ → ε phase transformation at 1073 K was obvious. Grain growth was suppressed by the grain-boundary pinning effect of the Cr2N phase during reverse transformation to the γ phase. Because no fracture was caused by precipitates such as σ, η, and Cr2N phases, the influence of the precipitates on the tensile properties was small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan;
| | - Toshimi Miyagi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6, Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Akihiko Chiba
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan;
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Verma A, Kapil A, Klobčar D, Sharma A. A Review on Multiplicity in Multi-Material Additive Manufacturing: Process, Capability, Scale, and Structure. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5246. [PMID: 37569952 PMCID: PMC10420305 DOI: 10.3390/ma16155246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) has experienced exponential growth over the past two decades and now stands on the cusp of a transformative paradigm shift into the realm of multi-functional component manufacturing, known as multi-material AM (MMAM). While progress in MMAM has been more gradual compared to single-material AM, significant strides have been made in exploring the scientific and technological possibilities of this emerging field. Researchers have conducted feasibility studies and investigated various processes for multi-material deposition, encompassing polymeric, metallic, and bio-materials. To facilitate further advancements, this review paper addresses the pressing need for a consolidated document on MMAM that can serve as a comprehensive guide to the state of the art. Previous reviews have tended to focus on specific processes or materials, overlooking the overall picture of MMAM. Thus, this pioneering review endeavors to synthesize the collective knowledge and provide a holistic understanding of the multiplicity of materials and multiscale processes employed in MMAM. The review commences with an analysis of the implications of multiplicity, delving into its advantages, applications, challenges, and issues. Subsequently, it offers a detailed examination of MMAM with respect to processes, materials, capabilities, scales, and structural aspects. Seven standard AM processes and hybrid AM processes are thoroughly scrutinized in the context of their adaptation for MMAM, accompanied by specific examples, merits, and demerits. The scope of the review encompasses material combinations in polymers, composites, metals-ceramics, metal alloys, and biomaterials. Furthermore, it explores MMAM's capabilities in fabricating bi-metallic structures and functionally/compositionally graded materials, providing insights into various scale and structural aspects. The review culminates by outlining future research directions in MMAM and offering an overall outlook on the vast potential of multiplicity in this field. By presenting a comprehensive and integrated perspective, this paper aims to catalyze further breakthroughs in MMAM, thus propelling the next generation of multi-functional component manufacturing to new heights by capitalizing on the unprecedented possibilities of MMAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayush Verma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, New Delhi 110078, India;
| | - Angshuman Kapil
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, KU Leuven, Campus De Nayer, 2860 Sint-Katelijne Waver, Belgium
| | - Damjan Klobčar
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Abhay Sharma
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, KU Leuven, Campus De Nayer, 2860 Sint-Katelijne Waver, Belgium
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Podapangi SK, Jafarzadeh F, Mattiello S, Korukonda TB, Singh A, Beverina L, Brown TM. Green solvents, materials, and lead-free semiconductors for sustainable fabrication of perovskite solar cells. RSC Adv 2023; 13:18165-18206. [PMID: 37333793 PMCID: PMC10269851 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01692g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Perovskite materials research has received unprecedented recognition due to its applications in photovoltaics, LEDs, and other large area low-cost electronics. The exceptional improvement in the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) achieved over the last decade has prompted efforts to develop and optimize device fabrication technologies for the industrial and commercial space. However, unstable operation in outdoor environments and toxicity of the employed materials and solvents have hindered this proposition. While their optoelectronic properties are extensively studied, the environmental impacts of the materials and manufacturing methods require further attention. This review summarizes and discusses green and environment-friendly methods for fabricating PSCs, particularly non-toxic solvents, and lead-free alternatives. Greener solvent choices are surveyed for all the solar cell films, (i.e. electron and hole transport, semiconductor, and electrode layers) and their impact on thin film quality, morphology and device performance is explored. We also discuss lead content in perovskites, its environmental impact and sequestration routes, and progress in replacing lead with greener alternatives. This review provides an analysis of sustainable green routes in perovskite solar cell fabrication, discussing the impact of each layer in the device stack, via life cycle analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh K Podapangi
- CHOSE (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome-Tor Vergata via del Politecnico 1 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Farshad Jafarzadeh
- CHOSE (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome-Tor Vergata via del Politecnico 1 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Sara Mattiello
- Department of Materials Science, State University of Milano-Bicocca Via Cozzi 55 I-20126 Milano Italy
| | - Tulja Bhavani Korukonda
- Department of Centre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas New Delhi-110016 India
| | - Akash Singh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University Durham NC 27708 USA
| | - Luca Beverina
- Department of Materials Science, State University of Milano-Bicocca Via Cozzi 55 I-20126 Milano Italy
| | - Thomas M Brown
- CHOSE (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome-Tor Vergata via del Politecnico 1 00133 Rome Italy
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Illarionov AG, Stepanov SI, Naschetnikova IA, Popov AA, Soundappan P, Thulasi Raman KH, Suwas S. A Review-Additive Manufacturing of Intermetallic Alloys Based on Orthorhombic Titanium Aluminide Ti 2AlNb. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:991. [PMID: 36769996 PMCID: PMC9919066 DOI: 10.3390/ma16030991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Titanium alloys based on orthorhombic titanium aluminide Ti2AlNb are promising refractory materials for aircraft engine parts in the operating temperature range from 600-700 °C. Parts made of Ti2AlNb-based alloys by traditional technologies, such as casting and metal forming, have not yet found wide application due to the sensitivity of processability and mechanical properties in chemical composition and microstructure compared with commercial solid-solution-based titanium alloys. In the last three decades, metal additive manufacturing (MAM) has attracted the attention of scientists and engineers for the production of intermetallic alloys based on Ti2AlNb. This review summarizes the recent achievements in the production of O-phase-based Ti alloys using MAM, including the analysis of the feedstock materials, technological processes, machines, microstructure, phase composition and mechanical properties. Powder bed fusion (PBF) and direct energy deposition (DED) are the most widely employed MAM processes to produce O-phase alloys. MAM provides fully dense, fine-grained material with a superior combination of mechanical properties at room temperature. Further research on MAM for the production of critical parts made of Ti2AlNb-based alloys can be focused on a detailed study of the influence of post-processing and chemical composition on the formation of the structure and mechanical properties, including cyclic loading, fracture toughness, and creep resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoliy G. Illarionov
- Heat Treatment & Physics of Metals Department, Ural Federal University Named after the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, 19 Mira St., 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
- M. N. Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics, 18 S. Kovalevskaya St., 620108 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Stepan I. Stepanov
- Heat Treatment & Physics of Metals Department, Ural Federal University Named after the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, 19 Mira St., 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Inna A. Naschetnikova
- Heat Treatment & Physics of Metals Department, Ural Federal University Named after the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, 19 Mira St., 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
- M. N. Mikheev Institute of Metal Physics, 18 S. Kovalevskaya St., 620108 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Artemiy A. Popov
- Heat Treatment & Physics of Metals Department, Ural Federal University Named after the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, 19 Mira St., 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Prasanth Soundappan
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - K. H. Thulasi Raman
- Society for Innovation, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Satyam Suwas
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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10
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Brancewicz-Steinmetz E, Sawicki J. Bonding and Strengthening the PLA Biopolymer in Multi-Material Additive Manufacturing. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15165563. [PMID: 36013700 PMCID: PMC9416234 DOI: 10.3390/ma15165563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
3D printing is a revolutionary additive manufacturing method that enables rapid prototyping and design flexibility. A variety of thermoplastic polymers can be used in printing. As it is necessary to reduce the consumption of petrochemical resources, alternative solutions are being researched, and the interest in using bioplastics and biocomposites is constantly growing. Often, however, the properties of biopolymers are insufficient and need to be improved to compete with petroleum-based plastics. The paper aims to analyze the available information on elements produced from more than one material, with additive manufacturing resulting from 3D printing using biopolymer Polylactic Acid (PLA). The study notes the possibility of modifying and improving the properties of PLA using layered printing or by modifying PLA filaments. Several modifications improving and changing the properties of PLA were also noted, including printing parameters when combined with other materials: process temperatures, filling, and surface development for various sample geometries.
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Qing Y, Guo K, Liu C, Qin Y, Zhan Y, Shuo S, Wei Y, Yu B, Liu C. Impact of Atomization Pressure on the Particle Size of Nickel-Based Superalloy Powders by Numerical Simulation. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15093020. [PMID: 35591362 PMCID: PMC9102421 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Vacuum induction melting gas atomization (VIGA) has evolved as an important production technique of superalloy powders used in additive manufacturing. However, the development of powder preparation techniques is limited because the crushing process of gas-atomized metal melt is difficult to characterize by conventional experimental methods. Herein, we report the application of computational fluid dynamics to simulate the breaking behavior of droplets in the process of preparing nickel-based superalloy powders by VIGA, as well as the results on the effect of gas pressure on the atomization process and powder particle size distribution of metal melt. In the process of primary atomization, the crushing morphology of superalloy melt shows an alternate transformation of umbrella shapes and inverted mushroom cloud shapes, and with the increase in atomization pressure, the disorder of the two-phase flow field increases, which is conducive to sufficient breakage of the melt. Most importantly, in the process of secondary atomization and with the increasing atomization pressure, the particle size distribution becomes narrower, the median particle diameter and average particle size decrease, and the decreasing trend of the particle size increases gradually. The simulation results are compliant with the performed nickel-based superalloy powder preparation tests. This study provides insight into the production and process optimization of superalloy powder prepared by the VIGA method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongquan Qing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; (K.G.); (C.L.); (Y.Q.); (S.S.)
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
- State Key Laboratory of Light Alloy Casting Technology for High-End Equipment, Shenyang 110022, China; (Y.W.); (B.Y.)
- Correspondence: (Y.Q.); (C.L.)
| | - Kuaikuai Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; (K.G.); (C.L.); (Y.Q.); (S.S.)
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Chen Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; (K.G.); (C.L.); (Y.Q.); (S.S.)
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Youyi Qin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; (K.G.); (C.L.); (Y.Q.); (S.S.)
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Yu Zhan
- School of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China;
| | - Shang Shuo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; (K.G.); (C.L.); (Y.Q.); (S.S.)
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Yanpeng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Light Alloy Casting Technology for High-End Equipment, Shenyang 110022, China; (Y.W.); (B.Y.)
| | - Bo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Light Alloy Casting Technology for High-End Equipment, Shenyang 110022, China; (Y.W.); (B.Y.)
| | - Changsheng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China; (K.G.); (C.L.); (Y.Q.); (S.S.)
- Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Ministry of Education, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
- State Key Laboratory of Light Alloy Casting Technology for High-End Equipment, Shenyang 110022, China; (Y.W.); (B.Y.)
- Correspondence: (Y.Q.); (C.L.)
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12
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Popov VV, Kudryavtseva EV, Kumar Katiyar N, Shishkin A, Stepanov SI, Goel S. Industry 4.0 and Digitalisation in Healthcare. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15062140. [PMID: 35329592 PMCID: PMC8953130 DOI: 10.3390/ma15062140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Industry 4.0 in healthcare involves use of a wide range of modern technologies including digitisation, artificial intelligence, user response data (ergonomics), human psychology, the Internet of Things, machine learning, big data mining, and augmented reality to name a few. The healthcare industry is undergoing a paradigm shift thanks to Industry 4.0, which provides better user comfort through proactive intervention in early detection and treatment of various diseases. The sector is now ready to make its next move towards Industry 5.0, but certain aspects that motivated this review paper need further consideration. As a fruitful outcome of this review, we surveyed modern trends in this arena of research and summarised the intricacies of new features to guide and prepare the sector for an Industry 5.0-ready healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V. Popov
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Higher School of Engineering, Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Elena V. Kudryavtseva
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Ural State Medical University, 620000 Ekaterinburg, Russia;
| | - Nirmal Kumar Katiyar
- School of Engineering, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA, UK; (N.K.K.); (S.G.)
| | - Andrei Shishkin
- Rudolfs Cimdins Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, 1007 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Stepan I. Stepanov
- Higher School of Engineering, Ural Federal University, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia;
| | - Saurav Goel
- School of Engineering, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA, UK; (N.K.K.); (S.G.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India
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13
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Zhang W, Zhao J, Tan Y, Gao Y, Wang J, Geng X. Study on the Shear Modulus Based Equivalent Homogenization Methods of Multi-Layer BCC Lattice Sandwich. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15041341. [PMID: 35207879 PMCID: PMC8875237 DOI: 10.3390/ma15041341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the shear modulus based equivalent homogenization methods of multi-layer BCC (body-centered cubic) lattice sandwich structures have been studied using analytical, experimental, and finite element methods. In the analytical approach, the multiple strut-deformation patterns were introduced in the derivations of the shear modulus based on Euler–Bernoulli beam theory and Timoshenko beam theory according to different boundary conditions. The analytical shear modulus of three types of rectangle shaped sandwich BCC lattice structures was derived. Finite element models of the BCC lattice structures by ANSYS were conducted to estimate the analytical solutions. Butterfly style sandwich BCC lattice structures were printed by SLM technology using 304 stainless steel (06Cr19Ni10), and corresponding shear experiments using modified Arcan Rig experimental devices were conducted to validate the analytical and numerical calculations. Good agreements were observed among the analytical, numerical, and experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wukun Zhang
- Xi’an Aerospace Propulsion Institute, Xi’an 710100, China; (J.Z.); (Y.G.); (J.W.)
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Liquid Rocket Engines, Xi’an 710100, China;
- Correspondence:
| | - Jian Zhao
- Xi’an Aerospace Propulsion Institute, Xi’an 710100, China; (J.Z.); (Y.G.); (J.W.)
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Liquid Rocket Engines, Xi’an 710100, China;
| | - Yonghua Tan
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Liquid Rocket Engines, Xi’an 710100, China;
- Academy of Aerospace Propulsion Technology, Xi’an 710100, China
| | - Yushan Gao
- Xi’an Aerospace Propulsion Institute, Xi’an 710100, China; (J.Z.); (Y.G.); (J.W.)
| | - Jun Wang
- Xi’an Aerospace Propulsion Institute, Xi’an 710100, China; (J.Z.); (Y.G.); (J.W.)
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Liquid Rocket Engines, Xi’an 710100, China;
| | - Xiaoliang Geng
- School of Mechanics, Civil Engineering and Architecture, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China;
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14
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A Review on the Processing of Aero-Turbine Blade Using 3D Print Techniques. JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING AND MATERIALS PROCESSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmmp6010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) has proven to be the preferred process over traditional processes in a wide range of industries. This review article focused on the progressive development of aero-turbine blades from conventional manufacturing processes to the additive manufacturing process. AM is known as a 3D printing process involving rapid prototyping and a layer-by-layer construction process that can develop a turbine blade with a wide variety of options to modify the turbine blade design and reduce the cost and weight compared to the conventional production mode. This article describes various AM techniques suitable for manufacturing high-temperature turbine blades such as selective laser melting, selective laser sintering, electron beam melting, laser engineering net shaping, and electron beam free form fabrication. The associated parameters of AM such as particle size and shape, powder bed density, residual stresses, porosity, and roughness are discussed here.
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15
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Kuś A, Pilarczyk W, Małachowska A, Ambroziak A, Gębara P. Investigation of Mechanical and Magnetic Properties of Co-Based Amorphous Powders Obtained by Atomization. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14237357. [PMID: 34885509 PMCID: PMC8658695 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Properties of Co-based alloys with high Glass Forming Ability (GFA) in the form of powder are still not widely known. However, powders of high GFA alloys are often used for the development of bulk metallic glasses by additive manufacturing. In this work Co47.6B21.9Fe20.4Si5.1Nb5% at. and Co42B26.5Fe20Ta5.5Si5Cu1% at. were developed by gas-atomization. Obtained powders in size 50-80 µm were annealed at Tg and Tx of each alloy. Then SEM observation, EDS analyses, differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, nanoindentation, Mössbauer, and magnetic properties research was carried out for as-atomized and annealed states. The gas atomization method proved to be an efficient method for manufacturing Co-based metallic glasses. The obtained powder particles were spherical and chemically homogeneous. Annealing resulted in an increase of mechanical properties such as hardness and the elastic module of Co47.6B21.9Fe20.4Si5.1Nb5% at and Co42B26.5Fe20Ta5.5Si5Cu1%, which was caused by crystallization. The magnetic study shows that Co47.6B21.9Fe20.4Si5.1Nb5 and Co42B26.5Fe20Ta5.5Si5Cu1 are soft magnetic and semi-hard magnetic materials, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kuś
- Faculty of Mechanical Enginerging, Wrocław Universtity of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (A.M.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Wirginia Pilarczyk
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Małachowska
- Faculty of Mechanical Enginerging, Wrocław Universtity of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (A.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Andrzej Ambroziak
- Faculty of Mechanical Enginerging, Wrocław Universtity of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; (A.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Piotr Gębara
- Department of Physics, Częstochowa Universtity of Technology, Armii Krajowej 19, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland;
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16
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Shanbhag G, Vlasea M. Powder Reuse Cycles in Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion-Variation of Powder Characteristics. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:4602. [PMID: 34443124 PMCID: PMC8399372 DOI: 10.3390/ma14164602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A path to lowering the economic barrier associated with the high cost of metal additively manufactured components is to reduce the waste via powder reuse (powder cycled back into the process) and recycling (powder chemically, physically, or thermally processed to recover the original properties) strategies. In electron beam powder bed fusion, there is a possibility of reusing 95-98% of the powder that is not melted. However, there is a lack of systematic studies focusing on quantifying the variation of powder properties induced by number of reuse cycles. This work compares the influence of multiple reuse cycles, as well as powder blends created from reused powder, on various powder characteristics such as the morphology, size distribution, flow properties, packing properties, and chemical composition (oxygen and nitrogen content). It was found that there is an increase in measured response in powder size distribution, tapped density, Hausner ratio, Carr index, basic flow energy, specific energy, dynamic angle of repose, oxygen, and nitrogen content, while the bulk density remained largely unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mihaela Vlasea
- Department of Mechanical & Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
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17
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Texturing and Phase Evolution in Ti-6Al-4V: Effect of Electron Beam Melting Process, Powder Re-Using, and HIP Treatment. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14164473. [PMID: 34442995 PMCID: PMC8399233 DOI: 10.3390/ma14164473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The research demonstrates microstructural changes and development of specific texture in Ti-6Al-4V specimens produced by electron beam melting (EBM) under different conditions. The effect of two factors, namely, raw material (powder) recycling and hot isostatic pressing (HIP), on the EBM produced samples structure and properties, has been explored. The as-printed and treated samples were investigated using electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis. Modification of mechanical properties after the EBM and HIP are explained by the EBSD data on microstructural phenomena and phase transformations. The work is devoted to assessing the possibility of reusing the residual titanium alloy powder for the manufacture of titanium components by the combination of EBM and HIP methods.
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18
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Suresh S, Sun CN, Tekumalla S, Rosa V, Ling Nai SM, Wong RCW. Mechanical properties and in vitro cytocompatibility of dense and porous Ti-6Al-4V ELI manufactured by selective laser melting technology for biomedical applications. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 123:104712. [PMID: 34365098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The Ti-6Al-4V alloy is the most common biomaterial used for bone replacements and reconstructions. Despite its advantages, the Ti-6Al-4V has a high stiffness that can cause stress-shielding. In this work, we demonstrated that the selective laser melting (SLM) technology could be used to fabricate porosity in Ti-6Al-4V extra low interstitial (ELI) to reduce its stiffness while improving cell adhesion and proliferation. With a porosity of 14.04%, the elastic modulus of the porous Ti-6Al-4V ELI was reduced to 80 GPa. The compressive stress and the 3-point-bending flexural tests revealed that the porous Ti-6Al-4V ELI possessed a brittle characteristic. The additional pores within the beams of the lattice structures of porous Ti-6Al-4V ELI increased its surface arithmetic average roughness, Ra = 3.94 μm. The in vitro cytocompatibility test showed that the SLM printing process and the post-processes did not cause any toxicity in the MC3T3-E1 cells. The in vitro cell proliferation test also showed that the porous Ti-6Al-4V ELI increased the proliferation rate of osteogenic induced MC3T3-E1 cells on Day 7. The findings from this study would provide engineers and researchers with both the mechanical information and biological understanding of SLM printed porous Ti-6Al-4V ELI, and SLM printed dense Ti-6Al-4V ELI towards biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhosh Suresh
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Chen-Nan Sun
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.
| | - Sravya Tekumalla
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - Vinicius Rosa
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Sharon Mui Ling Nai
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.
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Wilson-Heid AE, Furton ET, Beese AM. Contrasting the Role of Pores on the Stress State Dependent Fracture Behavior of Additively Manufactured Low and High Ductility Metals. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14133657. [PMID: 34209031 PMCID: PMC8269804 DOI: 10.3390/ma14133657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the disparate impact of internal pores on the fracture behavior of two metal alloys fabricated via laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing (AM)—316L stainless steel and Ti-6Al-4V. Data from mechanical tests over a range of stress states for dense samples and those with intentionally introduced penny-shaped pores of various diameters were used to contrast the combined impact of pore size and stress state on the fracture behavior of these two materials. The fracture data were used to calibrate and compare multiple fracture models (Mohr-Coulomb, Hosford-Coulomb, and maximum stress criteria), with results compared in equivalent stress (versus stress triaxiality and Lode angle) space, as well as in their conversions to equivalent strain space. For L-PBF 316L, the strain-based fracture models captured the stress state dependent failure behavior up to the largest pore size studied (2400 µm diameter, 16% cross-sectional area of gauge region), while for L-PBF Ti-6Al-4V, the stress-based fracture models better captured the change in failure behavior with pore size up to the largest pore size studied. This difference can be attributed to the relatively high ductility of 316L stainless steel, for which all samples underwent significant plastic deformation prior to failure, contrasted with the relatively low ductility of Ti-6Al-4V, for which, with increasing pore size, the displacement to failure was dominated by elastic deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E. Wilson-Heid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.E.W.-H.); (E.T.F.)
| | - Erik T. Furton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.E.W.-H.); (E.T.F.)
| | - Allison M. Beese
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; (A.E.W.-H.); (E.T.F.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Correspondence:
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Investigation of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties for Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Parts Produced Using Non-Spherical Precursor Powder by Laser Powder Bed Fusion. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14113028. [PMID: 34199584 PMCID: PMC8199647 DOI: 10.3390/ma14113028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An unmodified, non-spherical, hydride-dehydride (HDH) Ti-6Al-4V powder having a substantial economic advantage over spherical, atomized Ti-6Al-4V alloy powder was used to fabricate a range of test components and aerospace-related products utilizing laser beam powder-bed fusion processing. The as-built products, utilizing optimized processing parameters, had a Rockwell-C scale (HRC) hardness of 44.6. Following heat treatments which included annealing at 704 °C, HIP at ~926 °C (average), and HIP + anneal, the HRC hardnesses were observed to be 43.9, 40.7, and 40.4, respectively. The corresponding tensile yield stress, UTS, and elongation for these heat treatments averaged 1.19 GPa, 1.22 GPa, 8.7%; 1.03 GPa, 1.08 GPa, 16.7%; 1.04 GPa, 1.09 GPa, 16.1%, respectively. The HIP yield strength and elongation of 1.03 GPa and 16.7% are comparable to the best commercial, wrought Ti-6Al-4V products. The corresponding HIP component microstructures consisted of elongated small grains (~125 microns diameter) containing fine, alpha/beta lamellae.
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21
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Critical Raw Materials Saving by Protective Coatings under Extreme Conditions: A Review of Last Trends in Alloys and Coatings for Aerospace Engine Applications. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14071656. [PMID: 33800700 PMCID: PMC8037055 DOI: 10.3390/ma14071656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Several applications, where extreme conditions occur, require the use of alloys often containing many critical elements. Due to the ever increasing prices of critical raw materials (CRMs) linked to their high supply risk, and because of their fundamental and large utilization in high tech products and applications, it is extremely important to find viable solutions to save CRMs usage. Apart from increasing processes’ efficiency, substitution, and recycling, one of the alternatives to preserve an alloy and increase its operating lifetime, thus saving the CRMs needed for its manufacturing, is to protect it by a suitable coating or a surface treatment. This review presents the most recent trends in coatings for application in high temperature alloys for aerospace engines. CRMs’ current and future saving scenarios in the alloys and coatings for the aerospace engine are also discussed. The overarching aim of this paper is to raise awareness on the CRMs issue related to the alloys and coating for aerospace, suggesting some mitigation measures without having the ambition nor to give a complete overview of the topic nor a turnkey solution.
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22
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Complex Concentrated Alloys for Substitution of Critical Raw Materials in Applications for Extreme Conditions. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14051197. [PMID: 33806567 PMCID: PMC7961548 DOI: 10.3390/ma14051197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The paper is proposing a mini-review on the capability of the new complex concentrated alloys (CCAs) to substitute or reduce the use of critical raw materials in applications for extreme conditions. Aspects regarding the regulations and expectations formulated by the European Union in the most recent reports on the critical raw materials were presented concisely. A general evaluation was performed on the CCAs concept and the research directions. The advantages of using critical metals for particular applications were presented to acknowledge the difficulty in the substitution of such elements with other materials. In order to establish the level of involvement of CCAs in the reduction of critical metal in extreme environment applications, a presentation was made of the previous achievements in the field and the potential for the reduction of critical metal content through the use of multi-component compositions.
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