1
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Dong M, Sun Y, Dunstan DJ, Young RJ, Papageorgiou DG. Mechanical reinforcement from two-dimensional nanofillers: model, bulk and hybrid polymer nanocomposites. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:13247-13299. [PMID: 38940686 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01356e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Thanks to their intrinsic properties, multifunctionality and unique geometrical features, two-dimensional nanomaterials have been used widely as reinforcements in polymer nanocomposites. The effective mechanical reinforcement of polymers is, however, a multifaceted problem as it depends not only on the intrinsic properties of the fillers and the matrix, but also upon a number of other important parameters. These parameters include the processing method, the interfacial properties, the aspect ratio, defects, orientation, agglomeration and volume fraction of the fillers. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the mechanical reinforcement of polymer nanocomposites from two-dimensional nanofillers with an emphasis on the mechanisms of reinforcement. Model, bulk and hybrid polymer nanocomposites are reviewed comprehensively. The use of Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopies is examined in light of the distinctive information they can yield upon stress transfer at interfaces. It is shown that the very diverse family of 2D nanofillers includes a number of materials that can attribute distrinctive features to a polymeric matrix, and we focus on the mechanical properties of both graphene and some of the most important 2D materials beyond graphene, including boron nitride, molybdenum disulphide, other transition metal dichalcogenides, MXenes and black phosphorous. In the first part of the review we evaluate the mechanical properties of 2D nanoplatelets in "model" nanocomposites. Next we examine how the performance of these materials can be optimised in bulk nanocomposites. Finally, combinations of these 2D nanofillers with other 2D nanomaterials or with nanofillers of other dimensions are assessed thoroughly, as such combinations can lead to additive or even synergistic mechanical effects. Existing unsolved problems and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Dong
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Yiwei Sun
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK.
| | - David J Dunstan
- School of Physics and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Robert J Young
- National Graphene Institute, Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Dimitrios G Papageorgiou
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK.
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2
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Selim MS, El-Hoshoudy AN, Zaki EG, El-Saeed AM, Farag AA. Durable graphene-based alkyd nanocomposites for surface coating applications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:43476-43491. [PMID: 38700767 PMCID: PMC11252194 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33339-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Recently, the scientific community's main goal is the long-term sustainability. Vegetable oils are easily accessible, non-depletable, and cost-effective materials. Vegetable oils are used to prepare polymeric alkyd surfaces. Novel and exciting designs of alkyd/graphene nanocomposites have provided eco-friendly thermal stability and protective coating surfaces. This review has briefly described important graphene-based alkyd nanocomposites along with their applications as protective coatings. These alkyd composites have high hydrophobicity, corrosion resistance, and durability. Graphene-based alkyd nanocoatings have many industrial and research interests because of their exceptional thermal and chemical properties. This work introduces an advanced horizon for developing protective nanocomposite coatings. The anti-corrosion properties and coatings' longevity may be improved by combining the synergistic effects of hybrid nanofillers introduced in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Selim
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City, Cairo, 11727, Egypt.
| | | | - ElSayed G Zaki
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City, Cairo, 11727, Egypt
| | - Ashraf M El-Saeed
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City, Cairo, 11727, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Farag
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City, Cairo, 11727, Egypt
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3
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He Q, Briscoe J. Piezoelectric Energy Harvester Technologies: Synthesis, Mechanisms, and Multifunctional Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:29491-29520. [PMID: 38739105 PMCID: PMC11181286 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Piezoelectric energy harvesters have gained significant attention in recent years due to their ability to convert ambient mechanical vibrations into electrical energy, which opens up new possibilities for environmental monitoring, asset tracking, portable technologies and powering remote "Internet of Things (IoT)" nodes and sensors. This review explores various aspects of piezoelectric energy harvesters, discussing the structural designs and fabrication techniques including inorganic-based energy harvesters (i.e., piezoelectric ceramics and ZnO nanostructures) and organic-based energy harvesters (i.e., polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) and its copolymers). The factors affecting the performance and several strategies to improve the efficiency of devices have been also explored. In addition, this review also demonstrated the progress in flexible energy harvesters with integration of flexibility and stretchability for next-generation wearable technologies used for body motion and health monitoring devices. The applications of the above devices to harvest various forms of mechanical energy are explored, as well as the discussion on perspectives and challenges in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinrong He
- School
of Engineering and Material Science, Queen
Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, the United
Kindom
| | - Joe Briscoe
- School
of Engineering and Material Science, Queen
Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, the United
Kindom
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4
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Babai D, Pinkas I, Naveh D, Tenne R. Polyetherimide (PEI) nanocomposite with WS 2 nanotubes. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:9917-9934. [PMID: 38686740 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00818a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Nanocomposite materials, integrating nanoscale additives into a polymer matrix, hold immense promise for their exceptional property amalgamation. This study delves into the fabrication and characterization of polyetherimide (PEI) nanocomposite strings fortified with multiwall WS2 nanotubes. The manufacturing process capitalizes on the preferential alignment of WS2 nanotubes along the string axis, corroborated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mechanical measurements unveil a remarkable acceleration of strain hardening in the nanocomposite strings, chiefly attributed to the WS2 nanotubes. Structural analyses via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) reveal intriguing structural alterations during tensile deformation. Notably a semi-crystalline framework ∼100 nm in diameter surrounding the WS2 nanotubes emerges, which is stabilized by the π-π interactions between the PEI chains. The amorphous majority phase (97% by volume) undergoes also major structural changes upon strain becoming more compact and closing-up of the distance beweeetn the PEI chains. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) demonstrates improved thermal stability of the evolved semi-crystalline π-π oriented PEI molecules, characterized by delayed thermal "structural melting", underscoring the pivotal role of the WS2 nanotubes in reinforcing the nanocomposite. The insight gained in this study of WS2 nanotube-reinforced PEI nanocomposite strings, could offer diverse applications for such tailor-made polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dotan Babai
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel.
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 7600001, Israel.
| | - Iddo Pinkas
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7600001, Israel
| | - Doron Naveh
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel.
| | - Reshef Tenne
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 7600001, Israel.
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Akter M, Ozdemir H, Bilisik K. Epoxy/Graphene Nanoplatelet (GNP) Nanocomposites: An Experimental Study on Tensile, Compressive, and Thermal Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1483. [PMID: 38891430 PMCID: PMC11174474 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper presents an experimental investigation of nanocomposites composed of three ratios of epoxy/graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) by weight. The 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 wt.% specimens were carefully manufactured, and their mechanical and thermal conductivity properties were examined. The tensile strength and modulus of epoxy/GNPs were enhanced by the large surface area of graphene nanoplatelets, causing crack deflection that created new fracture fronts and friction because of the rough fracture surface. However, the compressive strength was gradually reduced as GNP loading percentages increased. This was probably due to severe plastic yielding on the epoxy, leading to catastrophic axial splitting caused by premature fractures. Furthermore, the highest thermal conductivity was 0.1283 W/m-K, representing a 20.92% improvement over neat epoxy (0.1061 W/m-K) when 0.3 wt.% GNPs were added to the epoxy. This was because of efficient heat propagation in the GNPs due to electron movement through percolative paths. The tensile failure mode in epoxy/GNP nanocomposites showed a few deflected and bifurcated rough cracks and brittle, dimple-like fractures. Contrarily, compressive failure mode in GNP-added epoxy showed plastic flexural buckling and brittle large-axial splitting. The epoxy/GNP nanocomposites were considered a damage-tolerant material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmuda Akter
- Nano/Microfiber Preform Design and Composite Laboratory, Department of Textile Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, Talas, Kayseri 38039, Turkey;
- Department of Apparel Engineering, Faculty of Fashion Design and Apparel Engineering, Bangladesh University of Textiles, Tejgaon, Dhaka 1208, Bangladesh
| | - Huseyin Ozdemir
- Textile and Fashion Design Department, Faculty of Fine Arts, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep 27310, Turkey;
| | - Kadir Bilisik
- Nano/Microfiber Preform Design and Composite Laboratory, Department of Textile Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, Talas, Kayseri 38039, Turkey;
- Nanotechnology Application and Research Centre (ERNAM), Erciyes University, Talas, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
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Alanazi S, Hanfi M, Marashdeh MW, Aljaafreh MJ, Mahmoud KA. Evaluating the Effects of Metallic Waste on the Structural and Gamma-Ray Shielding Properties of Epoxy Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1415. [PMID: 38794608 PMCID: PMC11125337 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of the research is to develop novel materials that are both inexpensive and have a low density, while also being able to endure the transportation of γ-photons with low-to-medium energy levels. The outcome consisted of four epoxy resins that were strengthened with different quantities of heavy metallic waste. The density of the formed composites improved from 1.134 ± 0.022 g/cm3 to 1.560 ± 0.0312 g/cm3 when the waste content was raised from 0 to 40 weight percent. The theoretical investigation was determined using Monte Carlo (MCNP) simulation software, and the results of linear attenuation coefficient were justified experimentally in a low and medium energy range of 15-662 keV. The mass attenuation coefficient results in a low gamma energy range (15-122 keV) varied in between 3.175 and 0.159 cm2/g (for E-MW0 composite) and in between 8.212 and 0.164 cm2/g (for E-MW40 composite). The decrease in mass attenuation coefficient was detected in a medium gamma photon energy range (122-662 keV) with 0.123-0.082 cm2/g (for E-MW0 composite) and 0.121-0.080 cm2/g (for E-MW40 composite). The density of the enhanced composites influenced these parameters. As the metallic waste composition increased, the fabricated composites' half-value thickness decreased. At 15 keV, the half-value thickness decreased from 0.19 to 0.05 cm. At 59 keV, it fell from 2.70 to 1.41 cm. At 122 keV, it fell from 3.90 to 2.72 cm. At 662 keV, it fell from 7.45 to 5.56 cm. This decrease occurred as the heavy metal waste concentration increased from 0 to 40 wt.%. The study indicates that as metallic waste concentrations rise, there is a rise in the effective atomic number and a decline in the buildup factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitah Alanazi
- Department of Physics, College of Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 90950, Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.)
| | - Mohammad Hanfi
- Department of Life Safety, Institute of Fundamental Education, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
- Nuclear Materials Authority, P.O. Box 530, El-Maadi, Cairo 11728, Egypt
| | - Mohammad W. Marashdeh
- Department of Physics, College of Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 90950, Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.)
| | - Mamduh J. Aljaafreh
- Department of Physics, College of Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 90950, Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.)
| | - Karem A. Mahmoud
- Nuclear Materials Authority, P.O. Box 530, El-Maadi, Cairo 11728, Egypt
- Department of Nuclear Power Plants and Renewable Energy Sources, Ural Power Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
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Park S, Na C, Kang SS, Kwac LK, Kim HG, Chang JH. Colorless and transparent polyimide nanocomposites using organically modified montmorillonite and mica. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10670. [PMID: 38724587 PMCID: PMC11082137 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we introduce a method for replacing the glass used in existing display electronic materials, lighting, and solar cells by synthesizing a colorless and transparent polyimide (CPI) film with excellent mechanical properties and thermal stability using a combination of new monomers. Poly(amic acid) (PAA) was synthesized using dianhydride 4,4'-biphthalic anhydride (BPA) and diamine 2,2-bis(3-amino-4-hydroxyphenyl) hexafluoropropane (AHP). Various contents of organically modified montmorillonite (MMT) and mica were dispersed in PAA solution through solution intercalation, and then CPI hybrid films were prepared through multi-step thermal imidization. The organoclays synthesized to prepare CPI hybrid films were Cloisite 93A (CS-MMT) and hexadimethrine-mica (HM-Mica) based on MMT and mica, respectively. In particular, the diamine monomer AHP containing a -OH group was selected to increase the dispersibility and compatibility between the hydrophilic clays and the CPI matrix. To demonstrate the characteristics of CPI, the overall polymer structure was bent and a strong electron withdrawing -CF3 group was used as a substituent. The thermomechanical properties, morphology of clay dispersion, and optical transparency of the CPI hybrid films were investigated and compared according to the type and content of organoclays. Two types of organoclays, CS-MMT and HM-Mica, were dispersed in a CPI matrix at 1 to 7 wt%, respectively. In electron microscopy, most of the clays were uniformly dispersed in a plate-like shape of less than 20 nm at a certain critical content of the two types of organoclays, but agglomeration of the clays was observed when the content was higher than the critical content. Hybrids using HM-Mica had better thermomechanical properties and hybrids containing CS-MMT had better optical transparency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghyeon Park
- Graduate School of Carbon Convergence Engineering, Jeonju University, Jeonju, 55069, South Korea
| | - Changyub Na
- Graduate School of Carbon Convergence Engineering, Jeonju University, Jeonju, 55069, South Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Kang
- Graduate School of Carbon Convergence Engineering, Jeonju University, Jeonju, 55069, South Korea
| | - Lee Ku Kwac
- Graduate School of Carbon Convergence Engineering, Jeonju University, Jeonju, 55069, South Korea
- Institute of Carbon Technology, Jeonju University, Jeonju, 55069, South Korea
| | - Hong Gun Kim
- Institute of Carbon Technology, Jeonju University, Jeonju, 55069, South Korea
| | - Jin-Hae Chang
- Institute of Carbon Technology, Jeonju University, Jeonju, 55069, South Korea.
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8
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Na C, Kwac LK, Kim HG, Chang JH. Effect of organoclay on the physical properties of colorless and transparent copoly(amide imide) nanocomposites. RSC Adv 2024; 14:9062-9071. [PMID: 38500626 PMCID: PMC10945375 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08605d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Copoly(amic acid) was prepared using the diamine monomer N,N'-[2,2'-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,4'-biphenylene]bis(4-aminobenzamide) (TFAB) and the anhydride monomers 4,4'-(hexafluoro-isopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride (6FDA) and 4,4'-biphthalic anhydride (BPA). Thereafter, a colorless and transparent copoly(amide imide) (Co-CPAI) film was synthesized through various heat treatments. Co-CPAI hybrid films with a TFAB : 6FDA : BPA molar ratio of 1 : 0.5 : 0.5 were subsequently fabricated using organically modified hectorite (STN) with various contents ranging from 0 to 7 wt% via the solution intercalation method. Finally, the thermomechanical properties, clay dispersion, and optical transmittance of the hybrid films were investigated. The results of wide-angle X-ray diffractometry and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated good dispersion at low clay loadings; however, clay agglomeration was observed above a certain critical STN content. At the critical STN content of 3 wt%, the clay was evenly distributed in the matrix with a nanoscale thickness of approximately 10 nm. Hybrid films containing 3 wt% STN showed excellent thermomechanical properties. Beyond this critical clay content, the physical properties of the films decreased because of the agglomeration of excess clay. Regardless of the clay content, however, the optical properties of the hybrid films remained constant, and their yellow indices, which ranged from 2 to 4, indicated excellent colorless transparency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyub Na
- Graduate School of Carbon Convergence Engineering, Jeonju University Jeonju 55069 Korea
| | - Lee Ku Kwac
- Graduate School of Carbon Convergence Engineering, Jeonju University Jeonju 55069 Korea
- Institute of Carbon Technology, Jeonju University Jeonju 55069 Korea
| | - Hong Gun Kim
- Graduate School of Carbon Convergence Engineering, Jeonju University Jeonju 55069 Korea
- Institute of Carbon Technology, Jeonju University Jeonju 55069 Korea
| | - Jin-Hae Chang
- Institute of Carbon Technology, Jeonju University Jeonju 55069 Korea
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9
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Rashid AB, Haque M, Islam SMM, Uddin Labib KR. Nanotechnology-enhanced fiber-reinforced polymer composites: Recent advancements on processing techniques and applications. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24692. [PMID: 38298690 PMCID: PMC10828705 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Incorporating nanoparticles can significantly improve the performance and functionality of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. Different techniques exist for processing, testing, and implementing nanocomposites in various industries. Depending on these factors, these materials can be tailored to suit the specific applications of the automotive and aerospace industries, defence industries, biomedical and energy sectors etc. Nanotechnology offers several potential benefits for composites, including improved mechanical properties, surface modification, and sensing capabilities. This paper discusses the different types of nanoparticles, nanofibers, and nano-coating that can be used for reinforcement, surface modification, and property enhancement in FRP composites. It also examines the challenges associated with incorporating nanotechnology into composites and provides recommendations for potential opportunities in future work. This study is intended to offer a comprehensive understanding of the current research on using nanotechnology in FRP composites and its potential impact on the composites industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adib Bin Rashid
- Department of Industrial Production Engineering, Military Institute of Science and Technology (MIST), Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh
| | - Mahima Haque
- Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Military Institute of Science and Technology (MIST), Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh
| | - S M Mohaimenul Islam
- Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Military Institute of Science and Technology (MIST), Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh
| | - K.M. Rafi Uddin Labib
- Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Military Institute of Science and Technology (MIST), Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh
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10
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Prasad A, Varshney V, Nepal D, Frank GJ. Bioinspired Design Rules from Highly Mineralized Natural Composites for Two-Dimensional Composite Design. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:500. [PMID: 37887631 PMCID: PMC10604232 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8060500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Discoveries of two-dimensional (2D) materials, exemplified by the recent entry of MXene, have ushered in a new era of multifunctional materials for applications from electronics to biomedical sensors due to their superior combination of mechanical, chemical, and electrical properties. MXene, for example, can be designed for specialized applications using a plethora of element combinations and surface termination layers, making them attractive for highly optimized multifunctional composites. Although multiple critical engineering applications demand that such composites balance specialized functions with mechanical demands, the current knowledge of the mechanical performance and optimized traits necessary for such composite design is severely limited. In response to this pressing need, this paper critically reviews structure-function connections for highly mineralized 2D natural composites, such as nacre and exoskeletal of windowpane oysters, to extract fundamental bioinspired design principles that provide pathways for multifunctional 2D-based engineered systems. This paper highlights key bioinspired design features, including controlling flake geometry, enhancing interface interlocks, and utilizing polymer interphases, to address the limitations of the current design. Challenges in processing, such as flake size control and incorporating interlocking mechanisms of tablet stitching and nanotube forest, are discussed along with alternative potential solutions, such as roughened interfaces and surface waviness. Finally, this paper discusses future perspectives and opportunities, including bridging the gap between theory and practice with multiscale modeling and machine learning design approaches. Overall, this review underscores the potential of bioinspired design for engineered 2D composites while acknowledging the complexities involved and providing valuable insights for researchers and engineers in this rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Prasad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA
| | - Vikas Varshney
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA; (V.V.); (D.N.); (G.J.F.)
| | - Dhriti Nepal
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA; (V.V.); (D.N.); (G.J.F.)
| | - Geoffrey J. Frank
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH 45433, USA; (V.V.); (D.N.); (G.J.F.)
- University of Dayton Research Institute, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
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11
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Boaretto J, Cruz RCD, Vannucchi de Camargo F, Cordeiro GL, Fragassa C, Bergmann CP. Using Thermomechanical Properties to Reassess Particles' Dispersion in Nanostructured Polymers: Size vs. Content. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3707. [PMID: 37765561 PMCID: PMC10537304 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle-filled polymers (i.e., nanocomposites) can exhibit characteristics unattainable by the unfilled polymer, making them attractive to engineer structural composites. However, the transition of particulate fillers from the micron to the nanoscale requires a comprehensive understanding of how particle downsizing influences molecular interactions and organization across multiple length scales, ranging from chemical bonding to microstructural evolution. This work outlines the advancements described in the literature that have become relevant and have shaped today's understanding of the processing-structure-property relationships in polymer nanocomposites. The main inorganic and organic particles that have been incorporated into polymers are examined first. The commonly practiced methods for nanoparticle incorporation are then highlighted. The development in mechanical properties-such as tensile strength, storage modulus and glass transition temperature-in the selected epoxy matrix nanocomposites described in the literature was specifically reviewed and discussed. The significant effect of particle content, dispersion, size, and mean free path on thermomechanical properties, commonly expressed as a function of weight percentage (wt.%) of added particles, was found to be better explained as a function of particle crowding (number of particles and distance among them). From this work, it was possible to conclude that the dramatic effect of particle size for the same tiny amount of very small and well-dispersed particles brings evidence that particle size and the particle weight content should be downscaled together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Boaretto
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90040-060, Brazil;
- Instituto Hercílio Randon, Caxias do Sul 95180-000, Brazil; (R.C.D.C.); (G.L.C.)
| | - Robinson Carlos Dudley Cruz
- Instituto Hercílio Randon, Caxias do Sul 95180-000, Brazil; (R.C.D.C.); (G.L.C.)
- Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul 95200-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cristiano Fragassa
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
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Ibrahim MIM, Awad EAM, Dahdouh SMM, El-Etr WMT, Marey SA, Hatamleh AA, Mahmood M, Elrys AS. Exploring the Influence of Chemical Conditions on Nanoparticle Graphene Oxide Adsorption onto Clay Minerals. Molecules 2023; 28:6162. [PMID: 37630414 PMCID: PMC10458753 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
High concentrations of graphene oxide (GO), a nanoparticle substance with rapid manufacturing development, have the ability to penetrate the soil surface down to the mineral-rich subsurface layers. The destiny and distribution of such an unusual sort of nanomaterial in the environment must therefore be fully understood. However, the way the chemistry of solutions impacts GO nanoparticle adsorption on clay minerals is still unclear. Here, the adsorption of GO on clay minerals (e.g., bentonite and kaolinite) was tested under various chemical conditions (e.g., GO concentration, soil pH, and cation valence). Non-linear Langmuir and Freundlich models have been applied to describe the adsorption isotherm by comparing the amount of adsorbed GO nanoparticle to the concentration at the equilibrium of the solution. Our results showed fondness for GO in bentonite and kaolinite under similar conditions, but the GO nanoparticle adsorption with bentonite was superior to kaolinite, mainly due to its higher surface area and surface charge. We also found that increasing the ionic strength and decreasing the pH increased the adsorption of GO nanoparticles to bentonite and kaolinite, mainly due to the interaction between these clay minerals and GO nanoparticles' surface oxygen functional groups. Experimental data fit well to the non-linear pseudo-second-order kinetic model of Freundlich. The model of the Freundlich isotherm was more fitting at a lower pH and higher ionic strength in the bentonite soil while the lowest R2 value of the Freundlich model was recorded at a higher pH and lower ionic strength in the kaolinite soil. These results improve our understanding of GO behavior in soils by revealing environmental factors influencing GO nanoparticle movement and transmission towards groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa I. M. Ibrahim
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
- Department of Soil Physics and Chemistry, Soil, Water and Environment Research Institute (SWERI), The Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt
| | - Elsayed A. M. Awad
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Salah M. M. Dahdouh
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Wafaa M. T. El-Etr
- Department of Soil Physics and Chemistry, Soil, Water and Environment Research Institute (SWERI), The Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt
| | | | - Ashraf Atef Hatamleh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohsin Mahmood
- Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Ahmed S. Elrys
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
- Liebig Centre for Agroecology and Climate Impact Research, Justus Liebig University, 35390 Giessen, Germany
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13
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Kolya H, Kang CW. Next-Generation Water Treatment: Exploring the Potential of Biopolymer-Based Nanocomposites in Adsorption and Membrane Filtration. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3421. [PMID: 37631480 PMCID: PMC10458676 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article focuses on the potential of biopolymer-based nanocomposites incorporating nanoparticles, graphene oxide (GO), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and nanoclays in adsorption and membrane filtration processes for water treatment. The aim is to explore the effectiveness of these innovative materials in addressing water scarcity and contamination issues. The review highlights the exceptional adsorption capacities and improved membrane performance offered by chitosan, GO, and CNTs, which make them effective in removing heavy metals, organic pollutants, and emerging contaminants from water. It also emphasizes the high surface area and ion exchange capacity of nanoclays, enabling the removal of heavy metals, organic contaminants, and dyes. Integrating magnetic (Fe2O4) adsorbents and membrane filtration technologies is highlighted to enhance adsorption and separation efficiency. The limitations and challenges associated are also discussed. The review concludes by emphasizing the importance of collaboration with industry stakeholders in advancing biopolymer-based nanocomposites for sustainable and comprehensive water treatment solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haradhan Kolya
- Department of Housing Environmental Design, Research Institute of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun-Won Kang
- Department of Housing Environmental Design, Research Institute of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
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14
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Ayanda OS, Quadri RO, Adewuyi SO, Mmuoegbulam AO, Okezie O, Mohammed SE, Durumin-Iya NI, Lawal OS, Popoola KM, Adekola FA. Multidimensional applications and potential health implications of nanocomposites. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2023; 21:1110-1142. [PMID: 37632385 PMCID: wh_2023_141 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
This study reviews the concept, classifications, and techniques involved in the synthesis of nanocomposites. The environmental and health implications of nanoparticles and composite materials were detailed, as well as the applications of nanocomposites in water remediation, antibacterial application, and printed circuit boards. The study gave insights into the challenges of water pollution treatment and provided a broad list of nanocomposites that have been explored for water remediation. Moreover, the emergence of multi-drug resistance to many antibiotics has made current antibiotics inadequate in the treatment of disease. This has engineered the development of alternative strategies in the drug industries for the production of effective therapeutic agents, comprising nanocomposites with antibacterial agents. The new therapeutic agents known as nanoantibiotics are more efficient and have paved the way to handle the challenges of antibiotic resistance. In printed circuit boards, nanocomposites have shown promising applications because of their distinct mechanical, thermal, and electrical characteristics. The uniqueness of the write-up is that it provides a broad explanation of the concept, synthesis, application, toxicity, and harmful effects of nanocomposites. Thus, it will provide all-inclusive awareness to readers to identify research gaps and motivate researchers to synthesize novel nanocomposites for use in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olushola S Ayanda
- Nanoscience Research Unit, Department of Industrial Chemistry, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State P.M.B 373, Nigeria E-mail:
| | - Rukayat O Quadri
- Nanoscience Research Unit, Department of Industrial Chemistry, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State P.M.B 373, Nigeria
| | - Sulaiman O Adewuyi
- Nanoscience Research Unit, Department of Industrial Chemistry, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State P.M.B 373, Nigeria
| | - Augusta O Mmuoegbulam
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Onyemaechi Okezie
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Sa'adatu E Mohammed
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University Dutse, Dutse, Jigawa State PMB 7156, Nigeria
| | - Naseer I Durumin-Iya
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University Dutse, Dutse, Jigawa State PMB 7156, Nigeria
| | - Olayide S Lawal
- Nanoscience Research Unit, Department of Industrial Chemistry, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State P.M.B 373, Nigeria
| | - Kehinde M Popoola
- Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Folahan A Adekola
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
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15
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Adami R, Lamberti P, Casa M, D'Avanzo N, Ponticorvo E, Cirillo C, Sarno M, Bychanok D, Kuzhir P, Yu C, Xia H, Ciambelli P. Synthesis and Electrical Percolation of Highly Amorphous Polyvinyl Alcohol/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16114060. [PMID: 37297195 DOI: 10.3390/ma16114060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polyvinyl alcohol is the most commercially water-soluble biodegradable polymer, and it is in use for a wide range of applications. It shows good compatibility with most inorganic/organic fillers, and enhanced composites may be prepared without the need to introduce coupling agents and interfacial modifiers. The patented high amorphous polyvinyl alcohol (HAVOH), commercialized with the trade name G-Polymer, can be easily dispersed in water and melt processed. HAVOH is particularly suitable for extrusion and can be used as a matrix to disperse nanocomposites with different properties. In this work, the optimization of the synthesis and characterization of HAVOH/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposite obtained by the solution blending process of HAVOH and Graphene Oxide (GO) water solutions and 'in situ' reduction of GO is studied. The produced nanocomposite presents a low percolation threshold (~1.7 wt%) and high electrical conductivity (up to 11 S/m) due to the uniform dispersion in the polymer matrix as a result of the solution blending process and the good reduction level of GO. In consideration of HAVOH processability, the conductivity obtained by using rGO as filler, and the low percolation threshold, the nanocomposite presented here is a good candidate for the 3D printing of a conductive structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Adami
- Department of Physics, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
- Centre NANO_MATES, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Patrizia Lamberti
- Centre NANO_MATES, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
- Department of Information and Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Marcello Casa
- Narrando Srl, Via Arcangelo Rotunno 43, 84134 Salerno, Italy
| | - Nicole D'Avanzo
- Department of Information and Electrical Engineering and Applied Mathematics, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Cirillo
- Department of Physics, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Maria Sarno
- Department of Physics, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
- Centre NANO_MATES, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Dzmitry Bychanok
- Research Institute for Nuclear Problems Belarusian State University, 220030 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Polina Kuzhir
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, University of Eastern Finland, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Changjiang Yu
- State Key Lab of Polymer Material Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hesheng Xia
- State Key Lab of Polymer Material Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Paolo Ciambelli
- Narrando Srl, Via Arcangelo Rotunno 43, 84134 Salerno, Italy
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
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16
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Obisesan OS, Ajiboye TO, Mhlanga SD, Mufhandu HT. Biomedical applications of biodegradable polycaprolactone-functionalized magnetic iron oxides nanoparticles and their polymer nanocomposites. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 227:113342. [PMID: 37224613 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have gained significant attention among several nanoscale materials during the last decade due to their unique properties. These properties make them successful nanofillers for drug delivery and a number of new biomedical applications. MNPs are more useful when combined with biodegradable polymers. In this review, we discussed the synthesis of polycaprolactones (PCL) and the various methods of synthesizing magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Then, the synthesis of composites that is made of PCL and magnetic materials (with special focus on iron oxide nanoparticles) were highlighted. In addition, we comprehensively reviewed their application in drug delivery, cancer treatment, wound healing, hyperthermia, and bone tissue engineering. Other biomedical applications of the magnetic PCL such as mitochondria targeting are highlighted. Moreover, biomedical applications of magnetic nanoparticles incorporated into other synthetic polymers apart from PCL are also discussed. Thus, great progress and better outcome with functionalized MNPs enhanced with polycaprolactone has been recorded with the biomedical applications of drug delivery and recovery of bone tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy O Ajiboye
- Chemistry Department, Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Summerstrand, 6031, Gqeberha, South Africa.
| | - Sabelo D Mhlanga
- Chemistry Department, Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Summerstrand, 6031, Gqeberha, South Africa
| | - Hazel T Mufhandu
- Department of Microbiology, North-West University, Mafikeng, South Africa.
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17
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Wu P, Zhang J, Yang Z, Zhao J. Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Helium Barrier Performance of Modified Polyamide 6 Lining of IV Hydrogen Storage Tank with Montmorillonite. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083333. [PMID: 37110567 PMCID: PMC10144468 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate the type IV hydrogen storage bottle with better hydrogen storage capacity, the polymer lining of the hydrogen storage bottle was further developed. In this paper, the molecular dynamics method was used to simulate the helium adsorption and diffusion processes within a modified montmorillonite (OMMT)-filled polyamide 6 (PA6) system. The effects of the barrier properties of the composites were investigated at different filler contents (3%, 4%, 5%, 6% and 7%), different temperatures (288 K and 328 K) and different pressures (0.1 MPa, 41.6 MPa, 52 MPa and 60 MPa) for certain contents. It was found that when the filler content was 5%, the permeability coefficient of the material was lower than 2 × 10-13 cm3∙cm/(cm2∙s∙Pa) and the barrier performance was the best. The modified filler with 5% OMMT/PA6 at 328 K still had the strongest barrier performance. When the pressure increased, the permeability coefficient of the modified material first decreased and then increased. In addition to this, the effect of the fractional free volume on the barrier properties of the materials was also investigated. This study provides a basis and reference for the selection and preparation of polymer linings for high-barrier hydrogen storage cylinders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wu
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Institute of Reliability Centered Manufacturing (IRCM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Institute of Reliability Centered Manufacturing (IRCM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Zhenhan Yang
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Institute of Reliability Centered Manufacturing (IRCM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jianping Zhao
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Institute of Reliability Centered Manufacturing (IRCM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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18
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Bikiaris ND, Koumentakou I, Samiotaki C, Meimaroglou D, Varytimidou D, Karatza A, Kalantzis Z, Roussou M, Bikiaris RD, Papageorgiou GZ. Recent Advances in the Investigation of Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) Nanocomposites: Incorporation of Various Nanofillers and their Properties and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051196. [PMID: 36904437 PMCID: PMC10007491 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is considered the most promising biobased substitute for fossil-derived polymers due to its compostability, biocompatibility, renewability, and good thermomechanical properties. However, PLA suffers from several shortcomings, such as low heat distortion temperature, thermal resistance, and rate of crystallization, whereas some other specific properties, i.e., flame retardancy, anti-UV, antibacterial or barrier properties, antistatic to conductive electrical characteristics, etc., are required by different end-use sectors. The addition of different nanofillers represents an attractive way to develop and enhance the properties of neat PLA. Numerous nanofillers with different architectures and properties have been investigated, with satisfactory achievements, in the design of PLA nanocomposites. This review paper overviews the current advances in the synthetic routes of PLA nanocomposites, the imparted properties of each nano-additive, as well as the numerous applications of PLA nanocomposites in various industrial fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos D. Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioanna Koumentakou
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christina Samiotaki
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Despoina Meimaroglou
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Despoina Varytimidou
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Karatza
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Zisimos Kalantzis
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Magdalini Roussou
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Rizos D. Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Z. Papageorgiou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, P.O. Box 1186, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece
- Correspondence:
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19
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Improving thermal conductivity of poly(aryl ether nitrile ketone) composites by incorporating functionalized boron nitride and silicon carbide via electrospinning-hot press method. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-023-03454-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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20
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Gorbacheva SN, Borisova YY, Makarova VV, Antonov SV, Borisov DN, Yakubov MR. Modified Technogenic Asphaltenes as Enhancers of the Thermal Conductivity of Paraffin. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28030949. [PMID: 36770615 PMCID: PMC9920510 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28030949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The low thermal conductivity of paraffin and other organic phase change materials limits their use in thermal energy storage devices. The introduction of components with a high thermal conductivity such as graphene into these materials leads to an increase in their thermal conductivity. In this work, we studied the use of inexpensive carbon fillers containing a polycyclic aromatic core, due to them having a structural similarity with graphene, to increase the thermal conductivity of paraffin. As such fillers, technogenic asphaltenes isolated from ethylene tar and their modified derivatives were used. It is shown that the optimal concentration of carbon fillers in the paraffin composite, which contributes to the formation of a structural framework and resistance to sedimentation, is 5 and 30 wt. %, while intermediate concentrations are ineffective, apparently due to the formation of large aggregates, the concentration of which is insufficient to form a strong framework. It has been found that the addition of asphaltenes modified with ammonium persulfate in acetic acid significantly increases the thermal conductivity of paraffin by up to 72%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana N. Gorbacheva
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi Prospect V.O. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Pr. 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia Yu. Borisova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Str. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia
| | - Veronika V. Makarova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi Prospect V.O. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Pr. 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey V. Antonov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi Prospect V.O. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Pr. 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry N. Borisov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Str. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia
| | - Makhmut R. Yakubov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arbuzov Str. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia
- Correspondence:
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21
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Mahmoud A, Saied MA, Naser A, Fahmy A. Synthesis and Characterization of Nylon 6,6-Polyvinyl Alcohol-Based Polyelectrolytic Membrane. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-022-07537-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis work presents the preparation and investigation of blended nylon (N)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based polyelectrolytic membranes that are modified with different concentrations of sulfuric acid (SA), chlorosulfonic acid (CSA), and sulfonated activated carbon (SAC) as a filler. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs illustrated good membrane homogeneity, and no cracks or phase separation were detected. Chemical interaction between N, PVA, and other membrane components was confirmed by Raman scattering spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). In addition, the molecular structure is verified by energy depressive X-ray (EDX). Furthermore, water and methanol uptake, gel fraction, and IEC were determined as functions of varied membrane modification components. The results revealed that increasing the portion of SA, CSA and SAC led to an increase in IEC and ionic conductivity values reached 2.12 meq/g–0.076 S/cm for (N/PVA-4.0% SA-4.0% SAC), respectively, and 2.71 meq/g–0.087 S/cm for (N/PVA-4.0% CSA-4.0% SAC), respectively, while the IEC and ionic conductivity value for non-modified N/PVA membrane was 0.02 meq/g and zero, respectively. Such results enhance the potential feasibility of modified N/PVA electrolytic membranes for fuel cell (FC) applications.
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22
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Effect of the amine and carboxyl functionalised graphene on the thermomechanical and interfacial properties of the shape memory polymer nanocomposites. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04629-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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23
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Kim KC, Lin X, Li C. Structural design of the electrospun nanofibrous membrane for membrane distillation application: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:82632-82659. [PMID: 36219296 PMCID: PMC9552148 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23066-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although membrane distillation (MD) is a promising technology for water desalination and industrial wastewater treatment, the MD process is not widely applied in the global water industry due to the lack of a suitable membrane for the MD process. The design and appropriate manufacture are the most important factors for MD membrane optimization. The well-designed porous structure, superhydrophobic surface, and pore-wetting prevention of the membrane are vital properties of the MD membrane. Nowadays, electrospinning that is capable of manufacturing membranes with superhydrophobic or omni phobic properties is considered a promising technology. Electrospun nanofibrous membranes (ENMs) possess the characteristics of cylindrical morphology, re-entrant structure, and easy-shaping for a specific purpose, benefiting the membrane design and modification. Based on that, this review investigates the current state and future progress of the superhydrophobic, multi-layer, and omniphobic ENMs manufactured with various structural designs for seawater desalination and wastewater purification. We expect that this paper will provide some recommendations and guidance for further fabrication research and the configuration design of ENMs in the MD process for seawater desalination and wastewater purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuk Chol Kim
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Metallurgical Faculty, Kim Chaek University of Science and Technology, Kyogu dong 60, Central District, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaoqiu Lin
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Congju Li
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
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24
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Kausar A. Polymer/graphene nanocomposite for corrosion protection application: From design to technical trends. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2022.2071159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Kausar
- National Center For Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
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25
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Polystyrene-Sepiolite Clay Nanocomposites with Enhanced Mechanical and Thermal Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173576. [PMID: 36080650 PMCID: PMC9460756 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polystyrene (PS)/sepiolite clay nanocomposites were prepared via the melt extrusion technique using vinyl tri-ethoxy silane (VTES) as the compatibilizer and cross-linking agent. Mechanical, thermal, and flame-retardant properties of the newly developed polystyrene-based nanocomposites were determined. Surface morphology was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), examining the distribution of the filler in various compositions of fabricated composites. Structural analysis of the samples was carried out using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Thermal stability was determined by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), showing a maximum 30.2 wt.% increase in residue by adding sepiolite clay. The results obtained from the dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) in terms of the storage modulus, loss modulus and damping factor exhibited better stress transfer rate and effective interfacial adhesion between the filler and the matrix. The higher filler loaded sample showed greater flame retardancy by decreasing the burning rate up to 48%.
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Polymer Hybrid Nanocomposites Based on Homo and Copolymer Xlpe Containing Mineral Nanofillers with Improved Functional Properties Intended for Insulation of Submarine Cables. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173444. [PMID: 36080519 PMCID: PMC9459753 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) is one of the most popular insulation materials used in the production of medium and high voltage cables (MV, HV). This article presents the results of research carried out on two types of commercially used insulation materials, modified with the addition of organophilic phyllosilicate (CLOISITE C20A)and halloysite nanotubes (HNTs). The influence of fillers on the mechanical properties of insulating materials is discussed as a potential mechanism for increasing their resistance to the phenomenon of water-tree. SEM and XRD analyses were performed to investigate the morphology and DSC for comparing phase transitions. Mechanical and functional properties for different concentrations of nanofillers, such as their hybrids, were also investigated.
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Okonkwo UC, Idumah CI, Okafor CE, Ohagwu CC, Aronu ME, Okokpujie IP, Chukwu NN, Chukwunyelu CE. Development, Characterization, and Properties of Polymeric Nanoarchitectures for Radiation Attenuation. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-022-02420-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Nazarychev VM, Vaganov GV, Larin SV, Didenko AL, Elokhovskiy VY, Svetlichnyi VM, Yudin VE, Lyulin SV. Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastic Crystallizable Polyimide-Based Nanocomposites Filled with Carbon Nanotubes: Computer Simulations and Experiments. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153154. [PMID: 35956666 PMCID: PMC9370852 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a strong structural ordering of thermoplastic semi-crystalline polyimides near single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) was found that can enhance their mechanical properties. In this study, a comparative analysis of the results of microsecond-scale all-atom computer simulations and experimental measurements of thermoplastic semi-crystalline polyimide R-BAPB synthesized on the basis of dianhydride R (1,3-bis-(3′,4-dicarboxyphenoxy) benzene) and diamine BAPB (4,4′-bis-(4″-aminophenoxy) biphenyl) near the SWCNTs on the rheological properties of nanocomposites was performed. We observe the viscosity increase in the SWCNT-filled R-BAPB in the melt state both in computer simulations and experiments. For the first time, it is proven by computer simulation that this viscosity change is related to the structural ordering of the R-BAPB in the vicinity of SWCNT but not to the formation of interchain linkage. Additionally, strong anisotropy of the rheological properties of the R-BAPB near the SWCNT surface was detected due to the polyimide chain orientation. The increase in the viscosity of the polymer in the viscous-flow state and an increase in the values of the mechanical characteristics (Young’s modulus and yield peak) of the SWCNT-R-BAPB nanocomposites in the glassy state are stronger in the directions along the ordering of polymer chains close to the carbon nanofiller surface. Thus, the new experimental data obtained on the R-BAPB-based nanocomposites filled with SWCNT, being extensively compared with simulation results, confirm the idea of the influence of macromolecular ordering near the carbon nanotube on the mechanical characteristics of the composite material.
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Al-shammari AK, Al-Bermany E. Polymer functional group impact on the thermo-mechanical properties of polyacrylic acid, polyacrylic amide- poly (vinyl alcohol) nanocomposites reinforced by graphene oxide nanosheets. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03210-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Paul S, Bhoumick MC, Roy S, Mitra S. Carbon nanotube enhanced membrane filtration for trace level dewatering of hydrocarbons. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Roth MR, Pisani WA, Wedgeworth DN, Newman JK, Shukla MK. Computational analysis on mechanical property reinforcement of nylon 6 polymer and nanofiller dispersion through addition of CNT/Graphene/CNT-Graphene nanofillers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Bartoli M, Arrigo R, Malucelli G, Tagliaferro A, Duraccio D. Recent Advances in Biochar Polymer Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122506. [PMID: 35746082 PMCID: PMC9228632 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
“Biochar” (BC) is the solid residue recovered from the thermal cracking of biomasses in an oxygen-poor atmosphere. Recently, BC has been increasingly explored as a sustainable, inexpensive, and viable alternative to traditional carbonaceous fillers for the development of polymer-based composites. In fact, BC exhibits high thermal stability, high surface area, and electrical conductivity; moreover, its main properties can be properly tuned by controlling the conditions of the production process. Due to its intriguing characteristics, BC is currently in competition with high-performing fillers in the formulation of multi-functional polymer-based composites, inducing both high mechanical and electrical properties. Moreover, BC can be derived from a huge variety of biomass sources, including post-consumer agricultural wastes, hence providing an interesting opportunity toward a “zero waste” circular bioeconomy. This work aims at providing a comprehensive overview of the main achievements obtained by combining BC with several thermoplastic and thermosetting matrices. In particular, the effect of the introduction of BC on the overall performance of different polymer matrices will be critically reviewed, highlighting the influence of differently synthesized BC on the final performance and behavior of the resulting composites. Lastly, a comparative perspective on BC with other carbonaceous fillers will be also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Bartoli
- Center for Sustainable Future Technologies, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Turin, Italy;
| | - Rossella Arrigo
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0131229363
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy;
| | - Alberto Tagliaferro
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10123 Torino, Italy;
| | - Donatella Duraccio
- Institute of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Energy and Mobility, National Council of Research, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy;
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Carbon Nanotube Enhanced Filtration and Dewatering of Kerosene. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12060621. [PMID: 35736328 PMCID: PMC9227186 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12060621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Current approaches to dewatering aviation fuel such as kerosene are adsorption by activated charcoal, gravity separation, etc. The objective of this work is to develop and demonstrate the filtration and dewatering of kerosene using a carbon nanotube immobilised membrane (CNIM). Highly hydrophobic membranes were prepared by immobilising carbon nanotube (CNTs) over polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) microfiltration membrane for the dewatering of ppm level water from kerosene. The effects of different CNT concentrations on membrane morphology, hydrophobicity, porosity, and permeability were characterised. After immobilising CNT into membranes, the contact angle increased by 9%, 16%, and 43% compared to unmodified 0.1 μm PTFE, 0.22 μm PTFE and 0.22 μm PVDF membranes, respectively. The CNIM showed remarkable separation efficiency for the fuel-water system. The micro/nano water droplets coalesced on the CNT surface to form larger diameters of water droplets detached from the membrane surface, leading to enhanced water rejection. In general, the water rejection increased with the amount of CNT immobilised while the effective surface porosity over pore length and flux decreased. PTFE base membrane showed better performance compared to the PVDF substrate. The CNIMs were fabricated with 0.1 and 0.22 μm PTFE at an optimised CNT loading of 3 and 6 wt.%, and the water rejection was 99.97% and 97.27%, respectively, while the kerosene fluxes were 43.22 kg/m2·h and 55.44 kg/m2·h respectively.
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Michael FM, Khalid M, Chantara Thevy R, Raju G, Shahabuddin S, Walvekar R, Mubarak NM. Graphene/Nanohydroxyapatite hybrid reinforced polylactic acid nanocomposite for load-bearing applications. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2022.2029885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | | | - Gunasunderi Raju
- School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town, Malaysia
| | - Syed Shahabuddin
- Department of Science, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, Knowledge Corridor Raisan Village, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Rashmi Walvekar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
| | - Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak
- Petroleum, and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Brunei Darussalam
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Tengku Yasim-Anuar TA, Yee-Foong LN, Lawal AA, Ahmad Farid MA, Mohd Yusuf MZ, Hassan MA, Ariffin H. Emerging application of biochar as a renewable and superior filler in polymer composites. RSC Adv 2022; 12:13938-13949. [PMID: 35558839 PMCID: PMC9092426 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01897g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochar is conventionally and widely used for soil amendment or as an adsorbent for water treatment. Nevertheless, the need for transition to renewable materials has resulted in an expansion of biochar for use as a filler for polymer composites. The aim is to enhance the physical, chemical, mechanical and rheological properties of the polymer composite. The reinforcement of biochar into a polymer matrix however is still new, and limited reports are focusing on the effects of biochar towards polymer composite properties. Hence, this review highlights the unique properties of biochar and its effect on the crystallization, thermal, flammability, electrical conductivity, and mechanical properties of polymer composites. This review does not solely summarize recent studies on biochar–polymer-based composites, but also offers insights into a new direction of biochar as a renewable and superior polymer filler in the future. Biochar is a low-cost carbon material with excellent thermal characteristics. Despite having remarkably similar properties to graphene and carbon nanotubes, it is rarely used as a polymer filler.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengku Arisyah Tengku Yasim-Anuar
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia .,Nextgreen Pulp & Paper Sdn. Bhd., Green Technology Park Paloh Inai 26600 Pekan Pahang Malaysia
| | - Lawrence Ng Yee-Foong
- Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Abubakar Abdullahi Lawal
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia.,Department of Agricultural and Environmental Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria
| | - Mohammed Abdillah Ahmad Farid
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Mohd Zulkhairi Mohd Yusuf
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ali Hassan
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia .,Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Hidayah Ariffin
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia .,Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor Malaysia
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Tee ZY, Yeap SP, Hassan CS, Kiew PL. Nano and non-nano fillers in enhancing mechanical properties of epoxy resins: a brief review. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2021.2015778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yi Tee
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Technology & Built Environment, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Swee Pin Yeap
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Technology & Built Environment, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- UCSI-Cheras Low Carbon Innovation Hub Research Consortium, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Cik Suhana Hassan
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Technology & Built Environment, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Peck Loo Kiew
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Malaysia - Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Bizhani H, Katbab AA, Maroufkhani M, Verdejo R. Physical and mechanical properties of hybridized elastomeric foam based on ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer, multiwall carbon nanotube, and barium titanate. J CELL PLAST 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x221085194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of hybrid fillers in rubbers can provide additional benefits to rubber foams compared to individual micro- or nano-scale particles due to an optimum packaging and synergic effects. The present work reports the development of vulcanized ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer nanocomposite hybrid foams filled with barium titanate and multiwall carbon nanotube (BT/MWCNT), prepared via a scalable protocol. The developed foams presented a high shear-thinning behavior, suggesting the formation of a 3D interconnected physical network of MWCNT within the polymer matrix. This network resulted in a notable improvement of the mechanical properties under tension and compression with increasing of MWCNT content. Also, the incorporation of MWCNT and BT enhanced thermal stability and thermal conductivity. Meanwhile, BT did not show any influence on the measured physical properties, due to the lack of interaction between BT and the EPDM matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasti Bizhani
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, Madrid, 28006, Spain
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Katbab
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Maroufkhani
- Department of Materials, Chemistry and Polymer Engineering, Buin Zahra Technical University, Buin Zahra, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Raquel Verdejo
- Institute of Polymer Science and Technology (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, Madrid, 28006, Spain
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Spencer MP, Alsaati AA, Park JE, Nogueira Branco RB, Marconnet A, Yamamoto N. Tuning Interparticle Contacts and Transport Properties of Maghemite-Thermoset Nanocomposites by Applying Oscillating Magnetic Fields. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:16601-16610. [PMID: 35352561 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Conductive nanofillers, if integrated in an organized manner, can improve the transport properties of polymer matrices without compromising on their light weight. However, the relationship between the particle assemblies and transport properties of such nanocomposites, especially the competing effects of connected nanofiller pathways compared to resistances at interparticle contacts, has not been quantitatively studied. In this work, with the model nanocomposite of maghemite nanoparticles in epoxy, a novel fabrication method has been demonstrated to align nanofillers and control the interparticle contact amount within such a nanofiller assembly, using nanoparticle surface functionalization and oscillating magnetic field application. The nanofiller assembly cross-sectional areas were measured by processing micro-CT images and compared with the measured electrical and thermal properties of the nanocomposites. In terms of thermal transport, when the nanofiller assembly cross-sectional area was small, the dominance of conductivity pathways was observed up to ∼4.7 vol %, while interfacial thermal resistance began to dominate when the nanofiller assembly cross-sectional area became larger than 2700 μm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mychal P Spencer
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Albraa A Alsaati
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jung Eun Park
- Dept of Aerospace Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
| | | | - Amy Marconnet
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Namiko Yamamoto
- Dept of Aerospace Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
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Siddique S, Novak A, Guliyev E, Yates K, Leung PS, Njuguna J. Oil-Based Mud Waste as a Filler Material in LDPE Composites: Evaluation of Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071455. [PMID: 35406328 PMCID: PMC9003121 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, the drilling waste generated in oil and gas exploration operations, including spent drilling fluid, is disposed of or treated by several methods, including burial pits, landfill sites and various thermal treatments. This study investigates drilling waste valorisation and its use as filler in polymer composites. The effect of the poor particle/polymer interfacial adhesion bonding of the suspended clay in oil-based mud (OBM) slurry and the LDPE matrix is believed to be the main reason behind the poor thermo-mechanical and mechanical properties of low-density polyethylene (LDPE)/OBM slurry nanocomposites. The thermo-mechanical and mechanical performances of LDPE)/OBM slurry nanocomposites without the clay surface treatment and without using compatibilizer are evaluated and discussed. In our previous studies, it has been observed that adding thermally treated reclaimed clay from OBM waste in powder form improves both the thermal and mechanical properties of LDPE nanocomposites. However, incorporating OBM clay in slurry form in the LDPE matrix can decrease the thermal stability remarkably, which was reported recently, and thereby has increased the interest to identify the mechanical response of the composite material after adding this filler. The results show the severe deterioration of the tensile and flexural properties of the LDPE/OBM slurry composites compared to those properties of the LDPE/MMT nanocomposites in this study. It is hypothesised, based on the observation of the different test results in this study, that this deterioration in the mechanical properties of the materials was associated with the poor Van der Waals force between the polymer molecules/clay platelets and the applied force. The decohesion between the matrix and OBM slurry nanoparticles under stress conditions generated stress concentration through the void area between the matrix and nanoparticles, resulting in sample failure. Interfacial adhesion bonding appears to be a key factor influencing the mechanical properties of the manufactured nanocomposite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohel Siddique
- Advanced Materials Research Group, School of Engineering, Robert Gordon University, Riverside East, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK; (S.S.); (A.N.); (E.G.)
| | - Adam Novak
- Advanced Materials Research Group, School of Engineering, Robert Gordon University, Riverside East, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK; (S.S.); (A.N.); (E.G.)
| | - Emin Guliyev
- Advanced Materials Research Group, School of Engineering, Robert Gordon University, Riverside East, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK; (S.S.); (A.N.); (E.G.)
| | - Kyari Yates
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK;
| | - Pak Sing Leung
- Department of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Northumbria University, Ellison Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK;
| | - James Njuguna
- Advanced Materials Research Group, School of Engineering, Robert Gordon University, Riverside East, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK; (S.S.); (A.N.); (E.G.)
- National Subsea Centre, 3 International Ave, Dyce, Aberdeen AB21 0BH, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)-1224262304
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Effect of CuO and Graphene on PTFE Microfibers: Experimental and Modeling Approaches. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061069. [PMID: 35335400 PMCID: PMC8954997 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The surface of pure polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) microfibers was modified with ZnO and graphene (G), and the composite was studied using ATR-FTIR, XRD, and FESEM. FTIR results showed that two significant bands appeared at 1556 cm−1 and 515 cm−1 as indications for CuO and G interaction. The SEM results indicated that CuO and G were distributed uniformly on the surface of the PTFE microfibers, confirming the production of the PTFE/CuO/G composite. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed on PTFE polymer nanocomposites containing various metal oxides (MOs) such as MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, TiO2, Fe3O4, NiO, CuO, ZnO, and ZrO2 at the B3LYP level using the LAN2DZ basis set. Total dipole moment (TDM) and HOMO/LUMO bandgap energy ΔE both show that the physical and electrical characteristics of PTFE with OCu change to 76.136 Debye and 0.400 eV, respectively. PTFE/OCu was investigated to observe its interaction with graphene quantum dots (GQDs). The results show that PTFE/OCu/GQD ZTRI surface conductivity improved significantly. As a result, the TDM of PTFE/OCu/GQD ZTRI and the HOMO/LUMO bandgap energy ΔE were 39.124 Debye and ΔE 0.206 eV, respectively. The new electrical characteristics of PTFE/OCu/GQD ZTRI indicate that this surface is appropriate for electronic applications.
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A Facile Review on the Sorption of Heavy Metals and Dyes Using Bionanocomposites. ADSORPT SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/8030175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Presently, hazardous metal and dye removal from wastewater is one of the major areas of research focus. For the elimination of these contaminants, many approaches have been devised and applied. However, the accomplishment of various water treatment processes has largely depended on the medium utilized and the associated problem with the leaching of harmful compounds into the water process with most commercial and chemically manufactured materials for water treatment processes. Hence, this study is aimed at reviewing existing studies on the sorption of heavy metals (HMs) and dyes using bionanocomposites (BNCs). The key focus of this review is on the development of eco-friendly, effective, and appropriate nanoadsorbents that could accomplish superior and enhanced contaminant sequestration using BNCs owing to their biodegradability, biocompatible, environmentally friendly, and not posing as secondary waste to the environment. The sorption of most pollutants was observed to be pH, sorbent dosage, and initial contaminant concentration-dependent, with most contaminants’ elimination taking place in the pH range of 2-10. The sorption process of HMs and dyes to various BNCs was superlatively depicted utilizing the Langmuir (LNR) and Freundlich (FL) as well as the pseudo-second-order (PSO) models, suggestive of the sorption process of a monolayer and multilayer and the chemisorption process, the rate-limiting stage in surface sorption. The established sorption capacities for the reviewed sorption process for various contaminants ranged from 1.47 to 740.97 mg/g. Future prospective for the treatment and remediation of contaminated water using BNCs was also discussed.
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Swelling-Resistant, Crosslinked Polyvinyl Alcohol Membranes with High ZIF-8 Nanofiller Loadings as Effective Solid Electrolytes for Alkaline Fuel Cells. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12050865. [PMID: 35269354 PMCID: PMC8912677 DOI: 10.3390/nano12050865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The present work investigates the direct mixing of aqueous zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) suspension into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and crosslinked with glutaraldehyde (GA) to form swelling-resistant, mechanically robust and conductivity retentive composite membranes. This drying-free nanofiller incorporation method enhances the homogeneous ZIF-8 distributions in the PVA/ZIF-8/GA composites to overcome the nanofiller aggregation problem in the mixed matrix membranes. Various ZIF-8 concentrations (25.4, 40.5 and 45.4 wt.%) are used to study the suitability of the resulting GA-crosslinked composites for direct alkaline methanol fuel cell (DAMFC). Surface morphological analysis confirmed homogeneous ZIF-8 particle distribution in the GA-crosslinked composites with a defect- and crack-free structure. The increased ionic conductivity (21% higher than the ZIF-free base material) and suppressed alcohol permeability (94% lower from the base material) of PVA/40.5%ZIF-8/GA resulted in the highest selectivity among the prepared composites. In addition, the GA-crosslinked composites’ selectivity increased to 1.5−2 times that of those without crosslink. Moreover, the ZIF-8 nanofillers improved the mechanical strength and alkaline stability of the composites. This was due to the negligible volume swelling ratio (<1.4%) of high (>40%) ZIF-8-loaded composites. After 168 h of alkaline treatment, the PVA/40.5%ZIF-8/GA composite had almost negligible ionic conductivity loss (0.19%) compared with the initial material. The maximum power density (Pmax) of PVA/40.5%ZIF-8/GA composite was 190.5 mW cm−2 at 60 °C, an increase of 181% from the PVA/GA membrane. Moreover, the Pmax of PVA/40.5%ZIF-8/GA was 10% higher than that without GA crosslinking. These swelling-resistant and stable solid electrolytes are promising in alkaline fuel cell applications.
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Körpınar B, Saltan F. \Preparation of poly(styrene-co-acrylic acid)-zinc oxide composites: Experimental and theoretical investigation of gamma radiation shielding properties. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 181:110114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Malyshev MD, Guseva DV, Komarov PV. Effect of Surface Modification of Nanoparticles on the Mechanical Properties of Highly Crosslinked Epoxy Nanocomposites: Mesoscopic Simulation. DOKLADY PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0012501621090025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Guchait A, Saxena A, Chattopadhyay S, Mondal T. Influence of Nanofillers on Adhesion Properties of Polymeric Composites. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:3844-3859. [PMID: 35155882 PMCID: PMC8829956 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanofillers (NFs) are becoming a ubiquitous choice for applications in different technological innovations in various fields, from biomedical devices to automotive product portfolios. Potential physical attributes like large surface areas, high surface energy, and lower structural imperfections make NFs a popular filler over microfillers. One specific application, where NFs are finding applications, is in adhesive science and technology. Incorporating NFs in the adhesive matrix is seen to tune the adhesives' different properties like wettability, rheology, etc. Additionally, the functional benefits (like electrical/thermal conductivity) of these NFs are translated into the adhesives' properties. Such an improvement in the properties is far to achieve using microfillers in the adhesive matrix. This mini-review provides an account of the impact of the addition of various nanofillers (NFs) on the properties of the adhesive composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Guchait
- Rubber
Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India, 721302
| | - Anubhav Saxena
- R&D, Pidilite Industries Limited, Ramakrishna Mandir Road, Andheri (E), Mumbai 400059, India
| | - Santanu Chattopadhyay
- Rubber
Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India, 721302
| | - Titash Mondal
- Rubber
Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India, 721302
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Khan N, Han G, Mazari SA. Carbon nanotubes-based anode materials for potassium ion batteries: A review. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Flame Retardancy, Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Novel Intumescent Flame Retardant/MXene/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Nanocomposites. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12030477. [PMID: 35159825 PMCID: PMC8840457 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Poly(vinylphosphonic acid) (PVPA) and polyethylenepolyamine (PEPA) are used as novel intumescent flame retardants to improve the properties of MXene (2D Ti3C2Tx)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanocomposites. We investigated the flame-retardant properties, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of MXene/PVA nanocomposites. The results show that MXene was homogeneously dispersed in the PVA matrix containing PVPA and PEPA. PVPA and PEPA effectively improved the flame-retardant properties of MXene/PVA nanocomposites and they did not obviously change the thermal degradation of the MXene/PVA nanocomposites. Moreover, MXene improved the thermal stability of the PVA matrix. The elongation at break of MXene/PVA nanocomposites reached its maximum when the MXene mass fraction was 1.0 wt.%, regardless of whether PVPA and PEPA were present in the PVA matrix, whereas the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of MXene/PVA nanocomposites increased with the increase in MXene content in the PVA matrix.
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Hasa E, Lee TY, Allan Guymon C. Controlling phase separated domains in UV-curable formulations with OH-functionalized prepolymers. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00159d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Modification of photocurable radical systems with high molecular weight prepolymers enables access to a wide array of polymer structures and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erion Hasa
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Tai Yeon Lee
- Covestro Additive Manufacturing, 1122 Saint Charles St, Elgin, IL 60120, USA
| | - C. Allan Guymon
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Wang D, Chen C, Ju F, Ke Y. Copolymer nanocomposites with strong adsorption of exfoliated silicate nanosheets and high-temperature stability. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj03925g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The designed copolymer nanocomposites with well exfoliated and dispersed silicate nanosheets, strongly adsorbed on polymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyin Wang
- China National Petroleum Cooperation Key Laboratory of Nano-Chemistry, and College of Science, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China
| | - Changfeng Chen
- China National Petroleum Cooperation Key Laboratory of Nano-Chemistry, and College of Science, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Ju
- China National Petroleum Cooperation Key Laboratory of Nano-Chemistry, and College of Science, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China
| | - Yangchuan Ke
- China National Petroleum Cooperation Key Laboratory of Nano-Chemistry, and College of Science, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China
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Ai T, Feng W, Ren Z, Li F, Wang P, Zou G, Ji J. Simultaneous enhancement of mechanical performance and thermal conductivity for polyamide 10T by nanodiamond compositing. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Ai
- National Engineering Research Center of Engineering Plastics and Ecological Plastics Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- College of Materials Sciences and Opto‐Electronic Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Wutong Feng
- National Engineering Research Center of Engineering Plastics and Ecological Plastics Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- College of Materials Sciences and Opto‐Electronic Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Zhonglai Ren
- National Engineering Research Center of Engineering Plastics and Ecological Plastics Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Fei Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Engineering Plastics and Ecological Plastics Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Pingli Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Engineering Plastics and Ecological Plastics Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Guangji Zou
- National Engineering Research Center of Engineering Plastics and Ecological Plastics Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Junhui Ji
- National Engineering Research Center of Engineering Plastics and Ecological Plastics Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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