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Dalisay DS, Tenebro CP, Sabido EM, Suarez AFL, Paderog MJV, Reyes-Salarda R, Saludes JP. Marine-Derived Anticancer Agents Targeting Apoptotic Pathways: Exploring the Depths for Novel Cancer Therapies. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:114. [PMID: 38535455 PMCID: PMC10972102 DOI: 10.3390/md22030114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Extensive research has been conducted on the isolation and study of bioactive compounds derived from marine sources. Several natural products have demonstrated potential as inducers of apoptosis and are currently under investigation in clinical trials. These marine-derived compounds selectively interact with extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways using a variety of molecular mechanisms, resulting in cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, cytoplasmic blebs, apoptotic bodies, and phagocytosis by adjacent parenchymal cells, neoplastic cells, or macrophages. Numerous marine-derived compounds are currently undergoing rigorous examination for their potential application in cancer therapy. This review examines a total of 21 marine-derived compounds, along with their synthetic derivatives, sourced from marine organisms such as sponges, corals, tunicates, mollusks, ascidians, algae, cyanobacteria, fungi, and actinobacteria. These compounds are currently undergoing preclinical and clinical trials to evaluate their potential as apoptosis inducers for the treatment of different types of cancer. This review further examined the compound's properties and mode of action, preclinical investigations, clinical trial studies on single or combination therapy, and the prospective development of marine-derived anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doralyn S. Dalisay
- Center for Chemical Biology and Biotechnology (C2B2), University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines; (C.P.T.); (E.M.S.); (M.J.V.P.)
- Department of Biology, University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines;
- Balik Scientist Program, Department of Science and Technology, Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (DOST-PCHRD), Taguig 1631, Philippines;
| | - Chuckcris P. Tenebro
- Center for Chemical Biology and Biotechnology (C2B2), University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines; (C.P.T.); (E.M.S.); (M.J.V.P.)
| | - Edna M. Sabido
- Center for Chemical Biology and Biotechnology (C2B2), University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines; (C.P.T.); (E.M.S.); (M.J.V.P.)
| | - Angelica Faith L. Suarez
- Center for Natural Drug Discovery and Development (CND3), University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines;
| | - Melissa June V. Paderog
- Center for Chemical Biology and Biotechnology (C2B2), University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines; (C.P.T.); (E.M.S.); (M.J.V.P.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines
| | - Rikka Reyes-Salarda
- Department of Biology, University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines;
| | - Jonel P. Saludes
- Balik Scientist Program, Department of Science and Technology, Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (DOST-PCHRD), Taguig 1631, Philippines;
- Center for Natural Drug Discovery and Development (CND3), University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines;
- Department of Chemistry, University of San Agustin, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines
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Han M, Wang Z, Li Y, Song Y, Wang Z. The application and sustainable development of coral in traditional medicine and its chemical composition, pharmacology, toxicology, and clinical research. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1230608. [PMID: 38235111 PMCID: PMC10791799 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1230608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the variety, chemical composition, pharmacological effects, toxicology, and clinical research of corals used in traditional medicine in the past two decades. At present, several types of medicinal coral resources are identified, which are used in 56 formulas such as traditional Chinese medicine, Tibetan medicine, Mongolian medicine, and Uyghur medicine. A total of 34 families and 99 genera of corals are involved in medical research, with the Alcyoniidae family and Sarcophyton genus being the main research objects. Based on the structural types of compounds and the families and genera of corals, this review summarizes the compounds primarily reported during the period, including terpenoids, steroids, nitrogen-containing compounds, and other terpenoids dominated by sesquiterpene and diterpenes. The biological activities of coral include cytotoxicity (antitumor and anticancer), anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, antiviral, immunosuppressive, antioxidant, and neurological properties, and a detailed summary of the mechanisms underlying these activities or related targets is provided. Coral toxicity mostly occurs in the marine ornamental soft coral Zoanthidae family, with palytoxin as the main toxic compound. In addition, nonpeptide neurotoxins are extracted from aquatic corals. The compatibility of coral-related preparations did not show significant acute toxicity, but if used for a long time, it will still cause toxicity to the liver, kidneys, lungs, and other internal organs in a dose-dependent manner. In clinical applications, individual application of coral is often used as a substitute for orthopedic materials to treat diseases such as bone defects and bone hyperplasia. Second, coral is primarily available in the form of compound preparations, such as Ershiwuwei Shanhu pills and Shanhu Qishiwei pills, which are widely used in the treatment of neurological diseases such as migraine, primary headache, epilepsy, cerebral infarction, hypertension, and other cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. It is undeniable that the effectiveness of coral research has exacerbated the endangered status of corals. Therefore, there should be no distinction between the advantages and disadvantages of listed endangered species, and it is imperative to completely prohibit their use and provide equal protection to help them recover to their normal numbers. This article can provide some reference for research on coral chemical composition, biological activity, chemical ecology, and the discovery of marine drug lead compounds. At the same time, it calls for people to protect endangered corals from the perspectives of prohibition, substitution, and synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengtian Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongyuan Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiye Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yinglian Song
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- College of Ethnomedicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Yang JL, Lin WL, Tai SB, Ciou YS, Chung CL, Chen JJ, Liu PF, Lin MW, Chen CL. Suppression of TGFβ-Induced Interleukin-6 Secretion by Sinulariolide from Soft Corals through Attenuation of the p38-NF-kB Pathway in Carcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11656. [PMID: 37511415 PMCID: PMC10380600 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sinulariolide (SC-1) is a natural product extracted from the cultured-type soft coral Sinularia flexibilis and possesses anti-inflammation, anti-proliferative, and anti-migratory in several types of cancer cells. However, the molecular pathway behind its effects on inflammation remains poorly understood. Since inflammatory cytokines such as TGFβ, TNFα, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8 activate transcription factors such as Smads, NF-κB, STAT3, Snail, Twist, and Zeb that drive the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), in this study, we focus on the investigation in effects of SC-1 on TGFβ-induced interleukin-6 (IL-6) releases in an in vitro cell culture model. We showed that both intracellular IL-6 expression and secretion were stimulated by TGFβ and associated with strong upregulation of IL-6 mRNA and increased transcription in A549 cells. SC-1 blocked TGFβ-induced secretion of IL-6 while showing no effect on the induction of fibronectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 genes, indicating that SC-1 interferes with only a subset of TGFβ activities. In addition, SC-1 inhibits TGFβ-induced IL-6 by suppressing p38 MAPK signaling and subsequently inhibits NF-κB and its nuclear translocation without affecting the canonical Smad pathway and receptor turnover. Overall, these data suggest that p38 may involve in the inhibition of SC-1 in IL-6 release, thus illustrating an inhibitory effect for SC-1 in the suppression of inflammation, EMT phenotype, and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenq-Lin Yang
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Weng-Ling Lin
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung 80284, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Ban Tai
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Zuoying Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81342, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Siang Ciou
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ling Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Jung Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Feng Liu
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Wei Lin
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital/E-Da Cancer Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Lin Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
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Mitra S, Rauf A, Sutradhar H, Sadaf S, Hossain MJ, Soma MA, Emran TB, Ahmad B, Aljohani ASM, Al Abdulmonem W, Thiruvengadam M. Potential candidates from marine and terrestrial resources targeting mitochondrial inhibition: Insights from the molecular approach. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 264:109509. [PMID: 36368509 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the target sites for multiple disease manifestations, for which it is appealing to researchers' attention for advanced pharmacological interventions. Mitochondrial inhibitors from natural sources are of therapeutic interest due to their promising benefits on physiological complications. Mitochondrial complexes I, II, III, IV, and V are the most common sites for the induction of inhibition by drug candidates, henceforth alleviating the manifestations, prevalence, as well as severity of diseases. Though there are few therapeutic options currently available on the market. However, it is crucial to develop new candidates from natural resources, as mitochondria-targeting abnormalities are rising to a greater extent. Marine and terrestrial sources possess plenty of bioactive compounds that are appeared to be effective in this regard. Ample research investigations have been performed to appraise the potentiality of these compounds in terms of mitochondrial disorders. So, this review outlines the role of terrestrial and marine-derived compounds in mitochondrial inhibition as well as their clinical status too. Additionally, mitochondrial regulation and, therefore, the significance of mitochondrial inhibition by terrestrial and marine-derived compounds in drug discovery are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar, Swabi 23430, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan.
| | - Hriday Sutradhar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Samia Sadaf
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Md Jamal Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, 77 Satmasjid Road Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Mahfuza Afroz Soma
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, 77 Satmasjid Road Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Bashir Ahmad
- Institute of Biotechnology & Microbiology, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, KP, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah S M Aljohani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Al Abdulmonem
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muthu Thiruvengadam
- Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical Technical Sciences, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Tsai TC, Wu WT, Lin JJ, Su JH, Wu YJ. Stellettin B Isolated from Stelletta Sp. Reduces Migration and Invasion of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells through Reducing Activation of the MAPKs and FAK/PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathways. Int J Cell Biol 2022; 2022:4416611. [PMID: 36483979 PMCID: PMC9726252 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4416611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors, and there is currently a lack of effective treatment options to control the metastasis. This study was performed to examine the mechanisms of the migration and invasion characteristics of HCC, with the aim of reducing metastasis by inhibiting cancer cell migration and invasion. In this study, we used Stellettin B, an active compound isolated from Stelletta sponges, as the experimental drug and evaluated its inhibition effects on cell migration and invasion in human hepatoma cells (HA22T and HepG2). MTT assay, gelatin zymography, and western blotting were employed. The results showed that Stellettin B significantly inhibited the protein expressions of MMP-2, MMP-9, and uPA, while upregulating the protein expressions of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2. The expressions of p-FAK, p-PI3K, p-AKT, p-mTOR, and MAPKs (p-JNK, p-JUN, p-MAPKp38, and p-ERK) were decreased with increasing concentrations of Stellettin B. Our results suggest that Stellettin B-dependent downregulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities could be mediated by FAK/PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPKs signaling pathways in HA22T and HepG2 cells, preventing HCC invasion and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Chang Tsai
- Department of Nephrology, Antai Medical Care Corporation Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, Pingtung 92842, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Tung Wu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Jie Lin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan
- Yu Jun Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Kaohsiung 81363, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hsin Su
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan
- Frontier Center for Ocean Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Wu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan
- Yu Jun Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Kaohsiung 81363, Taiwan
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Protein kinases as targets for developing anticancer agents from marine organisms. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1865:129759. [PMID: 33038451 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases play a fundamental role in the intracellular transduction because of their ability to phosphorylate plethora of proteins. Over the past three decades, numerous protein kinase inhibitors have been identified and are being used clinically successfully. The biodiversity of marine organisms provides a rich source for the discovery and development of novel anticancer agents in the treatment of human malignancies and a lot of bioactive ingredients from marine organisms display anticancer effects by affecting the protein kinases-mediated pathways. In the present mini-review, anticancer compounds from marine source were reviewed and discussed in context of their targeted pathways associated with protein kinases and the progress of these compounds as anticancer agents in recent five years were emphasized. The molecular entities and their modes of actions were presented. We focused on protein kinases-mediated signaling pathways including PI3K/Akt/mTOR, p38 MAPK, and EGFR. The marine compounds targeting special pathways of protein kinases were highlighted. We have also discussed the existing challenges and prospects related to design and development of novel protein kinase inhibitors from marine sources.
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Tian F, Cheng W, Hu J, Huang S, Sun S. Effects of botulinum toxin A on endometriosis‑associated pain and its related mechanism. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:4351-4359. [PMID: 33000241 PMCID: PMC7533527 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis (EMS) is a common disease in women aged 25–45 years, and pain is the main clinical symptom. The primary clinical treatment is surgical excision and drug therapy targeting the ectopic lesions, but these have not been very effective. Botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BTX-A) has been reported to be useful in the treatment of pain in a variety of diseases. Based on this, the aim of the present study was to explore the therapeutic effect and mechanism of BTX-A on EMS. A model of nerve injury induced by oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) was constructed in PC12 cells and EMS mice. Model cells and mice were treated with different concentrations of BTX-A to observe the changes in pain behavior, to detect cell viability and the secretion of norepinephrine (NE) and methionine enkephalin (M-EK) in cells and the spinal cord, and to evaluate the expression of apoptosis-related molecules in spinal cord nerves. The results revealed that BTX-A significantly reduced the amount of writhing in model mice, enhanced the activity of PC12 OGD cells, increased the secretion of NE and M-EK in model cells and the spinal cord of mice, and decreased the apoptosis of neural cells in the spinal cord of the model mice. Therefore, it was hypothesized that BTX-A may alleviate the pain induced by EMS by increasing the secretion of analgesic substances and promoting the repair of nerve injury. The present study provided a theoretical basis for the treatment of pain induced by EMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fubo Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200090, P.R. China
| | - Wuzhong Cheng
- Massage Department, Beijing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, P.R. China
| | - Jianying Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200090, P.R. China
| | - Shaoqiang Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200090, P.R. China
| | - Shen Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200090, P.R. China
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Chiu HY, Lin LY, Chen Y, Liu ER, Li HH. A New Method for Collecting Large Amounts of Symbiotic Gastrodermal Cells from Octocorals. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113911. [PMID: 32486176 PMCID: PMC7313047 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of cnidarian-dinoflagellate endosymbiosis in octocorals is becoming increasingly important. As symbiotic gastrodermal cells (SGCs) are the key cells in a symbiotic relationship, obtaining SGCs and studying their functions represent an urgent need. The majority of the cells dissociated from octocoral tissues consist of host cells and algal cells, and very few intact SGCs can be observed. To solve this problem, we developed a new method to collect large amounts of SGCs from octocorals. We incubated the tissue of Sinularia flexibilis in high-salinity (60‰) filtered seawater for 6 h and were able to collect more than 18 times the number of SGCs from the control group. To test the quality of the dissociated cells, we performed three assays to evaluate their cell viability. All three assays demonstrated that cell viability was good after incubating in a high-salinity solution. We also used two other octocorals, Paralemnalia thyrsoides and Sinularia compressa, to perform the same experiment, and the results were similar to those for Sinularia flexibilis. Therefore, a high-salinity-induced increase in the SGC ratio is a common phenomenon among octocorals. This method allows researchers to collect large amounts of SGCs from octocorals and helps us to better understand the complex molecular interactions in cnidarian-dinoflagellate endosymbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Yi Chiu
- Taiwan Coral Research Center, National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (L.-Y.L.)
| | - Li-Yi Lin
- Taiwan Coral Research Center, National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (L.-Y.L.)
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Oceanography, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung City 80424, Taiwan;
| | - En-Ru Liu
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81143, Taiwan;
| | - Hsing-Hui Li
- Taiwan Coral Research Center, National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (L.-Y.L.)
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-8-8824632
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Sharifi S, Mostafavi PG, Tarasi R, Moradi AM, Givianrad MH, Farimani MM, Ebrahimi SN, Hamburger M, Niknejad H. Purified compounds from marine organism sea pen induce apoptosis in human breast cancer cell MDA-MB-231 and cervical cancer cell Hela. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 877:173075. [PMID: 32222494 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Marine organisms are an important source of chemical compounds which are appropriate for use as therapeutic agents. Among them, Sea pens produce valuable chemical compounds being used as anti-cancer drugs. The aim of this study was to investigate anti-cancer property of extracted and purified compounds from marine organism Sea pen and evaluate their effects on inducing of apoptosis. The extracts were prepared from dried colony of Virgularia gustaviana. The compounds (3β)-Cholest,5en,3ol (cholesterol) (15 mg), Hexadecanoic acid (2.5 mg) and 2-Hexadecanol (10.7 mg) were identified by GC-MS and NMR. The cytotoxic effects of the compounds were evaluated on Hela and MDA-Mb-231 human cancer cell lines with MTT assay. Immunocytochemistry and Western Blot analyses were used to evaluate the expression of apoptosis related markers Caspase 3, Caspase 8, Bax and BCL2 in cancer cells after treating with three compounds. The purified compounds reduced viability of human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 and human cervical cancer cell line Hela concentration-dependently. 2-Hexadecanol reduced significantly the viability of both cancer cell lines in comparison to the other purified compounds. Treatment of cancer cells with the three purified compounds increased the expression of caspase-3, caspase-8 and Bax proteins and decreased the relative Bcl-2/Bax ratio, demonstrating induction of apoptosis as possible mechanism of action. According to the results, three purified compounds inhibit the growth of cancer cells by inducing of apoptosis pathway; an effect which needs to be further investigated in the future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharareh Sharifi
- Department of Marine Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pargol Ghavam Mostafavi
- Department of Marine Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roghayeh Tarasi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Mashinchian Moradi
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Moridi Farimani
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samad Nejad Ebrahimi
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Matthias Hamburger
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hassan Niknejad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Sinulariolide Inhibits Gastric Cancer Cell Migration and Invasion through Downregulation of the EMT Process and Suppression of FAK/PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPKs Signaling Pathways. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17120668. [PMID: 31783709 PMCID: PMC6950622 DOI: 10.3390/md17120668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is the main cause of death in cancer patients; however, there is currently no effective method to predict and prevent metastasis of gastric cancer. Therefore, gaining an understanding of the molecular mechanism of tumor metastasis is important for the development of new drugs and improving the survival rate of patients who suffer from gastric cancer. Sinulariolide is an active compound isolated from the cultured soft coral Sinularia flexibilis. We employed sinulariolide and gastric cancer cells in experiments such as MTT, cell migration assays, cell invasion assays, and Western blotting analysis. Analysis of cell migration and invasion capabilities showed that the inhibition effects on cell metastasis and invasion increased with sinulariolide concentration in AGS and NCI-N87 cells. Immunostaining analysis showed that sinulariolide significantly reduced the protein expressions of MMP-2, MMP-9, and uPA, but the expressions of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were increased, while FAK, phosphorylated PI3K, phosphorylated AKT, phosphorylated mTOR, phosphorylated JNK, phosphorylated p38MAPK, and phosphorylated ERK decreased in expression with increasing sinulariolide concentration. From the results, we inferred that sinulariolide treatment in AGS and NCI-N87 cells reduced the activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 via the FAK/PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPKs signaling pathways, further inhibiting the invasion and migration of these cells. Moreover, sinulariolide altered the protein expressions of E-cadherin and N-cadherin in the cytosol and Snail in the nuclei of AGS and NCI-N87 cells, which indicated that sinulariolide can avert the EMT process. These findings suggested that sinulariolide is a potential chemotherapeutic agent for development as a new drug for the treatment of gastric cancer.
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11
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Chen JL, Hung CT, Keller JJ, Lin HC, Wu YJ. Proteomic analysis of retinal pigment epithelium cells after exposure to UVA radiation. BMC Ophthalmol 2019; 19:168. [PMID: 31375076 PMCID: PMC6679551 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-019-1151-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the primary cause of blindness and severe vision loss in developed countries and is responsible for 8.7% of blindness globally. Ultraviolet radiation can induce DNA breakdown, produce reactive oxygen species, and has been implicated as a risk factor for AMD. This study investigated the effects of UVA radiation on Human retinal pigment epithelial cell (ARPE-19) growth and protein expression. Methods ARPE-19 cells were irradiated with a UVA lamp at different doses (5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 J/cm2) from 10 cm. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. Visual inspection was first achieved with inverted light microscopy and then the DeadEnd™ Fluorometric TUNEL System was used to observe nuclear DNA fragmentation. Flow cytometry based-Annexin V-FITC/PI double-staining was used to further quantify cellular viability. Mitochondrial membrane potential was assessed with JC-1 staining. 2D electrophoresis maps of exposed cells were compared to nonexposed cells and gel images analyzed with PDQuest 2-D Analysis Software. Spots with greater than a 1.5-fold difference were selected for LC-MS/MS analysis and some confirmed by western blot. We further investigated whether caspase activation, apoptotic-related mitochondrial proteins, and regulators of ER stress sensors were involved in UVA-induced apoptosis. Results We detected 29 differentially expressed proteins (9 up-regulated and 20 down-regulated) in the exposed cells. Some of these proteins such as CALR, GRP78, NPM, Hsp27, PDI, ATP synthase subunit alpha, PRDX1, and GAPDH are associated with anti-proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and oxidative-stress protection. We also detected altered protein expression levels among caspases (caspase 3 and 9) and in the mitochondrial (cytosolic cytochrome C, AIF, Mcl-1, Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, Bax, Bad, and p-Bad) and ER stress-related (p-PERK, p-eIF2α, ATF4 and CHOP) apoptotic pathways. Conclusions UVA irradiation suppressed the proliferation of ARPE-19 cells in a dose-dependent manner, caused quantitative loses in transmembrane potential (ΔΨm), and induced both early and late apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiunn-Liang Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Optometry, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Tzu Hung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yuan's General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Joseph Jordan Keller
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,International Master's Program, College of Health Technology, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Chung Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yuan's General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Jen Wu
- Department of Beauty Science, Meiho University, Pingtung, Taiwan.
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12
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Hanif N, Murni A, Tanaka C, Tanaka J. Marine Natural Products from Indonesian Waters. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17060364. [PMID: 31248122 PMCID: PMC6627775 DOI: 10.3390/md17060364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products are primal and have been a driver in the evolution of organic chemistry and ultimately in science. The chemical structures obtained from marine organisms are diverse, reflecting biodiversity of genes, species and ecosystems. Biodiversity is an extraordinary feature of life and provides benefits to humanity while promoting the importance of environment conservation. This review covers the literature on marine natural products (MNPs) discovered in Indonesian waters published from January 1970 to December 2017, and includes 732 original MNPs, 4 structures isolated for the first time but known to be synthetic entities, 34 structural revisions, 9 artifacts, and 4 proposed MNPs. Indonesian MNPs were found in 270 papers from 94 species, 106 genera, 64 families, 32 orders, 14 classes, 10 phyla, and 5 kingdoms. The emphasis is placed on the structures of organic molecules (original and revised), relevant biological activities, structure elucidation, chemical ecology aspects, biosynthesis, and bioorganic studies. Through the synthesis of past and future data, huge and partly undescribed biodiversity of marine tropical invertebrates and their importance for crucial societal benefits should greatly be appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Novriyandi Hanif
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Bogor 16680, Indonesia.
| | - Anggia Murni
- Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Bogor 16128, Indonesia.
| | - Chiaki Tanaka
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Junichi Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Marine Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.
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13
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He Y, Cao X, Kong Y, Wang S, Xia Y, Bi R, Liu J. Apoptosis-promoting and migration-suppressing effect of alantolactone on gastric cancer cell lines BGC-823 and SGC-7901 via regulating p38MAPK and NF-κB pathways. Hum Exp Toxicol 2019; 38:1132-1144. [PMID: 31203647 DOI: 10.1177/0960327119855128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is a malignant tumor with high incidence rate and mortality rate. PURPOSE In this study, we investigated the anti-cancer effect of alantolactone, a sesquiterpene lactone, on gastric cancer cell lines BGC-823 and SGC-7901. METHODS BGC-823 and SGC-7901 cells were treated with different concentrations of alantolactone, Hoechst 33258 staining, flow cytometry, wound healing assay, invasion assay, colony forming assay, quantative polymerase chain reaction, and western blot analysis were used to evaluate the anticancer activity of alantolactone to gastric cancer. RESULTS Alantolactone induced apoptosis of gastric cancer cells by regulating the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, and p53, which related to intrinsic apoptotic pathway, and suppressed colony formation, migration, and invasion by mediating the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-7, and MMP-9. Cell signaling pathway analysis showed that alantolactone enhanced the phosphorylation of p38 and decreased the translocation of nucleus p65, suggesting that the apoptosis-promoting and migration-suppressing effect of alantolactone might at least partially rely on regulating p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) pathway and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. CONCLUSIONS Alantolactone can be used as a potential therapeutic agent for treating gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y He
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - X Cao
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Y Kong
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - S Wang
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Y Xia
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - R Bi
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - J Liu
- School of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
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14
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Wu YJ, Su TR, Dai GF, Su JH, Liu CI. Flaccidoxide-13-Acetate-Induced Apoptosis in Human Bladder Cancer Cells is through Activation of p38/JNK, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Regulated Pathway. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17050287. [PMID: 31086026 PMCID: PMC6562797 DOI: 10.3390/md17050287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaccidoxide-13-acetate, an active compound isolated from cultured-type soft coral Sinularia gibberosa, has been shown to have inhibitory effects against invasion and cell migration of RT4 and T24 human bladder cancer cells. In our study, we used an 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), colony formation assay, and flow cytometry to determine the mechanisms of the anti-tumor effect of flaccidoxide-13-acetate. The MTT and colony formation assays showed that the cytotoxic effect of flaccidoxide-13-acetate on T24 and RT4 cells was dose-dependent, and the number of colonies formed in the culture was reduced with increasing flaccidoxide-13-acetate concentration. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that flaccidoxide-13-acetate induced late apoptotic events in both cell lines. Additionally, we found that flaccidoxide-13-acetate treatment upregulated the expressions of cleaved caspase 3, cleaved caspase 9, Bax, and Bad, and down-regulated the expressions of Bcl-2, p-Bad, Bcl-x1, and Mcl-1. The results indicated that apoptotic events were mediated by mitochondrial dysfunction via the caspase-dependent pathway. Flaccidoxide-13-acetate also provoked endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and led to activation of the PERK-eIF2α-ATF6-CHOP pathway. Moreover, we examined the PI3K/AKT signal pathway, and found that the expressions of phosphorylated PI3K (p-PI3K) and AKT (p-AKT) were decreased with flaccidoxide-13-acetate concentrations. On the other hand, our results showed that the phosphorylated JNK and p38 were obviously activated. The results support the idea that flaccidoxide-13-acetate-induced apoptosis is mediated by mitochondrial dysfunction, ER stress, and activation of both the p38 and JNK pathways, and also relies on inhibition of PI3K/AKT signaling. These findings imply that flaccidoxide-13-acetate has potential in the development of chemotherapeutic agents for human bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jen Wu
- Department of Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan.
- Department of Biological Technology, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan.
- Yu Jun Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Kaohsiung 81363, Taiwan.
| | - Tzu-Rong Su
- Antai Medical Care Cooperation Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, Pingtung 92842, Taiwan.
| | - Guo-Fong Dai
- Department of Biological Technology, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan.
- Yu Jun Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Kaohsiung 81363, Taiwan.
| | - Jui-Hsin Su
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-I Liu
- Department of Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan.
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15
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Flaccidoxide-13-Acetate Extracted from the Soft Coral Cladiella kashmani Reduces Human Bladder Cancer Cell Migration and Invasion through Reducing Activation of the FAK/PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway. Molecules 2017; 23:molecules23010058. [PMID: 29280977 PMCID: PMC6017900 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis of cancer is the cause of the majority of cancer deaths. Active compound flaccidoxide-13-acetate, isolated from the soft coral Cladiella kashmani, has been found to exhibit anti-tumor activity. In this study, Boyden chamber analysis, Western blotting and gelatin zymography assays indicated that flaccidoxide-13-acetate exerted inhibitory effects on the migration and invasion of RT4 and T24 human bladder cancer cells. The results demonstrated that flaccidoxide-13-acetate, in a concentration-dependent manner, reduced the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), phosphatidylinositide-3 kinases (PI3K), p-PI3K, AKT, p-AKT, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), p-mTOR, Ras homolog gene family, member A (Rho A), Ras, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 (MKK7) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 3 (MEKK3), and increased the expressions of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and TIMP-2 in RT4 and T24 cells. This study revealed that flaccidoxide-13-acetate suppressed cell migration and invasion by reducing the expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9, regulated by the FAK/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. In conclusion, our study was the first to demonstrate that flaccidoxide-13-acetate could be a potent medical agent for use in controlling the migration and invasion of bladder cancer.
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16
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Chung TW, Li YR, Huang WY, Su JH, Chan HL, Lin SH, Liu CS, Lin SC, Lin CC, Lin CH. Sinulariolide suppresses LPS‑induced phenotypic and functional maturation of dendritic cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:6992-7000. [PMID: 28901434 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The dendritic cell (DC) maturation process is essential for the development of T cell responses and immune tolerance. Accordingly, DCs are considered a major target in the development of immunomodulating agents. In the present study, the effect of sinulariolide, an active compound isolated from the cultured soft coral Sinularia flexibilis, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑induced murine bone marrow‑derived DCs was evaluated. The different phenotypes, cytokine secretion and the mix‑lymphocyte reaction of DCs were detected using flow cytometry and ELISA. The experimental results revealed that the phenotypic and functional maturation of DCs stimulated by LPS were markedly reduced by sinulariolide in a concentration‑dependent manner, including the expression of co‑stimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80 and CD86). In addition, sinulariolide reduced the release of tumor necrosis factor‑α, interleukin (IL)‑6, IL‑12 and nitric oxide from the LPS‑activated DCs, decreased their abilities to stimulate allogeneic T cell proliferation, and inhibited LPS‑induced nuclear factor‑κB pathways. These findings offer novel insight into the immunopharmacological function of sinulariolide and its effects on DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Wen Chung
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology and Department of Medical Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Rong Li
- Department of Medical Research, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 50006, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wei Yuan Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Science, National Chung‑Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jui-Hsin Su
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hong-Lin Chan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology and Department of Medical Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Sheng-Hao Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 50006, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chin-San Liu
- Department of Medical Research, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 50006, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shih-Chao Lin
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung‑Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chi-Chien Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Science, National Chung‑Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ching-Hsiung Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 50006, Taiwan, R.O.C
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17
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Chang YT, Wu CY, Tang JY, Huang CY, Liaw CC, Wu SH, Sheu JH, Chang HW. Sinularin induces oxidative stress-mediated G2/M arrest and apoptosis in oral cancer cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:2124-2132. [PMID: 28548367 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Soft corals-derived natural product, sinularin, was antiproliferative against some cancers but its effect and detailed mechanism on oral cancer cells remain unclear. The subject of this study is to examine the antioral cancer effects and underlying detailed mechanisms in terms of cell viability, oxidative stress, cell cycle analysis, and apoptosis analyses. In MTS assay, sinularin dose-responsively decreased cell viability of three oral cancer cells (Ca9-22, HSC-3, and CAL 27) but only little damage to oral normal cells (HGF-1). This cell killing effect was rescued by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) pretreatment. Abnormal cell morphology and induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were found in sinularin-treated oral cancer Ca9-22 cells, however, NAC pretreatment also recovered these changes. Sinularin arrested the Ca9-22 cells at G2/M phase and dysregulated the G2/M regulatory proteins such as cdc2 and cyclin B1. Sinularin dose-responsively induced apoptosis on Ca9-22 cells in terms of flow cytometry (annexin V and pancaspase analyses) and western blotting (caspases 3, 8, 9) and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). These apoptotic changes of sinularin-treated Ca9-22 cells were rescued by NAC pretreatment. Taken together, sinularin induces oxidative stress-mediated antiproliferation, G2/M arrest, and apoptosis against oral cancer cells and may be a potential marine drug for antioral cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Ting Chang
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Yi Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Yang Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80145, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Yao Huang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chuang Liaw
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsiung Wu
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11524, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Horng Sheu
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
- Frontier Center for Ocean Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Wei Chang
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital; Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
- Center for Research Resources and Development of Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
- Research Center for Natural Products and Drug Development, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
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18
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Sinulariolide Suppresses Cell Migration and Invasion by Inhibiting Matrix Metalloproteinase-2/-9 and Urokinase through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Human Bladder Cancer Cells. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15080238. [PMID: 28767067 PMCID: PMC5577593 DOI: 10.3390/md15080238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sinulariolide is a natural product extracted from the cultured-type soft coral Sinularia flexibilis, and possesses bioactivity against the movement of several types of cancer cells. However, the molecular pathway behind its effects on human bladder cancer remain poorly understood. Using a human bladder cancer cell line as an in vitro model, this study investigated the underlying mechanism of sinulariolide against cell migration/invasion in TSGH-8301 cells. We found that sinulariolide inhibited TSGH-8301 cell migration/invasion, and the effect was concentration-dependent. Furthermore, the protein expressions of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) MMP-2 and MMP-9, as well as urokinase, were significantly decreased after 24-h sinulariolide treatment. Meanwhile, the increased expression of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were in parallel with an increased concentration of sinulariolide. Finally, the expressions of several key phosphorylated proteins in the mTOR signaling pathway were also downregulated by sinulariolide treatment. Our results demonstrated that sinulariolide has significant effects against TSGH-8301 cell migration/invasion, and its effects were associated with decreased levels of MMP-2/-9 and urokinase expression, as well as increased TIMP-1/TIMP-2 expression. The inhibitory effects were mediated by reducing phosphorylation proteins of the PI3K, AKT, and mTOR signaling pathway. The findings suggested that sinulariolide is a good candidate for advanced investigation with the aim of developing a new drug for the treatment of human bladder cancer.
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19
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Lin JJ, Wang RYL, Chen JC, Chiu CC, Liao MH, Wu YJ. Cytotoxicity of 11-epi-Sinulariolide Acetate Isolated from Cultured Soft Corals on HA22T Cells through the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathway and Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111787. [PMID: 27801783 PMCID: PMC5133788 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural compounds from soft corals have been increasingly used for their antitumor therapeutic properties. This study examined 11-epi-sinulariolide acetate (11-epi-SA), an active compound isolated from the cultured soft coral Sinularia flexibilis, to determine its potential antitumor effect on four hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Cell viability was investigated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, and the results demonstrated that 11-epi-SA treatment showed more cytotoxic effect toward HA22T cells. Protein profiling of the 11-epi-SA-treated HA22T cells revealed substantial protein alterations associated with stress response and protein synthesis and folding, suggesting that the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) play roles in 11-epi-SA-initiated apoptosis. Moreover, 11-epi-SA activated caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death, suggesting that mitochondria-related apoptosis genes were involved in programmed cell death. The unfolded protein response signaling pathway-related proteins were also activated on 11-epi-SA treatment, and these changes were accompanied by the upregulated expression of growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein (GADD153) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein (CHOP), the genes encoding transcription factors associated with growth arrest and apoptosis under prolonged ER stress. Two inhibitors, namely salubrinal (Sal) and SP600125, partially abrogated 11-epi-SA-related cell death, implying that the protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)–activating transcription factor (ATF) 6–CHOP or the inositol-requiring enzyme 1 alpha (IRE1α)–c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)–cJun signal pathway was activated after 11-epi-SA treatment. In general, these results suggest that 11-epi-SA exerts cytotoxic effects on HA22T cells through mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Jie Lin
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.
| | - Robert Y L Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Molecular Medicine Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkuo 33305, Taiwan.
| | - Jiing-Chuan Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Chih Chiu
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Hui Liao
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Jen Wu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan.
- Department of Beauty Science, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan.
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20
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Nishiura H, Kawakami T, Kawabe M, Kato-Kogoe N, Yamada N, Nakasho K, Yamanegi K. RP S19 C-terminal peptide trimer acts as a C5a receptor antagonist. Biochem Biophys Rep 2016; 7:70-76. [PMID: 28955891 PMCID: PMC5613253 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We have demonstrated that ribosomal protein S19 (RP S19) polymer, when crosslinked between Lys122 and Gln137 by activated coagulation factor XIII, acts as a C5a receptor (C5aR) antagonist/agonist. Based on experimental data obtained using RP S19 analog peptide and recombinant protein monomer, we suggested that L131DR, I134AGQVAAAN and K143KH moieties in the RP S19 C‐terminus act in, respectively, C5aR binding, penetration of the plasma membrane, and interaction with either an apoptosis-inducing molecule in neutrophils (delta lactoferrin) or a calcium channel-activating molecule (annexin A3) to induce the p38 MAPK pathway in macrophages. Recently, we observed RP S19 trimer in serum. To study the effects of this RP S19 trimer on C5aR, we prepared mutant RP S19 C‐terminal peptide (RP S19122-145) dimer and trimer, and examined their chemotactic activities and signal transduction pathways in human C5aR-overexpressing squamous cell carcinoma HSC-1 (HSC-1C5aR) cells using 24 trans-well chamber and western blotting assays, respectively. HSC-1C5aR cells were attracted by RP S19122-145 dimer and vice versa by RP S19122-145 trimer. The RP S19122-145 dimer-induced attraction was competitively blocked by pre-treatment with RP S19122-145 trimer. Moreover, RP S19122-145 trimer-induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation was stronger than RP S19122-145 dimer-induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation. RP S19122-145 trimer appeared to act as a C5aR antagonist. The agonistic and antagonistic effects of RP S19122-145 dimers and trimers were reflected by monocytic, THP-1-derived macrophage-like cells. Unlike the C5aR agonist C5a, which acts at the inflammation phase of acute inflammation, RP S19 trimer might act as a C5aR antagonist at the resolution phase. RP S19 dimer acted as C5aR antagonist/agonist. RP S19 dimer induced p38MAPK and ERK1/2 signal. RP S19 trimer acted as C5aR antagonist. RP S19 trimer induced p38MAPK signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nishiura
- Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Toru Kawakami
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mutsuki Kawabe
- Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Nahoko Kato-Kogoe
- Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Naoko Yamada
- Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Keiji Nakasho
- Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Koji Yamanegi
- Department of Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
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21
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Hsiao KY, Wu YJ, Liu ZN, Chuang CW, Huang HH, Kuo SM. Anticancer Effects of Sinulariolide-Conjugated Hyaluronan Nanoparticles on Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells. Molecules 2016; 21:297. [PMID: 26950100 PMCID: PMC6274027 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most clinically challenging malignant diseases worldwide. Sinulariolide (SNL), extracted from the farmed coral species Sinularia flexibilis, has been used for suppressing malignant cells. For developing anticancer therapeutic agents, we aimed to find an alternative for non-small cell lung cancer treatment by using SNL as the target drug. We investigated the SNL bioactivity on A549 lung cancer cells by conjugating SNL with hyaluronan nanoparticles to form HA/SNL aggregates by using a high-voltage electrostatic field system. SNL was toxic on A549 cells with an IC50 of 75 µg/mL. The anticancer effects of HA/SNL aggregates were assessed through cell viability assay, apoptosis assays, cell cycle analyses, and western blotting. The size of HA/SNL aggregates was approximately 33–77 nm in diameter with a thin continuous layer after aggregating numerous HA nanoparticles. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the HA/SNL aggregate-induced apoptosis was more effective at a lower SNL dose of 25 µg/mL than pure SNL. Western blotting indicated that caspases-3, -8, and -9 and Bcl-xL and Bax played crucial roles in the apoptotic signal transduction pathway. In summary, HA/SNL aggregates exerted stronger anticancer effects on A549 cells than did pure SNL via mitochondria-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Yin Hsiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Jhen Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan.
| | - Zi Nong Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan.
| | - Chin Wen Chuang
- Department of Electric Engineering, College of Electrical and Information Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 84001, Taiwan.
| | - Han Hsiang Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City 60054, Taiwan.
| | - Shyh Ming Kuo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 82445, Taiwan.
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22
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Sinulariolide Suppresses Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Migration and Invasion by Inhibiting Matrix Metalloproteinase-2/-9 through MAPKs and PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2015. [PMID: 26204832 PMCID: PMC4519960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160716469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sinulariolide is an active compound isolated from the cultured soft coral Sinularia flexibilis. In this study, we investigate the migration and invasion effects of sinulariolide in hepatocellular carcinoma cell HA22T. Sinulariolide inhibited the migration and invasion effects of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The results of zymography assay showed that sinulariolide suppressed the activities of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. Moreover, protein levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) were reduced by sinulariolide in a concentration-dependent manner. Sinulariolide also exerted an inhibitory effect on phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2). Taken together, these results demonstrated that sinulariolide could inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma cell migration and invasion and alter HA22T cell metastasis by reduction of MMP-2, MMP-9, and uPA expression through the suppression of MAPKs, PI3K/Akt, and the FAK/GRB2 signaling pathway. These findings suggest that sinulariolide merits further evaluation as a chemotherapeutic agent for human hepatocellular carcinoma.
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23
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Su CC, Chen JYF, Din ZH, Su JH, Yang ZY, Chen YJ, Wang RYL, Wu YJ. 13-acetoxysarcocrassolide induces apoptosis on human gastric carcinoma cells through mitochondria-related apoptotic pathways: p38/JNK activation and PI3K/AKT suppression. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:5295-315. [PMID: 25342459 PMCID: PMC4210900 DOI: 10.3390/md12105295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
13-acetoxysarcocrassolide (13-AC), an active compound isolated from cultured Formosa soft coral Sarcophyton crassocaule, was found to possess anti-proliferative and apoptosis-inducing activities against AGS (human gastric adenocarcinoma cells) gastric carcinoma cells. The anti-tumor effects of 13-AC were determined by MTT assay, colony formation assessment, cell wound-healing assay, TUNEL/4,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining, Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide (PI) staining and flow cytometry. 13-AC inhibited the growth and migration of gastric carcinoma cells in a dose-dependent manner and induced both early and late apoptosis as assessed by flow cytometer analysis. 13-AC-induced apoptosis was confirmed through observation of a change in ΔΨm, up-regulated expression levels of Bax and Bad proteins, down-regulated expression levels of Bcl-2, Bcl-xl and Mcl-1 proteins, and the activation of caspase-3, caspase-9, p38 and JNK. Furthermore, inhibition of p38 and JNK activity by pretreatment with SB03580 (a p38-specific inhibitor) and SP600125 (a JNK-specific inhibitor) led to rescue of the cell cytotoxicity of 13-AC-treated AGS cells, indicating that the p38 and the JNK pathways are also involved in the 13-AC-induced cell apoptosis. Together, these results suggest that 13-AC induces cell apoptosis against gastric cancer cells through triggering of the mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathway as well as activation of the p38 and JNK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chyuan Su
- Antai Medical Care Cooperation Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, Pingtung 92842, Taiwan.
| | - Jeff Yi-Fu Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Zhong-Hao Din
- Graduate Institute of Applied Healthy and Biotechnology, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan.
| | - Jui-Hsin Su
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 94446, Taiwan.
| | - Zih-Yan Yang
- Graduate Institute of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Jen Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Robert Y L Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Jen Wu
- Department of Beauty Science, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan.
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24
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Han R, Liang H, Qin ZH, Liu CY. Crotoxin induces apoptosis and autophagy in human lung carcinoma cells in vitro via activation of the p38MAPK signaling pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:1323-32. [PMID: 25132339 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Crotoxin (CrTX) is the primary toxin in South American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus terrificus) venom, and exhibits antitumor and other pharmacological actions in vivo and in vitro. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of the antitumor action of CrTX in human lung carcinoma cells in vitro. METHODS Human lung squamous carcinoma SK-MES-1 cells were tested. The cytotoxicity of CrTX was evaluated in both MTT and colony formation assays. Cell cycle was investigated with flow cytometry. Cell apoptosis was studied with Hoechst 33258 and Annexin V-FITC staining. The levels of relevant proteins were analyzed using Western blot assays. RESULTS CrTX (25, 50, 100 μmol/L) inhibited the growth and colony formation of SK-MES-1 cells in dose- and time-dependent manners. CrTX increased the proportion of S phase cells and dose-dependently induced cell apoptosis, accompanied by down-regulating the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and increasing the level of cleaved caspase-3. Furthermore, CrTX dose-dependently increased the expression of autophagy-related proteins LC3-II and beclin 1, and decreased the level of p62 in the cells. Moreover, CrTX (50 μmol/L) significantly increased p38MAPK phosphorylation in the cells. Pretreatment of the cells with SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38MAPK, blocked the inhibition of CrTX on cell proliferation, as well as CrTX-induced apoptosis and cleaved caspase-3 expression. CONCLUSION The p38MAPK signaling pathway mediates CrTX-induced apoptosis and autophagy of human lung carcinoma SK-MES-1 cells in vitro.
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25
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Lin JJ, Su JH, Tsai CC, Chen YJ, Liao MH, Wu YJ. 11-epi-Sinulariolide acetate reduces cell migration and invasion of human hepatocellular carcinoma by reducing the activation of ERK1/2, p38MAPK and FAK/PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:4783-98. [PMID: 25222667 PMCID: PMC4178498 DOI: 10.3390/md12094783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is one of the major causes of death in cancer. An active compound, 11-epi-sinulariolide acetate (11-epi-SA), isolated from the cultured soft coral Sinularia flexibilis has been examined for potential anti-cell migration and invasion effects on hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HCC). However, the molecular mechanism of anti-migration and invasion by 11-epi-SA on HCC, along with their corresponding effects, remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated anti-migration and invasion effects and the underlying mechanism of 11-epi-SA in HA22T cells, and discovered by trans-well migration and invasion assays that 11-epi-SA provided a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on the migration of human HCC HA22T cells. After treatment with 11-epi-SA for 24 h, there were suppressed protein levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) in HA22T cells. Meanwhile, the expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) were increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Further investigation revealed that 11-epi-SA suppressed the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38MAPK. The 11-epi-SA also suppressed the expression of the phosphorylation of FAK/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Jie Lin
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan.
| | - Jui-Hsin Su
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Chu Tsai
- Kaohsiung District Agricultural Improvement Station, Pingtung 900, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Jen Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80761, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Hui Liao
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Jen Wu
- Department of Beauty Science, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan.
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26
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Liu XW, Ji EF, He P, Xing RX, Tian BX, Li XD. Protective effects of the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 on NMDA‑induced injury in primary cerebral cortical neurons. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:1942-8. [PMID: 25051190 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The p38 pathway, which is important in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family protein signaling, leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of caspase-3. B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‑2) family members are involved in the regulation of activities associated with the survival and death of neurons through apoptosis and have important functions in most types of apoptosis. In the present study, the effects of the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 on N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-induced cerebral cortical neuron apoptosis were observed to further analyze the possible mechanisms of NMDA-induced neuronal death. Cultured primary cortical neurons were randomly divided into five groups: A control group, NMDA group and three SB203580 interventional groups. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and MTT assays were employed to investigate the effects of the drugs on apoptosis. The morphology of apoptotic cells was observed using acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) fluorescence staining. The expression levels of phospho‑(p)‑p38MAPK, Bcl‑2 and Bcl-2-associated X (Bax) were assessed by immunohistochemical methods and western blot analysis to investigate the possible underlying protective mechanisms. The cell viability markedly decreased following incubation with NMDA. The protein levels of cell death repressor Bcl-2 and the levels of Bcl-2/Bax were downregulated. The protein levels of p‑p38MAPK and cell death promoter Bax increased significantly in cells with NMDA treatment. However, these changes were inhibited by SB203580 treatment, particularly in the high‑dose group. Neuronal death induced by NMDA in primary cortical neurons was caused in part by apoptosis, which was mediated through the activation of the p38 signaling pathway by NMDA. SB203580 has neuroprotective effects against NMDA‑induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Wen Liu
- Department of Neurology and the Key Laboratory of Brain and Spine Injury, The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - En-Fei Ji
- Department of Neurology and the Key Laboratory of Brain and Spine Injury, The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Peng He
- Department of Neurology, Fuxin Central Hospital, Fuxin, Liaoning 123000, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Xian Xing
- Department of Neurology and the Key Laboratory of Brain and Spine Injury, The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Bu-Xian Tian
- Department of Neurology and the Key Laboratory of Brain and Spine Injury, The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
| | - Xi-Dong Li
- Department of Neurology and the Key Laboratory of Brain and Spine Injury, The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, P.R. China
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27
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Bioactive cembrane derivatives from the Indian Ocean soft coral, Sinularia kavarattiensis. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:4045-68. [PMID: 25056629 PMCID: PMC4113814 DOI: 10.3390/md12074045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine organisms and their metabolites represent a unique source of potential pharmaceutical substances. In this study, we examined marine-derived substances for their bioactive properties in a cell-based Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) replicon model and for in vitro anti-inflammatory activity. In the screening of a marine sample library, crude extracts from the Indian soft coral, Sinularia kavarattiensis, showed promising activity against the CHIKV replicon. Bioassay-guided chemical fractionation of S. kavarattiensis resulted in the isolation of six known norcembranoids (1-6) and one new compound, named kavaranolide (7). The structures were elucidated on the basis of NMR and MS spectroscopic data. Compounds 1-3 and 5-7 were evaluated for their replicon-inhibiting potential in the CHIKV model by using a luminescence-based detection technique and live cell imaging. Compounds 1 and 2 showed moderate inhibition of the CHIKV replicon, but imaging studies also revealed cytotoxic properties. Moreover, the effects of the isolated compounds on primary microglial cells, an experimental model for neuroinflammation, were evaluated. Compound 2 was shown to modulate the immune response in microglial cells and to possess potential anti-inflammatory properties by dose-dependently reducing the release of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines.
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28
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Wang Y, Lin B, Wu J, Zhang H, Wu B. Metformin inhibits the proliferation of A549/CDDP cells by activating p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Oncol Lett 2014; 8:1269-1274. [PMID: 25120704 PMCID: PMC4114589 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin (Met) has been widely used in hypoglycemic therapy, and it is also able to reduce the incidence of tumors and tumor-related mortality. The present study investigated whether Met could inhibit the proliferation of lung cancer cells and enhance the sensitivity of a cisplatin-resistant lung cancer A549/CDDP cell line to cisplatin. It was found that Met treatment inhibited the proliferation of different lung cancer cells. Met inhibited the cell cycle of the A549/CDDP cells and induced apoptosis. Upon Met treatment, the A549/CDDP cells were arrested at the G1 phase. The apoptosis of the A549/CDDP cells was confirmed by the appearance of apoptotic bodies in cells stained with Hoechst 33258, and by the cleavage of BH3 interacting-domain death agonist and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Furthermore, results showed that the phosphorylation level of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was increased after Met treatment. The p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, significantly blocked Met-induced apoptosis in the A549/CDDP cells. It was further demonstrated that Met could enhance the sensitivity of the A549/CDDP cells to cisplatin. In summary, the present study identified Met as a drug sensitizer that could improve the treatment effect of cisplatin in cisplatin-resistant lung cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Wang
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, P.R. China
| | - Biyun Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, P.R. China
| | - Jun Wu
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, P.R. China
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, P.R. China
| | - Bin Wu
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, P.R. China
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29
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Abstract
This review covers the literature published in 2012 for marine natural products, with 1035 citations (673 for the period January to December 2012) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1241 for 2012), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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30
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Su TR, Lin JJ, Tsai CC, Huang TK, Yang ZY, Wu MO, Zheng YQ, Su CC, Wu YJ. Inhibition of melanogenesis by gallic acid: possible involvement of the PI3K/Akt, MEK/ERK and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways in B16F10 cells. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:20443-58. [PMID: 24129178 PMCID: PMC3821624 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141020443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallic acid is one of the major flavonoids found in plants. It acts as an antioxidant, and seems to have anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and anti-cancer properties. In this study, we investigated the effects of gallic acid on melanogenesis, including the activation of melanogenesis signaling pathways. Gallic acid significantly inhibited both melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and decreased the expression of melanogenesis-related proteins, such as microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP1), and dopachrome tautomerase (Dct). In addition, gallic acid also acts by phosphorylating and activating melanogenesis inhibitory proteins such as Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Using inhibitors against PI3K/Akt (LY294002) or MEK/ERK-specific (PD98059), the hypopigmentation effect was suppressed, and the gallic acid-initiated activation of MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt was also revoked. Gallic acid also increased GSK3β and p-β-catenin expression but down-regulated p-GSK3β. Moreover, GSK3β-specific inhibitor (SB216763) restored gallic acid-induced melanin reduction. These results suggest that activation of the MEK/ERK, PI3K/Akt, and inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways is involved in the melanogenesis signaling cascade, and that activation by gallic acid reduces melanin synthesis via down-regulation of MITF and its downstream signaling pathway. In conclusion, gallic acid may be a potentially agent for the treatment of certain skin conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Rong Su
- Antai Medical Care Cooperation Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, Pingtung 92842, Taiwan; E-Mails: (T.-R.S.); (T.-K.H.); (C.-C.S.)
| | - Jen-Jie Lin
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Chi-Chu Tsai
- Kaohsiung District Agricultural Improvement Station, Pingtung 900, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Tsu-Kei Huang
- Antai Medical Care Cooperation Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, Pingtung 92842, Taiwan; E-Mails: (T.-R.S.); (T.-K.H.); (C.-C.S.)
| | - Zih-Yan Yang
- Graduate Institute of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Ming-O Wu
- Department of Beauty Science, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan; E-Mails: (M.-O.W.); (Y.-Q.Z.)
- Graduate Institute of Applied Health and Biotechnology, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Qing Zheng
- Department of Beauty Science, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan; E-Mails: (M.-O.W.); (Y.-Q.Z.)
| | - Ching-Chyuan Su
- Antai Medical Care Cooperation Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, Pingtung 92842, Taiwan; E-Mails: (T.-R.S.); (T.-K.H.); (C.-C.S.)
| | - Yu-Jen Wu
- Department of Beauty Science, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan; E-Mails: (M.-O.W.); (Y.-Q.Z.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +886-8-779-9821 (ext. 8613); Fax: +886-8-779-7821
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31
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Chen YJ, Su JH, Tsao CY, Hung CT, Chao HH, Lin JJ, Liao MH, Yang ZY, Huang HH, Tsai FJ, Weng SH, Wu YJ. Sinulariolide induced hepatocellular carcinoma apoptosis through activation of mitochondrial-related apoptotic and PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP pathway. Molecules 2013; 18:10146-61. [PMID: 23973991 PMCID: PMC6270604 DOI: 10.3390/molecules180910146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sinulariolide, an active compound isolated from the cultured soft coral Sinularia flexibilis, has potent anti-microbial and anti-tumorigenesis effects towards melanoma and bladder cancer cells. In this study, we investigated the effects of sinulariolide on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell growth and protein expression. Sinulariolide suppressed the proliferation and colony formation of HCC HA22T cells in a dose-dependent manner and induced both early and late apoptosis according to flow cytometry, Annexin V/PI stain and TUNEL/DAPI stain analyses. A mechanistic analysis demonstrated that sinulariolide-induced apoptosis was activated through a mitochondria-related pathway, showing up-regulation of Bax, Bad and AIF, and down- regulation of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, MCl-1 and p-Bad. Sinulariolide treatment led to loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential, release of mitochondrial cytochrome c to the cytosol, and activation of both caspase-9 and caspase-3. Sinulariolide-induced apoptosis was significantly blocked by the caspase inhibitors Z-VAD-FMK and Z-DEVD-FMK. The increased expression of cleaved PARP also suggested that caspase-independent apoptotic pathway was involved. In the western blotting; the elevation of ER chaperones GRP78; GRP94; and CALR; as well as up-regulations of PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP; and diminished cell death with pre-treatment of eIF2α phosphatase inhibitor; salubrinal; implicated the involvement of ER stress-mediated PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP apoptotic pathway following sinulariolide treatment in hepatoma cells. The current study suggested sinulariolide-induced hepatoma cell cytotoxicity involved multiple apoptotic signal pathways. This may implicate that sinulariolide is a potential compound for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jen Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80761, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Jui-Hsin Su
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Chia-Yu Tsao
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Chun-Tzu Hung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yuan’s General Hospital, Kaohsiung 80249, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Hsiang-Hao Chao
- English Division of the Second Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02091, Poland; E-Mail:
| | - Jen-Jie Lin
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan; E-Mails: (J.-J.L.); (M.-H.L.)
| | - Ming-Hui Liao
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan; E-Mails: (J.-J.L.); (M.-H.L.)
| | - Zih-Yan Yang
- Graduate Institute of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Han Hisang Huang
- Department of Beauty Science, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan; E-Mails: (H.H.H.); (F.-J.T.)
| | - Feng-Jen Tsai
- Department of Beauty Science, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan; E-Mails: (H.H.H.); (F.-J.T.)
| | - Shun-Hsiang Weng
- Department of Hospitality Management, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Yu-Jen Wu
- Department of Beauty Science, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan; E-Mails: (H.H.H.); (F.-J.T.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: or ; Tel.: +886-8-779-9821 (ext. 8613); Fax: +886-8-779-7821
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Li HH, Su JH, Chiu CC, Lin JJ, Yang ZY, Hwang WI, Chen YK, Lo YH, Wu YJ. Proteomic investigation of the sinulariolide-treated melanoma cells A375: effects on the cell apoptosis through mitochondrial-related pathway and activation of caspase cascade. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:2625-42. [PMID: 23880933 PMCID: PMC3736442 DOI: 10.3390/md11072625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sinulariolide is an active compound isolated from the cultured soft coral Sinularia flexibilis. In this study, we investigated the effects of sinulariolide on A375 melanoma cell growth and protein expression. Sinulariolide suppressed the proliferation and migration of melanoma cells in a concentration-dependent manner and was found to induce both early and late apoptosis by flow cytometric analysis. Comparative proteomic analysis was conducted to investigate the effects of sinulariolide at the molecular level by comparison between the protein profiles of melanoma cells treated with sinulariolide and those without treatment. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) master maps of control and treated A375 cells were generated by analysis with PDQuest software. Comparison between these maps showed up- and downregulation of 21 proteins, seven of which were upregulated and 14 were downregulated. The proteomics studies described here identify some proteins that are involved in mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis-associated proteins, including heat shock protein 60, heat shock protein beta-1, ubiquinol cytochrome c reductase complex core protein 1, isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD) subunit alpha (down-regulated), and prohibitin (up-regulated), in A375 melanoma cells exposed to sinulariolide. Sinulariolide-induced apoptosis is relevant to mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis via caspase-dependent pathways, elucidated by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome c, and activation of Bax, Bad and caspase-3/-9, as well as suppression of p-Bad, Bcl-xL and Bcl-2. Taken together, our results show that sinulariolide-induced apoptosis might be related to activation of the caspase cascade and mitochondria dysfunction pathways. Our results suggest that sinulariolide merits further evaluation as a chemotherapeutic agent for human melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Hui Li
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan; E-Mails: (H.-H.L.); (J.-H.S.)
| | - Jui-Hsin Su
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan; E-Mails: (H.-H.L.); (J.-H.S.)
| | - Chien-Chih Chiu
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80761, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Jen-Jie Lin
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Zih-Yan Yang
- Graduate Institute of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Wen-Ing Hwang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan; E-Mails: (W.-I.H.); (Y.-K.C.)
| | - Yu-Kuei Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan; E-Mails: (W.-I.H.); (Y.-K.C.)
| | - Yu-Hsuan Lo
- Excellence Biotech Co., Kaohsiung 80655, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Yu-Jen Wu
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80761, Taiwan; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +886-8-7799821 (ext. 8613); Fax: +886-8-7797821
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Su CC, Wong BS, Chin C, Wu YJ, Su JH. Oxygenated Cembranoids from the Soft Coral Sinularia flexibilis. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:4317-25. [PMID: 23429272 PMCID: PMC3588100 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14024317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical examination of the Taiwanese soft coral Sinularia flexibilis led to the isolation of five cembrane-based diterpenoids 1-5, including two new metabolites, 11-acetylsinuflexolide (1) and 11-acetyldihydrosinuflexolide (2). The structures of the new metabolites were determined based on extensive spectroscopic analysis, particularly mass spectrometry and 2D NMR (1H-1H COSY, HMQC, HMBC, and NOESY) spectroscopy. Metabolites 1, 3 and 4 exhibited moderate to weak cytotoxicity to human tumor cell lines, HeLa, HEp-2, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chyuan Su
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Antai Medical Care Cooperation, Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, Pingtung 92842, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Bing-Sang Wong
- Department of Deputy Superintendent, Antai Medical Care Cooperation, Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, Pingtung 92842, Taiwan; E-Mails: (B.-S.W.); (C.C.)
| | - Chuen Chin
- Department of Deputy Superintendent, Antai Medical Care Cooperation, Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, Pingtung 92842, Taiwan; E-Mails: (B.-S.W.); (C.C.)
| | - Yu-Jen Wu
- Department of Beauty Science, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Y.-J.W.); (J.-H.S.); Tel.: +886-8-8825001 (ext. 3126) (J.-H.S.); Fax: +886-8-8825087 (J.-H.S.)
| | - Jui-Hsin Su
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Y.-J.W.); (J.-H.S.); Tel.: +886-8-8825001 (ext. 3126) (J.-H.S.); Fax: +886-8-8825087 (J.-H.S.)
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