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Xie J, Yin D, Ou J, Lu B, Liao S, Yang D, Zhang H, Shen N. A new strain of Rhodococcus indonesiensis T22.7.1 T and its functional potential for deacetylation of chitin and chitooligsaccharides. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1427143. [PMID: 39113839 PMCID: PMC11303147 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1427143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chitin, abundant in marine environments, presents significant challenges in terms of transformation and utilization. A strain, T22.7.1T, with notable chitin deacetylation capabilities, was isolated from the rhizosphere of Acanthus ebracteatus in the North Sea of China. Comparative 16S rDNA sequence analysis showed that the new isolate had the highest sequence similarity (99.79%) with Rhodococcus indonesiensis CSLK01-03T, followed by R. ruber DSM 43338T, R. electrodiphilus JC435T, and R. aetherivorans 10bc312T (98.97%, 98.81%, and 98.83%, respectively). Subsequent genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis confirmed that strain T22.7.1T belongs to the R. indonesiensis species. However, additional taxonomic characterization identified strain T22.7.1T as a novel type strain of R. indonesiensis distinct from CSLK01-03T. Methods This study refines the taxonomic description of R. indonesiensis and investigates its application in converting chitin into chitosan. The chitin deacetylase (RiCDA) activity of strain T22.7.1T was optimized, and the enzyme was isolated and purified from the fermentation products. Results Through optimization, the RiCDA activity of strain T22.7.1T reached 287.02 U/mL, which is 34.88 times greater than the original enzyme's activity (8.0 U/mL). The natural CDA enzyme was purified with a purification factor of 31.83, and the specific activity of the enzyme solution reached 1200.33 U/mg. RiCDA exhibited good pH and temperature adaptability and stability, along with a wide range of substrate adaptabilities, effectively deacetylating chitin, chitooligosaccharides, N-acetylglucosamine, and other substrates. Discussion Product analysis revealed that RiCDA treatment increased the deacetylation degree (DD) of natural chitin to 83%, surpassing that of commercial chitosan. Therefore, RiCDA demonstrates significant potential as an efficient deacetylation tool for natural chitin and chitooligosaccharides, highlighting its applicability in the biorefining of natural polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, China
| | - Doudou Yin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, China
| | - Junchao Ou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, China
| | - Bo Lu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Beibu Gulf Marine Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Siming Liao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Beibu Gulf Marine Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Dengfeng Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Beibu Gulf Marine Research Center, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, China
| | - Naikun Shen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, China
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Kumari R, Kumar M, Dadheech PK, Vivekanand V, Pareek N. Response surface optimization, purification, characterization and short-chain chitooligosaccharides production from an acidic, thermostable chitinase from Thermomyces dupontii. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131362. [PMID: 38583843 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Chitin, recovered in huge amounts from coastal waste, may biocatalytically valorized for utilization in food and biotech sectors. Conventional chemical-based conversion makes use of significant volumes of hazardous acid and alkali. Alternatively, enzymes offer better process control and generation of homogeneous products. Process variables were derived to achieve augmented levels of chitinase (3.8809 Ul-1 h-1) productivity from a novel thermophilic fungal strain Thermomyces dupontii, ITCC 9104 following incubation (96 h, 45 °C). An acidic thermostable chitinase TdChiT having molecular mass of 60 kDa has been purified. Optimal TdChiT activity has been demonstrated at 70 °C and pH 5. Notably decreased activity over a broad range of temperature and pH was observed following deglycosylation. Half-life, activation energy, Gibbs free energy, enthalpy and entropy for denaturation of TdChiT at its optimum temperature were 197.40 min, 105.48 kJ mol-1, 100.59 kJ mol-1, 102.64 kJ mol-1 and 5.95 J mol-1 K-1. TdChiT has specificity towards colloidal chitin and (GlcNAc)2-4. Metal ions viz. Mn2+, Ca2+ and Co2+ and nonionic surfactants notably enhanced chitinase activity. Thin layer chromatography analysis has revealed effective hydrolysis of colloidal chitin and (GlcNAc)2-4. TdChiT may potentially be employed for design of better, eco-friendly and less resource-intensive industrial procedures for upcycling of crustacean waste into value-added organonitrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Kumari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer 305801, Rajasthan, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer 305801, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pawan K Dadheech
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer 305801, Rajasthan, India
| | - V Vivekanand
- Centre for Energy and Environment, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur 302017, Rajasthan, India
| | - Nidhi Pareek
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer 305801, Rajasthan, India.
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Jędrzejczak E, Frąckowiak P, Sibillano T, Brendler E, Giannini C, Jesionowski T, Wysokowski M. Isolation and Structure Analysis of Chitin Obtained from Different Developmental Stages of the Mulberry Silkworm ( Bombyx mori). Molecules 2024; 29:1914. [PMID: 38731405 PMCID: PMC11084885 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29091914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Chitin, a ubiquitous biopolymer, holds paramount scientific and economic significance. Historically, it has been primarily isolated from marine crustaceans. However, the surge in demand for chitin and the burgeoning interest in biopolymers have necessitated the exploration of alternative sources. Among these methods, the mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori) has emerged as a particularly intriguing prospect. To isolate chitin from Bombyx mori, a chemical extraction methodology was employed. This process involved a series of meticulously orchestrated steps, including Folch extraction, demineralization, deproteinization, and decolorization. The resultant chitin was subjected to comprehensive analysis utilizing techniques such as attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS). The obtained results allow us to conclude that the Bombyx mori represents an attractive alternative source of α-chitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eryk Jędrzejczak
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland (T.J.)
| | - Patrycja Frąckowiak
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland (T.J.)
| | - Teresa Sibillano
- Instituto Di Cristallografia-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IC-CNR), I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Erica Brendler
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Lessingstr. 45, 09599 Freiberg, Germany;
| | - Cinzia Giannini
- Instituto Di Cristallografia-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IC-CNR), I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Teofil Jesionowski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland (T.J.)
| | - Marcin Wysokowski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland (T.J.)
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Wang L, Xue M, Yan R, Xue J, Lu Z, Wen C. Insights into Chitin-Degradation Potential of Shewanella khirikhana JW44 with Emphasis on Characterization and Function of a Chitinase Gene SkChi65. Microorganisms 2024; 12:774. [PMID: 38674717 PMCID: PMC11052142 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chitin, a polymer of β-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), can be degraded into valuable oligosaccharides by various chitinases. In this study, the genome of Shewanella khirikhana JW44, displaying remarkable chitinolytic activity, was investigated to understand its chitin-degradation potential. A chitinase gene SkChi65 from this strain was then cloned, expressed, and purified to characterize its enzymatic properties and substrate hydrolysis. Genome analysis showed that, of the 14 genes related to chitin utilization in JW44, six belonged to glycoside hydrolase (GH) families because of their functional domains for chitin binding and catalysis. The recombinant chitinase SkChi65, consisting of 1129 amino acids, was identified as a member of the GH18 family and possessed two chitin-binding domains with a typical motif of [A/N]KWWT[N/S/Q] and one catalytic domain with motifs of DxxDxDxE, SxGG, YxR, and [E/D]xx[V/I]. SkChi65 was heterologously expressed as an active protein of 139.95 kDa best at 37 °C with 1.0 mM isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside induction for 6 h. Purified SkChi65 displayed high stability over the ranges of 30-50 °C and pH 5.5-8.0 with optima at 40 °C and pH 7.0. The kinetic parameters Km, Vmax, and kcat of SkChi65 towards colloidal chitin were 27.2 μM, 299.2 μMs-1, and 10,203 s-1, respectively. In addition to colloidal chitin, SkChi65 showed high activity towards glycol chitosan and crystalline chitin. After analysis by thin-layer chromatography, the main products were N,N'-diacetylchitobiose, and GlcNAc with (GlcNAc)2-6 used as substrates. Collectively, SkChi65 could exhibit both exo- and endochitinase activities towards diverse substrates, and strain JW44 has a high potential for industrial application with an excellent capacity for chitin bioconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Ming Xue
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Rui Yan
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Jiawei Xue
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Zhipeng Lu
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Chongqing Wen
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Zhanjiang 524088, China
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Kisaakye J, Beesigamukama D, Haukeland S, Subramanian S, Thiongo PK, Kelemu S, Tanga CM. Chitin-enriched insect frass fertilizer as a biorational alternative for root-knot nematode ( Meloidogyne incognita) management. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1361739. [PMID: 38504884 PMCID: PMC10948505 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1361739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are serious pests of most food crops, causing up to 100% yield loss. Nevertheless, commercial nematicides are costly and harmful to the environment. While the nematicidal potential of crustacean and synthetic chitin has been demonstrated globally, research on the potential of insect-derived chitin for nematode control has received limited attention. Here, seven chitin-fortified black soldier fly frass fertilizer extracts (chFE) were assessed for their suppressiveness of Meloidogyne incognita and impacts on spinach growth in comparison with a commercial nematicide using in vitro and in vivo bioassays. The performance of chFE and control treatments was assessed by determining their effects on nematode egg hatchability; infective juvenile (J2) mortality and paralysis; number of galls, egg masses, and J2s per plant; and spinach root and shoot biomass. In vitro results showed that chFE and commercial nematicide suppressed nematode egg hatchability by 42% and 52%, respectively, relative to the control (sterile distilled water). Up to 100% paralysis was achieved when M. incognita J2s were exposed to either chFE or commercial nematicide. Further, the J2 mortality achieved using chFE (95%) was comparable to the value achieved using commercial nematicide (96%); in all treatments, mortality increased with exposure time. Similarly, up to 85% suppression of gall development was achieved when spinach plants were grown in soil drenched with chFE; up to 79% reduction in egg mass formation and 68% suppression of J2 development in the root system were achieved using chFE. Also, chFE application significantly increased spinach root and shoot biomass by 54%-74% and 39%-58%, respectively, compared to commercial nematicide. Our findings demonstrate the nematicidal potential of chFE and its benefits on crop production. Thus, chFE could be considered as a promising multipurpose, regenerative, and cost-effective input for sustainable management of plant-parasitic nematodes and enhancement of crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Kisaakye
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Solveig Haukeland
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute for Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Paul K. Thiongo
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Segenet Kelemu
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Chrysantus M. Tanga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
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Vakkachan AP, Gopakumar ST, Janardhanan RK, Pootholathil S, Surendran S, Nair AV, Raveendran RK, Suresh G, Subramanian S, Pananghat V. Degradation of marine crustacean shell wastes through single-stage co-fermentation using proteolytic and chitinolytic bacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-30355-5. [PMID: 37851246 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30355-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Management of crustacean shell waste (SW) through an eco-friendly technique is an environmental obligation to control pollution. The present study showed a novel approach through the simultaneous application of proteolytic and chitinolytic bacteria to effectively degrade unprocessed crustacean SW. For this, the bacteria with concurrent chitinolytic and proteolytic activity (Bacillus subtilis, Priestia megaterium, or Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) were applied either alone or in combination with one proteolytic strain (Paenibacillus alvei) in the unprocessed lobster, crab, and shrimp SW. The method degraded the shells with high deproteinization (> 90%) and demineralization efficiency (> 90%). The degradation was confirmed through scanning electron microscopy. The highest weight loss achieved with shrimp, crab, and lobster shells was 93.67%, 82.60%, and 83.33%, respectively. B. amyloliquefaciens + P. alvei combination produced the highest weight loss in crab and lobster SW, whereas all combinations produced statistically similar weight loss in shrimp SW. There was a concurrent production of N-acetyl glucosamine (up to 532.89, 627.87, and 498.95 mg/g of shrimp, lobster, and crab shell, respectively, with P. megaterium + P. alvei and B. amyloliquefaciens + P. alvei in all SW) and amino acids (4553.8, 648.89, 957.27 μg/g of shrimp, lobster, and crab shells, respectively with B. subtilis + P. alvei in shrimp and B. amyloliquefaciens + P. alvei in crab and lobster). Therefore, it is concluded that, for the first time, efficient degradation of crustacean shell waste was observed using chitinolytic and proteolytic bacterial fermentation with the obtention of byproducts, providing a basis for further application in SW management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amala Panaparambil Vakkachan
- Marine Biotechnology, Fish Nutrition, and Health Division, ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (ICAR-CMFRI), Post Box No. 1603, Ernakulam, Kochi, Kerala, 682018, India
- Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala, 682022, India
| | - Sumithra Thangalazhy Gopakumar
- Marine Biotechnology, Fish Nutrition, and Health Division, ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (ICAR-CMFRI), Post Box No. 1603, Ernakulam, Kochi, Kerala, 682018, India.
| | - Reshma Kalarical Janardhanan
- Marine Biotechnology, Fish Nutrition, and Health Division, ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (ICAR-CMFRI), Post Box No. 1603, Ernakulam, Kochi, Kerala, 682018, India
| | - Sayooj Pootholathil
- Marine Biotechnology, Fish Nutrition, and Health Division, ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (ICAR-CMFRI), Post Box No. 1603, Ernakulam, Kochi, Kerala, 682018, India
| | - Sneha Surendran
- Marine Biotechnology, Fish Nutrition, and Health Division, ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (ICAR-CMFRI), Post Box No. 1603, Ernakulam, Kochi, Kerala, 682018, India
| | - Anusree Velappan Nair
- Marine Biotechnology, Fish Nutrition, and Health Division, ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (ICAR-CMFRI), Post Box No. 1603, Ernakulam, Kochi, Kerala, 682018, India
| | | | - Gayathri Suresh
- Marine Biotechnology, Fish Nutrition, and Health Division, ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (ICAR-CMFRI), Post Box No. 1603, Ernakulam, Kochi, Kerala, 682018, India
| | - Shinoj Subramanian
- Krishi Vigyan Kendra (Ernakulam), ICAR-CMFRI, Kochi, Kerala, 682505, India
| | - Vijayagopal Pananghat
- Marine Biotechnology, Fish Nutrition, and Health Division, ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (ICAR-CMFRI), Post Box No. 1603, Ernakulam, Kochi, Kerala, 682018, India
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Zou S, Li X, Huang Y, Zhang B, Tang H, Xue Y, Zheng Y. Properties and biotechnological applications of microbial deacetylase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12613-1. [PMID: 37326683 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12613-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Deacetylases, a class of enzymes that can catalyze the hydrolysis of acetylated substrates to remove the acetyl group, used in producing various products with high qualities, are one of the most influential industrial enzymes. These enzymes are highly specific, non-toxic, sustainable, and eco-friendly biocatalysts. Deacetylases and deacetylated compounds have been widely applicated in pharmaceuticals, medicine, food, and the environment. This review synthetically summarizes deacetylases' sources, characterizations, classifications, and applications. Moreover, the typical structural characteristics of deacetylases from different microbial sources are summarized. We also reviewed the deacetylase-catalyzed reactions for producing various deacetylated compounds, such as chitosan-oligosaccharide (COS), mycothiol, 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA), glucosamines, amino acids, and polyamines. It is aimed to expound on the advantages and challenges of deacetylases in industrial applications. Moreover, it also serves perspectives on obtaining promising and innovative biocatalysts for enzymatic deacetylation. KEYPOINTS: • The fundamental properties of microbial deacetylases of various microorganisms are presented. • The biochemical characterizations, structures, and catalyzation mechanisms of microbial deacetylases are summarized. • The applications of microbial deacetylases in food, pharmaceutical, medicine, and the environment were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Zou
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinfeng Huang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Tang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaping Xue
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuguo Zheng
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
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Wang J, Zhu M, Wang P, Chen W. Biochemical Properties of a Cold-Active Chitinase from Marine Trichoderma gamsii R1 and Its Application to Preparation of Chitin Oligosaccharides. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:332. [PMID: 37367657 DOI: 10.3390/md21060332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzymatic degradation of different chitin polymers into chitin oligosaccharides (COSs) is of great significance given their better solubility and various biological applications. Chitinase plays a pivotal role in the enzymatic preparation of COSs. Herein, a cold-adapted and efficient chitinase (ChiTg) from the marine Trichoderma gamsii R1 was purified and characterized. The optimal temperature of ChiTg was 40 °C, and the relative activity at 5 °C was above 40.1%. Meanwhile, ChiTg was active and stable from pH 4.0 to 7.0. As an endo-type chitinase, ChiTg exhibited the highest activity with colloidal chitin, then with ball-milled and powdery chitin. In addition, ChiTg showed high efficiency when hydrolyzing colloidal chitin at different temperatures, and the end products were mainly composed of COSs with one to three degrees of polymerization. Furthermore, the results of bioinformatics analysis revealed that ChiTg belongs to the GH18 family, and its acidic surface and the flexible structure of its catalytic site may contribute to its high activity in cold conditions. The results of this study provide a cold-active and efficient chitinase and ideas for its application regarding the preparation of COSs from colloidal chitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Wang
- Shenzhen Raink Ecology & Environment Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518102, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Mujin Zhu
- Shenzhen Raink Ecology & Environment Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518102, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Shenzhen Raink Ecology & Environment Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518102, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Shenzhen Raink Ecology & Environment Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518102, China
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Mohite P, Shah SR, Singh S, Rajput T, Munde S, Ade N, Prajapati BG, Paliwal H, Mori DD, Dudhrejiya AV. Chitosan and chito-oligosaccharide: a versatile biopolymer with endless grafting possibilities for multifarious applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1190879. [PMID: 37274159 PMCID: PMC10235636 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1190879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chito-oligosaccharides (COS), derived from chitosan (CH), are attracting increasing attention as drug delivery carriers due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mucoadhesive properties. Grafting, the process of chemically modifying CH/COS by adding side chains, has been used to improve their drug delivery performance by enhancing their stability, targeted delivery, and controlled release. In this review, we aim to provide an in-depth study on the recent advances in the grafting of CH/COS for multifarious applications. Moreover, the various strategies and techniques used for grafting, including chemical modification, enzymatic modification, and physical modification, are elaborated. The properties of grafted CH/COS, such as stability, solubility, and biocompatibility, were reported. Additionally, the review detailed the various applications of grafted CH/COS in drug delivery, including the delivery of small drug molecule, proteins, and RNA interference therapeutics. Furthermore, the effectiveness of grafted CH/COS in improving the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs was included. Finally, the challenges and limitations associated with the use of grafted CH/COS for drug delivery and outline directions for future research are addressed. The insights provided in this review will be valuable for researchers and drug development professionals interested in the application of grafted CH/COS for multifarious applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Popat Mohite
- AETs St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sunny R. Shah
- B. K. Mody Government Pharmacy College, Gujarat Technological University, Rajkot, India
| | - Sudarshan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Tanavirsing Rajput
- AETs St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shubham Munde
- AETs St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nitin Ade
- AETs St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bhupendra G. Prajapati
- Shree S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ganpat University, Kherva, India
| | - Himanshu Paliwal
- Drug Delivery System Excellence Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Dhaval D. Mori
- B. K. Mody Government Pharmacy College, Gujarat Technological University, Rajkot, India
| | - Ashvin V. Dudhrejiya
- B. K. Mody Government Pharmacy College, Gujarat Technological University, Rajkot, India
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10
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Lam ILJ, Mohd Affandy MA, 'Aqilah NMN, Vonnie JM, Felicia WXL, Rovina K. Physicochemical Characterization and Antimicrobial Analysis of Vegetal Chitosan Extracted from Distinct Forest Fungi Species. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102328. [PMID: 37242902 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The main goal of this investigation is to conduct a thorough analysis of the physical, chemical, and morphological characteristics of chitosan derived from various forest fungi. Additionally, the study aims to determine the effectiveness of this vegetal chitosan as an antimicrobial agent. In this study, Auricularia auricula-judae, Hericium erinaceus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Tremella fuciformis, and Lentinula edodes were examined. The fungi samples were subjected to a series of rigorous chemical extraction procedures, including demineralization, deproteinization, discoloration, and deacetylation. Subsequently, the chitosan samples were subjected to a comprehensive physicochemical characterization analysis, encompassing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), degree of deacetylation determination, ash content determination, moisture content determination, and solubility determination. To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of the vegetal chitosan samples, two different sampling parameters were employed, namely human hand and banana, to assess their effectiveness in inhibiting microbial growth. Notably, the percentage of chitin and chitosan varied significantly among the distinct fungal species examined. Moreover, EDX spectroscopy confirmed the extraction of chitosan from H. erinaceus, L. edodes, P. ostreatus, and T. fuciformis. The FTIR spectra of all samples revealed a similar absorbance pattern, albeit with varying peak intensities. Furthermore, the XRD patterns for each sample were nearly identical, with the exception of the A. auricula-judae sample, which exhibited sharp peaks at ~37° and ~51°, while the crystallinity index of this same sample was approximately 17% lower than the others. The moisture content results indicated that the L. edodes sample was the least stable, while the P. ostreatus sample was the most stable, in terms of degradation rate. Similarly, the solubility of the samples showed substantial variation among each species, with the H. erinaceus sample displaying the highest solubility among the rest. Lastly, the antimicrobial activity of the chitosan solutions exhibited different efficacies in inhibiting microbial growth of skin microflora and microbes found on the peel of Musa acuminata × balbisiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iversen Luk Jun Lam
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | | | - Nasir Md Nur 'Aqilah
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Joseph Merillyn Vonnie
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Wen Xia Ling Felicia
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Kobun Rovina
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
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11
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Boamah PO, Onumah J, Aduguba WO, Santo KG. Application of depolymerized chitosan in crop production: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 235:123858. [PMID: 36871686 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Currently, chitosan (CHT) is well known for its uses, particularly in veterinary and agricultural fields. However, chitosan's uses suffer greatly due to its extremely solid crystalline structure, it is insoluble at pH levels above or equal to 7. This has sped up the process of derivatizing and depolymerizing it into low molecular weight chitosan (LMWCHT). As a result of its diverse physicochemical as well as biological features which include antibacterial activity, non-toxicity, and biodegradability, LMWCHT has evolved into new biomaterials with extremely complex functions. The most important physicochemical and biological property is antibacterial, which has some degree of industrialization today. CHT and LMWCHT have potential due to the antibacterial and plant resistance-inducing properties when applied in crop production. This study has highlighted the many advantages of chitosan derivatives as well as the most recent studies on low molecular weight chitosan applications in crop development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Osei Boamah
- Department of Ecological Agriculture, Bolgatanga Technical University, Bolgatanga, Ghana.
| | - Jacqueline Onumah
- Department of Ecological Agriculture, Bolgatanga Technical University, Bolgatanga, Ghana
| | | | - Kwadwo Gyasi Santo
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Production, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Ghana
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12
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Joseph DP, Rajchakit U, Pilkington LI, Sarojini V, Barker D. Synthesis and antibacterial analysis of C-6 amino-functionalised chitosan derivatives. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 240:124278. [PMID: 37004934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of 6-O-(3-alkylamino-2-hydroxypropyl) derivatives of chitosan was achieved using a four-step strategy of N-protection, O-epoxide addition, epoxide ring opening using an amine and N-deprotection. Benzaldehyde and phthalic anhydride were used for the N-protection step, producing N-benzylidene and N-phthaloyl protected derivatives, respectively, resulting in two corresponding final 6-O-(3-alkylamino-2-hydroxypropyl) derivative series, BD1-BD6 and PD1-PD14. All the compounds were characterized using FTIR, XPS and PXRD studies and tested for antibacterial efficacy. The phthalimide protection strategy was found to be easier to apply and effective in terms of the synthetic process and improvement in antibacterial activity. Amongst the newly synthesized compounds, PD13 (6-O-(3-(2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylamino)-2-hydroxypropyl)chitosan) was the most active with eight times greater activity compared to the unmodified chitosan and, PD7 6-O-(3-(3-(N-(3-aminopropyl)propane-1,3-diamino)propylamino)-2-hydroxypropyl)chitosan) having a four-fold activity than chitosan, was found to be the second most potent derivative. This work has produced new chitosan derivatives those are more potent than chitosan itself and show promise in antimicrobial applications.
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13
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Chitosan Based Materials in Cosmetic Applications: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041817. [PMID: 36838805 PMCID: PMC9959028 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides a report on the properties and recent advances in the application of chitosan and chitosan-based materials in cosmetics. Chitosan is a polysaccharide that can be obtained from chitin via the deacetylation process. Chitin most commonly is extracted from cell walls in fungi and the exoskeletons of arthropods, such as crustaceans and insects. Chitosan has attracted significant academic interest, as well as the attention of the cosmetic industry, due to its interesting properties, which include being a natural humectant and moisturizer for the skin and a rheology modifier. This review paper covers the structure of chitosan, the sources of chitosan used in the cosmetic industry, and the role played by this polysaccharide in cosmetics. Future aspects regarding applications of chitosan-based materials in cosmetics are also mentioned.
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14
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Sarkar A, Roy S, Bhatia P, Jaiswal A. Quaternary ammonium substituted dextrin‐based biocompatible cationic nanoparticles with ultrahigh
pH
stability for drug delivery. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Sarkar
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Mandi Mandi India
| | - Shounak Roy
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Mandi Mandi India
| | - Prachi Bhatia
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Mandi Mandi India
| | - Amit Jaiswal
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Mandi Mandi India
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15
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Sannino F, Di Matteo E, Ambrosecchio M, Pirozzi D. A Novel Approach, Based on the Combined Action of Chitosan Hydrogel and Laccases, for the Removal of Dyes from Textile Industry Wastewaters. Gels 2023; 9:gels9010041. [PMID: 36661807 PMCID: PMC9857942 DOI: 10.3390/gels9010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyes are considered as one the most important classes of contaminants that threaten the environment and human life. The synergy between the adsorption capacity of chitosan hydrogels and the catalytic properties of the enzyme laccase was exploited to improve the removal of contaminants from a liquid stream. The adsorption capacity of a chitosan hydrogel was tested on three different textile dyes. The effect of pH on the adsorption efficiency was dependent on the dye tested: the removal of methylene blue (MB), a cationic dye, was more effective at alkaline values of pH, whereas bromophenol blue (BPB) and Coomassie brilliant blue (BB), both anionic dyes, were more effectively removed under acid environments. The use of laccase immobilized onto chitosan has significantly improved the efficiency of dye removal, exploiting the synergy between the adsorption capacity of chitosan and the catalytic properties of the enzyme. The simultaneous processes of adsorption and enzymatic degradation improved the dye removal whatever the pH value adopted, making the removal efficiency less dependent from the pH changes. The chitosan used as a support for the immobilization of laccases showed good stability under repeated cycles, demonstrating the feasibility of the method developed for the application in wastewater remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomena Sannino
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Di Matteo
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials and Industrial Production (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Ambrosecchio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Pirozzi
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials and Industrial Production (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence:
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16
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Jíménez-Arias D, Morales-Sierra S, Silva P, Carrêlo H, Gonçalves A, Ganança JFT, Nunes N, Gouveia CSS, Alves S, Borges JP, Pinheiro de Carvalho MÂA. Encapsulation with Natural Polymers to Improve the Properties of Biostimulants in Agriculture. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:plants12010055. [PMID: 36616183 PMCID: PMC9823467 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulation in agriculture today is practically focused on agrochemicals such as pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, or fertilizers to enhance the protective or nutritive aspects of the entrapped active ingredients. However, one of the most promising and environmentally friendly technologies, biostimulants, is hardly explored in this field. Encapsulation of biostimulants could indeed be an excellent means of counteracting the problems posed by their nature: they are easily biodegradable, and most of them run off through the soil, losing most of the compounds, thus becoming inaccessible to plants. In this respect, encapsulation seems to be a practical and profitable way to increase the stability and durability of biostimulants under field conditions. This review paper aims to provide researchers working on plant biostimulants with a quick overview of how to get started with encapsulation. Here we describe different techniques and offer protocols and suggestions for introduction to polymer science to improve the properties of biostimulants for future agricultural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jíménez-Arias
- ISOPlexis, Center for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, University of Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Sarai Morales-Sierra
- Grupo de Biología Vegetal Aplicada, Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal-Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida, Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38071 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Patrícia Silva
- ISOPlexis, Center for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, University of Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- Faculty of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Henrique Carrêlo
- CENIMAT|i3N, Department of Materials Science, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon and CEMOP/UNINOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Adriana Gonçalves
- CENIMAT|i3N, Department of Materials Science, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon and CEMOP/UNINOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - José Filipe Teixeira Ganança
- ISOPlexis, Center for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, University of Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Nuno Nunes
- ISOPlexis, Center for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, University of Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- CiTAB, Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carla S. S. Gouveia
- ISOPlexis, Center for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, University of Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- CiTAB, Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Sónia Alves
- ISOPlexis, Center for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, University of Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Borges
- CENIMAT|i3N, Department of Materials Science, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon and CEMOP/UNINOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Miguel Â. A. Pinheiro de Carvalho
- ISOPlexis, Center for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, University of Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- CiTAB, Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
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17
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Weyer R, Hellmann MJ, Hamer-Timmermann SN, Singh R, Moerschbacher BM. Customized chitooligosaccharide production-controlling their length via engineering of rhizobial chitin synthases and the choice of expression system. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1073447. [PMID: 36588959 PMCID: PMC9795070 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1073447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (COS) have attracted attention from industry and academia in various fields due to their diverse bioactivities. However, their conventional chemical production is environmentally unfriendly and in addition, defined and pure molecules are both scarce and expensive. A promising alternative is the in vivo synthesis of desired COS in microbial platforms with specific chitin synthases enabling a more sustainable production. Hence, we examined the whole cell factory approach with two well-established microorganisms-Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum-to produce defined COS with the chitin synthase NodC from Rhizobium sp. GRH2. Moreover, based on an in silico model of the synthase, two amino acids potentially relevant for COS length were identified and mutated to direct the production. Experimental validation showed the influence of the expression system, the mutations, and their combination on COS length, steering the production from originally pentamers towards tetramers or hexamers, the latter virtually pure. Possible explanations are given by molecular dynamics simulations. These findings pave the way for a better understanding of chitin synthases, thus allowing a more targeted production of defined COS. This will, in turn, at first allow better research of COS' bioactivities, and subsequently enable sustainable large-scale production of oligomers.
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Chai YD, Pang YL, Lim S, Chong WC, Lai CW, Abdullah AZ. Recent Progress on Tailoring the Biomass-Derived Cellulose Hybrid Composite Photocatalysts. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235244. [PMID: 36501638 PMCID: PMC9736154 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomass-derived cellulose hybrid composite materials are promising for application in the field of photocatalysis due to their excellent properties. The excellent properties between biomass-derived cellulose and photocatalyst materials was induced by biocompatibility and high hydrophilicity of the cellulose components. Biomass-derived cellulose exhibited huge amount of electron-rich hydroxyl group which could promote superior interaction with the photocatalyst. Hence, the original sources and types of cellulose, synthesizing methods, and fabrication cellulose composites together with applications are reviewed in this paper. Different types of biomasses such as biochar, activated carbon (AC), cellulose, chitosan, and chitin were discussed. Cellulose is categorized as plant cellulose, bacterial cellulose, algae cellulose, and tunicate cellulose. The extraction and purification steps of cellulose were explained in detail. Next, the common photocatalyst nanomaterials including titanium dioxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), and graphene, were introduced based on their distinct structures, advantages, and limitations in water treatment applications. The synthesizing method of TiO2-based photocatalyst includes hydrothermal synthesis, sol-gel synthesis, and chemical vapor deposition synthesis. Different synthesizing methods contribute toward different TiO2 forms in terms of structural phases and surface morphology. The fabrication and performance of cellulose composite catalysts give readers a better understanding of the incorporation of cellulose in the development of sustainable and robust photocatalysts. The modifications including metal doping, non-metal doping, and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) showed improvements on the degradation performance of cellulose composite catalysts. The information and evidence on the fabrication techniques of biomass-derived cellulose hybrid photocatalyst and its recent application in the field of water treatment were reviewed thoroughly in this review paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ding Chai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Malaysia
| | - Yean Ling Pang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Malaysia
- Centre for Photonics and Advanced Materials Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Malaysia
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +603-9086-0288; Fax: +603-9019-8868
| | - Steven Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Malaysia
- Centre for Photonics and Advanced Materials Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Malaysia
| | - Woon Chan Chong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Malaysia
- Centre for Photonics and Advanced Materials Research, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Malaysia
| | - Chin Wei Lai
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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19
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Patentology of chitinous biomaterials. Part II: chitosan. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 301:120224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Su H, Sun J, Jia Z, Zhao H, Mao X. Insights into promiscuous chitosanases: the known and the unknown. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:6887-6898. [PMID: 36178516 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chitosanase, a glycoside hydrolase (GH), catalyzes the cleavage of β-1,4-glycosidic bonds in polysaccharides and is widely distributed in nature. Many organisms produce chitosanases, and numerous chitosanases in the GH families have been intensely studied. The reported chitosanases mainly cleaved the inter-glucosamine glycosidic bonds, while substrate specificity is not strictly unique due to the existence of bifunctional or multifunctional activity profiles. The promiscuity of chitosanases is essential for the different pathways of biomass polysaccharide conversion and understanding of the chitosanase evolutionary process. However, the reviews for this aspect are completely unknown. This review provides an overview of the promiscuous activities, also considering the substrate and product specificity of chitosanases observed to date. These contribute to important implications for the future discovery and research of promiscuous chitosanases and applications related to biomass conversion. KEY POINTS: • The promiscuity of chitosanases is reviewed for the first time. • The current review provides insights into the substrate specificity of chitosanases. • The mode-product relationship and prospect of promiscuous chitosanases are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Su
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jianan Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Zhenrong Jia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Hongjun Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China. .,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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21
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Production of Low Molecular Weight Chitosan Using a Combination of Weak Acid and Ultrasonication Methods. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163417. [PMID: 36015674 PMCID: PMC9416096 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Low molecular weight chitosan (LMWC) has higher solubility and lower viscosity allowing for a wider pharmaceutical application compared to high molecular weight chitosan. LMWC chitosan can be obtained through a chitosan depolymerization process. This research aimed to produce LWMC using the combination of formic acid and ultrasonication method with the optimal condition of the depolymerization process. The chitosan depolymerization method was performed by combining formic acid and ultrasonication. The optimum conditions of the depolymerization process were obtained using the Box–Behnken design. The LMWC obtained from depolymerization was characterized to identify its yield, degree of deacetylation, the molecular weight, structure, morphology, thermal behavior, and crystallinity index. Results: The characterization results of LWMC obtained from the depolymerization process using the optimum conditions showed that the yield was 89.398%; the degree of deacetylation was 98.076%; the molecular weight was 32.814 kDa; there was no change in the chemical structure, LWMC had disorganized shape, there was no change in the thermal behavior, and LWMC had a more amorphous shape compared to native chitosan. Conclusion: The production of LWMC involving depolymerization in the presence of weak acid and ultrasonication can be developed by using the optimal condition of the depolymerization process.
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22
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Wu YL, Wang S, Yang DF, Yang LY, Wang QY, Yu J, Li N, Pan LX. The Discovery, Enzymatic Characterization and Functional Analysis of a Newly Isolated Chitinase from Marine-Derived Fungus Aspergillus fumigatus df347. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20080520. [PMID: 36005523 PMCID: PMC9410337 DOI: 10.3390/md20080520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to discover a broad-specificity and high stability chitinase, a marine fungus, Aspergillus fumigatus df347, was identified in the sediments of mangrove wetlands in Qinzhou Bay, China. The chitinase gene (AfChi28) from A. fumigatus df347 was cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant enzyme AfChi28 was purified and characterized. AfChi28 is an acido-halotolerant- and temperature-resistant bifunctional enzyme with both endo- and exo-cleavage functions. Its enzymatic products are mainly GlcNAc, (GlcNAc)2, (GlcNAc)3 and (GlcNAc)4. Na+, Mg2+, K+, Ca2+ and Tris at a concentration of 50 mM had a strong stimulatory effect on AfChi28. The crude enzyme and pure enzyme exhibited the highest specific activity of 0.737 mU/mg and 52.414 mU/mg towards colloidal chitin. The DxDxE motif at the end of strand β5 and with Glu154 as the catalytic residue was verified by the AlphaFold2 prediction and sequence alignment of homologous proteins. Moreover, the results of molecular docking showed that molecular modeling of chitohexaose was shown to bind to AfChi28 in subsites −4 to +2 in the deep groove substrate-binding pocket. This study demonstrates that AfChi28 is a promising chitinase for the preparation of desirable chitin oligosaccharides, and provides a foundation for elucidating the catalytic mechanism of chitinases from marine fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Li Wu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Nanning Pangbo Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Nanning 530004, China
| | - Deng-Feng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Li-Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Qing-Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Jun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning 530007, China
- College of Food and Quality Engineering, Nanning University, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Nan Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Correspondence: (N.L.); (L.-X.P.); Tel.: +86-1350-7868-042 (N.L.); +86-1376-8513-581 (L.-X.P.)
| | - Li-Xia Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning 530007, China
- Correspondence: (N.L.); (L.-X.P.); Tel.: +86-1350-7868-042 (N.L.); +86-1376-8513-581 (L.-X.P.)
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Neville JC, Lau MY, Söhnel T, Sperry J. Haber-independent, asymmetric synthesis of the marine alkaloid epi-leptosphaerin from a chitin-derived chiral pool synthon. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:6562-6565. [PMID: 35903995 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01251k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chitin-derived platforms are emerging as valuable chemical entities for the construction of nitrogenous fine chemicals in processes independent of Haber ammonia. However, much of the work in this area has focused on achiral platforms that limit routine entry into enantiopure, bio-based N-chemical space. Herein, dihydroxyethyl acetamidofuran (Di-HAF), a chiral synthon readily available from chitin, has been transformed into the marine alkaloid epi-leptosphaerin. This work extends the fledgling Haber-independent synthesis concept to enantiopure chemical space not routinely accessible from existing achiral platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Neville
- Centre for Green Chemical Science, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Michelle Y Lau
- Centre for Green Chemical Science, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Tilo Söhnel
- Centre for Green Chemical Science, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Jonathan Sperry
- Centre for Green Chemical Science, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand.
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24
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Garreau C, Gablin C, Léonard D, Delair T, Sudre G, Trombotto S. Regiospecific Grafting of Chitosan Oligomers Brushes onto Silicon Wafers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23148013. [PMID: 35887359 PMCID: PMC9322837 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23148013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The functionalization of surfaces using chitosan oligomers is of great interest for a wide range of applications in biomaterial and biomedical fields, as chitosan oligomers can provide various functional properties including biocompatibility, wetting, adhesion, and antibacterial activity. In this study, an innovative process for the regiospecific chemical grafting of reducing-end-modified chitosan oligomers brushes onto silicon wafers is described. Chitosan oligomers (COS) with well-defined structural parameters (average DP ~19 and DA ~0%) and bearing a 2,5-anhydro-d-mannofuranose (amf) unit at the reducing end were obtained via nitrous acid depolymerization of chitosan. After a silanization step where silicon wafers were modified with aromatic amine derivatives, grafting conditions were studied to optimize the reductive amination between aldehydes of amf-terminated COS and aromatic amines of silicon wafers. Functionalized surfaces were fully characterized by AFM, ATR-FTIR, ellipsometry, contact angle measurement, and ToF-SIMS techniques. Smooth surfaces were obtained with a COS layer about 3 nm thick and contact angle values between 72° and 76°. Furthermore, it was shown that the addition of the reducing agent NaBH3CN could positively improve the COS grafting density and/or led to a better stability of the covalent grafting to hydrolysis. Finally, this study also showed that this grafting process is also efficient for chitosan oligomers of higher DA (i.e., ~21%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrielle Garreau
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France; (C.G.); (T.D.); (G.S.)
| | - Corinne Gablin
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5, Rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France; (C.G.); (D.L.)
| | - Didier Léonard
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5, Rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France; (C.G.); (D.L.)
| | - Thierry Delair
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France; (C.G.); (T.D.); (G.S.)
| | - Guillaume Sudre
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France; (C.G.); (T.D.); (G.S.)
| | - Stéphane Trombotto
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France; (C.G.); (T.D.); (G.S.)
- Correspondence:
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25
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Hydrothermal Synthesis of Chitosan and Tea Tree Oil on Plain and Satin Weave Cotton Fabrics. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15145034. [PMID: 35888500 PMCID: PMC9315746 DOI: 10.3390/ma15145034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The paper aimed at enhancing the antimicrobial activity of chitosan by using tea tree essential oil with the purpose of durably finishing cotton fabrics for use in a hospital environment. The influence of crosslinkers and catalysts on the possibility of obtaining stable bonds using hydrothermal in situ synthesis between cellulosic material and chitosan with and without tea tree essential oil was investigated in detail. The morphology of the sample surface before and after the treatment and textile care cycle was investigated using a field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and indicated the presence of chitosan and a thin film on all treated samples, which showed durability of the treatment. The FTIR spectra obtained by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) using attenuated total reflection measurement technique (ATR) analysis, showed that all the samples tested recorded physicochemical changes in the structure. The analysis of the samples on the goniometer proved the hydrophilicity of the materials, with a film forming on the surface of the treated samples, which is extremely beneficial given the end use of dressing samples to promote wound healing. The presence of a significant amount of bound chitosan with tea tree oil was confirmed by measuring the mass per unit area of the samples after the treatment and textile care cycles. The results of antimicrobial efficacy show that the materials treated with chitosan were resistant to bacteria and fungi in most cases, but only the samples treated in Bath I showed a zone of inhibition against the fungus Candida albicans, indicating the positive effect of tea tree essential oil.
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26
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Pellis A, Guebitz GM, Nyanhongo GS. Chitosan: Sources, Processing and Modification Techniques. Gels 2022; 8:gels8070393. [PMID: 35877478 PMCID: PMC9322947 DOI: 10.3390/gels8070393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan, a copolymer of glucosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine, is derived from chitin. Chitin is found in cell walls of crustaceans, fungi, insects and in some algae, microorganisms, and some invertebrate animals. Chitosan is emerging as a very important raw material for the synthesis of a wide range of products used for food, medical, pharmaceutical, health care, agriculture, industry, and environmental pollution protection. This review, in line with the focus of this special issue, provides the reader with (1) an overview on different sources of chitin, (2) advances in techniques used to extract chitin and converting it into chitosan, (3) the importance of the inherent characteristics of the chitosan from different sources that makes them suitable for specific applications and, finally, (4) briefly summarizes ways of tailoring chitosan for specific applications. The review also presents the influence of the degree of acetylation (DA) and degree of deacetylation (DDA), molecular weight (Mw) on the physicochemical and biological properties of chitosan, acid-base behavior, biodegradability, solubility, reactivity, among many other properties that determine processability and suitability for specific applications. This is intended to help guide researchers select the right chitosan raw material for their specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pellis
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy;
| | - Georg M. Guebitz
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Ressources and Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Gibson Stephen Nyanhongo
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Ressources and Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria;
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg P.O. Box 17011, South Africa
- Correspondence:
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27
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Chitosan isolated from black soldier flies Hermetia illucens: structure and enzymatic hydrolysis. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Ilyas RA, Aisyah HA, Nordin AH, Ngadi N, Zuhri MYM, Asyraf MRM, Sapuan SM, Zainudin ES, Sharma S, Abral H, Asrofi M, Syafri E, Sari NH, Rafidah M, Zakaria SZS, Razman MR, Majid NA, Ramli Z, Azmi A, Bangar SP, Ibrahim R. Natural-Fiber-Reinforced Chitosan, Chitosan Blends and Their Nanocomposites for Various Advanced Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050874. [PMID: 35267697 PMCID: PMC8912483 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been much effort to provide eco-friendly and biodegradable materials for the next generation of composite products owing to global environmental concerns and increased awareness of renewable green resources. This review article uniquely highlights the use of green composites from natural fiber, particularly with regard to the development and characterization of chitosan, natural-fiber-reinforced chitosan biopolymer, chitosan blends, and chitosan nanocomposites. Natural fiber composites have a number of advantages such as durability, low cost, low weight, high specific strength, non-abrasiveness, equitably good mechanical properties, environmental friendliness, and biodegradability. Findings revealed that chitosan is a natural fiber that falls to the animal fiber category. As it has a biomaterial form, chitosan can be presented as hydrogels, sponges, film, and porous membrane. There are different processing methods in the preparation of chitosan composites such as solution and solvent casting, dipping and spray coating, freeze casting and drying, layer-by-layer preparation, and extrusion. It was also reported that the developed chitosan-based composites possess high thermal stability, as well as good chemical and physical properties. In these regards, chitosan-based “green” composites have wide applicability and potential in the industry of biomedicine, cosmetology, papermaking, wastewater treatment, agriculture, and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushdan Ahmad Ilyas
- Faculty of Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia; (A.H.N.); (N.N.)
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (R.A.I.); (H.A.A.); (M.Y.M.Z.)
| | - Humaira Alias Aisyah
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.M.S.); (E.S.Z.)
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (R.A.I.); (H.A.A.); (M.Y.M.Z.)
| | - Abu Hassan Nordin
- Faculty of Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia; (A.H.N.); (N.N.)
| | - Norzita Ngadi
- Faculty of Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia; (A.H.N.); (N.N.)
| | - Mohamed Yusoff Mohd Zuhri
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.M.S.); (E.S.Z.)
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (R.A.I.); (H.A.A.); (M.Y.M.Z.)
| | - Muhammad Rizal Muhammad Asyraf
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure (IEI), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Salit Mohd Sapuan
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.M.S.); (E.S.Z.)
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Edi Syams Zainudin
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.M.S.); (E.S.Z.)
- Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shubham Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala 144603, India;
| | - Hairul Abral
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andalas University, Padang 25163, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia;
| | - Mochamad Asrofi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Jember, Kampus Tegalboto, Jember 68121, East Java, Indonesia;
| | - Edi Syafri
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Agricultural Polytechnic, Payakumbuh 26271, West Sumatra, Indonesia;
| | - Nasmi Herlina Sari
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mataram, Mataram 83115, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia;
| | - Mazlan Rafidah
- Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Sharifah Zarina Syed Zakaria
- Research Centre for Environment, Economic and Social Sustainability (KASES), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.Z.S.Z.); (N.A.M.)
| | - Muhammad Rizal Razman
- Research Centre for Sustainability Science and Governance (SGK), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Nuriah Abd Majid
- Research Centre for Environment, Economic and Social Sustainability (KASES), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.Z.S.Z.); (N.A.M.)
| | - Zuliskandar Ramli
- Institute of the Malay World and Civilisation (ATMA), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Ashraf Azmi
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Sneh Punia Bangar
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA;
| | - Rushdan Ibrahim
- Pulp and Paper Branch, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong 52109, Selangor, Malaysia;
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Natural Polymers Used in Edible Food Packaging—History, Function and Application Trends as a Sustainable Alternative to Synthetic Plastic. POLYSACCHARIDES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/polysaccharides3010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, a historical perspective, functional and application trends of natural polymers used to the development of edible food packaging were presented and discussed. Polysaccharides and proteins, i.e., alginate; carrageenan; chitosan; starch; pea protein, were considered. These natural polymers are important materials obtained from renewable plant, algae and animal sources, as well as from agroindustrial residues. Historically, some of them have been widely used by ancient populations for food packaging until these were replaced by petroleum-based plastic materials after World War II. Nowadays, biobased materials for food packaging have attracted attention. Their use was boosted especially because of the environmental pollution caused by inappropriate disposal of plastic packaging. Biobased materials are welcome to the design of food packaging because they possess many advantages, such as biodegradability, biocompatibility and low toxicity. Depending on the formulation, certain biopolymer-based packaging may present good barrier properties, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities Thus, polysaccharides and proteins can be combined to form diverse composite films with improved mechanical and biological behaviors, making them suitable for packaging of different food products.
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Wang J, Li X, Chen H, Lin B, Zhao L. Heterologous Expression and Characterization of a High-Efficiency Chitosanase From Bacillus mojavensis SY1 Suitable for Production of Chitosan Oligosaccharides. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:781138. [PMID: 34912320 PMCID: PMC8667621 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.781138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosanase plays an important role in enzymatic production of chitosan oligosaccharides (COSs). The present study describes the gene cloning and high-level expression of a high-efficiency chitosanase from Bacillus mojavensis SY1 (CsnBm). The gene encoding CsnBm was obtained by homologous cloning, ligated to pPICZαA, and transformed into Pichia pastoris X33. A recombinant strain designated X33-C3 with the highest activity was isolated from 120 recombinant colonies. The maximum activity and total protein concentration of recombinant strain X33-C3 were 6,052 U/ml and 3.75 g/l, respectively, which were obtained in fed-batch cultivation in a 50-l bioreactor. The optimal temperature and pH of purified CsnBm were 55°C and 5.5, respectively. Meanwhile, CsnBm was stable from pH 4.0 to 9.0 and 40 to 55°C. The purified CsnBm exhibited high activity toward colloidal chitosan with degrees of deacetylation from 85 to 95%. Furthermore, CsnBm exhibited high efficiency to hydrolyze different concentration of colloidal chitosan to produce COSs. The result of this study not only identifies a high-efficiency chitosanase for preparation of COSs, but also casts some insight into the high-level production of chitosanase in heterologous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Wang
- College of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soybean Products Processing and Safety Control, Shaoyang, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Bioengineering Research Center, Guangzhou Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Chen
- College of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soybean Products Processing and Safety Control, Shaoyang, China
| | - Bilian Lin
- College of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soybean Products Processing and Safety Control, Shaoyang, China
| | - Liangzhong Zhao
- College of Food and Chemical Engineering, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soybean Products Processing and Safety Control, Shaoyang, China
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31
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Pawaskar GM, Raval K, Rohit P, Shenoy RP, Raval R. Cloning, expression, purification and characterization of chitin deacetylase extremozyme from halophilic Bacillus aryabhattai B8W22. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:515. [PMID: 34917446 PMCID: PMC8636556 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-03073-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin deacetylase (CDA) (EC 3.5.1.41) is a hydrolytic enzyme that belongs to carbohydrate esterase family 4 as per the CAZY database. The CDA enzyme deacetylates chitin into chitosan. As the marine ecosystem is a rich source of chitin, it would also hold the unexplored extremophiles. In this study, an organism was isolated from 40 m sea sediment under halophilic condition and identified as Bacillus aryabhattai B8W22 by 16S rRNA sequencing. The CDA gene from the isolate was cloned and overexpressed in E. coli Rosetta pLysS and purified using a Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. The enzyme was found active on both ethylene glycol chitin (EGC) and chitooligosaccharides (COS). The enzyme characterization study revealed, maximum enzyme velocity at one hour, optimum pH at 7 with 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer, optimum reaction temperature of 30 ºC in standard assay conditions. The co-factor screening affirmed enhancement in the enzyme activity by 142.43 ± 7.13% and 146.88 ± 4.09% with substrate EGC and COS, respectively, in the presence of 2 mM Mg2+. This activity was decreased with the inclusion of EDTA and acetate in the assay solutions. The enzyme was found to be halotolerant; the relative activity increased to 116.98 ± 3.87% and 118.70 ± 0.98% with EGC and COS as substrates in the presence of 1 M NaCl. The enzyme also demonstrated thermo-stability, retaining 87.27 ± 2.85% and 94.08 ± 0.92% activity with substrate EGC and COS, respectively, upon treatment at 50 ºC for 24 h. The kinetic parameters K m, V max, and K cat were 3.06E-05 µg mL-1, 3.06E + 01 µM mg-1 min-1 and 3.27E + 04 s-1, respectively, with EGC as the substrate and 7.14E-07 µg mL-1, 7.14E + 01 µM mg-1 min-1 and 1.40E + 06 s-1, respectively, with COS as the substrate. The enzyme was found to be following Michaelis-Menten kinetics with both the polymeric and oligomeric substrates. In recent years, enzymatic conversion of chitosan is gaining importance due to its known pattern of deacetylation and reproducibility. Thus, this BaCDA extremozyme could be used for industrial production of chitosan polymer as well as chitosan oligosaccharides for biomedical application. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-03073-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Mohan Pawaskar
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104 India
| | - Keyur Raval
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, 575025 India
| | - Prathibha Rohit
- ICAR-Central Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Mangalore, 575001 India
| | - Revathi P. Shenoy
- Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104 India
| | - Ritu Raval
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104 India
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Heterologous Expression of a Thermostable Chitinase from Myxococcus xanthus and Its Application for High Yield Production of Glucosamine from Shrimp Shell. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112808. [PMID: 34829089 PMCID: PMC8619855 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucosamine (GlcN) is a widely used food supplement. Hence, enormous attention has been concerned with enzymatic production of GlcN owing to its advantage over a chemical approach. In this study, a previously unstudied chitinase gene (MxChi) in the genome of Myxococcus xanthus was cloned, expressed in recombinant soluble form and purified to homogeneity. TLC-, UPLC-, and microplate-reader- based activity tests confirmed MxChi hydrolyzes colloidal chitin to chitobiose as sole product. The optimal catalytic pH and temperature of MxChi was identified as 7.0 and 55 °C, respectively. MxChi exhibited 80% activity after 72 h incubation at 37 °C. The site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the amino acids D323A, D325A, and E327A of MxChi were in the DXDXE catalytic motif of GH18. When coupled with β-N-acetylhexosaminidase (SnHex) and deacetylase (CmCBDA), the enzyme allowed one-pot extraction of GlcN from colloidal chitin and shrimp shell. The optimal condition was 37 °C, pH 8.0, and 1/3/16.5 (MxChi/SnHex/CmCBDA), conducted by orthogonal design for the enzymatic cascades. Under this condition, the yield of GlcN was 26.33 mg from 400 mg shrimp shell. Facile recombinant in E. coli, robust thermostability and pure product herein makes newly discovered chitinase a valuable candidate for the green recycling of chitin rich waste.
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33
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Ding Z, Ahmed S, Hang J, Mi H, Hou X, Yang G, Huang Z, Lu X, Zhang W, Liu S, Fang Y. Rationally engineered chitin deacetylase from Arthrobacter sp. AW19M34-1 with improved catalytic activity toward crystalline chitin. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 274:118637. [PMID: 34702460 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Chitin and its derivatives have anticoagulant, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties, but the poor solubility of chitin limits its application in different fields. In this study, site-directed mutagenesis was performed to enhance the deacetylation activity of chitin deacetylases CDA from Arthrobacter (ArCE4). The mutant Mut-2-8 with Y172E/E200S/Y201W showed a 2.84- fold and 1.39-fold increase in catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) for the deacetylation of (GluNAc)5 and α-chitin, respectively. These results demonstrated that the mutations significantly improved the activation of ArCE4 on crystalline chitin. The molecular docking study confirmed that the enhancement of catalytic efficiency is due to the extra two hydrogen bonds and one acetyl group. In summary, the activity of Mut-2-8 to insoluble chitin was significantly improved by reactional design, which is beneficial to resolve the issues of the expensive cost of the enzymes and low efficiency. Mut-2-8 exhibits potential applications in the chitosan industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Sibtain Ahmed
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jiahao Hang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Haoyu Mi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Xiaoyue Hou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Zhifa Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Xiaoyue Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Shu Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Yaowei Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; Jiangsu Marine Resources Development Research Institute, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222000, China.
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Teixeira-Costa BE, Andrade CT. Chitosan as a Valuable Biomolecule from Seafood Industry Waste in the Design of Green Food Packaging. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1599. [PMID: 34827597 PMCID: PMC8615795 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a versatile biomolecule with a broad range of applications in food and pharmaceutical products. It can be obtained by the alkaline deacetylation of chitin. This biomolecule can be extracted using conventional or green methods from seafood industry residues, e.g., shrimp shells. Chitin has limited applications because of its low solubility in organic solvents. Chitosan is soluble in acidified solutions allowing its application in the food industry. Furthermore, biological properties, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, as well as its biodegradability, biocompatibility and nontoxicity have contributed to its increasing application as active food packaging. Nevertheless, some physical and mechanical features have limited a broader range of applications of chitosan-based films. Green approaches may be used to address these limitations, leading to well-designed chitosan-based food packaging, by employing principles of a circular and sustainable economy. In this review, we summarize the properties of chitosan and present a novel green technology as an alternative to conventional chitin extraction and to design environmentally friendly food packaging based on chitosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara E. Teixeira-Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Alimentos, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Moniz Aragão 360, Bloco 8G/CT2, Rio de Janeiro 21941-594, RJ, Brazil;
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Avenida General Rodrigo Otávio 6200, Manaus 69077-000, AM, Brazil
| | - Cristina T. Andrade
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Alimentos, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Moniz Aragão 360, Bloco 8G/CT2, Rio de Janeiro 21941-594, RJ, Brazil;
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Zhang LL, Jiang XH, Xiao XF, Zhang WX, Shi YQ, Wang ZP, Zhou HX. Expression and Characterization of a Novel Cold-Adapted Chitosanase from Marine Renibacterium sp. Suitable for Chitooligosaccharides Preparation. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:596. [PMID: 34822467 PMCID: PMC8620120 DOI: 10.3390/md19110596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Chitooligosaccharides (COS) have numerous applications due to their excellent properties. Chitosan hydrolysis using chitosanases has been proposed as an advisable method for COS preparation. Although many chitosanases from various sources have been identified, the cold-adapted ones with high stability are still rather rare but required. (2) Methods: A novel chitosanase named CsnY from marine bacterium Renibacterium sp. Y82 was expressed in Escherichia coli, following sequence analysis. Then, the characterizations of recombinant CsnY purified through Ni-NTA affinity chromatography were conducted, including effects of pH and temperature, effects of metal ions and chemicals, and final product analysis. (3) Results: The GH46 family chitosanase CsnY possessed promising thermostability at broad temperature range (0-50 °C), and with optimal activity at 40 °C and pH 6.0, especially showing relatively high activity (over 80% of its maximum activity) at low temperatures (20-30 °C), which demonstrated the cold-adapted property. Common metal ions or chemicals had no obvious effect on CsnY except Mn2+ and Co2+. Finally, CsnY was determined to be an endo-type chitosanase generating chitodisaccharides and -trisaccharides as main products, whose total concentration reached 56.74 mM within 2 h against 2% (w/v) initial chitosan substrate. (4) Conclusions: The results suggest the cold-adapted CsnY with favorable stability has desirable potential for the industrial production of COS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Zhang
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266510, China; (L.-L.Z.); (X.-F.X.); (W.-X.Z.); (Y.-Q.S.)
| | - Xiao-Hua Jiang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China;
| | - Xin-Feng Xiao
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266510, China; (L.-L.Z.); (X.-F.X.); (W.-X.Z.); (Y.-Q.S.)
| | - Wen-Xiu Zhang
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266510, China; (L.-L.Z.); (X.-F.X.); (W.-X.Z.); (Y.-Q.S.)
| | - Yi-Qian Shi
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266510, China; (L.-L.Z.); (X.-F.X.); (W.-X.Z.); (Y.-Q.S.)
| | - Zhi-Peng Wang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Hai-Xiang Zhou
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China;
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Pal K, Sarkar P, Anis A, Wiszumirska K, Jarzębski M. Polysaccharide-Based Nanocomposites for Food Packaging Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:5549. [PMID: 34639945 PMCID: PMC8509663 DOI: 10.3390/ma14195549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The article presents a review of the literature on the use of polysaccharide bionanocomposites in the context of their potential use as food packaging materials. Composites of this type consist of at least two phases, of which the outer phase is a polysaccharide, and the inner phase (dispersed phase) is an enhancing agent with a particle size of 1-100 nm in at least one dimension. The literature review was carried out using data from the Web of Science database using VosViewer, free software for scientometric analysis. Source analysis concluded that polysaccharides such as chitosan, cellulose, and starch are widely used in food packaging applications, as are reinforcing agents such as silver nanoparticles and cellulose nanostructures (e.g., cellulose nanocrystals and nanocellulose). The addition of reinforcing agents improves the thermal and mechanical stability of the polysaccharide films and nanocomposites. Here we highlighted the nanocomposites containing silver nanoparticles, which exhibited antimicrobial properties. Finally, it can be concluded that polysaccharide-based nanocomposites have sufficient properties to be tested as food packaging materials in a wide spectrum of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Pal
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela 769008, India
| | - Preetam Sarkar
- Department of Food Process Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela 769008, India;
| | - Arfat Anis
- SABIC Polymer Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Karolina Wiszumirska
- Department of Industrial Products and Packaging Quality, Institute of Quality Science, Poznań University of Economics and Business, Al. Niepodległości 10, 61-875 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Maciej Jarzębski
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 38/42, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
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Jabeen F, Younis T, Sidra S, Muneer B, Nasreen Z, Saleh F, Mumtaz S, Saeed RF, Abbas AS. Extraction of chitin from edible crab shells of Callinectes sapidus and comparison with market purchased chitin. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 83:e246520. [PMID: 34468518 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.246520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin and its derived products have immense economic value due to their vital role in various biological activities as well as biomedical and industrial application. Insects, microorganism and crustaceans are the main supply of chitin but the crustaceans shell like shrimp, krill, lobsters and crabs are the main commercial sources. Chitin content of an individual varies depending on the structures possessing the polymer and the species. In this study edible crabs' shells (Callinectes sapidus) were demineralized and deproteinized resulting in 13.8% (dry weight) chitin recovery from chitin wastes. FTIR and XRD analyses of the experimental crude as well as purified chitins revealed that both were much comparable to the commercially purchased controls. The acid pretreatment ceded 54g of colloidal chitin that resulted in 1080% of the crude chitin. The colloidal chitin was exploited for isolation of eighty five chitinolytic bacterial isolates from different sources. Zone of clearance was displayed by the thirty five isolates (41.17%) succeeding their growth at pH 7 on colloidal chitin agar medium. Maximum chitinolytic activity i.e. 301.55 U/ml was exhibited by isolate JF70 when cultivated in extracted chitin containing both carbon and nitrogen. The study showed wastes of blue crabs can be utilized for extraction of chitin and isolation of chitinolytic bacteria that can be used to degrade chitin waste, resolve environmental pollution as well as industrial purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Jabeen
- University of Education, Department of Zoology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - T Younis
- Government College University Faisalabad, Department of Zoology, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - S Sidra
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - B Muneer
- Government College University, Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Z Nasreen
- University of Mianwali, Mianwali, Pakistan
| | - F Saleh
- Government College University Faisalabad, Department of Zoology, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - S Mumtaz
- National University Of Medical Sciences Rawalpindi, Department of biological sciences, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - R F Saeed
- National University Of Medical Sciences Rawalpindi, Department of biological sciences, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - A S Abbas
- University of Education, Department of Zoology, Lahore, Pakistan
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Kulkarni AS, Sajjan AM, Khan TMY, Badruddin IA, Kamangar S, Banapurmath NR, Ayachit NH, Ashwini M, Sharanappa A. Development and Characterization of Biocompatible Membranes from Natural Chitosan and Gelatin for Pervaporative Separation of Water-Isopropanol Mixture. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2868. [PMID: 34502908 PMCID: PMC8434005 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural polymers have attracted a lot of interest in researchers of late as they are environmentally friendly, biocompatible, and possess excellent characters. Membranes forming natural polymers have provided a whole new dimension to the separation technology. In this work, chitosan-gelatin blend membranes were fabricated using chitosan as the base and varying the amount of gelatin. Transport, mechanical, and surface characteristics of the fabricated membranes were examined in detail by means of the characterizing techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning colorimetry, wide angle X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and thermogravimetric analysis. In order to analyze the water affinity of the developed blend chitosan-gelatin membranes, the percentage degree of swelling was examined. Out of the fabricated membranes, the membrane loaded with 15 mass% of gelatin exhibited the better pervaporation performance with a pervaporation separation index value of 266 at 30 °C for the solution containing 10% in terms of the mass of water, which is the highest among the contemporary membranes. All the fabricated membranes were stable during the pervaporation experiments, and permeation flux of water for the fabricated membranes was dominant in the overall total permeation flux, signifying that the developed membranes could be chosen for efficient separation of water-isopropanol mixture on a larger scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay S. Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry, KLE Technological University, Hubballi 580031, India;
| | - Ashok M. Sajjan
- Department of Chemistry, KLE Technological University, Hubballi 580031, India;
- Center for Material Science, KLE Technological University, Hubballi 580031, India; (N.R.B.); (N.H.A.)
| | - T. M. Yunus Khan
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia; (T.M.Y.K.); (I.A.B.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Irfan Anjum Badruddin
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia; (T.M.Y.K.); (I.A.B.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sarfaraz Kamangar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nagaraj R. Banapurmath
- Center for Material Science, KLE Technological University, Hubballi 580031, India; (N.R.B.); (N.H.A.)
| | - Narasimha H. Ayachit
- Center for Material Science, KLE Technological University, Hubballi 580031, India; (N.R.B.); (N.H.A.)
| | - M. Ashwini
- Department of Food and Industrial Microbiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad 580005, India;
| | - A. Sharanappa
- Department of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University, Hubballi 580031, India;
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Jiang Z, Hu S, Ma J, Liu Y, Qiao Z, Yan Q, Gao Y, Yang S. Crystal structure of a chitinase (RmChiA) from the thermophilic fungus Rhizomucor miehei with a real active site tunnel. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2021; 1869:140709. [PMID: 34358705 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2021.140709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A chitinase gene (RmChiA) encoding 445 amino acid (aa) residues from a fungus Rhizomucor miehei was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. Two kinds of RmChiA crystal forms, with space groups P32 2 1 and P1, were obtained by sitting-drop vapor diffusion and the structures were determined by X-ray diffraction. The overall structure of RmChiA monomer, which is the first structure of bacterial-type chitinases from nonpathogenic fungi, adopts a canonical triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) barrel fold with two protruding chitinase insertion domains. RmChiA exhibited a unique NxDxE catalytical motif and a real active site tunnel structure, which are firstly found in GH family 18 chitinases. The motif had high structural homolog with the typical DxDxE motif in other GH family 18 chitinases. The tunnel is formed by two unusual long loops, containing 15 aa and 45 aa respectively, linked by a disulfide bond across the substrate-binding cleft. Mutation experiments found that opening the roof of tunnel structure increased the hydrolysis efficiency of RmChiA, but the thermostability of the mutants decreased. Moreover, the tunnel structure endowed RmChiA with the exo-chitinase character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqiang Jiang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Songqing Hu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Junwen Ma
- Bioresource Utilization Laboratory, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuchun Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhu Qiao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
| | - Qiaojuan Yan
- Bioresource Utilization Laboratory, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yonggui Gao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore
| | - Shaoqing Yang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Nandgude T, Pagar R. Plausible role of chitosan in drug and gene delivery against resistant breast cancer cells. Carbohydr Res 2021; 506:108357. [PMID: 34146935 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the highest global spread of invasive cancer in women. While significant progress has been made in breast cancer, diagnostic and therapeutic effective prevention and treatment options remain scarce. Concerning chitosan-based chemotherapeutic therapies, the studies reported cell migration resistance, improved drug absorption, membrane interaction and permeability, immune stimulating behavior, and extended in-vitro drug release. However, chitosan has been practically restricted mostly to unmodified forms. Targeted distribution is ensured by chitosan-based ligand conjugated carrier systems in conjunction with active moieties such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and therapeutic agents. The purpose of this context is to emphasize the efficient drug delivery to breast cancer cell lines using chitosan. Chitosan also exhibited excellent capabilities in gene packaging. For the interaction of bioactive molecules and the regulation of the drug release profile, chemical modification of chitosan is beneficial. This article discusses the various chitosan-based ligand conjugated carrier systems. From the studies reviewed it can be concluded that chitosan derivatives are promising materials for targeted and non-viral gene delivery in treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanaji Nandgude
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. D.Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Science & Research, Pimpri, Pune, 411018, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Roshani Pagar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. D.Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Science & Research, Pimpri, Pune, 411018, Maharashtra, India.
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Mohammadkhani G, Kumar Ramamoorthy S, Adolfsson KH, Mahboubi A, Hakkarainen M, Zamani A. New Solvent and Coagulating Agent for Development of Chitosan Fibers by Wet Spinning. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13132121. [PMID: 34203312 PMCID: PMC8271770 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipic acid was evaluated as a novel solvent for wet spinning of chitosan fibers. A solvent with two carboxyl groups could act as a physical crosslinker between the chitosan chains, resulting in improved properties of the fibers. The performance of adipic acid was compared with conventional solvents, i.e., lactic, citric, and acetic acids. Chitosan solutions were injected into a coagulation bath to form monofilaments. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and its mixture with ethanol (EtOH) were used as coagulation agents. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the formation of uniform chitosan monofilaments with an even surface when using adipic acid as solvent. These monofilaments generally showed higher mechanical strength compared to that of monofilaments produced using conventional solvents. The highest Young's modulus, 4.45 GPa, was recorded for adipic acid monofilaments coagulated in NaOH-EtOH. This monofilament also had a high tensile strength of 147.9 MPa. Furthermore, taking advantage of chitosan insolubility in sulfuric acid (H2SO4) at room temperature, chitosan fibers were successfully formed upon coagulation in H2SO4-EtOH. The dewatering of fibers using EtOH before drying resulted in a larger fiber diameter and lower mechanical strength. Adipic acid fibers made without dehydration illustrated 18% (for NaOH), 46% (for NaOH-EtOH), and 91% (for H2SO4-EtOH) higher tensile strength compared to those made with dehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghasem Mohammadkhani
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 501 90 Borås, Sweden; (G.M.); (S.K.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Sunil Kumar Ramamoorthy
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 501 90 Borås, Sweden; (G.M.); (S.K.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Karin H. Adolfsson
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; (K.H.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Amir Mahboubi
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 501 90 Borås, Sweden; (G.M.); (S.K.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Minna Hakkarainen
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; (K.H.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Akram Zamani
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 501 90 Borås, Sweden; (G.M.); (S.K.R.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Tabassum N, Ahmed S, Ali MA. Chitooligosaccharides and their structural-functional effect on hydrogels: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 261:117882. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Chen T, Cheng G, Jiao S, Ren L, Zhao C, Wei J, Han J, Pei M, Du Y, Li JJ. Expression and Biochemical Characterization of a Novel Marine Chitosanase from Streptomyces niveus Suitable for Preparation of Chitobiose. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:300. [PMID: 34073769 PMCID: PMC8225178 DOI: 10.3390/md19060300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that bioactivities of chitooligosaccharide (COS) are closely related to the degree of polymerization (DP); therefore, it is essential to prepare COS with controllable DP, such as chitobiose showing high antioxidant and antihyperlipidemia activities. In this study, BLAST, sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis of characterized glycoside hydrolase (GH) 46 endo-chitosanases revealed that a chitosanase Sn1-CSN from Streptomyces niveus was different from others. Sn1-CSN was overexpressed in E. coli, purified and characterized in detail. It showed the highest activity at pH 6.0 and exhibited superior stability between pH 4.0 and pH 11.0. Sn1-CSN displayed the highest activity at 50 °C and was fairly stable at ≤45 °C. Its apparent kinetic parameters against chitosan (DDA: degree of deacetylation, >94%) were determined, with Km and kcat values of 1.8 mg/mL and 88.3 s-1, respectively. Cu2+ enhanced the activity of Sn1-CSN by 54.2%, whereas Fe3+ inhibited activity by 15.1%. Hydrolysis products of chitosan (DDA > 94%) by Sn1-CSN were mainly composed of chitobiose (87.3%), whereas partially acetylated chitosan with DDA 69% was mainly converted into partially acetylated COS with DP 2-13. This endo-chitosanase has great potential to be used for the preparation of chitobiose and partially acetylated COS with different DPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China;
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology (Beijing), Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (G.C.); (S.J.); (L.R.); (J.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Gong Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology (Beijing), Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (G.C.); (S.J.); (L.R.); (J.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Siming Jiao
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology (Beijing), Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (G.C.); (S.J.); (L.R.); (J.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Lishi Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology (Beijing), Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (G.C.); (S.J.); (L.R.); (J.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Chuanfang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China;
| | - Jinhua Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology (Beijing), Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (G.C.); (S.J.); (L.R.); (J.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Juntian Han
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology (Beijing), Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (G.C.); (S.J.); (L.R.); (J.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Meishan Pei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China;
| | - Yuguang Du
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology (Beijing), Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (G.C.); (S.J.); (L.R.); (J.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Jian-Jun Li
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology (Beijing), Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (G.C.); (S.J.); (L.R.); (J.W.); (J.H.)
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Qu T, Zhang C, Qin Z, Fan L, Jiang L, Zhao L. A Novel GH Family 20 β-N-acetylhexosaminidase With Both Chitosanase and Chitinase Activity From Aspergillus oryzae. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:684086. [PMID: 34095233 PMCID: PMC8170477 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.684086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminooligosaccharides possess various biological activities and can exploit wide applications in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Commercial aminooligosaccharides are often prepared by the hydrolysis of chitin and chitosan. In this study, a novel GH family 20 β-N-acetylhexosaminidases gene named AoNagase was cloned from Aspergillus oryzae and expressed in Pichia pastoris. The purified AoNagase had maximal activity at pH 5.5 and 65°C. It exhibited good pH stability in the range of pH 6.0–7.5 and at temperatures below 50°C. AoNagase was capable of hydrolyzing not only colloidal chitosan (508.26 U/mg) but also chitin (29.78 U/mg). The kinetic parameters (Km and Vmax) of AoNagase were 1.51 mM, 1106.02 U/mg for chitosan and 0.41 mM, 40.31 U/mg for colloidal chitin. To our knowledge, AoNagase is the first GH family 20 β-N-acetylhexosaminidase capable of hydrolyzing both chitosan and chitin. AoNagase is an endo-type β-N-acetylhexosaminidases and can potentially be used for the manufacturing of aminooligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianle Qu
- School of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyue Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Qin
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqiang Fan
- School of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihua Jiang
- School of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Liming Zhao
- School of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology (SCICBT), Shanghai, China
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Ahmad S, Palvasha BA, Abbasi BBK, Nazir MS, Akhtar MN, Tahir Z, Abdullah MA. Preparation and Applications of Polysaccharide‐Based Composites. POLYSACCHARIDES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119711414.ch26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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46
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Moccia F, Rigamonti L, Messori A, Zanotti V, Mazzoni R. Bringing Homogeneous Iron Catalysts on the Heterogeneous Side: Solutions for Immobilization. Molecules 2021; 26:2728. [PMID: 34066456 PMCID: PMC8124704 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Noble metal catalysts currently dominate the landscape of chemical synthesis, but cheaper and less toxic derivatives are recently emerging as more sustainable solutions. Iron is among the possible alternative metals due to its biocompatibility and exceptional versatility. Nowadays, iron catalysts work essentially in homogeneous conditions, while heterogeneous catalysts would be better performing and more desirable systems for a broad industrial application. In this review, approaches for heterogenization of iron catalysts reported in the literature within the last two decades are summarized, and utility and critical points are discussed. The immobilization on silica of bis(arylimine)pyridyl iron complexes, good catalysts in the polymerization of olefins, is the first useful heterogeneous strategy described. Microporous molecular sieves also proved to be good iron catalyst carriers, able to provide confined geometries where olefin polymerization can occur. Same immobilizing supports (e.g., MCM-41 and MCM-48) are suitable for anchoring iron-based catalysts for styrene, cyclohexene and cyclohexane oxidation. Another excellent example is the anchoring to a Merrifield resin of an FeII-anthranilic acid complex, active in the catalytic reaction of urea with alcohols and amines for the synthesis of carbamates and N-substituted ureas, respectively. A SILP (Supported Ionic Liquid Phase) catalytic system has been successfully employed for the heterogenization of a chemoselective iron catalyst active in aldehyde hydrogenation. Finally, FeIII ions supported on polyvinylpyridine grafted chitosan made a useful heterogeneous catalytic system for C-H bond activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Moccia
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università degli Studi di Bologna, viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (F.M.); (A.M.); (V.Z.)
| | - Luca Rigamonti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Messori
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università degli Studi di Bologna, viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (F.M.); (A.M.); (V.Z.)
| | - Valerio Zanotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università degli Studi di Bologna, viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (F.M.); (A.M.); (V.Z.)
| | - Rita Mazzoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università degli Studi di Bologna, viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (F.M.); (A.M.); (V.Z.)
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Wang YH, Qu T, Wang XL, Yang RP. In vitro Preparation and Evaluation of Sustained-Release Microcapsules of Salvianolic Acid. Drug Des Devel Ther 2021; 15:1623-1631. [PMID: 33907382 PMCID: PMC8071090 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s294314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to investigate the preparation of sustained-release microcapsules of salvianolic acid. Methods The stability of salvianolic acid microcapsules was improved, and the time of action was prolonged in the present study. This was prepared using the spray-drying method, with chitosan as the carrier. In the preparation process, the prescription and process were optimized by L9 (34) using an orthogonal design, with yield and drug loading as indexes, in order to obtain optimum conditions. Results The optimal process and prescription for the preparation of salvianolic acid microcapsules were found to be as follows: mass concentration of chitosan, 1.5%; mass ratio of salvianolic acid to chitosan, 1:3; inlet air temperature, 190°C; and peristaltic pump speed, 300 mL·h-1. The surface of the microcapsules was round, the drug loading was 25.99% ± 2.14%, the yield was 51.88% ± 2.84%, the entrapment efficiency was 86.21% ± 2.89%, and the average particle size was 105.6 ± 2.56 nm. The microcapsules in vitro had certain sustained release characteristics. The internally fitted first-order release model equation was ln(1-Q) = -0.236 t + 4.591 7, r = 0.920. In addition, the results of differential scanning calorimetry show that the properties of salvianolic acid were not changed by the microcapsules. Conclusion Sustained-release microcapsules of salvianolic acid can be successfully prepared by adopting marine polysaccharide as a carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hong Wang
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, 400065, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Qu
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Lian Wang
- Department of Pharmacy College, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong-Ping Yang
- Department of Pharmacy College, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
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Powell MD, LaCoste JD, Fetrow CJ, Fei L, Wei S. Bio‐derived nanomaterials for energy storage and conversion. NANO SELECT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Dalton Powell
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico USA
| | - Jed Donavan LaCoste
- Department of Chemical Engineering Institute for Materials Research and Innovations University of Louisiana at Lafayette Lafayette Louisiana USA
| | - Christopher James Fetrow
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico USA
| | - Ling Fei
- Department of Chemical Engineering Institute for Materials Research and Innovations University of Louisiana at Lafayette Lafayette Louisiana USA
| | - Shuya Wei
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico USA
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Abstract
The development of platinum group metal-free (PGM-free) electrocatalysts derived from cheap and environmentally friendly biomasses for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is a topic of relevant interest, particularly from the point of view of sustainability. Fe-nitrogen-doped carbon materials (Fe-N-C) have attracted particular interest as alternative to Pt-based materials, due to the high activity and selectivity of Fe-Nx active sites, the high availability and good tolerance to poisoning. Recently, many studies focused on developing synthetic strategies, which could transform N-containing biomasses into N-doped carbons. In this paper, chitosan was employed as a suitable N-containing biomass for preparing Fe-N-C catalyst in virtue of its high N content (7.1%) and unique chemical structure. Moreover, the major application of chitosan is based on its ability to strongly coordinate metal ions, a precondition for the formation of Fe-Nx active sites. The synthesis of Fe-N-C consists in a double step thermochemical conversion of a dried chitosan hydrogel. In acidic aqueous solution, the preparation of physical cross-linked hydrogel allows to obtain sophisticated organization, which assure an optimal mesoporosity before and after the pyrolysis. After the second thermal treatment at 900 °C, a highly graphitized material was obtained, which has been fully characterized in terms of textural, morphological and chemical properties. RRDE technique was used for understanding the activity and the selectivity of the material versus the ORR in 0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte. Special attention was put in the determination of the active site density according to nitrite electrochemical reduction measurements. It was clearly established that the catalytic activity expressed as half wave potential linearly scales with the number of Fe-Nx sites. It was also established that the addition of the iron precursor after the first pyrolysis step leads to an increased activity due to both an increased number of active sites and of a hierarchical structure, which improves the access to active sites. At the same time, the increased graphitization degree, and a reduced density of pyrrolic nitrogen groups are helpful to increase the selectivity toward the 4e- ORR pathway.
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Li Y, Gou Y, Liu Z, Xie T, Wang G. Structure-based rational design of chitosanase CsnMY002 for high yields of chitobiose. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 202:111692. [PMID: 33744813 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) are attractive active molecules for biomedical applications. Currently, the prohibitively high cost of producing fully defined COS hampers extensive studies on their biological activity and restricts their use in various industries. Thus, cost-effective production of pure COS is of major importance. In this report, chitosanase from Bacillus subtilis MY002 (CsnMY002) was prepared for COS production. The structure of apo CsnMY002 displayed an unexpected tunnel-like substrate-binding site and the structure of the CsnMY002_E19A/(GlcN)6 complex highlighted the "4 + 2″ splitting of hexaglucosamine even though the "3 + 3″ splitting is also observed in the TLC analysis of the enzyme products for hexaglucosamine. Structure based rational design was performed to generate mutants for chitobiose production. The CsnMY002_G21 K mutant produced chitobiose with a relative content > 87 % from chitosan with a low degree of acetylation, and 50.65 mg chitobiose with a purity > 98 % was prepared from 100 mg chitosan. The results provide insight on the catalytic mechanism of chitosanase and underpin future biomedical applications of pure chitobiose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China; College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yan Gou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhongchuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Tian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ganggang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610041, China; The Innovative Academy of Seed Design (INASEED), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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