1
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DiPasquale M, Marquardt D. Perceiving the functions of vitamin E through neutron and X-ray scattering. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 330:103189. [PMID: 38824717 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Take your vitamins, or don't? Vitamin E is one of the few lipophilic vitamins in the human diet and is considered an essential nutrient. Over the years it has proven to be a powerful antioxidant and is commercially used as such, but this association is far from linear in physiology. It is increasingly more likely that vitamin E has multiple legitimate biological roles. Here, we review past and current work using neutron and X-ray scattering to elucidate the influence of vitamin E on key features of model membranes that can translate to the biological function(s) of vitamin E. Although progress is being made, the hundred year-old mystery remains unsolved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Drew Marquardt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physics, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada.
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2
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Kennison-Cook KB, Heberle FA. Disruption of liquid/liquid phase separation in asymmetric GUVs prepared by hemifusion. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.21.600037. [PMID: 38979299 PMCID: PMC11230200 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.21.600037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Model asymmetric bilayers are useful for studying the coupling between lateral and transverse lipid organization. Here, we used calcium-induced hemifusion to create asymmetric giant unilamellar vesicles (aGUVs) for exploring the phase behavior of 16:0-PC/16:1-PC/Cholesterol, a simplified model for the mammalian plasma membrane. Symmetric GUVs (sGUVs) were first prepared using a composition that produced coexisting liquid-disordered and liquid-ordered phases visible by confocal fluorescence microscopy. The sGUVs were then hemifused to a supported lipid bilayer (SLB) composed of uniformly mixed 16:1-PC/Cholesterol. The extent of outer leaflet exchange was quantified in aGUVs in two ways: (1) from the reduction in fluorescence intensity of a lipid probe initially in the sGUV ("probe exit"); or (2) from the gain in intensity of a probe initially in the SLB ("probe entry"). These measurements revealed a large variability in the extent of outer leaflet exchange in aGUVs within a given preparation, and two populations with respect to their phase behavior: a subset of vesicles that remained phase separated, and a second subset that appeared uniformly mixed. Moreover, a correlation between phase behavior and extent of asymmetry was observed, with more strongly asymmetric vesicles having a greater probability of being uniformly mixed. We also observed substantial overlap between these populations, an indication that the uncertainty in measured exchange fraction is high. We developed models to determine the position of the phase boundary (i.e., the fraction of outer leaflet exchange above which domain formation is suppressed) and found that the phase boundaries determined separately from probe-entry and probe-exit data are in good agreement. Our models also provide improved estimates of the compositional uncertainty of individual aGUVs. We discuss several potential sources of uncertainty in the determination of lipid exchange from fluorescence measurements.
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3
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Issler T, Sule K, Lewrenz AM, Prenner EJ. Differential interactions of essential and toxic metal ions with biologically relevant phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine membranes. Biometals 2024; 37:631-648. [PMID: 38289415 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-023-00576-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Metal pollutants are a growing concern due to increased use in mining and other industrial processes. Moreover, the use of metals in daily life is becoming increasingly prevalent. Metals such as manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), and nickel (Ni) are toxic in high amounts whereas lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) are acutely toxic at low µM concentrations. These metals are associated with system dysfunction in humans including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other cellular process'. One known but lesser studied target of these metals are lipids that are key membrane building blocks or serve signalling functions. It was shown that Mn, Co, Ni, Pb, and Cd cause rigidification of liposomes and increase the phase transition in membranes composed of both saturated or partly unsaturated phosphatidic acid (PA) and phosphatidylserine (PS). The selected metals showed differential effects that were more pronounced on saturated lipids. In addition, more rigidity was induced in the biologically relevant liquid-crystalline phase. Moreover, metal affinity, induced rigidification and liposome size increases also varied with the headgroup architecture, whereby the carboxyl group of PS appeared to play an important role. Thus, it can be inferred that Mn, Co, Ni, Cd, and Pb may have preferred binding coordination with the lipid headgroup, degree of acyl chain unsaturation, and membrane phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Issler
- Deptartment of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Kevin Sule
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Anna-Marie Lewrenz
- Deptartment of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Elmar J Prenner
- Deptartment of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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4
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Rzycki M, Drabik D. Multifaceted Activity of Fabimycin: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Studies on Bacterial Membrane Models. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:4204-4217. [PMID: 38733348 PMCID: PMC11134499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.4c00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Membranes─cells' essential scaffolds─are valid molecular targets for substances with an antimicrobial effect. While certain substances, such as octenidine, have been developed to target membranes for antimicrobial purposes, the recently reported molecule, fabimycin (F2B)─a novel agent targeting drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria─has not received adequate attention regarding its activity on membranes in the literature. The following study aims to investigate the effects of F2B on different bacterial membrane models, including simple planar bilayers and more complex bilayer systems that mimic the Escherichia coli shell equipped with double inner and outer bilayers. Our results show that F2B exhibited more pronounced interactions with bacterial membrane systems compared to the control PC system. Furthermore, we observed significant changes in local membrane property homeostasis in both the inner and outer membrane models, specifically in the case of lateral diffusion, membrane thickness, and membrane resilience (compressibility, tilt). Finally, our results showed that the effect of F2B differed in a complex system and a single membrane system. Our study provides new insights into the multifaceted activity of F2B, demonstrating its potential to disrupt bacterial membrane homeostasis, indicating that its activity extends the currently known mechanism of FabI enzyme inhibition. This disruption, coupled with the ability of F2B to penetrate the outer membrane layers, sheds new light on the behavior of this antimicrobial molecule. This highlights the importance of the interaction with the membrane, crucial in combating bacterial infections, particularly those caused by drug-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Rzycki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw 50-370, Poland
| | - Dominik Drabik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw 50-370, Poland
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5
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Ardino C, Sannio F, Poli G, Galati S, Dreassi E, Botta L, Docquier JD, D'Agostino I. An update on antibacterial AlkylGuanidino Ureas: Design of new derivatives, synergism with colistin and data analysis of the whole library. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 270:116362. [PMID: 38574637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents one of the most challenging global Public Health issues, with an alarmingly increasing rate of attributable mortality. This scenario highlights the urgent need for innovative medicinal strategies showing activity on resistant isolates (especially, carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, and vancomycin-resistant enterococci) yielding new approaches for the treatment of bacterial infections. We previously reported AlkylGuanidino Ureas (AGUs) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and a putative membrane-based mechanism of action. Herein, new tetra- and mono-guanidino derivatives were designed and synthesized to expand the structure-activity relationships (SARs) and, thereby, tested on the same panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The membrane-active mechanism of selected compounds was then investigated through molecular dynamics (MD) on simulated bacterial membranes. In the end, the newly synthesized series, along with the whole library of compounds (more than 70) developed in the last decade, was tested in combination with subinhibitory concentrations of the last resort antibiotic colistin to assess putative synergistic or additive effects. Moreover, all the AGUs were subjected to cheminformatic and machine learning analyses to gain a deeper knowledge of the key features required for bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ardino
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Filomena Sannio
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Viale Mario Bracci 16, I-53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Giulio Poli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno Pisano 6, I-56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Salvatore Galati
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno Pisano 6, I-56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elena Dreassi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Botta
- Lead Discovery Siena s.r.l., Via Vittorio Alfieri 31, I-53019, Castelnuovo Berardenga, Italy; Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, I-01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Jean-Denis Docquier
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Viale Mario Bracci 16, I-53100, Siena, Italy; Lead Discovery Siena s.r.l., Via Vittorio Alfieri 31, I-53019, Castelnuovo Berardenga, Italy
| | - Ilaria D'Agostino
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100, Siena, Italy; Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno Pisano 6, I-56126, Pisa, Italy.
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6
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Furukawa N, Yang W, Chao AR, Patil A, Mirando AC, Pandey NB, Popel AS. Chemokine-derived oncolytic peptide induces immunogenic cancer cell death and significantly suppresses tumor growth. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:161. [PMID: 38565596 PMCID: PMC10987543 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01932-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemokinostatin-1 (CKS1) is a 24-mer peptide originally discovered as an anti-angiogenic peptide derived from the CXCL1 chemokine. Here, we demonstrate that CKS1 acts not only as an anti-angiogenic peptide but also as an oncolytic peptide due to its structural and physical properties. CKS1 induced both necrotic and apoptotic cell death specifically in cancer cells while showing minimal toxicity in non-cancerous cells. Mechanistically, CKS1 disrupted the cell membrane of cancer cells quickly after treatment and activated the apoptotic pathway at later time points. Furthermore, immunogenic molecules were released from CKS1-treated cells, indicating that CKS1 induces immunogenic cell death. CKS1 effectively suppressed tumor growth in vivo. Collectively, these data demonstrate that CKS1 functions as an oncolytic peptide and has a therapeutic potential to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Furukawa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Wendy Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alex R Chao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Akash Patil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Adam C Mirando
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Niranjan B Pandey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aleksander S Popel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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7
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Bodosa J, Pane AJ, Klauda JB. Modeling asymmetric cell membranes at all-atom resolution. Methods Enzymol 2024; 701:157-174. [PMID: 39025571 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are a useful tool when studying the properties of membranes as they allow for a molecular view of lipid interactions with proteins, nucleic acids, or small molecules. While model membranes are usually symmetric in their lipid composition between leaflets and include a small number of lipid components, physiological membranes are highly complex and vary in the level of asymmetry. Simulation studies have shown that changes in leaflet asymmetry can alter the properties of a membrane. It is therefore necessary to carefully build asymmetric membranes to accurately simulate membranes. This chapter carefully describes the different methods for building asymmetric membranes and the advantages/disadvantages of each method. The simplest methods involve building a membrane with either an equal number of lipids per leaflet or an equal initial surface area (SA) estimated by the area per lipid. More detailed methods include combining two symmetric membranes of equal SA or altering an asymmetric membrane and adjusting the number of lipids after equilibration to minimize an observable such as differential stress (0-DS). More complex methods that require specific simulation software are also briefly described. The challenges and assumptions are listed for each method which should help guide the researcher to choose the best method for their unique MD simulation of an asymmetric membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bodosa
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, Biophysics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Anthony J Pane
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, Biophysics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Jeffery B Klauda
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, Biophysics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College Park, MD, United States.
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8
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Duché G, Sanderson JM. The Chemical Reactivity of Membrane Lipids. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3284-3330. [PMID: 38498932 PMCID: PMC10979411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
It is well-known that aqueous dispersions of phospholipids spontaneously assemble into bilayer structures. These structures have numerous applications across chemistry and materials science and form the fundamental structural unit of the biological membrane. The particular environment of the lipid bilayer, with a water-poor low dielectric core surrounded by a more polar and better hydrated interfacial region, gives the membrane particular biophysical and physicochemical properties and presents a unique environment for chemical reactions to occur. Many different types of molecule spanning a range of sizes, from dissolved gases through small organics to proteins, are able to interact with membranes and promote chemical changes to lipids that subsequently affect the physicochemical properties of the bilayer. This Review describes the chemical reactivity exhibited by lipids in their membrane form, with an emphasis on conditions where the lipids are well hydrated in the form of bilayers. Key topics include the following: lytic reactions of glyceryl esters, including hydrolysis, aminolysis, and transesterification; oxidation reactions of alkenes in unsaturated fatty acids and sterols, including autoxidation and oxidation by singlet oxygen; reactivity of headgroups, particularly with reactive carbonyl species; and E/Z isomerization of alkenes. The consequences of reactivity for biological activity and biophysical properties are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Duché
- Génie
Enzimatique et Cellulaire, Université
Technologique de Compiègne, Compiègne 60200, France
| | - John M Sanderson
- Chemistry
Department, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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9
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Bartoš L, Vácha R. Peptide translocation across asymmetric phospholipid membranes. Biophys J 2024; 123:693-702. [PMID: 38356262 PMCID: PMC10995401 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The transport of molecules across cell membranes is vital for proper cell function and effective drug delivery. While most cell membranes naturally possess an asymmetric lipid composition, research on membrane transport predominantly uses symmetric lipid membranes. The permeation through the asymmetric membrane is then calculated as a sum of the inverse permeabilities of leaflets from symmetric bilayers. In this study, we examined how two types of amphiphilic molecules translocate across both asymmetric and symmetric membranes. Using computer simulations with both coarse-grained and atomistic force fields, we calculated the free energy profiles for the passage of model amphiphilic peptides and a lipid across various membranes. Our results consistently demonstrate that while the free energy profiles for asymmetric membranes with a small differential stress concur with symmetric ones in the region of lipid headgroups, the profiles differ around the center of the membrane. In this region, the free energy for the asymmetric membrane transitions between the profiles for two symmetric membranes. In addition, we show that peptide permeability through an asymmetric membrane cannot always be predicted from the permeabilities of the symmetric membranes. This indicates that using symmetric membranes falls short in providing an accurate depiction of peptide translocation across asymmetric membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladislav Bartoš
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic; National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Vácha
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic; National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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10
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Dziura D, Dziura M, Marquardt D. Studying lipid flip-flop in asymmetric liposomes using 1H NMR and TR-SANS. Methods Enzymol 2024; 700:295-328. [PMID: 38971604 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2024.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
The specific spatial and temporal distribution of lipids in membranes play a crucial role in determining the biochemical and biophysical properties of the system. In nature, the asymmetric distribution of lipids is a dynamic process with ATP-dependent lipid transporters maintaining asymmetry, and passive transbilayer diffusion, that is, flip-flop, counteracting it. In this chapter, two probe-free techniques, 1H NMR and time-resolved small angle neutron scattering, are described in detail as methods of investigating lipid flip-flop rates in synthetic liposomes that have been generated with an asymmetric bilayer composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Dziura
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Maksymilian Dziura
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Drew Marquardt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada; Department of Physics, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada.
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11
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Kurakin S, Badreeva D, Dushanov E, Shutikov A, Efimov S, Timerova A, Mukhametzyanov T, Murugova T, Ivankov O, Mamatkulov K, Arzumanyan G, Klochkov V, Kučerka N. Arrangement of lipid vesicles and bicelle-like structures formed in the presence of Aβ(25-35) peptide. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2024; 1866:184237. [PMID: 37820938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2023.184237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Our complementary experimental data and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations results reveal the structure of previously observed lipid bicelle-like structures (BLSs) formed in the presence of amyloid-beta peptide Aβ(25-35) below the main phase transition temperature (Tm) of saturated phosphatidylcholine lipids and small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) above this temperature. First, we show by using solid-state 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy that our BLSs being in the lipid gel phase demonstrate magnetic alignment along the magnetic field of NMR spectrometer and undergo a transition to SUVs in the lipid fluid phase when heated through the Tm. Secondly, thanks to the BLS alignment we present their lipid structure. Lipids are found located not only in the flat bilayered part but also around its perimeter, which is corroborated by the results of coarse-grained (CG) MD simulations. Finally, peptides appear to mix randomly with lipids in SUVs while assuming predominantly unordered secondary structures revealed by circular dichroism (CD), Raman spectroscopy, and all-atom MD simulations. Importantly, the former is changing little when the system undergoes morphological transitions between BLSs and SUVs. Our structural results then offer a platform for studying and understanding mechanisms of morphological transformations caused by the disruptive effect of amyloid-beta peptides on the lipid bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Kurakin
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, Dubna, Moscow Region 141980, Russia; Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya 18, Kazan 420008, Russia.
| | - Dina Badreeva
- Meshcheryakov Laboratory of Information Technologies, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, Dubna, Moscow Region 141980, Russia
| | - Ermuhammad Dushanov
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, Dubna, Moscow Region 141980, Russia
| | - Artyom Shutikov
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, Dubna, Moscow Region 141980, Russia
| | - Sergey Efimov
- Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya 18, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Ayzira Timerova
- Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya 18, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Timur Mukhametzyanov
- Butlerov Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya 18, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Tatiana Murugova
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, Dubna, Moscow Region 141980, Russia
| | - Oleksandr Ivankov
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, Dubna, Moscow Region 141980, Russia
| | - Kahramon Mamatkulov
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, Dubna, Moscow Region 141980, Russia
| | - Grigory Arzumanyan
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, Dubna, Moscow Region 141980, Russia
| | - Vladimir Klochkov
- Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya 18, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Norbert Kučerka
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie 6, Dubna, Moscow Region 141980, Russia; Department of Physical Chemistry of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, Bratislava 832 32, Slovakia.
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12
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Matsuki Y, Iwamoto M, Oiki S. Asymmetric Lipid Bilayers and Potassium Channels Embedded Therein in the Contact Bubble Bilayer. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2796:1-21. [PMID: 38856892 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3818-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Cell membranes are highly intricate systems comprising numerous lipid species and membrane proteins, where channel proteins, lipid molecules, and lipid bilayers, as continuous elastic fabric, collectively engage in multi-modal interplays. Owing to the complexity of the native cell membrane, studying the elementary processes of channel-membrane interactions necessitates a bottom-up approach starting from forming simplified synthetic membranes. This is the rationale for establishing an in vitro membrane reconstitution system consisting of a lipid bilayer with a defined lipid composition and a channel molecule. Recent technological advancements have facilitated the development of asymmetric membranes, and the contact bubble bilayer (CBB) method allows single-channel current recordings under arbitrary lipid compositions in asymmetric bilayers. Here, we present an experimental protocol for the formation of asymmetric membranes using the CBB method. The KcsA potassium channel is a prototypical model channel with huge structural and functional information and thus serves as a reporter of membrane actions on the embedded channels. We demonstrate specific interactions of anionic lipids in the inner leaflet. Considering that the local lipid composition varies steadily in cell membranes, we `present a novel lipid perfusion technique that allows rapidly changing the lipid composition while monitoring the single-channel behavior. Finally, we demonstrate a leaflet perfusion method for modifying the composition of individual leaflets. These techniques with custom synthetic membranes allow for variable experiments, providing crucial insights into channel-membrane interplay in cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Matsuki
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimatology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Masayuki Iwamoto
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Shigetoshi Oiki
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.
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13
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Roy B, Guha P, Chang CH, Nahak P, Karmakar G, Bykov AG, Akentiev AV, Noskov BA, Patra A, Dutta K, Ghosh C, Panda AK. Effect of cationic dendrimer on membrane mimetic systems in the form of monolayer and bilayer. Chem Phys Lipids 2024; 258:105364. [PMID: 38040405 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2023.105364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between a zwitterionic phospholipid, 1, 2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and four anionic phospholipids dihexadecyl phosphate (DHP), 1, 2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (DMPG), 1, 2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate (DPP) and 1, 2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho ethanol (DPPEth) in combination with an additional amount of 30 mol% cholesterol were separately investigated at air-buffer interface through surface pressure (π) - area (A) measurements. π-A isotherm derived parameters revealed maximum negative deviation from ideality for the mixtures comprising 30 mol% anionic lipids. Besides the film functionality, structural changes of the monomolecular films at different surface pressures in the absence and presence of polyamidoamine (PAMAM, generation 4), a cationic dendrimer, were visualised through Brewster angle microscopy and fluorescence microscopic studies. Fluidity/rigidity of monolayers were assessed by surface dilatational rheology studies. Effect of PAMAM on the formation of adsorbed monolayer, due to bilayer disintegration of liposomes (DPPC:anionic lipids= 7:3 M/M, and 30 mol% cholesterol) were monitored by surface pressure (π) - time (t) isotherms. Bilayer disintegration kinetics were dependent on lipid head group and chain length, besides dendrimer concentration. Such studies are considered to be an in vitro cell membrane model where the alteration of molecular orientation play important roles in understanding the nature of interaction between the dendrimer and cell membrane. Liposome-dendrimer aggregates were nontoxic to breast cancer cell line as well as in doxorubicin treated MDA-MB-468 cell line suggesting their potential as drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplab Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling 734 013, West Bengal, India; Chemistry of Interfaces Group, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Pritam Guha
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling 734 013, West Bengal, India; Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Chien-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Prasant Nahak
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling 734 013, West Bengal, India
| | - Gourab Karmakar
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling 734 013, West Bengal, India
| | - Alexey G Bykov
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetsky pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander V Akentiev
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetsky pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Boris A Noskov
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetsky pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anuttam Patra
- Chemistry of Interfaces Group, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Kunal Dutta
- Department of Human Physiology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Chandradipa Ghosh
- Department of Human Physiology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Amiya Kumar Panda
- Department of Chemistry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India.
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14
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Farzi K, Issler T, Unruh C, Prenner EJ. Gadolinium Effects on Liposome Fluidity and Size Depend on the Headgroup and Side Chain Structure of Key Mammalian Brain Lipids. Molecules 2023; 29:135. [PMID: 38202718 PMCID: PMC10780055 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The lanthanide metal gadolinium has been used in the healthcare industry as a paramagnetic contrast agent for years. Gadolinium deposition in brain tissue and kidneys has been reported following gadolinium-based contrast agent administration to patients undergoing MRI. This study demonstrates the detrimental effects of gadolinium exposure at the level of the cell membrane. Biophysical analysis using fluorescence spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering illustrates differential interactions of gadolinium ions with key classes of brain membrane lipids, including phosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelins, as well as brain polar extracts and biomimetic brain model membranes. Electrostatic attraction to negatively charged lipids like phosphatidylserine facilitates metal complexation but zwitterionic phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin interaction was also significant, leading to membrane rigidification and increases in liposome size. Effects were stronger for fully saturated over monounsaturated acyl chains. The metal targets key lipid classes of brain membranes and these biophysical changes could be very detrimental in biological membranes, suggesting that the potential negative impact of gadolinium contrast agents will require more scientific attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kianmehr Farzi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (K.F.)
| | - Travis Issler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (K.F.)
| | - Colin Unruh
- Fuel Innovation, Calgary, AB T2G 3K6, Canada;
| | - Elmar J. Prenner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (K.F.)
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15
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Bermúdez-Puga S, Dias M, Freire de Oliveira T, Mendonça CMN, Yokomizo de Almeida SR, Rozas EE, do Nascimento CAO, Mendes MA, Oliveira De Souza de Azevedo P, Almeida JR, Proaño-Bolaños C, Oliveira RPDS. Dual antibacterial mechanism of [K4K15]CZS-1 against Salmonella Typhimurium: a membrane active and intracellular-targeting antimicrobial peptide. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1320154. [PMID: 38156004 PMCID: PMC10752938 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1320154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella genus is a leading cause of food-borne infections with strong public health impact and economic ramifications. The development of antimicrobial resistance added complexity to this scenario and turned the antibiotic drug discovery into a highly important challenge. The screening of peptides has served as a successful discovery platform to design new antibiotic candidates. Motivated by this, the antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of three cruzioseptins against Salmonella Typhimurium and RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells, respectively, were investigated. [K4K15]CZS-1 was the most potent antimicrobial peptide identified in the screening step with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 16 μg/mL (7.26 μM) and moderate cytotoxicity. From a structural point of view, in vitro and in silico techniques evidenced that [K4K15]CZS-1 is a α-helical cationic antimicrobial peptide. In order to capture mechanistic details and fully decipher their antibacterial action, we adopted a multidimensional approach, including spectroscopy, electron microscopy and omics analysis. In general lines, [K4K15]CZS-1 caused membrane damage, intracellular alterations in Salmonella and modulated metabolic pathways, such as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, fatty acid biosynthesis, and lipid metabolism. Overall, these findings provide deeper insights into the antibacterial properties and multidimensional mode of action of [K4K15]CZS-1 against Salmonella Typhimurium. In summary, this study represents a first step toward the screening of membrane-acting and intracellular-targeting peptides as potential bio-preservatives to prevent foodborne outbreaks caused by Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Bermúdez-Puga
- Microbial Biomolecules Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Meriellen Dias
- Microbial Biomolecules Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Taciana Freire de Oliveira
- Microbial Biomolecules Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Enrique Eduardo Rozas
- Dempster MS Lab, Chemical Engineering Department of Polytechnic School of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Anita Mendes
- Dempster MS Lab, Chemical Engineering Department of Polytechnic School of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - José R. Almeida
- Biomolecules Discovery Group, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Tena, Napo, Ecuador
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
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16
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Shi Y, Ruan H, Xu Y, Zou C. Cholesterol, Eukaryotic Lipid Domains, and an Evolutionary Perspective of Transmembrane Signaling. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2023; 15:a041418. [PMID: 37604587 PMCID: PMC10626259 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Transmembrane signaling is essential for complex life forms. Communication across a bilayer lipid barrier is elaborately organized to convey precision and to fine-tune strength. Looking back, the steps that it has taken to enable this seemingly mundane errand are breathtaking, and with our survivorship bias, Darwinian. While this review is to discuss eukaryotic membranes in biological functions for coherence and theoretical footing, we are obliged to follow the evolution of the biological membrane through time. Such a visit is necessary for our hypothesis that constraints posited on cellular functions are mainly via the biomembrane, and relaxation thereof in favor of a coordinating membrane environment is the molecular basis for the development of highly specialized cellular activities, among them transmembrane signaling. We discuss the obligatory paths that have led to eukaryotic membrane formation, its intrinsic ability to signal, and how it set up the platform for later integration of protein-based receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine; Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Hefei Ruan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine; Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yanni Xu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine; Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chunlin Zou
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine; Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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17
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Kobayashi K, Yoshihara A, Kubota-Kawai H. Evolutionary implications from lipids in membrane bilayers and photosynthetic complexes in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. J Biochem 2023; 174:399-408. [PMID: 37500078 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvad058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In biomembranes, lipids form bilayer structures that serve as the fluid matrix for membrane proteins and other hydrophobic compounds. Additionally, lipid molecules associate with membrane proteins and impact their structures and functions. In both cyanobacteria and the chloroplasts of plants and algae, the lipid bilayer of the thylakoid membrane consists of four distinct glycerolipid classes: monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, digalactosyldiacylglycerol, sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol, and phosphatidylglycerol. These lipids are also integral components of photosynthetic complexes such as photosystem II and photosystem I. The lipid-binding sites within the photosystems, as well as the lipid composition in the thylakoid membrane, are highly conserved between cyanobacteria and photosynthetic eukaryotes, and each lipid class has specific roles in oxygenic photosynthesis. This review aims to shed light on the potential evolutionary implications of lipid utilization in membrane lipid bilayers and photosynthetic complexes in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Kobayashi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
- Faculty of Liberal Arts, Science and Global Education, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Akiko Yoshihara
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Hisako Kubota-Kawai
- Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, 1-4-12 Kojirakawa-machi, Yamagata-shi 990-8560, Japan
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18
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Furukawa N, Yang W, Chao A, Patil A, Mirando A, Pandey N, Popel A. Chemokine-derived oncolytic peptide induces immunogenic cancer cell death and significantly suppresses tumor growth. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3335225. [PMID: 37886580 PMCID: PMC10602061 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3335225/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Chemokinostatin-1 (CKS1) is a 24-mer peptide originally discovered as an anti-angiogenic peptide derived from the CXCL1 chemokine. Here, we demonstrate that CKS1 acts not only as an anti-angiogenic peptide but also as an oncolytic peptide due to its structural and physical properties. CKS1 induced both necrotic and apoptotic cell death specifically in cancer cells while showing minimal toxicity in non-cancerous cells. Mechanistically, CKS1 disrupted the cell membrane of cancer cells quickly after treatment and activated the apoptotic pathway at later time points. Furthermore, immunogenic molecules were released from CKS1 treated cells, indicating that CKS1 induces immunogenic cell death. CKS1 effectively suppressed tumor growth in vivo. Collectively, these data demonstrate that CKS1 is a unique peptide that functions both as an anti-angiogenic peptide and as an oncolytic peptide and has a therapeutic potential to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wendy Yang
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Alex Chao
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
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19
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Krok E, Stephan M, Dimova R, Piatkowski L. Tunable biomimetic bacterial membranes from binary and ternary lipid mixtures and their application in antimicrobial testing. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184194. [PMID: 37328023 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2023.184194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The reconstruction of accurate yet simplified mimetic models of cell membranes is a very challenging goal of synthetic biology. To date, most of the research focuses on the development of eukaryotic cell membranes, while reconstitution of their prokaryotic counterparts has not been fully addressed, and the proposed models do not reflect well the complexity of bacterial cell envelopes. Here, we describe the reconstitution of biomimetic bacterial membranes with an increasing level of complexity, developed from binary and ternary lipid mixtures. Giant unilamellar vesicles composed of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE); PC and phosphatidylglycerol (PG); PE and PG; PE, PG and cardiolipin (CA) at varying molar ratios were successfully prepared by the electroformation method. Each of the proposed mimetic models focuses on reproducing specific membrane features such as membrane charge, curvature, leaflets asymmetry, or the presence of phase separation. GUVs were characterized in terms of size distribution, surface charge, and lateral organization. Finally, the developed models were tested against the lipopeptide antibiotic daptomycin. The obtained results showed a clear dependency of daptomycin binding efficiency on the amount of negatively charged lipid species present in the membrane. We anticipate that the models proposed here can be applied not only in antimicrobial testing but also serve as platforms for studying fundamental biological processes in bacteria as well as their interaction with physiologically relevant biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Krok
- Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Institute of Physics, Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland; Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Mareike Stephan
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Rumiana Dimova
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Lukasz Piatkowski
- Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Institute of Physics, Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
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20
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Rudajev V, Novotny J. Cholesterol-dependent amyloid β production: space for multifarious interactions between amyloid precursor protein, secretases, and cholesterol. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:171. [PMID: 37705117 PMCID: PMC10500844 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01127-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β is considered a key player in the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Many studies investigating the effect of statins on lowering cholesterol suggest that there may be a link between cholesterol levels and AD pathology. Since cholesterol is one of the most abundant lipid molecules, especially in brain tissue, it affects most membrane-related processes, including the formation of the most dangerous form of amyloid β, Aβ42. The entire Aβ production system, which includes the amyloid precursor protein (APP), β-secretase, and the complex of γ-secretase, is highly dependent on membrane cholesterol content. Moreover, cholesterol can affect amyloidogenesis in many ways. Cholesterol influences the stability and activity of secretases, but also dictates their partitioning into specific cellular compartments and cholesterol-enriched lipid rafts, where the amyloidogenic machinery is predominantly localized. The most complicated relationships have been found in the interaction between cholesterol and APP, where cholesterol affects not only APP localization but also the precise character of APP dimerization and APP processing by γ-secretase, which is important for the production of Aβ of different lengths. In this review, we describe the intricate web of interdependence between cellular cholesterol levels, cholesterol membrane distribution, and cholesterol-dependent production of Aβ, the major player in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Rudajev
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Novotny
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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21
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Povilaitis SC, Webb LJ. Leaflet-Dependent Effect of Anionic Lipids on Membrane Insertion by Cationic Cell-Penetrating Peptides. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:5841-5849. [PMID: 37339513 PMCID: PMC10478718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Cationic membrane-permeating peptides can cross membranes unassisted by transmembrane protein machinery, and there is consensus that anionic lipids facilitate this process. Although membranes are asymmetric in lipid composition, investigations of the impact of anionic lipids on peptide-membrane insertion in model vesicles primarily use symmetric anionic lipid distributions between bilayer leaflets. Here, we investigate the leaflet-specific influence of three anionic lipid headgroups [phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylserine (PS), and phosphatidylglycerol (PG)] on insertion into model membranes by three cationic membrane-permeating peptides (NAF-144-67, R6W3, and WWWK). We report that outer leaflet anionic lipids enhanced peptide-membrane insertion for all peptides while inner leaflet anionic lipids did not have a significant effect except in the case of NAF-144-67 incubated with PA-containing vesicles. The insertion enhancement was headgroup-dependent for arginine-containing peptides but not WWWK. These results provide significant new insight into the potential role of membrane asymmetry in insertion of peptides into model membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney C Povilaitis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Lauren J Webb
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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22
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Lipowsky R, Ghosh R, Satarifard V, Sreekumari A, Zamaletdinov M, Różycki B, Miettinen M, Grafmüller A. Leaflet Tensions Control the Spatio-Temporal Remodeling of Lipid Bilayers and Nanovesicles. Biomolecules 2023; 13:926. [PMID: 37371505 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological and biomimetic membranes are based on lipid bilayers, which consist of two monolayers or leaflets. To avoid bilayer edges, which form when the hydrophobic core of such a bilayer is exposed to the surrounding aqueous solution, a single bilayer closes up into a unilamellar vesicle, thereby separating an interior from an exterior aqueous compartment. Synthetic nanovesicles with a size below 100 nanometers, traditionally called small unilamellar vesicles, have emerged as potent platforms for the delivery of drugs and vaccines. Cellular nanovesicles of a similar size are released from almost every type of living cell. The nanovesicle morphology has been studied by electron microscopy methods but these methods are limited to a single snapshot of each vesicle. Here, we review recent results of molecular dynamics simulations, by which one can monitor and elucidate the spatio-temporal remodeling of individual bilayers and nanovesicles. We emphasize the new concept of leaflet tensions, which control the bilayers' stability and instability, the transition rates of lipid flip-flops between the two leaflets, the shape transformations of nanovesicles, the engulfment and endocytosis of condensate droplets and rigid nanoparticles, as well as nanovesicle adhesion and fusion. To actually compute the leaflet tensions, one has to determine the bilayer's midsurface, which represents the average position of the interface between the two leaflets. Two particularly useful methods to determine this midsurface are based on the density profile of the hydrophobic lipid chains and on the molecular volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Lipowsky
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Rikhia Ghosh
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Icahn School of Medicine Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Vahid Satarifard
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Yale Institute for Network Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Aparna Sreekumari
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad 678 623, India
| | - Miftakh Zamaletdinov
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bartosz Różycki
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Aleja Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Markus Miettinen
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Andrea Grafmüller
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
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23
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Filipe HAL, Loura LMS, Moreno MJ. Permeation of a Homologous Series of NBD-Labeled Fatty Amines through Lipid Bilayers: A Molecular Dynamics Study. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:551. [PMID: 37367755 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13060551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Permeation through biomembranes is ubiquitous for drugs to reach their active sites. Asymmetry of the cell plasma membrane (PM) has been described as having an important role in this process. Here we describe the interaction of a homologous series of 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl (NBD)-labeled amphiphiles (NBD-Cn, n = 4 to 16) with lipid bilayers of different compositions (1-palmitoyl, 2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC):cholesterol (1:1) and palmitoylated sphingomyelin (SpM):cholesterol (6:4)), including an asymmetric bilayer. Both unrestrained and umbrella sampling (US) simulations (at varying distances to the bilayer center) were carried out. The free energy profile of NBD-Cn at different depths in the membrane was obtained from the US simulations. The behavior of the amphiphiles during the permeation process was described regarding their orientation, chain elongation, and H-bonding to lipid and water molecules. Permeability coefficients were also calculated for the different amphiphiles of the series, using the inhomogeneous solubility-diffusion model (ISDM). Quantitative agreement with values obtained from kinetic modeling of the permeation process could not be obtained. However, for the longer, and more hydrophobic amphiphiles, the variation trend along the homologous series was qualitatively better matched by the ISDM when the equilibrium location of each amphiphile was taken as reference (ΔG = 0), compared to the usual choice of bulk water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo A L Filipe
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS), University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- CPIRN-IPG-Center of Potential and Innovation of Natural Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
| | - Luís M S Loura
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS), University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria João Moreno
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, Institute of Molecular Sciences (CQC-IMS), University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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24
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Gardea-Gutiérrez D, Núñez-García E, Oseguera-Guerra BE, Román-Aguirre M, Montes-Fonseca SL. Asymmetric Lipid Vesicles: Techniques, Applications, and Future Perspectives as an Innovative Drug Delivery System. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:777. [PMID: 37375725 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel lipid-based nanosystems have been of interest in improving conventional drug release methods. Liposomes are the most studied nanostructures, consisting of lipid bilayers ideal for drug delivery, thanks to their resemblance to the cell plasma membrane. Asymmetric liposomes are vesicles with different lipids in their inner and outer layers; because of this, they can be configured to be compatible with the therapeutic drug while achieving biocompatibility and stability. Throughout this review, topics such as the applications, advantages, and synthesis techniques of asymmetric liposomes will be discussed. Further, an in silico analysis by computational tools will be examined as a helpful tool for designing and understanding asymmetric liposome mechanisms in pharmaceutical applications. The dual-engineered design of asymmetric liposomes makes them an ideal alternative for transdermal drug delivery because of the improved protection of pharmaceuticals without lowering adsorption rates and system biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisse Gardea-Gutiérrez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Av. H. Colegio Militar 4700, Nombre de Dios, Chihuahua 31300, Chih, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Núñez-García
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Av. H. Colegio Militar 4700, Nombre de Dios, Chihuahua 31300, Chih, Mexico
| | - Berenice E Oseguera-Guerra
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Av. H. Colegio Militar 4700, Nombre de Dios, Chihuahua 31300, Chih, Mexico
| | - Manuel Román-Aguirre
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados CIMAV, Av. Miguel de Cervantes 120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31136, Chih, Mexico
| | - Silvia L Montes-Fonseca
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Av. H. Colegio Militar 4700, Nombre de Dios, Chihuahua 31300, Chih, Mexico
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25
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Atp8a1 deletion increases the proliferative activity of hematopoietic stem cells by impairing PTEN function. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2023:10.1007/s13402-023-00797-7. [PMID: 36930333 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-023-00797-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The eukaryotic cell plasma membrane contains several asymmetrically distributed phospholipids, which is maintained by the P4-ATPase flippase complex. Herein, we demonstrated the biological effects and mechanisms of asymmetrical loss in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). METHODS An Atp8a1 knockout mouse model was employed, from which the HSC (long-term HSCs and short-term HSCs) population was analyzed to assess their abundance and function. Additionally, competitive bone marrow transplantation and 5-FU stress assays were performed. RNA sequencing was performed on Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells, and DNA damage was assayed using immunofluorescence staining and comet electrophoresis. The protein abundance for members of key signaling pathways was confirmed using western blotting. RESULTS Atp8a1 deletion resulted in slight hyperleukocytosis, associated with the high proliferation of HSCs and BCR/ABL1 transformed leukemia stem cells (LSCs). Atp8a1 deletion increased the repopulation capability of HSCs with a competitive advantage in reconstitution assay. HSCs without Atp8a1 were more sensitive to 5-FU-induced apoptosis. Moreover, Atp8a1 deletion prevented HSC DNA damage and facilitated DNA repair processes. Genes involved in PI3K-AKT-mTORC1, DNA repair, and AP-1 complex signaling were enriched and elevated in HSCs with Atp8a1 deletion. Furthermore, Atp8a1 deletion caused decreased PTEN protein levels, resulting in the activation of PI3K-AKT-mTORC1 signaling, further increasing the activity of JNK/AP-1 signaling and YAP1 phosphorylation. CONCLUSION We identified the role of Atp8a1 on hematopoiesis and HSCs. Atp8a1 deletion resulted in the loss of phosphatidylserine asymmetry and intracellular signal transduction chaos.
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Numagami Y, Hoshino F, Murakami C, Ebina M, Sakane F. Distinct regions of Praja-1 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase selectively bind to docosahexaenoic acid-containing phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol kinase δ. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2023; 1868:159265. [PMID: 36528254 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
1-Stearoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl (18:0/22:6)-phosphatidic acid (PA) interacts with and activates Praja-1 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase (full length: 615 aa) to ubiquitinate and degrade the serotonin transporter (SERT). SERT modulates serotonergic system activity and is a therapeutic target for depression, autism, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) δ2 (full length: 1214 aa) interacts with Praja-1 in addition to SERT and generates 18:0/22:6-PA, which binds and activates Praja-1. In the present study, we investigated the interaction of Praja-1 with 18:0/22:6-PA and DGKδ2 in more detail. We first found that the N-terminal one-third region (aa 1-224) of Praja-1 bound to 18:0/22:6-PA and that Lys141 in the region was critical for binding to 18:0/22:6-PA. In contrast, the C-terminal catalytic domain of Praja-1 (aa 446-615) interacted with DGKδ2. Additionally, the N-terminal half of the catalytic domain (aa 309-466) of DGKδ2 intensely bound to Praja-1. Moreover, the N-terminal region containing the pleckstrin homology and C1 domains (aa 1-308) and the C-terminal half of the catalytic domain (aa 762-939) of DGKδ2 weakly associated with Praja-1. Taken together, these results reveal new functions of the N-terminal (aa 1-224) and C-terminal (aa 446-615) regions of Praja-1 and the N-terminal half of the catalytic region (aa 309-466) of DGKδ2 as regulatory domains. Moreover, it is likely that the DGKδ2-Praja-1-SERT heterotrimer proximally arranges the 18:0/22:6-PA-producing catalytic domain of DGKδ2, the 18:0/22:6-PA-binding regulatory domain of Praja-1, the ubiquitin-protein ligase catalytic domain of Praja-1 and the ubiquitination acceptor site-containing SERT C-terminal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Numagami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Fumi Hoshino
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Chiaki Murakami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan; Institute for Advanced Academic Research, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ebina
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Fumio Sakane
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
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Krompers M, Heerklotz H. A Guide to Your Desired Lipid-Asymmetric Vesicles. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:267. [PMID: 36984654 PMCID: PMC10054703 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13030267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Liposomes are prevalent model systems for studies on biological membranes. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to models also representing the lipid asymmetry of biological membranes. Here, we review in-vitro methods that have been established to prepare free-floating vesicles containing different compositions of the classic two-chain glycero- or sphingolipids in their outer and inner leaflet. In total, 72 reports are listed and assigned to four general strategies that are (A) enzymatic conversion of outer leaflet lipids, (B) re-sorting of lipids between leaflets, (C) assembly from different monolayers and (D) exchange of outer leaflet lipids. To guide the reader through this broad field of available techniques, we attempt to draw a road map that leads to the lipid-asymmetric vesicles that suit a given purpose. Of each method, we discuss advantages and limitations. In addition, various verification strategies of asymmetry as well as the role of cholesterol are briefly discussed. The ability to specifically induce lipid asymmetry in model membranes offers insights into the biological functions of asymmetry and may also benefit the technical applications of liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Krompers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Heiko Heerklotz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
- Signalling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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Yachida N, Hoshino F, Murakami C, Ebina M, Miura Y, Sakane F. Saturated fatty acid- and/or monounsaturated fatty acid-containing phosphatidic acids selectively interact with heat shock protein 27. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:103019. [PMID: 36791913 PMCID: PMC10023972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.103019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) α, which is a key enzyme in the progression of cancer and, in contrast, in T-cell activity attenuation, preferentially produces saturated fatty acid (SFA)- and/or monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)-containing phosphatidic acids (PAs), such as 16:0/16:0-, 16:0/18:0-, and 16:1/16:1-PA, in melanoma cells. In the present study, we searched for the target proteins of 16:0/16:0-PA in melanoma cells and identified heat shock protein (HSP) 27, which acts as a molecular chaperone and contributes to cancer progression. HSP27 more strongly interacted with PA than other phospholipids, including phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol 4-monophosphate, and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. Moreover, HSP27 is more preferentially bound to SFA- and/or MUFA-containing PAs, including 16:0/16:0- and 16:0/18:1-PAs, than PUFA-containing PAs, including 18:0/20:4- and 18:0/22:6-PA. Furthermore, HSP27 and constitutively active DGKα expressed in COS-7 cells colocalized in a DGK activity-dependent manner. Notably, 16:0/16:0-PA, but not phosphatidylcholine or 16:0/16:0-phosphatidylserine, induced oligomer dissociation of HSP27, which enhances its chaperone activity. Intriguingly, HSP27 protein was barely detectable in Jurkat T cells, while the protein band was intensely detected in AKI melanoma cells. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that SFA- and/or MUFA-containing PAs produced by DGKα selectively target HSP27 and regulate its cancer-progressive function in melanoma cells but not in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Yachida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Fumi Hoshino
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Chiaki Murakami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan; Institute for Advanced Academic Research, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ebina
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuri Miura
- Research Team for Mechanism of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumio Sakane
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan.
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Vikulina A, Wulf A, Guday G, Fakhrullin R, Volodkin D. A lipid membrane supported on an artificial extracellular matrix made of polyelectrolyte multilayers: towards nanoarchitectonics at the cellular interface. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:2197-2205. [PMID: 36633359 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05186a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To implement a specific function, cells recognize multiple physical and chemical cues and exhibit molecular responses at their interfaces - the boundary regions between the cell lipid-based membrane and the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). Mimicking the cellular external microenvironment presents a big challenge in nanoarchitectonics due to the complexity of the ECM and lipid membrane fragility. This study reports an approach for the assembly of a lipid bilayer, mimicking the cellular membrane, placed on top of a polyelectrolyte multilayer cushion made of hyaluronic acid and poly-L-lysine - a nanostructured biomaterial, which represents a 3D artificial ECM. Model proteins, lysozyme and α-lactalbumin, (which have similar molecular masses but carry opposite net charges) have been employed as soluble signalling molecules to probe their interaction with these hybrids. The formation of a lipid bilayer and the intermolecular interactions in the hybrid structure are monitored using a quartz crystal microbalance and confocal fluorescence microscopy. Electrostatic interactions between poly-L-lysine and the externally added proteins govern the transport of proteins into the hybrid. Designed ECM-cell mimicking hybrids open up new avenues for modelling a broad range of cell membranes and ECM and their associated phenomena, which can be used as a tool for synthetic biology and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vikulina
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (Fraunhofer IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Bavarian Polymer Institute, Dr.-Mack-Straße 77, 90762 Fürth, Germany
| | - Alena Wulf
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (Fraunhofer IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Guy Guday
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (Fraunhofer IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Rawil Fakhrullin
- Kazan Federal University, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kreml uramı 18, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, 420008, Russian Federation.
| | - Dmitry Volodkin
- Nottingham Trent University, School of Science and Technology, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK.
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Oliveira IS, Silva SG, do Vale ML, Marques EF. Model Catanionic Vesicles from Biomimetic Serine-Based Surfactants: Effect of the Combination of Chain Lengths on Vesicle Properties and Vesicle-to-Micelle Transition. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:178. [PMID: 36837681 PMCID: PMC9966114 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13020178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Mixtures of cationic and anionic surfactants often originate bilayer structures, such as vesicles and lamellar liquid crystals, that can be explored as model membranes for fundamental studies or as drug and gene nanocarriers. Here, we investigated the aggregation properties of two catanionic mixtures containing biomimetic surfactants derived from serine. The mixtures are designated as 12Ser/8-8Ser and 14Ser/10-10Ser, where mSer is a cationic, single-chained surfactant and n-nSer is an anionic, double-chained one (m and n being the C atoms in the alkyl chains). Our goal was to investigate the effects of total chain length and chain length asymmetry of the catanionic pair on the formation of catanionic vesicles, the vesicle properties and the vesicle/micelle transitions. Ocular observations, surface tension measurements, video-enhanced light microscopy, cryogenic scanning electron microscopy, dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering were used to monitor the self-assembly process and the aggregate properties. Catanionic vesicles were indeed found in both systems for molar fractions of cationic surfactant ≥0.40, always possessing positive zeta potentials (ζ = +35-50 mV), even for equimolar sample compositions. Furthermore, the 14Ser/10-10Ser vesicles were only found as single aggregates (i.e., without coexisting micelles) in a very narrow compositional range and as a bimodal population (average diameters of 80 and 300 nm). In contrast, the 12Ser/8-8Ser vesicles were found for a wider sample compositional range and as unimodal or bimodal populations, depending on the mixing ratio. The aggregate size, pH and zeta potential of the mixtures were further investigated. The unimodal 12Ser/8-8Ser vesicles (<DH> ≈ 250 nm, pH ≈ 7-8, ζ ≈ +32 mV and a cationic/anionic molar ratio of ≈2:1) are particularly promising for application as drug/gene nanocarriers. Both chain length asymmetry and total length play a key role in the aggregation features of the two systems. Molecular insights are provided by the main findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel S. Oliveira
- CIQUP, IMS (Institute of Molecular Sciences), Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra G. Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Luísa do Vale
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo F. Marques
- CIQUP, IMS (Institute of Molecular Sciences), Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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31
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Johansen NT, Tidemand FG, Pedersen MC, Arleth L. Travel light: Essential packing for membrane proteins with an active lifestyle. Biochimie 2023; 205:3-26. [PMID: 35963461 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We review the considerable progress during the recent decade in the endeavours of designing, optimising, and utilising carrier particle systems for structural and functional studies of membrane proteins in near-native environments. New and improved systems are constantly emerging, novel studies push the perceived limits of a given carrier system, and specific carrier systems consolidate and entrench themselves as the system of choice for particular classes of target membrane protein systems. This review covers the most frequently used carrier systems for such studies and emphasises similarities and differences between these systems as well as current trends and future directions for the field. Particular interest is devoted to the biophysical properties and membrane mimicking ability of each system and the manner in which this may impact an embedded membrane protein and an eventual structural or functional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Tidemand Johansen
- Section for Transport Biology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark.
| | - Frederik Grønbæk Tidemand
- Section for Transport Biology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
| | - Martin Cramer Pedersen
- Condensed Matter Physics, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen E, 2100, Denmark
| | - Lise Arleth
- Condensed Matter Physics, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen E, 2100, Denmark
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32
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Al Badri YN, Chaw CS, Elkordy AA. Insights into Asymmetric Liposomes as a Potential Intervention for Drug Delivery Including Pulmonary Nanotherapeutics. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010294. [PMID: 36678922 PMCID: PMC9867527 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Liposome-based drug delivery systems are nanosized spherical lipid bilayer carriers that can encapsulate a broad range of small drug molecules (hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs) and large drug molecules (peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids). They have unique characteristics, such as a self-assembling bilayer vesicular structure. There are several FDA-approved liposomal-based medicines for treatment of cancer, bacterial, and viral infections. Most of the FDA-approved liposomal-based therapies are in the form of conventional "symmetric" liposomes and they are administered mainly by injection. Arikace® is the first and only FDA-approved liposomal-based inhalable therapy (amikacin liposome inhalation suspension) to treat only adults with difficult-to-treat Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) lung disease as a combinational antibacterial treatment. To date, no "asymmetric liposomes" are yet to be approved, although asymmetric liposomes have many advantages due to the asymmetric distribution of lipids through the liposome's membrane (which is similar to the biological membranes). There are many challenges for the formulation and stability of asymmetric liposomes. This review will focus on asymmetric liposomes in contrast to conventional liposomes as a potential clinical intervention drug delivery system as well as the formulation techniques available for symmetric and asymmetric liposomes. The review aims to renew the research in liposomal nanovesicle delivery systems with particular emphasis on asymmetric liposomes as future potential carriers for enhancing drug delivery including pulmonary nanotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amal Ali Elkordy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)-1915152576; Fax: +44-(0)-1915153405
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33
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Assembly methods for asymmetric lipid and polymer-lipid vesicles. Emerg Top Life Sci 2022; 6:609-617. [PMID: 36533596 DOI: 10.1042/etls20220055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric unilamellar vesicles are aqueous bodies surrounded by two dissimilar leaflets made from lipids, polymers, or both. They are great models for cell membranes and attractive vehicles in potential biomedicine applications. Despite their promise, asymmetric unilamellar vesicles are not widely studied or adopted in applications. This is largely due to the complexity in generating asymmetric membranes. Recent technical advances in microfluidics have opened doors to high throughput fabrication of asymmetric unilamellar vesicles. In this review, we focus on microfluidic methods for generating asymmetric lipid vesicles, with two dissimilar lipid leaflets, and asymmetric lipid-polymer vesicles, with one lipid leaflet and one polymer leaflet. We also review a few standard non-microfluidic methods for generating asymmetric vesicles. We hope to highlight the improved capability in obtaining asymmetric vesicles through a variety of methods and encourage the wider scientific community to adopt some of these for their own work.
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Linh NH, Man VH, Li MS, Wang J, Derreumaux P, Mai TL, Nguyen PH. Molecular dynamics simulation of cancer cell membrane perforated by shockwave induced bubble collapse. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:225102. [PMID: 36546791 DOI: 10.1063/5.0105675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been widely accepted that cancer cells are softer than their normal counterparts. This motivates us to propose, as a proof-of-concept, a method for the efficient delivery of therapeutic agents into cancer cells, while normal cells are less affected. The basic idea of this method is to use a water jet generated by the collapse of the bubble under shockwaves to perforate pores in the cell membrane. Given a combination of shockwave and bubble parameters, the cancer membrane is more susceptible to bending, stretching, and perforating than the normal membrane because the bending modulus of the cancer cell membrane is smaller than that of the normal cell membrane. Therefore, the therapeutic agent delivery into cancer cells is easier than in normal cells. Adopting two well-studied models of the normal and cancer membranes, we perform shockwave induced bubble collapse molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the difference in the response of two membranes over a range of shockwave impulse 15-30 mPa s and bubble diameter 4-10 nm. The simulation shows that the presence of bubbles is essential for generating a water jet, which is required for perforation; otherwise, pores are not formed. Given a set of shockwave impulse and bubble parameters, the pore area in the cancer membrane is always larger than that in the normal membrane. However, a too strong shockwave and/or too large bubble results in too fast disruption of membranes, and pore areas are similar between two membrane types. The pore closure time in the cancer membrane is slower than that in the normal membrane. The implications of our results for applications in real cells are discussed in some details. Our simulation may be useful for encouraging future experimental work on novel approaches for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Hoang Linh
- Institute for Computational Science and Technology, SBI Building, Quang Trung Software City, Tan Chanh Hiep Ward, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Viet Hoang Man
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Mai Suan Li
- Institute for Computational Science and Technology, SBI Building, Quang Trung Software City, Tan Chanh Hiep Ward, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Junmei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | | | - Thi Ly Mai
- CNRS, Université Paris Cité, UPR 9080, Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Fondation Edmond de Rothschild, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Phuong H Nguyen
- CNRS, Université Paris Cité, UPR 9080, Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Fondation Edmond de Rothschild, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
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35
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Biophysical quantification of unitary solute and solvent permeabilities to enable translation to membrane science. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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36
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Cheng KH, Graf A, Lewis A, Pham T, Acharya A. Exploring Membrane Binding Targets of Disordered Human Tau Aggregates on Lipid Rafts Using Multiscale Molecular Dynamics Simulations. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12111098. [PMID: 36363654 PMCID: PMC9695534 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The self-aggregation of tau, a microtubule-binding protein, has been linked to the onset of Alzheimer's Disease. Recent studies indicate that the disordered tau aggregates, or oligomers, are more toxic than the ordered fibrils found in the intracellular neurofibrillary tangles of tau. At present, details of tau oligomer interactions with lipid rafts, a model of neuronal membranes, are not known. Using molecular dynamics simulations, the lipid-binding events, membrane-damage, and protein folding of tau oligomers on various lipid raft surfaces were investigated. Tau oligomers preferred to bind to the boundary domains (Lod) created by the coexisting liquid-ordered (Lo) and liquid-disordered (Ld) domains in the lipid rafts. Additionally, stronger binding of tau oligomers to the ganglioside (GM1) and phosphatidylserine (PS) domains, and subsequent protein-induced lipid chain order disruption and beta-sheet formation were detected. Our results suggest that GM1 and PS domains, located exclusively in the outer and inner leaflets, respectively, of the neuronal membranes, are specific membrane domain targets, whereas the Lod domains are non-specific targets, of tau oligomers binding to neurons. The molecular details of these specific and non-specific tau bindings to lipid rafts may provide new insights into understanding membrane-associated tauopathies leading to Alzheimer's Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan H. Cheng
- Neuroscience Department, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA
- Physics Department, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA
| | - Angela Graf
- Physics Department, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA
| | - Amber Lewis
- Neuroscience Department, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA
| | - Thuong Pham
- Physics Department, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA
| | - Aakriti Acharya
- Physics Department, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX 78212, USA
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Li S, Ren R, Lyu L, Song J, Wang Y, Lin TW, Brun AL, Hsu HY, Shen HH. Solid and Liquid Surface-Supported Bacterial Membrane Mimetics as a Platform for the Functional and Structural Studies of Antimicrobials. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12100906. [PMID: 36295664 PMCID: PMC9609327 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12100906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Increasing antibiotic resistance has provoked the urgent need to investigate the interactions of antimicrobials with bacterial membranes. The reasons for emerging antibiotic resistance and innovations in novel therapeutic approaches are highly relevant to the mechanistic interactions between antibiotics and membranes. Due to the dynamic nature, complex compositions, and small sizes of native bacterial membranes, bacterial membrane mimetics have been developed to allow for the in vitro examination of structures, properties, dynamics, and interactions. In this review, three types of model membranes are discussed: monolayers, supported lipid bilayers, and supported asymmetric bilayers; this review highlights their advantages and constraints. From monolayers to asymmetric bilayers, biomimetic bacterial membranes replicate various properties of real bacterial membranes. The typical synthetic methods for fabricating each model membrane are introduced. Depending on the properties of lipids and their biological relevance, various lipid compositions have been used to mimic bacterial membranes. For example, mixtures of phosphatidylethanolamines (PE), phosphatidylglycerols (PG), and cardiolipins (CL) at various molar ratios have been used, approaching actual lipid compositions of Gram-positive bacterial membranes and inner membranes of Gram-negative bacteria. Asymmetric lipid bilayers can be fabricated on solid supports to emulate Gram-negative bacterial outer membranes. To probe the properties of the model bacterial membranes and interactions with antimicrobials, three common characterization techniques, including quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and neutron reflectometry (NR) are detailed in this review article. Finally, we provide examples showing that the combination of bacterial membrane models and characterization techniques is capable of providing crucial information in the design of new antimicrobials that combat bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ruohua Ren
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Letian Lyu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jiangning Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Yajun Wang
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Tsung-Wu Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, No. 1727, Sec. 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Xitun District, Taichung 40704, Taiwan
| | - Anton Le Brun
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia
| | - Hsien-Yi Hsu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hsin-Hui Shen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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London E. Ordered Domain (Raft) Formation in Asymmetric Vesicles and Its Induction upon Loss of Lipid Asymmetry in Artificial and Natural Membranes. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:870. [PMID: 36135889 PMCID: PMC9503047 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12090870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lipid asymmetry, the difference in the lipid composition in the inner and outer lipid monolayers (leaflets) of a membrane, is an important feature of eukaryotic plasma membranes. Investigation of the biophysical consequences of lipid asymmetry has been aided by advances in the ability to prepare artificial asymmetric membranes, especially by use of cyclodextrin-catalyzed lipid exchange. This review summarizes recent studies with artificial asymmetric membranes which have identified conditions in which asymmetry can induce or suppress the ability of membranes to form ordered domains (rafts). A consequence of the latter effect is that, under some conditions, a loss of asymmetry can induce ordered domain formation. An analogous study in plasma membrane vesicles has demonstrated that asymmetry can also suppress domain formation in natural membranes. Thus, it is possible that a loss of asymmetry can induce domain formation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin London
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
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39
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Wei T, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Cholesterol Distribution in Small Unilamellar Vesicles. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:7135-7142. [PMID: 36074983 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c01785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The plasma membrane has heterogeneity, where the constituents are not only asymmetrically distributed between the inner leaflet and the outer leaflet but also laterally organized within each leaflet. There is still an ongoing controversy over the cholesterol distribution between the two leaflets, and it is also significant to explore the lateral flow and localization of cholesterol. The unilamellar vesicle is extensively employed as a simplified model of the plasma membrane in research studies. In this work, we study the spontaneous spatial distribution of cholesterol in the small unilamellar vesicles with a single type of phospholipid as the bilayer backbone through coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. The results show that in a spherical vesicle under ambient pressure, cholesterol is more abundant in the inner leaflet than in the outer leaflet. As the vesicle is deformed under pressurization, the net lateral flow of cholesterol in the two leaflets is in the exactly opposite directions, finally leading to a distribution strongly associated with the monolayer curvature. One of the possible explanations for our results is from the point of view of curvature elastic energy. Another possibility is from the point of view of stress: according to the correlation between the cholesterol distribution and the tail angles of lipids, it is suggested that the possible governing mechanism for the distribution of cholesterol in a membrane is to alleviate the mismatch of stress between the two leaflets. Additionally, we obtain the effect of cholesterol infiltration on the bending modulus and the spontaneous curvature of the vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanlin Wei
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Hoshino F, Nakayama M, Furuta M, Murakami C, Kato A, Sakane F. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate-specific phospholipase C β1 selectively binds dipalmitoyl and distearoyl phosphatidic acids via Lys946 and Lys951. Lipids 2022; 57:289-302. [PMID: 36054018 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC) β1 hydrolyzes 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl (18:0/20:4)-phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) 4,5-bisphosphate to produce diacylglycerol, which is converted to phosphatidic acid (PtdOH), in the PtdIns cycle and plays pivotal roles in intracellular signal transduction. The present study identified PLCβ1 as a PtdOH-binding protein using PtdOH-containing liposomes. Moreover, the comparison of the binding of PLCβ1 to various PtdOH species, including 14:0/14:0-PtdOH, 16:0/16:0-PtdOH, 16:0/18:1-PtdOH, 18:0/18:1-PtdOH, 18:0/18:0-PtdOH, 18:1/18:1-PtdOH, 18:0/20:4-PtdOH, and 18:0/22:6-PtdOH, indicated that the interaction of PLCβ1 with 16:0/16:0-PtdOH was the strongest. The PLCβ1-binding activity of 18:0/18:0-PtdOH was almost the same as the binding activity of 16:0/16:0-PtdOH. Furthermore, the binding of PLCβ1 to 16:0/16:0-PtdOH was substantially stronger than 16:0/16:0-phosphatidylserine, 16:0/16:0/16:0/16:0-cardiolipin, 16:0/16:0-PtdIns, and 18:0/20:4-PtdIns. We revealed that a PLCβ1 mutant whose Lys946 and Lys951 residues were replaced with Glu (PLCβ1-KE) did not interact with 16:0/16:0-PtdOH and failed to localize to the plasma membrane in Neuro-2a cells. Retinoic acid-dependent increase in neurite length and numbers was significantly inhibited in PLCβ1-expressing cells; however, this considerable attenuation was not detected in the cells expressing PLCβ1-KE. Overall, these results strongly suggest that PtdOHs containing only saturated fatty acids, including 16:0/16:0-PtdOH, which are not derived from the PtdIns cycle, selectively bind to PLCβ1 and regulate its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumi Hoshino
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Maika Nakayama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masataka Furuta
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Chiaki Murakami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Institute for Advanced Academic Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ayumu Kato
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Fumio Sakane
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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41
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Ramalho MJ, Andrade S, Loureiro JA, Pereira MC. Interaction of Bortezomib with Cell Membranes Regulates Its Toxicity and Resistance to Therapy. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12090823. [PMID: 36135842 PMCID: PMC9500884 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12090823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Bortezomib (BTZ) is a potent proteasome inhibitor currently being used to treat multiple myeloma. However, its high toxicity and resistance to therapy severely limit the treatment outcomes. Drug-membrane interactions have a crucial role in drugs' behavior in vivo, affecting their bioavailability and pharmacological activity. Additionally, drugs' toxicity often occurs due to their effects on the cell membranes. Therefore, studying BTZ's interactions with cell membranes may explain the limitations of its therapy. Due to the cell membranes' complexity, lipid vesicles were proposed here as biomembrane models, focusing on the membrane's main constituents. Two models with distinct composition and complexity were used, one composed of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) and the other containing DMPC, cholesterol (Chol), and sphingomyelin (SM). BTZ's interactions with the models were evaluated regarding the drugs' lipophilicity, preferential location, and effects on the membrane's physical state. The studies were conducted at different pH values (7.4 and 6.5) to mimic the normal blood circulation and the intestinal environment, respectively. BTZ revealed a high affinity for the membranes, which proved to be dependent on the drug-ionization state and the membrane complexity. Furthermore, BTZ's interactions with the cell membranes was proven to induce changes in the membrane fluidity. This may be associated with its resistance to therapy, since the activity of efflux transmembrane proteins is dependent on the membrane's fluidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Ramalho
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (M.J.R.); (M.C.P.); Tel.: +351-22-508-2262 (M.J.R.); +351-22-508-1590 (M.C.P.)
| | - Stéphanie Andrade
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Angélica Loureiro
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Carmo Pereira
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (M.J.R.); (M.C.P.); Tel.: +351-22-508-2262 (M.J.R.); +351-22-508-1590 (M.C.P.)
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Sreekumari A, Lipowsky R. Large stress asymmetries of lipid bilayers and nanovesicles generate lipid flip-flops and bilayer instabilities. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:6066-6078. [PMID: 35929498 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00618a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Much effort has been devoted to lipid bilayers and nanovesicles with a compositional asymmetry between the two leaflets of the bilayer membranes. Here, we address another fundamental asymmetry related to lipid densities and membrane tensions. To avoid membrane rupture, the osmotic conditions must be adjusted in such a way that the bilayer membranes are subject to a relatively low bilayer tension. However, even for vanishing bilayer tension, the individual leaflets can still experience significant leaflet tensions if one leaflet is stretched whereas the other leaflet is compressed. Such a stress asymmetry between the two leaflets can be directly controlled in molecular dynamics simulations by the initial assembly of the lipid bilayers. This stress asymmetry is varied here over a wide range to determine the stability and instability regimes of the asymmetric bilayers. The stability regime shrinks with decreasing size and increasing membrane curvature of the nanovesicle. In the instability regimes, the lipids undergo stress-induced flip-flops with a flip-flop rate that increases with increasing stress asymmetry. The onset of flip-flops can be characterized by a cumulative distribution function that is well-fitted by an exponential function for planar bilayers but has a sigmoidal shape for nanovesicles. In addition, the bilayer membranes form transient non-bilayer structures that relax back towards ordered bilayers with a reduced stress asymmetry. Our study reveals intrinsic limits for the possible magnitude of the transbilayer stress asymmetry and shows that the leaflet tensions represent key parameters for the flip-flop rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Sreekumari
- Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Reinhard Lipowsky
- Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany.
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43
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Joodaki F, Martin LM, Greenfield ML. Generation and Computational Characterization of a Complex Staphylococcus aureus Lipid Bilayer. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:9481-9499. [PMID: 35901279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Studies indicate a crucial cell membrane role in the antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus. To simulate its membrane structure and dynamics, a complex molecular-scale computational representation of the S. aureus lipid bilayer was developed. Phospholipid types and their amounts were optimized by reverse Monte Carlo to represent characterization data from the literature, leading to 19 different phospholipid types that combine three headgroups [phosphatidylglycerol, lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol (LPG), and cardiolipin] and 10 tails, including iso- and anteiso-branched saturated chains. The averaged lipid bilayer thickness was 36.7 Å, and area per headgroup was 67.8 Å2. Phosphorus and nitrogen density profiles showed that LPG headgroups tended to be bent and oriented more parallel to the bilayer plane. The water density profile showed that small amounts reached the membrane center. Carbon density profiles indicated hydrophobic interactions for all lipids in the middle of the bilayer. Bond vector order parameters along each tail demonstrated different C-H ordering even within distinct lipids of the same type; however, all tails followed similar trends in average order parameter. These complex simulations further revealed bilayer insights beyond those attainable with monodisperse, unbranched lipids. Longer tails often extended into the opposite leaflet. Carbon at and beyond a branch showed significantly decreased ordering compared to carbon in unbranched tails; this feature arose in every branched lipid. Diverse tail lengths distributed these disordered methyl groups throughout the middle third of the bilayer. Distributions in mobility and ordering reveal diverse properties that cannot be obtained with monodisperse lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faramarz Joodaki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, 360 Fascitelli Center for Advanced Engineering, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Lenore M Martin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Michael L Greenfield
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, 360 Fascitelli Center for Advanced Engineering, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
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44
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Kurakin S, Ivankov O, Skoi V, Kuklin A, Uhríková D, Kučerka N. Cations Do Not Alter the Membrane Structure of POPC—A Lipid With an Intermediate Area. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:926591. [PMID: 35898308 PMCID: PMC9312375 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.926591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and densitometric measurements, we have studied the interactions of the divalent cations Ca2+ and Mg2+ with the lipid vesicles prepared of a mixed-chain palmitoyl-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (POPC) at 25°C. The structural parameters of the POPC bilayer, such as the bilayer thickness, lateral area, and volume per lipid, displayed no changes upon the ion addition at concentrations up to 30 mM and minor changes at > 30 mM Ca2+ and Mg2+, while some decrease in the vesicle radius was observed over the entire concentration range studied. This examination allows us to validate the concept of lipid–ion interactions governed by the area per lipid suggested previously and to propose the mixed mode of those interactions that emerge in the POPC vesicles. We speculate that the average area per POPC lipid that corresponds to the cutoff length of lipid–ion interactions generates an equal but opposite impact on ion bridges and separate lipid–ion pairs. As a result of the dynamic equilibrium, the overall structural properties of bilayers are not affected. As the molecular mechanism proposed is affected by the structural properties of a particular lipid, it might help us to understand the fundamentals of processes occurring in complex multicomponent membrane systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Kurakin
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia
- Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Oleksandr Ivankov
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia
| | - Vadim Skoi
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudnyi, Russia
| | - Alexander Kuklin
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudnyi, Russia
| | - Daniela Uhríková
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Norbert Kučerka
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- *Correspondence: Norbert Kučerka,
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45
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Araya MK, Gorfe AA. Phosphatidylserine and Phosphatidylethanolamine Asymmetry Have a Negligible Effect on the Global Structure, Dynamics, and Interactions of the KRAS Lipid Anchor. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:4491-4500. [PMID: 35687481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c01253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsically disordered C-terminus of the prominent oncogenic protein KRAS-4B (KRAS) selectively interacts and clusters with phosphatidylserine (PS) lipids in the plasma membrane (PM). This 11-residue segment, called tK, contains a polybasic domain (PBD) of six contiguous lysine residues and a farnesylated cysteine. Previous molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies of tK in phosphatidylcholine (PC)/PS bilayers have suggested that backbone conformational dynamics modulate tK-PS interactions. These simulations have been conducted in symmetric membranes whereas the PM is compositionally asymmetric, with the inner leaflet, where KRAS is localized, being enriched with PS and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) lipids. To examine if bilayer asymmetry affects tK conformational dynamics and interaction with lipids, we conducted two 10 μs long MD simulations of tK bound to a PC/PS and a PC/PS/PE bilayer in which the PS and PE lipids are distributed in one leaflet. We found that, first, these compositional asymmetries caused differences in acyl chain dynamics between leaflets, but the equilibrium structural and dynamic properties of the two asymmetric bilayers are similar; second, in both systems tK is highly dynamic and samples at least two distinct conformational states; third, PS-tK hydrogen-bonding interactions vary with peptide backbone conformations, and lysine side chains in the PBD predominantly interact with the serine oxygens of PS. These results are in good agreement with previous observations of tK in symmetric membranes. The effects of POPS asymmetry or the presence of POPE on tK are limited to modulating the relative contribution of individual side chains to interactions with lipids and redistributing conformational substates. Additional observations include the larger flexibility of tK in the current simulations, which we attribute to the longer duration of the simulations and the use of the CHARMM36m force field, which more accurately models intrinsically disordered peptides such as tK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mussie K Araya
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Alemayehu A Gorfe
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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46
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Sule K, Prenner EJ. Lipid headgroup and side chain architecture determine manganese-induced dose dependent membrane rigidification and liposome size increase. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL : EBJ 2022; 51:205-223. [PMID: 35166865 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-022-01589-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Metal ion-membrane interactions have gained appreciable attention over the years resulting in increasing investigations into the mode of action of toxic and essential metals. More work has focused on essential ions like Ca or Mg and toxic metals like Cd and Pb, whereas this study investigates the effects of the abundant essential trace metal manganese with model lipid systems by screening zwitterionic and anionic glycerophospholipids. Despite its essentiality, deleterious impact towards cell survival is known under Mn stress. The fluorescent dyes Laurdan and diphenylhexatriene were used to assess changes in membrane fluidity both in the head group and hydrophobic core region of the membrane, respectively. Mn-rigidified membranes composed of the anionic phospholipids, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin, and phosphatidylserine. Strong binding resulted in large shifts of the phase transition temperature. The increase was in the order phosphatidylserine > phosphatidylglycerol > cardiolipin, and in all cases, saturated analogues > mono-unsaturated forms. Dynamic light scattering measurements revealed that Mn caused extensive aggregation of liposomes composed of saturated analogues of phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine, whilst the mono-unsaturated analogue had significant membrane swelling. Increased membrane rigidity may interfere with permeability of ions and small molecules, possibly disrupting cellular homeostasis. Moreover, liposome size changes could indicate fusion, which could also be detrimental to cellular transport. Overall, this study provided further understanding into the effects of Mn with biomembranes, whereby the altered membrane properties are consequential to the proper structural and signalling functions of membrane lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Sule
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Elmar J Prenner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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47
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Nguyen HL, Man VH, Li MS, Derreumaux P, Wang J, Nguyen PH. Elastic moduli of normal and cancer cell membranes revealed by molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:6225-6237. [PMID: 35229839 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04836h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that there are mechanical differences between normal cells and cancer cells. Because the cell membrane takes part in a variety of vital processes, we test the hypothesis of whether or not two fundamental alterations in the cell membrane, i.e., the overexpression of phosphatidylserine lipids in the outer leaflet and a reduction in cholesterol concentration, could cause the softening in cancer cells. Adopting ten models of normal and cancer cell membranes, we carry out 1 μs all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to compare the structural properties and elasticity properties of two membrane types. We find that the overexpression of the phosphatidylserine lipids in the outer leaflet does not significantly alter the area per lipid, the membrane thickness, the lipid order parameters and the elasticity moduli of the cancer membranes. However, a reduction in the cholesterol concentration leads to clear changes in those quantities, especially decreases in the bending, tilt and twist moduli. This implies that the reduction of cholesterol concentration in the cancer membranes could contribute to the softening of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Linh Nguyen
- Institute for Computational Science and Technology, SBI Building, Quang Trung Software City, Tan Chanh Hiep Ward, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Viet Hoang Man
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Mai Suan Li
- Institute for Computational Science and Technology, SBI Building, Quang Trung Software City, Tan Chanh Hiep Ward, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Philippe Derreumaux
- CNRS, Université de Paris, UPR9080, Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, Paris, France
| | - Junmei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Phuong H Nguyen
- CNRS, Université de Paris, UPR9080, Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, Paris, France.,Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Fondation Edmond de Rothschild, PSL Research University, Paris, France.
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48
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Kawaguchi K, Ito S, Saito H, Nagao H. Molecular dynamics study of lipid bilayer asymmetry induced by ion concentration gradient and electronic polarizability. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2022.2025798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazutomo Kawaguchi
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Ito
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Saito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hidemi Nagao
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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49
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Hsieh MK, Yu Y, Klauda JB. All-Atom Modeling of Complex Cellular Membranes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:3-17. [PMID: 34962814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell membranes are composed of a variety of lipids and proteins where they interact with each other to fulfill their roles. The first step in modeling these interactions in molecular simulations is to have reliable mimetics of the membrane's lipid environment. This Feature Article presents our recent efforts to model complex cellular membranes using all-atom force fields. A short review of the CHARMM36 (C36) lipid force field and its recent update to incorporate the long-range dispersion is presented. Key examples of model membranes mimicking various species and organelles are given. These include single-celled organisms such as bacteria (E. coli., chlamydia, and P. aeruginosa) and yeast (plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, and trans-Golgi network) and more advanced ones such as plants (soybean and Arabidopsis thaliana) and mammals (ocular lens, stratum corneum, and peripheral nerve myelin). Leaflet asymmetry in composition has also been applied to some of these models. With the increased lipid diversity in the C36 lipid FF, these complex models can better reflect the structural, mechanical, and dynamic properties of realistic membranes and open an opportunity to study biological processes involving other molecules.
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Nguyen MHL, DiPasquale M, Castillo SR, Marquardt D. Time-Resolved SANS to Measure Monomer Inter-Bilayer Exchange and Intra-Bilayer Translocation. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2402:151-161. [PMID: 34854043 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1843-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The monomeric exchange kinetics of sub-micron particles provide insight into their stability and dynamism. Traditional techniques used to measure the intra- and inter-particle exchange often require monitoring the transfer of bulky and perturbing fluorescent labels. Time-resolved small angle neutron scattering (TR-SANS) overcomes these flaws by isotope labeling, allowing for the monomeric exchange rate determination of unperturbed, stress-free particles. Here, we describe TR-SANS in detail and novel applications of the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H L Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Mitchell DiPasquale
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Stuart R Castillo
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Drew Marquardt
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada.
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