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Kaur M, Fusco S, Van den Broek B, Aseervatham J, Rostami A, Iacovitti L, Grassi C, Lukomska B, Srivastava AK. Most recent advances and applications of extracellular vesicles in tackling neurological challenges. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:1923-1966. [PMID: 38500405 DOI: 10.1002/med.22035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, there has been a notable increase in the global burden of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Despite advances in technology and therapeutic options, neurological and neurodegenerative disorders persist as significant challenges in treatment and cure. Recently, there has been a remarkable surge of interest in extracellular vesicles (EVs) as pivotal mediators of intercellular communication. As carriers of molecular cargo, EVs demonstrate the ability to traverse the blood-brain barrier, enabling bidirectional communication. As a result, they have garnered attention as potential biomarkers and therapeutic agents, whether in their natural form or after being engineered for use in the CNS. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive introduction to EVs, encompassing various aspects such as their diverse isolation methods, characterization, handling, storage, and different routes for EV administration. Additionally, it underscores the recent advances in their potential applications in neurodegenerative disorder therapeutics. By exploring their unique capabilities, this study sheds light on the promising future of EVs in clinical research. It considers the inherent challenges and limitations of these emerging applications while incorporating the most recent updates in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Kaur
- Department of Medicine, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Salvatore Fusco
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Bram Van den Broek
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jaya Aseervatham
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Abdolmohamad Rostami
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lorraine Iacovitti
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Jefferson Stem Cell and Regenerative Neuroscience Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Claudio Grassi
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Lukomska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Amit K Srivastava
- Department of Medicine, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Augello G, Cusimano A, Cervello M, Cusimano A. Extracellular Vesicle-Related Non-Coding RNAs in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An Overview. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1415. [PMID: 38611093 PMCID: PMC11011022 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16071415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer. It is a major public health problem worldwide, and it is often diagnosed at advanced stages, when no effective treatment options are available. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized double-layer lipid vesicles containing various biomolecule cargoes, such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. EVs are released from nearly all types of cells and have been shown to play an important role in cell-to-cell communication. In recent years, many studies have investigated the role of EVs in cancer, including HCC. Emerging studies have shown that EVs play primary roles in the development and progression of cancer, modulating tumor growth and metastasis formation. Moreover, it has been observed that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) carried by tumor cell-derived EVs promote tumorigenesis, regulating the tumor microenvironment (TME) and playing critical roles in the progression, angiogenesis, metastasis, immune escape, and drug resistance of HCC. EV-related ncRNAs can provide information regarding disease status, thus encompassing a role as biomarkers. In this review, we discuss the main roles of ncRNAs present in HCC-derived EVs, including micro(mi) RNAs, long non-coding (lnc) RNAs, and circular (circ) RNAs, and their potential clinical value as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppa Augello
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy; (A.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Alessandra Cusimano
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy; (A.C.); (M.C.)
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Melchiorre Cervello
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy; (A.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Antonella Cusimano
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy; (A.C.); (M.C.)
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Gradisteanu Pircalabioru G, Musat M, Elian V, Iliescu C. Liquid Biopsy: A Game Changer for Type 2 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2661. [PMID: 38473908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
As the burden of type 2 diabetes (T2D) continues to escalate globally, there is a growing need for novel, less-invasive biomarkers capable of early diabetes detection and monitoring of disease progression. Liquid biopsy, recognized for its minimally invasive nature, is increasingly being applied beyond oncology, and nevertheless shows its potential when the collection of the tissue biopsy is not possible. This diagnostic approach involves utilizing liquid biopsy markers such as cell-free nucleic acids, extracellular vesicles, and diverse metabolites for the molecular diagnosis of T2D and its related complications. In this context, we thoroughly examine recent developments in T2D liquid biopsy research. Additionally, we discuss the primary challenges and future prospects of employing liquid biopsy in the management of T2D. Prognosis, diagnosis and monitoring of T2D through liquid biopsy could be a game-changing technique for personalized diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gratiela Gradisteanu Pircalabioru
- eBio-Hub Research-Center, National University of Science and Technology "Politehnica" Bucharest, 6 Iuliu Maniu Bulevard, Campus Building, 061344 Bucharest, Romania
- Research Institute of University of Bucharest, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 3 Ilfov Str., 050094 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Madalina Musat
- eBio-Hub Research-Center, National University of Science and Technology "Politehnica" Bucharest, 6 Iuliu Maniu Bulevard, Campus Building, 061344 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Endocrinology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Endocrinology, C.I. Parhon National Institute of Endocrinology, 011683 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Viviana Elian
- Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 5-7 Ion Movila Street, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Prof. Dr. N. C. Paulescu National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ciprian Iliescu
- eBio-Hub Research-Center, National University of Science and Technology "Politehnica" Bucharest, 6 Iuliu Maniu Bulevard, Campus Building, 061344 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 3 Ilfov Str., 050094 Bucharest, Romania
- National Research and Development Institute in Microtechnologies-IMT Bucharest, 126A Erou Iancu Nicolae Street, 077190 Voluntari, Romania
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4
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Maqsood Q, Sumrin A, Saleem Y, Wajid A, Mahnoor M. Exosomes in Cancer: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications. Clin Med Insights Oncol 2024; 18:11795549231215966. [PMID: 38249520 PMCID: PMC10799603 DOI: 10.1177/11795549231215966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles called exosomes are produced by cells and contain a range of biomolecules, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Exosomes have been implicated in the development and spread of cancer, and recent studies have shown that their contents may be exploited as biomarkers for early detection and ongoing surveillance of the disease. In this review article, we summarize the current knowledge on exosomes as biomarkers of cancer. We discuss the various methods used for exosome isolation and characterization, as well as the different types of biomolecules found within exosomes that are relevant for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. We also highlight recent studies that have demonstrated the utility of exosomal biomarkers in different types of cancer, such as lung cancer, breast cancer, and pancreatic cancer. Overall, exosomes show great promise as noninvasive biomarkers for cancer detection and monitoring. Exosomes have the ability to transform cancer diagnostic and therapeutic paradigms, providing promise for more efficient and individualized. This review seeks to serve as an inspiration for new ideas and research in the never-ending fight against cancer. Moreover, further studies are needed to validate their clinical utility and establish standardized protocols for their isolation and analysis. With continued research and development, exosomal biomarkers have the potential to revolutionize cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quratulain Maqsood
- Department of Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aleena Sumrin
- Department of Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Yasar Saleem
- Department of Food and Biotechnology Research Centre, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Laboratories Complex Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Wajid
- Department of Biotechnology, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Muhammada Mahnoor
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
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Mojtaba Mousavi S, Alireza Hashemi S, Yari Kalashgrani M, Rahmanian V, Riazi M, Omidifar N, Hamed Althomali R, Rahman MM, Chiang WH, Gholami A. Recent Progress in Prompt Molecular Detection of Exosomes Using CRISPR/Cas and Microfluidic-Assisted Approaches Toward Smart Cancer Diagnosis and Analysis. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202300359. [PMID: 37916531 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are essential indicators of molecular mechanisms involved in interacting with cancer cells and the tumor environment. As nanostructures based on lipids and nucleic acids, exosomes provide a communication pathway for information transfer by transporting biomolecules from the target cell to other cells. Importantly, these extracellular vesicles are released into the bloodstream by the most invasive cells, i. e., cancer cells; in this way, they could be considered a promising specific biomarker for cancer diagnosis. In this matter, CRISPR-Cas systems and microfluidic approaches could be considered practical tools for cancer diagnosis and understanding cancer biology. CRISPR-Cas systems, as a genome editing approach, provide a way to inactivate or even remove a target gene from the cell without affecting intracellular mechanisms. These practical systems provide vital information about the factors involved in cancer development that could lead to more effective cancer treatment. Meanwhile, microfluidic approaches can also significantly benefit cancer research due to their proper sensitivity, high throughput, low material consumption, low cost, and advanced spatial and temporal control. Thereby, employing CRISPR-Cas- and microfluidics-based approaches toward exosome monitoring could be considered a valuable source of information for cancer therapy and diagnosis. This review assesses the recent progress in these promising diagnosis approaches toward accurate cancer therapy and in-depth study of cancer cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City, 106335, Taiwan
| | - Seyyed Alireza Hashemi
- Health Policy Research Center, Health Institute, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Vahid Rahmanian
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, Lodz, 90-363, Poland
| | - Mohsen Riazi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, 71468-64685, Iran
| | - Navid Omidifar
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Mohammed M Rahman
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR) & Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wei-Hung Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City, 106335, Taiwan
| | - Ahmad Gholami
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, 71468-64685, Iran
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Wu W, He J. Unveiling the functional paradigm of exosome-derived long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in cancer: based on a narrative review and systematic review. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:15219-15247. [PMID: 37578522 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05273-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The intricate mechanisms underlying intercellular communication within the tumor microenvironment remain largely elusive. Recently, attention has shifted towards exploring the intercellular signaling mediated by exosomal long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) within this context. This comprehensive systematic review aims to elucidate the functional paradigm of exosome-derived lncRNAs in cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS The review provides a comprehensive narrative of lncRNA definition, characteristics, as well as the formation, sorting, and uptake processes of exosome-derived lncRNAs. Additionally, it describes comprehensive technology for exosome research and nucleic acid drug loading. This review further systematically examines the cellular origins, functional roles, and underlying mechanisms of exosome-derived lncRNAs in recipient cells within the cancer setting. RESULTS The functional paradigm of exosome-derived lncRNAs in cancer mainly depends on the source cells and sorting mechanism of exosomal lncRNAs, the recipient cells and uptake mechanisms of exosomal lncRNAs, and the specific molecular mechanisms of lncRNAs in recipient cells. The source cells of exosomal lncRNAs mainly involved in the current review included tumor cells, cancer stem cells, normal cells, macrophages, and cancer-associated fibroblasts. CONCLUSION This synthesis of knowledge offers valuable insights for accurately identifying exosomal lncRNAs with potential as tumor biomarkers. Moreover, it aids in the selection of appropriate targeting strategies and preclinical models, thereby facilitating the clinical translation of exosomal lncRNAs as promising therapeutic targets against cancer. Through a comprehensive understanding of the functional role of exosome-derived lncRNAs in cancer, this review paves the way for advancements in personalized medicine and improved treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhan Wu
- Department of General Surgery (Gastrointestinal Surgery), The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - Jia He
- Faculty Affairs and Human Resources Management Department, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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7
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Beniwal SS, Lamo P, Kaushik A, Lorenzo-Villegas DL, Liu Y, MohanaSundaram A. Current Status and Emerging Trends in Colorectal Cancer Screening and Diagnostics. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:926. [PMID: 37887119 PMCID: PMC10605407 DOI: 10.3390/bios13100926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a prevalent and potentially fatal disease categorized based on its high incidences and mortality rates, which raised the need for effective diagnostic strategies for the early detection and management of CRC. While there are several conventional cancer diagnostics available, they have certain limitations that hinder their effectiveness. Significant research efforts are currently being dedicated to elucidating novel methodologies that aim at comprehending the intricate molecular mechanism that underlies CRC. Recently, microfluidic diagnostics have emerged as a pivotal solution, offering non-invasive approaches to real-time monitoring of disease progression and treatment response. Microfluidic devices enable the integration of multiple sample preparation steps into a single platform, which speeds up processing and improves sensitivity. Such advancements in diagnostic technologies hold immense promise for revolutionizing the field of CRC diagnosis and enabling efficient detection and monitoring strategies. This article elucidates several of the latest developments in microfluidic technology for CRC diagnostics. In addition to the advancements in microfluidic technology for CRC diagnostics, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) holds great promise for further enhancing diagnostic capabilities. Advancements in microfluidic systems and AI-driven approaches can revolutionize colorectal cancer diagnostics, offering accurate, efficient, and personalized strategies to improve patient outcomes and transform cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula Lamo
- Escuela Superior de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- NanoBioTech Laboratory, Department of Environmental Engineering, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, FL 33805, USA
| | | | - Yuguang Liu
- Departments of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Immunology and Surgery, Microbiome Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Nag S, Bhattacharya B, Dutta S, Mandal D, Mukherjee S, Anand K, Eswaramoorthy R, Thorat N, Jha SK, Gorai S. Clinical Theranostics Trademark of Exosome in Glioblastoma Metastasis. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:5205-5221. [PMID: 37578350 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive type of cancer that has led to the death of a large population. The traditional approach fails to develop a solution for GBM's suffering life. Extensive research into tumor microenvironments (TME) indicates that TME extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a vital role in cancer development and progression. EVs are classified into microvacuoles, apoptotic bodies, and exosomes. Exosomes are the most highlighted domains in cancer research. GBM cell-derived exosomes participate in multiple cancer progression events such as immune suppression, angiogenesis, premetastatic niche formation (PMN), ECM (extracellular matrix), EMT (epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition), metastasis, cancer stem cell development and therapeutic and drug resistance. GBM exosomes also carry the signature of a glioblastoma-related status. The exosome-based GBM examination is part of the new generation of liquid biopsy. It also solved early diagnostic limitations in GBM. Traditional therapeutic approaches do not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Exosomes are a game changer in GBM treatment and it is emerging as a potential platform for effective, efficient, and specific therapeutic development. In this review, we have explored the exosome-GBM interlink, the clinical impact of exosomes on GBM biomarkers, the therapeutics signature of exosomes in GBM, exosome-based research challenges, and future directions in GBM. Therefore, the GBM-derived exosomes offer unique therapeutic opportunities, which are currently under preclinical and clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagnik Nag
- Department of Biosciences, School of Biosciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Bikramjit Bhattacharya
- Department of Applied Microbiology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
| | - Swagata Dutta
- Department of Agricultural and food Engineering, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Debashmita Mandal
- Department of Biotechnology, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Haringhata, Nadia, West Bengal 741249, India
| | - Sayantanee Mukherjee
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Krishnan Anand
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Rajalakshmanan Eswaramoorthy
- Department of Biomaterials, Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha institute of Medical and Technical sciences (SIMATS) Chennai 600077, India
| | - Nanasaheb Thorat
- Limerick Digital Cancer Research Centre and Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Co. Limerick, Limerick V94T9PX, Ireland
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Knowledge Park-III, Institutional Area, Greater Noida 201310, India
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied and Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Sukhamoy Gorai
- Rush University Medical Center, 1620 W Harrison Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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Li J, Zhang Y, Dong PY, Yang GM, Gurunathan S. A comprehensive review on the composition, biogenesis, purification, and multifunctional role of exosome as delivery vehicles for cancer therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115087. [PMID: 37392659 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
All forms of life produce nanosized extracellular vesicles called exosomes, which are enclosed in lipid bilayer membranes. Exosomes engage in cell-to-cell communication and participate in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Exosomes function via their bioactive components, which are delivered to target cells in the form of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Exosomes function as drug delivery vehicles due to their unique properties of innate stability, low immunogenicity, biocompatibility, biodistribution, accumulation in desired tissues, low toxicity in normal tissues, and the stimulation of anti-cancer immune responses, and penetration capacity into distance organs. Exosomes mediate cellular communications by delivering various bioactive molecules including oncogenes, oncomiRs, proteins, specific DNA, messenger RNA (mRNA), microRNA (miRNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), and circular RNA (circRNA). These bioactive substances can be transferred to change the transcriptome of target cells and influence tumor-related signaling pathways. After considering all of the available literature, in this review we discuss the biogenesis, composition, production, and purification of exosomes. We briefly review exosome isolation and purification techniques. We explore great-length exosomes as a mechanism for delivering a variety of substances, including proteins, nucleic acids, small chemicals, and chemotherapeutic drugs. We also talk about the benefits and drawbacks of exosomes. This review concludes with a discussion future perspective and challenges. We hope that this review will provide us a better understanding of the current state of nanomedicine and exosome applications in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Pei-Yu Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Guo-Ming Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Sangiliyandi Gurunathan
- Department of Biotechnology, Rathinam College of Arts and Science, Pollachi Road, Eachanari, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641021, India.
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Sancho-Albero M, Martín-Pardillos A, Irusta S, Sebastián V, Cebolla VL, Pazo-Cid R, Martín-Duque P, Santamaría J. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) Analysis of Nitrogen Environment in Small Extracellular Vesicle Membranes: A Potential Novel Technique with Application for Cancer Screening. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092479. [PMID: 37173946 PMCID: PMC10177571 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicle (EV) membranes display characteristic protein-lipidic composition features that are related to their cell of origin, providing valuable clues regarding their parental cell composition and real-time state. This could be especially interesting in the case of cancer cell-derived EVs, as their membranes could serve as valuable tools in liquid biopsy applications and to detect changes in the tumor malignancy. X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) is a powerful surface analysis technique able to detect every chemical element present, being also sensitive to their chemical environment. Here we explore the use of XPS as a fast technique to characterize EV membrane composition, with possible application in cancer research. Notably, we have focused on the nitrogen environment as an indicator of the relative abundance of pyridine-type bonding, primary, secondary and tertiary amines. Specifically, we have analyzed how tumoral and healthy cells have different nitrogen chemical environments that can indicate the presence or absence of malignancy. In addition, a collection of human serum samples from cancer patients and healthy donors was also analyzed. The differential XPS analysis of EVs collected from patients confirmed that the patterns of amine evolution could be related to markers of cancer disease, opening the possibility of their use as a non-invasive blood biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Sancho-Albero
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technologies, University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana Martín-Pardillos
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technologies, University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Silvia Irusta
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technologies, University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Sebastián
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technologies, University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Miscroscopia Avanzadas, University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Roberto Pazo-Cid
- Medical Oncology Service, Miguel Servet Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Martín-Duque
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Fundación Aragonesa para la Investigación y el Desarrollo (ARAID), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jesús Santamaría
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technologies, University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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11
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Jang YO, Ahn HS, Dao TNT, Hong J, Shin W, Lim YM, Chung SJ, Lee JH, Liu H, Koo B, Kim MG, Kim K, Lee EJ, Shin Y. Magnetic transferrin nanoparticles (MTNs) assay as a novel isolation approach for exosomal biomarkers in neurological diseases. Biomater Res 2023; 27:12. [PMID: 36797805 PMCID: PMC9936675 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-023-00353-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain-derived exosomes released into the blood are considered a liquid biopsy to investigate the pathophysiological state, reflecting the aberrant heterogeneous pathways of pathological progression of the brain in neurological diseases. Brain-derived blood exosomes provide promising prospects for the diagnosis of neurological diseases, with exciting possibilities for the early and sensitive diagnosis of such diseases. However, the capability of traditional exosome isolation assays to specifically isolate blood exosomes and to characterize the brain-derived blood exosomal proteins by high-throughput proteomics for clinical specimens from patients with neurological diseases cannot be assured. We report a magnetic transferrin nanoparticles (MTNs) assay, which combined transferrin and magnetic nanoparticles to isolate brain-derived blood exosomes from clinical samples. METHODS The principle of the MTNs assay is a ligand-receptor interaction through transferrin on MTNs and transferrin receptor on exosomes, and electrostatic interaction via positively charged MTNs and negatively charged exosomes to isolate brain-derived blood exosomes. In addition, the MTNs assay is simple and rapid (< 35 min) and does not require any large instrument. We confirmed that the MTNs assay accurately and efficiently isolated exosomes from serum samples of humans with neurodegenerative diseases, such as dementia, Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Moreover, we isolated exosomes from serum samples of 30 patients with three distinct neurodegenerative diseases and performed unbiased proteomic analysis to explore the pilot value of brain-derived blood protein profiles as biomarkers. RESULTS Using comparative statistical analysis, we found 21 candidate protein biomarkers that were significantly different among three groups of neurodegenerative diseases. CONCLUSION The MTNs assay is a convenient approach for the specific and affordable isolation of extracellular vesicles from body fluids for minimally-invasive diagnosis of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Ok Jang
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sung Ahn
- grid.413967.e0000 0001 0842 2126Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505 Republic of Korea
| | - Thuy Nguyen Thi Dao
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - JeongYeon Hong
- grid.413967.e0000 0001 0842 2126Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505 Republic of Korea ,grid.267370.70000 0004 0533 4667Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505 Republic of Korea
| | - Wangyong Shin
- grid.413967.e0000 0001 0842 2126Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Min Lim
- grid.413967.e0000 0001 0842 2126Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505 Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Ju Chung
- grid.413967.e0000 0001 0842 2126Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Lee
- grid.413967.e0000 0001 0842 2126Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505 Republic of Korea
| | - Huifang Liu
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Bonhan Koo
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Gyu Kim
- grid.15444.300000 0004 0470 5454Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunggon Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun-Jae Lee
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong Shin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Farsani AM, Rahimi F, Taebnia N, Salimi M, Arpanaei A. Tailored design and preparation of magnetic nanocomposite particles for the isolation of exosomes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:155603. [PMID: 36638529 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acb2d2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Here, we prepared a magnetic nanocomposite system composed of a cluster of magnetite nanoparticles coated with silica shell (MSNPs) with an average diameter of 140 ± 20 nm and conjugated with CD9 antibody (AntiCD9) using different strategies including adsorption or chemical conjugation of antibody molecules to either aminated MSNPs (AMSNPs) or carboxylated MSNPs (CMSNPs). Then, MSNPs were employed to isolate exosomes from ultracentrifuge-enriched solution, PC3 cell-culture medium, or exosome-spiked simulated plasma samples. Quantitative tests using nanoparticle-tracking analysis confirmed antibody-covalently conjugated MSNPs, i.e. the AntiCD9-AMSNPs and AntiCD9-CMSNPs enabled >90% recovery of exosomes. Additionally, the exosomes isolated with AntiCD9-CMSNPs showed higher recovery efficiency compared to the AntiCD9-AMSNPs. For both nanoadsorbents, lower protein impurities amounts were obtained as compared to that of exosomes isolated by ultracentrifugation and Exocib kit. The mean diameter assessment of the isolated exosomes indicates that particles isolated by using AntiCD9-AMSNPs and AntiCD9-CMSNPs have smaller sizes (136 ± 2.64 nm and 113 ± 11.53 nm, respectively) than those obtained by UC-enriched exosomes (140.9 ± 1.6 nm) and Exocib kit (167 ± 10.53 nm). Such promising results obtained in the isolation of exosomes recommend magnetic nanocomposite as an efficient tool for the simple and fast isolation of exosomes for diagnosis applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Mohammadian Farsani
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), PO Box: 14965/161, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahimi
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), PO Box: 14965/161, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nayere Taebnia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, SE171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mahdieh Salimi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), PO Box: 14965/161, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ayyoob Arpanaei
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), PO Box: 14965/161, Tehran, Iran
- Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
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13
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De Sousa KP, Rossi I, Abdullahi M, Ramirez MI, Stratton D, Inal JM. Isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicles and future directions in diagnosis and therapy. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 15:e1835. [PMID: 35898167 PMCID: PMC10078256 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a unique and heterogeneous class of lipid bilayer nanoparticles secreted by most cells. EVs are regarded as important mediators of intercellular communication in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells due to their ability to transfer proteins, lipids and nucleic acids to recipient cells. In addition to their physiological role, EVs are recognized as modulators in pathological processes such as cancer, infectious diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders, providing new potential targets for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention. For a complete understanding of EVs as a universal cellular biological system and its translational applications, optimal techniques for their isolation and characterization are required. Here, we review recent progress in those techniques, from isolation methods to characterization techniques. With interest in therapeutic applications of EVs growing, we address fundamental points of EV-related cell biology, such as cellular uptake mechanisms and their biodistribution in tissues as well as challenges to their application as drug carriers or biomarkers for less invasive diagnosis or as immunogens. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina P De Sousa
- Bioscience Research Group, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Izadora Rossi
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London, UK.,Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Mahamed Abdullahi
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London, UK
| | - Marcel Ivan Ramirez
- Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Dan Stratton
- Open University, The School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Jameel Malhador Inal
- Bioscience Research Group, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, UK.,School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London, UK
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14
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Williams S, Jalal AR, Lewis MP, Davies OG. A survey to evaluate parameters governing the selection and application of extracellular vesicle isolation methods. J Tissue Eng 2023; 14:20417314231155114. [PMID: 36911574 PMCID: PMC9996742 DOI: 10.1177/20417314231155114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) continue to gain interest across the scientific community for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. As EV applications diversify, it is essential that researchers are aware of challenges, in particular the compatibility of EV isolation methods with downstream applications and their clinical translation. We report outcomes of the first cross-comparison study looking to determine parameters (EV source, starting volume, operator experience, application and implementation parameters such as cost and scalability) governing the selection of popular EV isolation methods across disciplines. Our findings highlighted an increased clinical focus, with 36% of respondents applying EVs in therapeutics and diagnostics. Data indicated preferential selection of ultracentrifugation for therapeutic applications, precipitation reagents in clinical settings and size exclusion chromatography for diagnostic applications utilising biofluids. Method selection was influenced by operator experience, with increased method diversity when EV research was not the respondents primary focus. Application and implementation criteria were indicated to be major influencers in method selection, with UC and SEC chosen for their abilities to process large and small volumes, respectively. Overall, we identified parameters influencing method selection across the breadth of EV science, providing a valuable overview of practical considerations for the effective translation of research outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Williams
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Aveen R Jalal
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Mark P Lewis
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Owen G Davies
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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15
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Sancho-Albero M, Sebastián V. Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles by a Microfluidic Platform to Diagnose and Monitor Pancreatic Cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2679:181-191. [PMID: 37300616 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3271-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that are involved in cell-cell communication. Considering their bioavailability and accessibility in all the body fluids (including the blood, semen, breast milk, saliva, and urine), their use has been proposed as an alternative noninvasive tool for the diagnosis, monitoring, and prognosis of several diseases, including cancer. The isolation of exosomes and their subsequent analysis are emerging as a promising technique in diagnostics and personalized medicine. The most widely employed isolation procedure is differential ultracentrifugation, but this approach is laborious, time-consuming, and expensive and with limited isolation yield. Microfluidic devices are now emerging as novel platforms for exosome isolation, which is a low cost technology and enables high purity and fast treatment of exosome isolation. Our approach describes a microfluidic device that enables inflow capture and separation from whole blood using antibody-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. This device allows isolation of pancreatic cancer-derived exosomes from whole blood without the need of any pretreatment, resulting in a high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Sancho-Albero
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Instituto di Richerche Farmachologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain.
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS-Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Victor Sebastián
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, Madrid, Spain.
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS-Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain.
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16
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A soluble pH-responsive host-guest-based nanosystem for homogeneous exosomes capture with high-efficiency. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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17
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Surface protein profiling of prostate-derived extracellular vesicles by mass spectrometry and proximity assays. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1402. [PMID: 36550367 PMCID: PMC9780212 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04349-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are mediators of intercellular communication and a promising class of biomarkers. Surface proteins of EVs play decisive roles in establishing a connection with recipient cells, and they are putative targets for diagnostic assays. Analysis of the surface proteins can thus both illuminate the biological functions of EVs and help identify potential biomarkers. We developed a strategy combining high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and proximity ligation assays (PLA) to first identify and then validate surface proteins discovered on EVs. We applied our workflow to investigate surface proteins of small EVs found in seminal fluid (SF-sEV). We identified 1,014 surface proteins and verified the presence of a subset of these on the surface of SF-sEVs. Our work demonstrates a general strategy for deep analysis of EVs' surface proteins across patients and pathological conditions, proceeding from unbiased screening by HRMS to ultra-sensitive targeted analyses via PLA.
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18
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Tenchov R, Sasso JM, Wang X, Liaw WS, Chen CA, Zhou QA. Exosomes─Nature's Lipid Nanoparticles, a Rising Star in Drug Delivery and Diagnostics. ACS NANO 2022; 16:17802-17846. [PMID: 36354238 PMCID: PMC9706680 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are a subgroup of nanosized extracellular vesicles enclosed by a lipid bilayer membrane and secreted by most eukaryotic cells. They represent a route of intercellular communication and participate in a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes. The biological roles of exosomes rely on their bioactive cargos, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, which are delivered to target cells. Their distinctive properties─innate stability, low immunogenicity, biocompatibility, and good biomembrane penetration capacity─allow them to function as superior natural nanocarriers for efficient drug delivery. Another notably favorable clinical application of exosomes is in diagnostics. They hold various biomolecules from host cells, which are indicative of pathophysiological conditions; therefore, they are considered vital for biomarker discovery in clinical diagnostics. Here, we use data from the CAS Content Collection and provide a landscape overview of the current state and delineate trends in research advancement on exosome applications in therapeutics and diagnostics across time, geography, composition, cargo loading, and development pipelines. We discuss exosome composition and pathway, from their biogenesis and secretion from host cells to recipient cell uptake. We assess methods for exosome isolation and purification, their clinical applications in therapy and diagnostics, their development pipelines, the exploration goals of the companies, the assortment of diseases they aim to treat, development stages of their research, and publication trends. We hope this review will be useful for understanding the current knowledge in the field of medical applications of exosomes, in an effort to further solve the remaining challenges in fulfilling their potential.
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19
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Jiang Z, Wang H, Mou Y, Li L, Jin W. Functions and clinical applications of exosomes in pancreatic cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:11037-11048. [PMID: 36097109 PMCID: PMC9618535 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07765-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most malignant tumors and has an abysmal prognosis, with a 5-year survival rate of only 11%. At present, the main clinical dilemmas in PC are the lack of biomarkers and the unsatisfactory therapeutic effects. The treatments for and outcomes of PC have improved, but remain unsatisfactory. Exosomes are nanosized extracellular vesicles, and an increasing number of studies have found that exosomes play an essential role in tumor pathology. In this review, we describe the process of exosome biogenesis, as well as exosome extraction methods and identification strategies, and we then explain in detail the roles and mechanisms of exosomes in invasion, metastasis, chemoresistance and immunosuppression in PC. Finally, we summarize the clinical applications of exosomes. Our observations indicate that exosomes represent a novel direction in the clinical treatment of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichen Jiang
- Department of General Surgery,Devision of Gastroenterology and Pancreas, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, 310014, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huiju Wang
- Department of General Surgery,Devision of Gastroenterology and Pancreas, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, 310014, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, 310014, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, 310014, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiping Mou
- Department of General Surgery,Devision of Gastroenterology and Pancreas, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, 310014, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, 310014, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, 310014, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of General Surgery,Devision of Gastroenterology and Pancreas, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, 310014, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, 310014, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, 310014, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiwei Jin
- Department of General Surgery,Devision of Gastroenterology and Pancreas, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, 310014, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, 310014, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, 310014, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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20
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Xu D, Di K, Fan B, Wu J, Gu X, Sun Y, Khan A, Li P, Li Z. MicroRNAs in extracellular vesicles: Sorting mechanisms, diagnostic value, isolation, and detection technology. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:948959. [PMID: 36324901 PMCID: PMC9618890 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.948959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short, single-stranded, noncoding RNAs, with a length of about 18–22 nucleotides. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are derived from cells and play a vital role in the development of diseases and can be used as biomarkers for liquid biopsy, as they are the carriers of miRNA. Existing studies have found that most of the functions of miRNA are mainly realized through intercellular transmission of EVs, which can protect and sort miRNAs. Meanwhile, detection sensitivity and specificity of EV-derived miRNA are higher than those of conventional serum biomarkers. In recent years, EVs have been expected to become a new marker for liquid biopsy. This review summarizes recent progress in several aspects of EVs, including sorting mechanisms, diagnostic value, and technology for isolation of EVs and detection of EV-derived miRNAs. In addition, the study reviews challenges and future research avenues in the field of EVs, providing a basis for the application of EV-derived miRNAs as a disease marker to be used in clinical diagnosis and even for the development of point-of-care testing (POCT) platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Xu
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Kaili Di
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Boyue Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xinrui Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yifan Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Adeel Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education (Southeast University), Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Li
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Peng Li, ; Zhiyang Li,
| | - Zhiyang Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Peng Li, ; Zhiyang Li,
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21
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Khan NA, Asim M, El-Menyar A, Biswas KH, Rizoli S, Al-Thani H. The evolving role of extracellular vesicles (exosomes) as biomarkers in traumatic brain injury: Clinical perspectives and therapeutic implications. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:933434. [PMID: 36275010 PMCID: PMC9584168 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.933434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing effective disease-modifying therapies for neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) requires reliable diagnostic, disease activity, and progression indicators. While desirable, identifying biomarkers for NDs can be difficult because of the complex cytoarchitecture of the brain and the distinct cell subsets seen in different parts of the central nervous system (CNS). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous, cell-derived, membrane-bound vesicles involved in the intercellular communication and transport of cell-specific cargos, such as proteins, Ribonucleic acid (RNA), and lipids. The types of EVs include exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies based on their size and origin of biogenesis. A growing body of evidence suggests that intercellular communication mediated through EVs is responsible for disseminating important proteins implicated in the progression of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and other NDs. Some studies showed that TBI is a risk factor for different NDs. In terms of therapeutic potential, EVs outperform the alternative synthetic drug delivery methods because they can transverse the blood–brain barrier (BBB) without inducing immunogenicity, impacting neuroinflammation, immunological responses, and prolonged bio-distribution. Furthermore, EV production varies across different cell types and represents intracellular processes. Moreover, proteomic markers, which can represent a variety of pathological processes, such as cellular damage or neuroinflammation, have been frequently studied in neurotrauma research. However, proteomic blood-based biomarkers have short half-lives as they are easily susceptible to degradation. EV-based biomarkers for TBI may represent the complex genetic and neurometabolic abnormalities that occur post-TBI. These biomarkers are not caught by proteomics, less susceptible to degradation and hence more reflective of these modifications (cellular damage and neuroinflammation). In the current narrative and comprehensive review, we sought to discuss the contemporary knowledge and better understanding the EV-based research in TBI, and thus its applications in modern medicine. These applications include the utilization of circulating EVs as biomarkers for diagnosis, developments of EV-based therapies, and managing their associated challenges and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naushad Ahmad Khan
- Clinical Research, Trauma Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammad Asim
- Clinical Research, Trauma Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ayman El-Menyar
- Clinical Research, Trauma Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
- *Correspondence: Ayman El-Menyar
| | - Kabir H. Biswas
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sandro Rizoli
- Trauma Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hassan Al-Thani
- Trauma Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
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22
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Cheong JK, Rajgor D, Lv Y, Chung KY, Tang YC, Cheng H. Noncoding RNome as Enabling Biomarkers for Precision Health. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810390. [PMID: 36142304 PMCID: PMC9499633 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), in the form of structural, catalytic or regulatory RNAs, have emerged to be critical effectors of many biological processes. With the advent of new technologies, we have begun to appreciate how intracellular and circulatory ncRNAs elegantly choreograph the regulation of gene expression and protein function(s) in the cell. Armed with this knowledge, the clinical utility of ncRNAs as biomarkers has been recently tested in a wide range of human diseases. In this review, we examine how critical factors govern the success of interrogating ncRNA biomarker expression in liquid biopsies and tissues to enhance our current clinical management of human diseases, particularly in the context of cancer. We also discuss strategies to overcome key challenges that preclude ncRNAs from becoming standard-of-care clinical biomarkers, including sample pre-analytics standardization, data cross-validation with closer attention to discordant findings, as well as correlation with clinical outcomes. Although harnessing multi-modal information from disease-associated noncoding RNome (ncRNome) in biofluids or in tissues using artificial intelligence or machine learning is at the nascent stage, it will undoubtedly fuel the community adoption of precision population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jit Kong Cheong
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Precision Medicine Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore 117597, Singapore
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Correspondence: (J.K.C.); (H.C.)
| | | | - Yang Lv
- Precision Medicine Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | | | | | - He Cheng
- MiRXES Lab, Singapore 138667, Singapore
- Correspondence: (J.K.C.); (H.C.)
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Singh S, Arshid N, Cinti S. Electrochemical nano biosensors for the detection of extracellular vesicles exosomes: From the benchtop to everywhere? Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 216:114635. [PMID: 35988430 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Detection of extracellular vesicles (EVs) exosomes is a challenge to address the need for better diagnostic tests and to create a point-of-care (POC) platform that can detect, monitor and treat health conditions early to allow personalized therapies. A multidisciplinary approach is needed to address these health-related technical issues. Over the past decade, materials scientists and engineers have worked on the same platform to develop flexible, lightweight, miniaturized, and integrated POC devices for exosome detection. Therefore, exosome detection based on various nanomaterials is of particular interest. In this paper, we describe the current state of knowledge on 0D-3D nanostructured materials and present a POC-based technique for exosome detection. Finally, the challenges that need to be solved to expand their clinical application are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Numan Arshid
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Stefano Cinti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy; BAT Center- Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Napoli Federico II, 80055, Naples, Italy.
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Mousavi SM, Amin Mahdian SM, Ebrahimi MS, Taghizadieh M, Vosough M, Sadri Nahand J, Hosseindoost S, Vousooghi N, Javar HA, Larijani B, Hadjighassem MR, Rahimian N, Hamblin MR, Mirzaei H. Microfluidics for detection of exosomes and microRNAs in cancer: State of the art. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 28:758-791. [PMID: 35664698 PMCID: PMC9130092 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles with sizes ranging from 30-150 nanometers that contain proteins, lipids, mRNAs, microRNAs, and double-stranded DNA derived from the cells of origin. Exosomes can be taken up by target cells, acting as a means of cell-to-cell communication. The discovery of these vesicles in body fluids and their participation in cell communication has led to major breakthroughs in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of several conditions (e.g., cancer). However, conventional isolation and evaluation of exosomes and their microRNA content suffers from high cost, lengthy processes, difficult standardization, low purity, and poor yield. The emergence of microfluidics devices with increased efficiency in sieving, trapping, and immunological separation of small volumes could provide improved detection and monitoring of exosomes involved in cancer. Microfluidics techniques hold promise for advances in development of diagnostic and prognostic devices. This review covers ongoing research on microfluidics devices for detection of microRNAs and exosomes as biomarkers and their translation to point-of-care and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mojtaba Mousavi
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Amin Mahdian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saeid Ebrahimi
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghizadieh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Center for Women’s Health Research Zahra, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 1665659911, Iran
| | - Javid Sadri Nahand
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saereh Hosseindoost
- Pain Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Vousooghi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Akbari Javar
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Hadjighassem
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Brain and Spinal Cord Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Rahimian
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Chen H, Bian F, Guo J, Zhao Y. Aptamer-Functionalized Barcodes in Herringbone Microfluidics for Multiple Detection of Exosomes. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2200236. [PMID: 35466594 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes are vital for clinical dynamic and accurate tumor diagnosis, thus developing sensitive and multiple exosomes detection technology has attracted remarkable attention of scientists. Here, a novel herringbone microfluidic device with aptamer-functionalized barcodes integration for specific capture and multiple detection of tumor-derived exosomes is presented. The barcodes with core-shell constructions are obtained by partially replicating the periodically ordered hexagonal close-packaged colloidal crystal beads. As their inverse opal hydrogel shell possesses rich interconnected pores, the barcodes could provide abundant surface area for functionalization of DNA aptamers to realize specific recognition of target exosomes. Besides, the encoded structure colors of the barcodes can be maintained stably during the detection events as their hardish cores are with sufficient mechanical strength. It is demonstrated that by embedding these barcodes in herringbone groove microfluidic device with designed patterns, the specific capture efficiency and synergetic detection of multiple tumor-derived exosomes in peripheral blood can be significantly improved due to enhanced resistance of turbulent flow. These features make the aptamer-functionalized barcodes and herringbone microfluidics integrated platform promising for exosomes extraction and dynamic tumor diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxu Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, China
| | - Feika Bian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, China
| | - Jiahui Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, China
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Microfluidic Platforms for the Isolation and Detection of Exosomes: A Brief Review. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13050730. [PMID: 35630197 PMCID: PMC9147043 DOI: 10.3390/mi13050730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a group of communication organelles enclosed by a phospholipid bilayer, secreted by all types of cells. The size of these vesicles ranges from 30 to 1000 nm, and they contain a myriad of compounds such as RNA, DNA, proteins, and lipids from their origin cells, offering a good source of biomarkers. Exosomes (30 to 100 nm) are a subset of EVs, and their importance in future medicine is beyond any doubt. However, the lack of efficient isolation and detection techniques hinders their practical applications as biomarkers. Versatile and cutting-edge platforms are required to detect and isolate exosomes selectively for further clinical analysis. This review paper focuses on lab-on-chip devices for capturing, detecting, and isolating extracellular vesicles. The first part of the paper discusses the main characteristics of different cell-derived vesicles, EV functions, and their clinical applications. In the second part, various microfluidic platforms suitable for the isolation and detection of exosomes are described, and their performance in terms of yield, sensitivity, and time of analysis is discussed.
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Dao TNT, Kim MG, Koo B, Liu H, Jang YO, Lee HJ, Kim Y, Park Y, Kim HS, Kim C, Shin Y. Chimeric nanocomposites for the rapid and simple isolation of urinary extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12195. [PMID: 35188341 PMCID: PMC8859916 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are promising biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. However, the lack of rapid and sensitive isolation techniques to obtain EVs from clinical samples at a sufficiently high yield limits their practicability. Chimeric nanocomposites of lactoferrin conjugated 2,2-bis(methylol)propionic acid dendrimer-modified magnetic nanoparticles (LF-bis-MPA-MNPs) are fabricated and used for simple and sensitive EV isolation from various biological samples via a combination of electrostatic interaction, physically absorption, and biorecognition between the surfaces of the EVs and the LF-bis-MPA-MNPs. The speed, efficiency, recovery rate, and purity of EV isolation by the LF-bis-MPA-MNPs are superior to those obtained by using established methods. The relative expressions of exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) from isolated EVs in cancerous cell-derived exosomes are verified as significantly higher than those from noncancerous ones. Finally, the chimeric nanocomposites are used to assess urinary exosomal miRNAs from urine specimens from 20 prostate cancer (PCa), 10 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), patients and 10 healthy controls. Significant up-regulation of miR-21 and miR-346 and down-regulation of miR-23a and miR-122-5p occurs in both groups compared to healthy controls. LF-bis-MPA-MNPs provide a rapid, simple, and high yield method for human excreta analysis in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Nguyen Thi Dao
- Department of BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science and BiotechnologyYonsei UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Myoung Gyu Kim
- Department of BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science and BiotechnologyYonsei UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Bonhan Koo
- Department of BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science and BiotechnologyYonsei UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Huifang Liu
- Department of BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science and BiotechnologyYonsei UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ok Jang
- Department of BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science and BiotechnologyYonsei UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyo Joo Lee
- Department of BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science and BiotechnologyYonsei UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Yunlim Kim
- Department of UrologyAsan Medical CenterUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Yun‐Yong Park
- Department of Life ScienceChung‐Ang UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Kim
- INFUSIONTECH38, Heungan‐daero 427 beon‐gilDongan‐guAnyang‐si14059Korea
- Department of Molecular Cell BiologySungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSuwon16419South Korea
| | - Choung‐Soo Kim
- Department of UrologyAsan Medical CenterUniversity of Ulsan College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Yong Shin
- Department of BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science and BiotechnologyYonsei UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
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Chen J, Li P, Zhang T, Xu Z, Huang X, Wang R, Du L. Review on Strategies and Technologies for Exosome Isolation and Purification. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:811971. [PMID: 35071216 PMCID: PMC8766409 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.811971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, a nano-sized subtype of extracellular vesicles secreted from almost all living cells, are capable of transferring cell-specific constituents of the source cell to the recipient cell. Cumulative evidence has revealed exosomes play an irreplaceable role in prognostic, diagnostic, and even therapeutic aspects. A method that can efficiently provide intact and pure exosomes samples is the first step to both exosome-based liquid biopsies and therapeutics. Unfortunately, common exosomal separation techniques suffer from operation complexity, time consumption, large sample volumes and low purity, posing significant challenges for exosomal downstream analysis. Efficient, simple, and affordable methods to isolate exosomes are crucial to carrying out relevant researches. In the last decade, emerging technologies, especially microfluidic chips, have proposed superior strategies for exosome isolation and exhibited fascinating performances. While many excellent reviews have overviewed various methods, a compressive review including updated/improved methods for exosomal isolation is indispensable. Herein, we first overview exosomal properties, biogenesis, contents, and functions. Then, we briefly outline the conventional technologies and discuss the challenges of clinical applications of these technologies. Finally, we review emerging exosomal isolation strategies and large-scale GMP production of engineered exosomes to open up future perspectives of next-generation Exo-devices for cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaci Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Peilong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Taiyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Zhipeng Xu
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaowen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Ruiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Lutao Du
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Singh PK, Patel A, Kaffenes A, Hord C, Kesterson D, Prakash S. Microfluidic Approaches and Methods Enabling Extracellular Vesicle Isolation for Cancer Diagnostics. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:139. [PMID: 35056304 PMCID: PMC8778688 DOI: 10.3390/mi13010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Advances in cancer research over the past half-century have clearly determined the molecular origins of the disease. Central to the use of molecular signatures for continued progress, including rapid, reliable, and early diagnosis is the use of biomarkers. Specifically, extracellular vesicles as biomarker cargo holders have generated significant interest. However, the isolation, purification, and subsequent analysis of these extracellular vesicles remain a challenge. Technological advances driven by microfluidics-enabled devices have made the challenges for isolation of extracellular vesicles an emerging area of research with significant possibilities for use in clinical settings enabling point-of-care diagnostics for cancer. In this article, we present a tutorial review of the existing microfluidic technologies for cancer diagnostics with a focus on extracellular vesicle isolation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premanshu Kumar Singh
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Aarti Patel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Anastasia Kaffenes
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Arts and Sciences and College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Catherine Hord
- Center for Life Sciences Education, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (C.H.); (D.K.)
| | - Delaney Kesterson
- Center for Life Sciences Education, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (C.H.); (D.K.)
| | - Shaurya Prakash
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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30
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Bhattacharya S. The Incredible Potential of Exosomes as Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer. Curr Drug Res Rev 2022; 14:188-202. [PMID: 35490434 DOI: 10.2174/2665998002666220501164429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is common cancer that is one of the leading causes of cancerrelated deaths around the world. The creation of new biomarkers for this disease is an important public health strategy for lowering the disease's mortality rate. According to new research, exosomes may be important sources of biomarkers in CRC. Exosomes are nanometer-sized membrane vesicles (30-200 nm) secreted by normal and cancer cells that transport RNA and proteins between cells and are thought to help with intercellular communication. Exosomes have been linked to CRC initiation and progression, and some differentially expressed RNAs and proteins in exosomes have been identified as potential cancer detection candidates. As a result, studying the relationship between exosomes and CRC may aid in the development of new biomarkers for the disease. This article discusses the importance of exosomes as biomarkers in the diagnosis of CRC, as well as their use in the treatment of CRC metastasis, chemoresistance, and recrudescence. The benefits and drawbacks of using exosomes as tumour markers are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankha Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, NMIM'S School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405, India
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From Exosomes to Circulating Tumor Cells: Using Microfluidics to Detect High Predictive Cancer Biomarkers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1379:369-387. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-04039-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Xie H, Appelt JW, Jenkins RW. Going with the Flow: Modeling the Tumor Microenvironment Using Microfluidic Technology. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13236052. [PMID: 34885161 PMCID: PMC8656483 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13236052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The clinical success of cancer immunotherapy targeting immune checkpoints (e.g., PD-1, CTLA-4) has ushered in a new era of cancer therapeutics aimed at promoting antitumor immunity in hopes of offering durable clinical responses for patients with advanced, metastatic cancer. This success has also reinvigorated interest in developing tumor model systems that recapitulate key features of antitumor immune responses to complement existing in vivo tumor models. Patient-derived tumor models have emerged in recent years to facilitate study of tumor–immune dynamics. Microfluidic technology has enabled development of microphysiologic systems (MPSs) for the evaluation of the tumor microenvironment, which have shown early promise in studying tumor–immune dynamics. Further development of microfluidic-based “tumor-on-a-chip” MPSs to study tumor–immune interactions may overcome several key challenges currently facing tumor immunology. Abstract Recent advances in cancer immunotherapy have led a paradigm shift in the treatment of multiple malignancies with renewed focus on the host immune system and tumor–immune dynamics. However, intrinsic and acquired resistance to immunotherapy limits patient benefits and wider application. Investigations into the mechanisms of response and resistance to immunotherapy have demonstrated key tumor-intrinsic and tumor-extrinsic factors. Studying complex interactions with multiple cell types is necessary to understand the mechanisms of response and resistance to cancer therapies. The lack of model systems that faithfully recapitulate key features of the tumor microenvironment (TME) remains a challenge for cancer researchers. Here, we review recent advances in TME models focusing on the use of microfluidic technology to study and model the TME, including the application of microfluidic technologies to study tumor–immune dynamics and response to cancer therapeutics. We also discuss the limitations of current systems and suggest future directions to utilize this technology to its highest potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Xie
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (H.X.); (J.W.A.)
| | - Jackson W. Appelt
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (H.X.); (J.W.A.)
| | - Russell W. Jenkins
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (H.X.); (J.W.A.)
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +617-726-9372; Fax: +844-542-5959
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Hassanpour Tamrin S, Sanati Nezhad A, Sen A. Label-Free Isolation of Exosomes Using Microfluidic Technologies. ACS NANO 2021; 15:17047-17079. [PMID: 34723478 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c03469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are cell-derived structures packaged with lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. They exist in diverse bodily fluids and are involved in physiological and pathological processes. Although their potential for clinical application as diagnostic and therapeutic tools has been revealed, a huge bottleneck impeding the development of applications in the rapidly burgeoning field of exosome research is an inability to efficiently isolate pure exosomes from other unwanted components present in bodily fluids. To date, several approaches have been proposed and investigated for exosome separation, with the leading candidate being microfluidic technology due to its relative simplicity, cost-effectiveness, precise and fast processing at the microscale, and amenability to automation. Notably, avoiding the need for exosome labeling represents a significant advance in terms of process simplicity, time, and cost as well as protecting the biological activities of exosomes. Despite the exciting progress in microfluidic strategies for exosome isolation and the countless benefits of label-free approaches for clinical applications, current microfluidic platforms for isolation of exosomes are still facing a series of problems and challenges that prevent their use for clinical sample processing. This review focuses on the recent microfluidic platforms developed for label-free isolation of exosomes including those based on sieving, deterministic lateral displacement, field flow, and pinched flow fractionation as well as viscoelastic, acoustic, inertial, electrical, and centrifugal forces. Further, we discuss advantages and disadvantages of these strategies with highlights of current challenges and outlook of label-free microfluidics toward the clinical utility of exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hassanpour Tamrin
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, CCIT 125, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Amir Sanati Nezhad
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, CCIT 125, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- Center for Bioengineering Research and Education, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Arindom Sen
- Pharmaceutical Production Research Facility, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- Center for Bioengineering Research and Education, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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Novel Platform for Regulation of Extracellular Vesicles and Metabolites Secretion from Cells Using a Multi-Linkable Horizontal Co-Culture Plate. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12111431. [PMID: 34832842 PMCID: PMC8623696 DOI: 10.3390/mi12111431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidics is applied in biotechnology research via the creation of microfluidic channels and reaction vessels. Filters are considered to be able to simulate microfluidics. A typical example is the cell culture insert, which comprises two vessels connected by a filter. Cell culture inserts have been used for years to study cell-to-cell communication. These systems generally have a bucket-in-bucket structure and are hereafter referred to as a vertical-type co-culture plate (VTCP). However, VTCPs have several disadvantages, such as the inability to simultaneously observe samples in both containers and the inability of cell-to-cell communication through the filters at high cell densities. In this study, we developed a novel horizontal-type co-culture plate (HTCP) to overcome these disadvantages and confirm its performance. In addition, we clarified the migration characteristics of substances secreted from cells in horizontal co-culture vessels. It is generally assumed that less material is exchanged between the horizontal vessels. However, the extracellular vesicle (EV) transfer was found to be twice as high when using HTCP. Other merits include control of the degree of co-culture via the placement of cells. We believe that this novel HTCP container will facilitate research on cell-to-cell communication in various fields.
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35
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Ishraq Bari SM, Hossain FB, Nestorova GG. Advances in Biosensors Technology for Detection and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:7645. [PMID: 34833721 PMCID: PMC8621354 DOI: 10.3390/s21227645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vehicles (EVs) that encapsulate genomic and proteomic material from the cell of origin that can be used as biomarkers for non-invasive disease diagnostics in point of care settings. The efficient and accurate detection, quantification, and molecular profiling of exosomes are crucial for the accurate identification of disease biomarkers. Conventional isolation methods, while well-established, provide the co-purification of proteins and other types of EVs. Exosome purification, characterization, and OMICS analysis are performed separately, which increases the complexity, duration, and cost of the process. Due to these constraints, the point-of-care and personalized analysis of exosomes are limited in clinical settings. Lab-on-a-chip biosensing has enabled the integration of isolation and characterization processes in a single platform. The presented review discusses recent advancements in biosensing technology for the separation and detection of exosomes. Fluorescent, colorimetric, electrochemical, magnetic, and surface plasmon resonance technologies have been developed for the quantification of exosomes in biological fluids. Size-exclusion filtration, immunoaffinity, electroactive, and acoustic-fluid-based technologies were successfully applied for the on-chip isolation of exosomes. The advancement of biosensing technology for the detection of exosomes provides better sensitivity and a reduced signal-to-noise ratio. The key challenge for the integration of clinical settings remains the lack of capabilities for on-chip genomic and proteomic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Faria Binte Hossain
- Molecular Science and Nanotechnology, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272, USA;
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36
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Briones J, Espulgar W, Koyama S, Takamatsu H, Tamiya E, Saito M. The future of microfluidics in immune checkpoint blockade. Cancer Gene Ther 2021; 28:895-910. [PMID: 33110208 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-00248-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in microfluidic techniques have enabled researchers to study sensitivities to immune checkpoint therapy, to determine patients' response to particular antibody treatment. Utilization of this technology is helpful in antibody discovery and in the design of personalized medicine. A variety of microfluidic approaches can provide several functions in processes such as immunologic, genomic, and/or transcriptomic analysis with the aim of improving the efficacy and coverage of immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). To achieve this requires researchers to overcome the challenges in the current state of the technology. This review looks into the advancements in microfluidic technologies applied to researches on immune checkpoint blockade treatment and its potential shift from proof-of-principle stage to clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Briones
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Wilfred Espulgar
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shohei Koyama
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hyota Takamatsu
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eiichi Tamiya
- AIST PhotoBIO-OIL, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masato Saito
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. .,AIST PhotoBIO-OIL, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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37
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Jayaraman S, Gnanasampanthapandian D, Rajasingh J, Palaniyandi K. Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Potential Therapeutic Roles in Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:723236. [PMID: 34447796 PMCID: PMC8382889 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.723236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to myocardial abnormalities, cardiac ailments are considered to be the major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. According to a recent study, membranous vesicles that are produced naturally, termed as "exosomes", have emerged as the potential candidate in the field of cardiac regenerative medicine. A wide spectrum of stem cells has also been investigated in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Exosomes obtained from the stem cells are found to be cardioprotective and offer great hope in the treatment of CVD. The basic nature of exosomes is to deal with the intracellular delivery of both proteins and nucleic acids. This activity of exosomes helps us to rely on them as the attractive pharmaceutical delivery agents. Most importantly, exosomes derived from microRNAs (miRNAs) hold great promise in assessing the risk of CVD, as they serve as notable biomarkers of the disease. Exosomes are small, less immunogenic, and lack toxicity. These nanovesicles harbor immense potential as a therapeutic entity and would provide fruitful benefits if consequential research were focused on their upbringing and development as a useful diagnostic and therapeutic tool in the field of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraj Jayaraman
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Dhanavathy Gnanasampanthapandian
- Cancer Science Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Johnson Rajasingh
- Department of Bioscience Research & Medicine-Cardiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Kanagaraj Palaniyandi
- Cancer Science Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
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38
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Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: Applications in Regenerative Medicine. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081959. [PMID: 34440728 PMCID: PMC8393426 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicles, produced within multivesicular bodies, that are then released into the extracellular space through a merging of the multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. These vesicles are secreted by almost all cell types to aid in a vast array of cellular functions, including intercellular communication, cell differentiation and proliferation, angiogenesis, stress response, and immune signaling. This ability to contribute to several distinct processes is due to the complexity of exosomes, as they carry a multitude of signaling moieties, including proteins, lipids, cell surface receptors, enzymes, cytokines, transcription factors, and nucleic acids. The favorable biological properties of exosomes including biocompatibility, stability, low toxicity, and proficient exchange of molecular cargos make exosomes prime candidates for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Exploring the functions and molecular payloads of exosomes can facilitate tissue regeneration therapies and provide mechanistic insight into paracrine modulation of cellular activities. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of exosome biogenesis, composition, and isolation methods. We also discuss emerging healing properties of exosomes and exosomal cargos, such as microRNAs, in brain injuries, cardiovascular disease, and COVID-19 amongst others. Overall, this review highlights the burgeoning roles and potential applications of exosomes in regenerative medicine.
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39
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Ćulum NM, Cooper TT, Bell GI, Hess DA, Lagugné-Labarthet F. Characterization of extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stromal cells by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:5013-5024. [PMID: 34137912 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03464-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted by all cells into bodily fluids and play an important role in intercellular communication through the transfer of proteins and RNA. There is evidence that EVs specifically released from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are potent cell-free regenerative agents. However, for MSC EVs to be used in therapeutic practices, there must be a standardized and reproducible method for their characterization. The detection and characterization of EVs are a challenge due to their nanoscale size as well as their molecular heterogeneity. To address this challenge, we have fabricated gold nanohole arrays of varying sizes and shapes by electron beam lithography. These platforms have the dual purpose of trapping single EVs and enhancing their vibrational signature in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). In this paper, we report SERS spectra for MSC EVs derived from pancreatic tissue (Panc-MSC) and bone marrow (BM-MSC). Using principal component analysis (PCA), we determined that the main compositional differences between these two groups are found at 1236, 761, and 1528 cm-1, corresponding to amide III, tryptophan, and an in-plane -C=C- vibration, respectively. We additionally explored several machine learning approaches to distinguish between BM- and Panc-MSC EVs and achieved 89 % accuracy, 89 % sensitivity, and 88 % specificity using logistic regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina M Ćulum
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), University of Western Ontario (Western University), 1151 Richmond St, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Tyler T Cooper
- Robarts Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario (Western University), 1151 Richmond St, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Gillian I Bell
- Robarts Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario (Western University), 1151 Richmond St, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - David A Hess
- Robarts Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario (Western University), 1151 Richmond St, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - François Lagugné-Labarthet
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR), University of Western Ontario (Western University), 1151 Richmond St, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada.
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40
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Alzhrani GN, Alanazi ST, Alsharif SY, Albalawi AM, Alsharif AA, Abdel-Maksoud MS, Elsherbiny N. Exosomes: Isolation, characterization, and biomedical applications. Cell Biol Int 2021; 45:1807-1831. [PMID: 33913604 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized bioactive vesicles of 30-150 nm in diameter. They are secreted by exocytosis of nearly all type of cells in to the extracellular fluid. Thereby, they can be found in many biological fluids. Exosomes regulate intracellular communication between cells via delivery of their cargo which include lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid. Many desirable features of exosomes made them promising candidates in several therapeutic applications. In this review, we discuss the use of exosomes as diagnostic tools and their possible biomedical applications. Additionally, current techniques used for isolation, purification, and characterization of exosomes from both biological fluids and in vitro cell cultures were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghadi N Alzhrani
- Pharm D Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah T Alanazi
- Pharm D Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sumayyah Y Alsharif
- Pharm D Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani M Albalawi
- Pharm D Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar A Alsharif
- Pharm D Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S Abdel-Maksoud
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nehal Elsherbiny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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41
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Erdbrügger U, Blijdorp CJ, Bijnsdorp IV, Borràs FE, Burger D, Bussolati B, Byrd JB, Clayton A, Dear JW, Falcón‐Pérez JM, Grange C, Hill AF, Holthöfer H, Hoorn EJ, Jenster G, Jimenez CR, Junker K, Klein J, Knepper MA, Koritzinsky EH, Luther JM, Lenassi M, Leivo J, Mertens I, Musante L, Oeyen E, Puhka M, van Royen ME, Sánchez C, Soekmadji C, Thongboonkerd V, van Steijn V, Verhaegh G, Webber JP, Witwer K, Yuen PS, Zheng L, Llorente A, Martens‐Uzunova ES. Urinary extracellular vesicles: A position paper by the Urine Task Force of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12093. [PMID: 34035881 PMCID: PMC8138533 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Urine is commonly used for clinical diagnosis and biomedical research. The discovery of extracellular vesicles (EV) in urine opened a new fast-growing scientific field. In the last decade urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) were shown to mirror molecular processes as well as physiological and pathological conditions in kidney, urothelial and prostate tissue. Therefore, several methods to isolate and characterize uEVs have been developed. However, methodological aspects of EV separation and analysis, including normalization of results, need further optimization and standardization to foster scientific advances in uEV research and a subsequent successful translation into clinical practice. This position paper is written by the Urine Task Force of the Rigor and Standardization Subcommittee of ISEV consisting of nephrologists, urologists, cardiologists and biologists with active experience in uEV research. Our aim is to present the state of the art and identify challenges and gaps in current uEV-based analyses for clinical applications. Finally, recommendations for improved rigor, reproducibility and interoperability in uEV research are provided in order to facilitate advances in the field.
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42
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Valencia K, Montuenga LM. Exosomes in Liquid Biopsy: The Nanometric World in the Pursuit of Precision Oncology. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2147. [PMID: 33946893 PMCID: PMC8124368 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the different components that can be analyzed in liquid biopsy, the utility of exosomes is particularly promising because of their presence in all biological fluids and their potential for multicomponent analyses. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with an average size of ~100 nm in diameter with an endosomal origin. All eukaryotic cells release exosomes as part of their active physiology. In an oncologic patient, up to 10% of all the circulating exosomes are estimated to be tumor-derived exosomes. Exosome content mirrors the features of its cell of origin in terms of DNA, RNA, lipids, metabolites, and cytosolic/cell-surface proteins. Due to their multifactorial content, exosomes constitute a unique tool to capture the complexity and enormous heterogeneity of cancer in a longitudinal manner. Due to molecular features such as high nucleic acid concentrations and elevated coverage of genomic driver gene sequences, exosomes will probably become the "gold standard" liquid biopsy analyte in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karmele Valencia
- Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Health Research Institute (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31009 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Luis M. Montuenga
- Program in Solid Tumors, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Health Research Institute (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, 31009 Pamplona, Spain
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43
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Emerging technologies and commercial products in exosome-based cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 183:113176. [PMID: 33845291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Academic and industrial groups worldwide have reported technological advances in exosome-based cancer diagnosis and prognosis. However, the potential translation of these emerging technologies for research and clinical settings remains unknown. This work overviews the role of exosomes in cancer diagnosis and prognosis, followed by a survey on emerging exosome technologies, particularly microfluidic advances for the isolation and detection of exosomes in cancer research. The advantages and drawbacks of each of the technologies used for the isolation, detection and engineering of exosomes are evaluated to address their clinical challenges for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Furthermore, commercial platforms for exosomal detection and analysis are introduced, and their performance and impact on cancer diagnosis and prognosis are assessed. Also, the risks associated with the further development of the next generation of exosome devices are discussed. The outcome of this work could facilitate recognizing deliverable Exo-devices and technologies with unprecedented functionality and predictable manufacturability for the next-generation of cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
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44
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Tang Y, Zhou Y, Li HJ. Advances in mesenchymal stem cell exosomes: a review. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:71. [PMID: 33468232 PMCID: PMC7814175 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02138-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells can be used for regenerative medicine and as treatments for disease. The application of tissue engineering-related transplantation, stem cells, and local changes in the microenvironment is expected to solve major medical problems. Currently, most studies focus on tissue repair and regeneration, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are among the most common research topics. MSCs are applicable as seed cells, and they represent one of the current hot topics in regenerative medicine research. However, due to storage limitations and because cell senescence occurs during in vitro expansion, their clinical application is challenging. Exosomes, which are secreted by MSCs through paracrine signalling, not only have the same effects as MSCs, but they also have the advantages of targeted delivery, low immunogenicity, and high repairability. This article reviews the acquisition methods, characteristics, biological functions, and clinical applications of exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Tang
- Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Major Infectious Diseases of Yunnan Province, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118 People’s Republic of China
- Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Major Infectious Diseases of Yunnan Province, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development for Major Infectious Diseases of Yunnan Province, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118 People’s Republic of China
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45
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Shtam T, Evtushenko V, Samsonov R, Zabrodskaya Y, Kamyshinsky R, Zabegina L, Verlov N, Burdakov V, Garaeva L, Slyusarenko M, Nikiforova N, Konevega A, Malek A. Evaluation of immune and chemical precipitation methods for plasma exosome isolation. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242732. [PMID: 33232386 PMCID: PMC7685508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by multiple mammalian cell types and involved in intercellular communication. Numerous studies have explored the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of exosomes. The key challenge is the lack of efficient and standard techniques for isolation and downstream analysis of nanovesicles. Conventional isolation methods, such as ultracentrifugation, precipitation, filtration, chromatography, and immune-affinity-based approaches, rely on specific physical properties or on surface biomarkers. However, any of the existing methods has its limitations. Various parameters, such as efficacy, specificity, labor input, cost and scalability, and standardization options, must be considered for the correct choice of appropriate approach. The isolation of exosomes from biological fluids is especially challenged by the complex nature and variability of these liquids. Here, we present a comparison of five protocols for exosome isolation from human plasma: two chemical affinity precipitation methods (lectin-based purification and SubX™ technology), immunoaffinity precipitation, and reference ultracentrifugation-based exosome isolation method in two modifications. An approach for the isolation of exosomes based on the phenomenon of binding and aggregation of these particles via clusters of outer membrane phosphate groups in the presence of SubX™ molecules has been put forward in the present study. The isolated EVs were characterized based upon size, quantity, and protein content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Shtam
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Gatchina, Russia
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, St. Petersburg, Russia
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail: (TS); (AM)
| | - Vladimir Evtushenko
- Russian Scientific Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies named by academician A.M. Granov, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Roman Samsonov
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Russian Scientific Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies named by academician A.M. Granov, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yana Zabrodskaya
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Gatchina, Russia
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow, Russia
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Roman Kamyshinsky
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow, Russia
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of Federal Scientific Research Centre “Crystallography and Photonics” of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lidia Zabegina
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Ltd Oncosystem, Skolkovo Innovation Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay Verlov
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Gatchina, Russia
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Burdakov
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Gatchina, Russia
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow, Russia
| | - Luiza Garaeva
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Gatchina, Russia
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow, Russia
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria Slyusarenko
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Ltd Oncosystem, Skolkovo Innovation Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Nikiforova
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Ltd Oncosystem, Skolkovo Innovation Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Konevega
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Gatchina, Russia
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow, Russia
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia Malek
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Ltd Oncosystem, Skolkovo Innovation Center, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail: (TS); (AM)
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46
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Sancho-Albero M, Sebastián V, Sesé J, Pazo-Cid R, Mendoza G, Arruebo M, Martín-Duque P, Santamaría J. Isolation of exosomes from whole blood by a new microfluidic device: proof of concept application in the diagnosis and monitoring of pancreatic cancer. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:150. [PMID: 33092584 PMCID: PMC7579907 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00701-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exosomes are endocytic-extracellular vesicles with a diameter around 100 nm that play an essential role on the communication between cells. In fact, they have been proposed as candidates for the diagnosis and the monitoring of different pathologies (such as Parkinson, Alzheimer, diabetes, cardiac damage, infection diseases or cancer). Results In this study, magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4NPs) were successfully functionalized with an exosome-binding antibody (anti-CD9) to mediate the magnetic capture in a microdevice. This was carried out under flow in a 1.6 mm (outer diameter) microchannel whose wall was in contact with a set of NdFeB permanent magnets, giving a high magnetic field across the channel diameter that allowed exosome separation with a high yield. To show the usefulness of the method, the direct capture of exosomes from whole blood of patients with pancreatic cancer (PC) was performed, as a proof of concept. The captured exosomes were then subjected to analysis of CA19-9, a protein often used to monitor PC patients. Conclusions Here, we describe a new microfluidic device and the procedure for the isolation of exosomes from whole blood, without any need of previous isolation steps, thereby facilitating translation to the clinic. The results show that, for the cases analyzed, the evaluation of CA19-9 in exosomes was highly sensitive, compared to serum samples.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- María Sancho-Albero
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Sebastián
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain. .,Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain. .,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Sesé
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Condensed Matter Physics, University of Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Roberto Pazo-Cid
- Medical Oncology Service, Miguel Servet Hospital, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Gracia Mendoza
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS-Aragón), 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Manuel Arruebo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Martín-Duque
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029, Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS-Aragón), 50009, Zaragoza, Spain. .,Health Sciences Institute of Aragón (IACS), 50009, Zaragoza, Spain. .,Fundación Araid, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain. .,Universidad San Jorge, 50830, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Jesús Santamaría
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029, Madrid, Spain
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47
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Beard K, Meaney DF, Issadore D. Clinical Applications of Extracellular Vesicles in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:2045-2056. [PMID: 32312151 PMCID: PMC7502684 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.6990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as key mediators of cell-cell communication during homeostasis and in pathology. Central nervous system (CNS)-derived EVs contain cell type-specific surface markers and intralumenal protein, RNA, DNA, and metabolite cargo that can be used to assess the biochemical and molecular state of neurons and glia during neurological injury and disease. The development of EV isolation strategies coupled with analysis of multi-plexed biomarker and clinical data have the potential to improve our ability to classify and treat traumatic brain injury (TBI) and resulting sequelae. Additionally, their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has implications for both EV-based diagnostic strategies and for potential EV-based therapeutics. In the present review, we discuss encouraging data for EV-based diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies in the context of TBI monitoring and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kryshawna Beard
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David F. Meaney
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Issadore
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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48
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Benhal P, Quashie D, Kim Y, Ali J. Insulator Based Dielectrophoresis: Micro, Nano, and Molecular Scale Biological Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E5095. [PMID: 32906803 PMCID: PMC7570478 DOI: 10.3390/s20185095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Insulator based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) is becoming increasingly important in emerging biomolecular applications, including particle purification, fractionation, and separation. Compared to conventional electrode-based dielectrophoresis (eDEP) techniques, iDEP has been demonstrated to have a higher degree of selectivity of biological samples while also being less biologically intrusive. Over the past two decades, substantial technological advances have been made, enabling iDEP to be applied from micro, to nano and molecular scales. Soft particles, including cell organelles, viruses, proteins, and nucleic acids, have been manipulated using iDEP, enabling the exploration of subnanometer biological interactions. Recent investigations using this technique have demonstrated a wide range of applications, including biomarker screening, protein folding analysis, and molecular sensing. Here, we review current state-of-art research on iDEP systems and highlight potential future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prateek Benhal
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA;
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - David Quashie
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA;
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Yoontae Kim
- American Dental Association Science & Research Institute, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA;
| | - Jamel Ali
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA;
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
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49
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Mahgoub EO, Razmara E, Bitaraf A, Norouzi FS, Montazeri M, Behzadi-Andouhjerdi R, Falahati M, Cheng K, Haik Y, Hasan A, Babashah S. Advances of exosome isolation techniques in lung cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:7229-7251. [PMID: 32789576 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05715-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer (LC) is among the leading causes of death all over the world and it is often diagnosed at advanced or metastatic stages. Exosomes, derived from circulating vesicles that are released from the multivesicular body, can be utilized for diagnosis and also the prognosis of LC at early stages. Exosomal proteins, RNAs, and DNAs can help to better discern the prognostic and diagnostic features of LC. To our knowledge, there are various reviews on LC and the contribution of exosomes, but none of them are about the exome techniques and also their efficiency in LC. To fill this gap, in this review, we summarize the recent investigations regarding isolation and also the characterization of exosomes of LC cells. Furthermore, we discuss the noncoding RNAs as biomarkers and their applications in the diagnosis and prognosis of LC. Finally, we compare the efficacy of exosome isolation methods to better fi + 6 + guring out feasible techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham O Mahgoub
- Department of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ehsan Razmara
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirreza Bitaraf
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box: 14115-154, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh-Sadat Norouzi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box: 14115-154, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Montazeri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mojtaba Falahati
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ke Cheng
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina State University, NC, Raleigh, USA.,Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Yousif Haik
- Department of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar. .,Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Sadegh Babashah
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box: 14115-154, Tehran, Iran.
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50
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Guzman NA, Guzman DE. A Two-Dimensional Affinity Capture and Separation Mini-Platform for the Isolation, Enrichment, and Quantification of Biomarkers and Its Potential Use for Liquid Biopsy. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8080255. [PMID: 32751506 PMCID: PMC7459796 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8080255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarker detection for disease diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic response is becoming increasingly reliable and accessible. Particularly, the identification of circulating cell-free chemical and biochemical substances, cellular and subcellular entities, and extracellular vesicles has demonstrated promising applications in understanding the physiologic and pathologic conditions of an individual. Traditionally, tissue biopsy has been the gold standard for the diagnosis of many diseases, especially cancer. More recently, liquid biopsy for biomarker detection has emerged as a non-invasive or minimally invasive and less costly method for diagnosis of both cancerous and non-cancerous diseases, while also offering information on the progression or improvement of disease. Unfortunately, the standardization of analytical methods to isolate and quantify circulating cells and extracellular vesicles, as well as their extracted biochemical constituents, is still cumbersome, time-consuming, and expensive. To address these limitations, we have developed a prototype of a portable, miniaturized instrument that uses immunoaffinity capillary electrophoresis (IACE) to isolate, concentrate, and analyze cell-free biomarkers and/or tissue or cell extracts present in biological fluids. Isolation and concentration of analytes is accomplished through binding to one or more biorecognition affinity ligands immobilized to a solid support, while separation and analysis are achieved by high-resolution capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled to one or more detectors. When compared to other existing methods, the process of this affinity capture, enrichment, release, and separation of one or a panel of biomarkers can be carried out on-line with the advantages of being rapid, automated, and cost-effective. Additionally, it has the potential to demonstrate high analytical sensitivity, specificity, and selectivity. As the potential of liquid biopsy grows, so too does the demand for technical advances. In this review, we therefore discuss applications and limitations of liquid biopsy and hope to introduce the idea that our affinity capture-separation device could be used as a form of point-of-care (POC) diagnostic technology to isolate, concentrate, and analyze circulating cells, extracellular vesicles, and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norberto A. Guzman
- Princeton Biochemicals, Inc., Princeton, NJ 08816, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-908-510-5258
| | - Daniel E. Guzman
- Princeton Biochemicals, Inc., Princeton, NJ 08816, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; or
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