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van der Made JJA, Landis EA, Deans GT, Lai RA, Chandran K. Synergistic lignin degradation between Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Fenton chemistry is mediated through iron cycling and ligninolytic enzyme induction. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:166767. [PMID: 37660814 PMCID: PMC10646785 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Removal of recalcitrant lignin from wastewater remains a critical bottleneck in multiple aspects relating to microbial carbon cycling ranging from incomplete treatment of biosolids during wastewater treatment to limited conversion of biomass feedstock to biofuels. Based on previous studies showing that the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Fenton chemistry synergistically degrade lignin, we sought to determine optimum levels of Fenton addition and the mechanisms underlying this synergy. We tested the extent of degradation of lignin under different ratios of Fenton reagents and found that relatively low levels of H2O2 and Fe(II) enhanced fungal lignin degradation, achieving 80.4 ± 1.61 % lignin degradation at 1.5 mM H2O2 and 0.3 mM Fe(II). Using a combination of whole-transcriptome sequencing and iron speciation assays, we determined that at these concentrations, Fenton chemistry induced the upregulation of 80 differentially expressed genes in P. ch including several oxidative enzymes. This study underlines the importance of non-canonical, auxiliary lignin-degrading pathways in the synergy between white rot fungi and Fenton chemistry in lignin degradation. We also found that, relative to the abiotic control, P. ch. increases the availability of Fe(II) for the production of hydroxyl radicals in the Fenton reaction by recycling Fe(III) (p < 0.001), decreasing the Fe(II) inputs necessary for lignin degradation via the Fenton reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth A Landis
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Griffin T Deans
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ruby A Lai
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Schmiemann D, Hohenschon L, Bartels I, Hermsen A, Bachmann F, Cordes A, Jäger M, Gutmann JS, Hoffmann-Jacobsen K. Enzymatic post-treatment of ozonation: laccase-mediated removal of the by-products of acetaminophen ozonation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:53128-53139. [PMID: 36853537 PMCID: PMC10119220 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25913-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation is a powerful technique to remove micropollutants from wastewater. As chemical oxidation of wastewater comes with the formation of varying, possibly persistent and toxic by-products, post-treatment of the ozonated effluent is routinely suggested. This study explored an enzymatic treatment of ozonation products using the laccase from Trametes versicolor. A high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS) analysis revealed that the major by-products were effectively degraded by the enzymatic post-treatment. The enzymatic removal of the by-products reduced the ecotoxicity of the ozonation effluent, as monitored by the inhibition of Aliivibrio fischeri. The ecotoxicity was more effectively reduced by enzymatic post-oxidation at pH 7 than at the activity maximum of the laccase at pH 5. A mechanistic HPLC-HRMS and UV/Vis spectroscopic analysis revealed that acidic conditions favored rapid conversion of the phenolic by-products to dead-end products in the absence of nucleophiles. In contrast, the polymerization to harmless insoluble polymers was favored at neutral conditions. Hence, coupling ozonation with laccase-catalyzed post-oxidation at neutral conditions, which are present in wastewater effluents, is suggested as a new resource-efficient method to remove persistent micropollutants while excluding the emission of potentially harmful by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Schmiemann
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Adlerstr. 32, 47798, Krefeld, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and CENIDE (Center for Nanointegration), University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Lisa Hohenschon
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Adlerstr. 32, 47798, Krefeld, Germany
- Wfk-Cleaning Technology-Institute e.V., Campus Fichtenhain 11, 47807, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Indra Bartels
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Adlerstr. 32, 47798, Krefeld, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Andrea Hermsen
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Adlerstr. 32, 47798, Krefeld, Germany
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Felix Bachmann
- ASA Spezialenzyme GmbH, Am Exer 19C, 38302, Wolfenbüttel, Germany
| | - Arno Cordes
- ASA Spezialenzyme GmbH, Am Exer 19C, 38302, Wolfenbüttel, Germany
| | - Martin Jäger
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Adlerstr. 32, 47798, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Jochen Stefan Gutmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and CENIDE (Center for Nanointegration), University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, Adlerstr. 1, 47798, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hoffmann-Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Adlerstr. 32, 47798, Krefeld, Germany.
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3
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Mulenga A, Radulovic Z, Porter L, Britten TH, Kim TK, Tirloni L, Gaithuma AK, Adeniyi-Ipadeola GO, Dietrich JK, Moresco JJ, Yates JR. Identification and characterization of proteins that form the inner core Ixodes scapularis tick attachment cement layer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21300. [PMID: 36494396 PMCID: PMC9734129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24881-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ixodes scapularis long-term blood feeding behavior is facilitated by a tick secreted bio adhesive (tick cement) that attaches tick mouthparts to skin tissue and prevents the host from dislodging the attached tick. Understanding tick cement formation is highly sought after as its disruption will prevent tick feeding. This study describes proteins that form the inner core layer of I. scapularis tick cement as disrupting these proteins will likely stop formation of the outer cortical layer. The inner core cement layer completes formation by 24 h of tick attachment. Thus, we used laser-capture microdissection to isolate cement from cryosections of 6 h and 24 h tick attachment sites and to distinguish between early and late inner core cement proteins. LC-MS/MS analysis identified 138 tick cement proteins (TCPs) of which 37 and 35 were unique in cement of 6 and 24 h attached ticks respectively. We grouped TCPs in 14 functional categories: cuticular protein (16%), tick specific proteins of unknown function, cytoskeletal proteins, and enzymes (13% each), enzymes (10%), antioxidant, glycine rich, scaffolding, heat shock, histone, histamine binding, proteases and protease inhibitors, and miscellaneous (3-6% each). Gene ontology analysis confirm that TCPs are enriched for bio adhesive properties. Our data offer insights into tick cement bonding patterns and set the foundation for understanding the molecular basis of I. scapularis tick cement formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Mulenga
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Zeljko Radulovic
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Biology, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX, USA
| | - Lindsay Porter
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Biology, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX, USA
| | - Taylor Hollman Britten
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Tae Kwon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Lucas Tirloni
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Alex Kiarie Gaithuma
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Grace O Adeniyi-Ipadeola
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jolene K Dietrich
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - James J Moresco
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Genetics of Host Defense, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Mohammadi SA, Najafi H, Zolgharnian S, Sharifian S, Asasian-Kolur N. Biological oxidation methods for the removal of organic and inorganic contaminants from wastewater: A comprehensive review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 843:157026. [PMID: 35772531 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-based bioremediation is a simple, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly method for isolating and removing a wide range of environmental pollutants. This study is a comprehensive review of recent studies on the oxidation of pollutants by biological oxidation methods, performed individually or in combination with other methods. The main bio-oxidants capable of removing all types of pollutants, such as organic and inorganic molecules, from fungi, bacteria, algae, and plants, and different types of enzymes, as well as the removal mechanisms, were investigated. The use of mediators and modification methods to improve the performance of microorganisms and their resistance under harsh real wastewater conditions was discussed, and numerous case studies were presented and compared. The advantages and disadvantages of conventional and novel immobilization methods, and the development of enzyme engineering to adjust the content and properties of the desired enzymes, were also explained. The optimal operating parameters such as temperature and pH, which usually lead to the best performance, were presented. A detailed overview of the different combination processes was also given, including bio-oxidation in coincident or consecutive combination with adsorption, advanced oxidation processes, and membrane separation. One of the most important issues that this study has addressed is the removal of both organic and inorganic contaminants, taking into account the actual wastewaters and the economic aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Amin Mohammadi
- Fouman Faculty of Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Fouman 43581-39115, Iran
| | - Hanieh Najafi
- Fouman Faculty of Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Fouman 43581-39115, Iran
| | - Sheida Zolgharnian
- TUM Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Schulgasse 16, 94315 Straubing, Germany
| | - Seyedmehdi Sharifian
- Fouman Faculty of Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Fouman 43581-39115, Iran
| | - Neda Asasian-Kolur
- Fouman Faculty of Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Fouman 43581-39115, Iran.
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Xu SJ, Chen XY, Wang XF, Sun HZ, Hou ZJ, Cheng JS, Yuan YJ. Artificial microbial consortium producing oxidases enhanced the biotransformation efficiencies of multi-antibiotics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 439:129674. [PMID: 36104903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic mixtures in the environment result in the development of bacterial strains with resistance against multiple antibiotics. Oxidases are versatile that can bio-remove antibiotics. Various laccases (LACs), manganese peroxidases (MNPs), and versatile peroxidase (VP) were reconstructed in Pichia pastoris. For the single antibiotics, over 95.0% sulfamethoxazole within 48 h, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, and norfloxacin within 96 h were bio-removed by recombinant VP with α-signal peptide, respectively. In a mixture of the four antibiotics, 80.2% tetracycline and 95.6% oxytetracycline were bio-removed by recombinant MNP2 with native signal peptide (NSP) within 8 h, whereas < 80.0% sulfamethoxazole was bio-removed within 72 h, indicating that signal peptides significantly impacted removal efficiencies of antibiotic mixtures. Regarding mediators for LACs, 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) resulted in better removal efficiencies of multi-antibiotic mixtures than 1-hydroxybenzotriazole or syringaldehyde. Furthermore, artificial microbial consortia (AMC) producing LAC2 and MNP2 with NSP significantly improved bio-removal efficiency of sulfamethoxazole (95.5%) in four-antibiotic mixtures within 48 h. Tetracycline and oxytetracycline were completely bio-removed by AMC within 48 and 72 h, respectively, indicating that AMC accelerated sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, and oxytetracycline bio-removals. Additionally, transformation pathways of each antibiotic by recombinant oxidases were proposed. Taken together, this work provides a new strategy to simultaneously remove antibiotic mixtures by AMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jing Xu
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China; SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Xin-Yue Chen
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China; SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Xiao-Feng Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China; SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Hui-Zhong Sun
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China; SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Zheng-Jie Hou
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China; SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Jing-Sheng Cheng
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China; SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China.
| | - Ying-Jin Yuan
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China; SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China
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6
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Oberoi AS, Surendra KC, Wu D, Lu H, Wong JWC, Kumar Khanal S. Anaerobic membrane bioreactors for pharmaceutical-laden wastewater treatment: A critical review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 361:127667. [PMID: 35878778 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticalsare a diverse group of chemical compounds widely used for prevention and treatment of infectious diseases in both humans and animals. Pharmaceuticals, either in their original or metabolite form, find way into the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) from different sources. Recently, anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBR) has received significant research attention for the treatment of pharmaceuticals in various wastewater streams. This review critically examines the behaviour and removal of a wide array of pharmaceuticals in AnMBR with primary focus on their removal efficiencies and mechanisms, critical influencing factors, and the microbial community structures. Subsequently, the inhibitory effects of pharmaceuticals on the performance of AnMBR and membrane fouling are critically discussed. Furthermore, the imperative role of membrane biofouling layer and its components in pharmaceuticals removal is highlighted. Finally, recent advancements in AnMBR configurations for membrane fouling control and enhanced pharmaceuticals removal are systemically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akashdeep Singh Oberoi
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - K C Surendra
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaì'i at Mānoa, 1955 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA; Global Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies, 44600 Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Di Wu
- Centre for Environmental and Energy Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hui Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Jonathan W C Wong
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Institute of Bioresource and Agriculture, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Samir Kumar Khanal
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaì'i at Mānoa, 1955 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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Sotelo LD, Sotelo DC, Ornelas-Soto N, Cruz JC, Osma JF. Comparison of Acetaminophen Degradation by Laccases Immobilized by Two Different Methods via a Continuous Flow Microreactor Process Scheme. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12030298. [PMID: 35323773 PMCID: PMC8954522 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12030298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The presence of micropollutants in wastewater is one of the most significant environmental challenges. Particularly, pollutants such as pharmaceutical residues present high stability and resistance to conventional physicochemical and biological degradation processes. Thus, we aimed at immobilizing a laccase enzyme by two different methods: the first one was based on producing alginate-laccase microcapsules through a droplet-based microfluidic system; the second one was based on covalent binding of the laccase molecules on aluminum oxide (Al2O3) pellets. Immobilization efficiencies approached 92.18% and 98.22%, respectively. Laccase immobilized by the two different methods were packed into continuous flow microreactors to evaluate the degradation efficiency of acetaminophen present in artificial wastewater. After cyclic operation, enzyme losses were found to be up to 75 µg/mL and 66 µg/mL per operation cycle, with a maximum acetaminophen removal of 72% and 15% and a retention time of 30 min, for the laccase-alginate microcapsules and laccase-Al2O3 pellets, respectively. The superior catalytic performance of laccase-alginate microcapsules was attributed to their higher porosity, which enhances retention and, consequently, increased the chances for more substrate–enzyme interactions. Finally, phytotoxicity of the treated water was lower than that of the untreated wastewater, especially when using laccase immobilized in alginate microcapsules. Future work will be dedicated to elucidating the routes for scaling-up and optimizing the process to assure profitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D. Sotelo
- CMUA, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1E No. 19A-40, Bogota 111711, Colombia; (L.D.S.); (D.C.S.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1E No. 19A-40, Bogota 111711, Colombia
| | - Diana C. Sotelo
- CMUA, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1E No. 19A-40, Bogota 111711, Colombia; (L.D.S.); (D.C.S.)
| | - Nancy Ornelas-Soto
- Laboratorio de Nanotecnología Ambiental, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, N. L., Monterrey 64849, Mexico;
| | - Juan C. Cruz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1E No. 19A-40, Bogota 111711, Colombia;
| | - Johann F. Osma
- CMUA, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1E No. 19A-40, Bogota 111711, Colombia; (L.D.S.); (D.C.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-601-339-4949
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8
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Azmi FI, Goh PS, Ismail AF, Hilal N, Wong TW, Misson M. Biomolecule-Enabled Liquid Separation Membranes: Potential and Recent Progress. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:148. [PMID: 35207070 PMCID: PMC8874482 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12020148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The implementation of membrane surface modification to enhance the performance of membrane-based separation has become a favored strategy due to its promise to address the trade-off between water permeability and salt rejection as well as to improve the durability of the membranes. Tremendous work has been committed to modifying polymeric membranes through physical approaches such as surface coating and ontology doping, as well as chemical approaches such as surface grafting to introduce various functional groups to the membrane. In the context of liquid separation membranes applied for desalination and water and wastewater treatment, biomolecules have gained increasing attention as membrane-modifying agents due to their intriguing structural properties and chemical functionalities. Biomolecules, especially carbohydrates and proteins, exhibit attractive features, including high surface hydrophilicity and zwitterionic and antimicrobial properties that are desired for liquid separation membranes. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent developments in biomolecule-enabled liquid separation membranes. The roles and potentials of some commonly explored biomolecules in heightening the performance of polymeric membranes are discussed. With the advancements in material synthesis and the need to answer the call for more sustainable materials, biomolecules could serve as attractive alternatives for the development of high-performance composite membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiz Izzuddin Azmi
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia; (F.I.A.); (A.F.I.); (T.W.W.)
| | - Pei Sean Goh
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia; (F.I.A.); (A.F.I.); (T.W.W.)
| | - Ahmad Fauzi Ismail
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia; (F.I.A.); (A.F.I.); (T.W.W.)
| | - Nidal Hilal
- NYUAD Water Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, 129188 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tuck Whye Wong
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia; (F.I.A.); (A.F.I.); (T.W.W.)
| | - Mailin Misson
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia;
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9
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Ding Y, Cui K, Guo Z, Cui M, Chen Y. Manganese peroxidase mediated oxidation of sulfamethoxazole: Integrating the computational analysis to reveal the reaction kinetics, mechanistic insights, and oxidation pathway. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 415:125719. [PMID: 33774358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, manganese peroxidase (MnP) was applied to induce the in vitro oxidation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX). The results indicated that 87.04% of the SMX was transformed and followed first-order kinetics (kobs=0.438 h-1) within 6 h when 40 U L-1 of MnP was added. The reaction kinetics were investigated under different conditions, including pH, MnP activity, and H2O2 concentration. The active species Mn3+ was responsible for the oxidation of SMX, and the Mn3+ production rate was monitored to reveal the interaction among MnP, Mn3+, and SMX. By integrating the characterizations analysis of the MnP/H2O2 system with the density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) process dominated the catalytic circle of MnP and the transformation of Mn3+. Additionally, possible oxidation pathways of SMX were proposed based on single-electron transfer mechanism, which primarily included the S-N bond cleavage, the C-S bond cleavage, and one electron loss without bond breakage. It was then transformed to hydrolysis, N-H oxidation, self-coupling, and carboxylic acid coupling products. This study provides insights into the atomic-level mechanism of MnP and the transformation pathways of sulfamethoxazole, which lays a significant foundation for the potential of MnP in wastewater treatment applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ding
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Key Laboratory of Nanominerals and Pollution Control of Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Kangping Cui
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Key Laboratory of Nanominerals and Pollution Control of Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Zhi Guo
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Key Laboratory of Nanominerals and Pollution Control of Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Minshu Cui
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Key Laboratory of Nanominerals and Pollution Control of Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yihan Chen
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Key Laboratory of Nanominerals and Pollution Control of Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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10
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Singh AK, Bilal M, Iqbal HMN, Meyer AS, Raj A. Bioremediation of lignin derivatives and phenolics in wastewater with lignin modifying enzymes: Status, opportunities and challenges. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 777:145988. [PMID: 33684751 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lignin modifying enzymes from fungi and bacteria are potential biocatalysts for sustainable mitigation of different potentially toxic pollutants in wastewater. Notably, the paper and pulp industry generates enormous amounts of wastewater containing high amounts of complex lignin-derived chlorinated phenolics and sulfonated pollutants. The presence of these compounds in wastewater is a critical issue from environmental and toxicological perspectives. Some chloro-phenols are harmful to the environment and human health, as they exert carcinogenic, mutagenic, cytotoxic, and endocrine-disrupting effects. In order to address these most urgent concerns, the use of oxidative lignin modifying enzymes for bioremediation has come into focus. These enzymes catalyze modification of phenolic and non-phenolic lignin-derived substances, and include laccase and a range of peroxidases, specifically lignin peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidase (MnP), versatile peroxidase (VP), and dye-decolorizing peroxidase (DyP). In this review, we explore the key pollutant-generating steps in paper and pulp processing, summarize the most recently reported toxicological effects of industrial lignin-derived phenolic compounds, especially chlorinated phenolic pollutants, and outline bioremediation approaches for pollutant mitigation in wastewater from this industry, emphasizing the oxidative catalytic potential of oxidative lignin modifying enzymes in this regard. We highlight other emerging biotechnical approaches, including phytobioremediation, bioaugmentation, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-based technology, protein engineering, and degradation pathways prediction, that are currently gathering momentum for the mitigation of wastewater pollutants. Finally, we address current research needs and options for maximizing sustainable biobased and biocatalytic degradation of toxic industrial wastewater pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Singh
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China.
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Anne S Meyer
- Department for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Building 221, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Abhay Raj
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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11
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Anjos CS, Lima RN, Porto ALM. An overview of neonicotinoids: biotransformation and biodegradation by microbiological processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:37082-37109. [PMID: 34056690 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13531-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids are a class of pesticides widely used in different phases of agricultural crops. Similar to other classes of pesticides, they can damage human and environmental health if overused, and can be resistent to degradation. This is especially relevant to insect health, pollination, and aquatic biodiversity. Nevertheless, application of pesticides is still crucial for food production and pest control, and should therefore be carefully monitored by the government to control or reduce neonicotinoid contamination reaching human and animal feed. Aware of this problem, studies have been carried out to reduce or eliminate neonicotinoid contamination from the environment. One example of a green protocol is bioremediation. This review discusses the most recent microbial biodegradation and bioremediation processes for neonicotinoids, which employ isolated microorganisms (bacteria and fungi), consortiums of microorganisms, and different types of soils, biobeds, and biomixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene S Anjos
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Biocatálise, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. João Dagnone, 1100, Ed. Química Ambiental, Santa Angelina, São Carlos, SP, 13563-120, Brazil
| | - Rafaely N Lima
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Biocatálise, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. João Dagnone, 1100, Ed. Química Ambiental, Santa Angelina, São Carlos, SP, 13563-120, Brazil
| | - André L M Porto
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Biocatálise, Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. João Dagnone, 1100, Ed. Química Ambiental, Santa Angelina, São Carlos, SP, 13563-120, Brazil.
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12
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Bilal M, Bagheri AR, Vilar DS, Aramesh N, Eguiluz KIB, Ferreira LFR, Ashraf SS, Iqbal HMN. Oxidoreductases as a versatile biocatalytic tool to tackle pollutants for clean environment – a review. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jctb.6743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering Huaiyin Institute of Technology Huaian 223003 China
| | | | - Débora S Vilar
- Graduate Program in Process Engineering Tiradentes University (UNIT) Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Farolândia Aracaju‐Sergipe 49032‐490 Brazil
| | - Nahal Aramesh
- Department of Chemistry Yasouj University Yasouj Iran
| | - Katlin Ivon Barrios Eguiluz
- Graduate Program in Process Engineering Tiradentes University (UNIT) Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Farolândia Aracaju‐Sergipe 49032‐490 Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira
- Waste and Effluent Treatment Laboratory, Institute of Technology and Research (ITP) Tiradentes University (UNIT) Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Farolândia Aracaju‐Sergipe 49032‐490 Brazil
| | - Syed Salman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry College of Arts and Sciences, Khalifa University Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey School of Engineering and Sciences Monterrey 64849 Mexico
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13
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Pereira JCV, Serbent MP, Skoronski E. Application of immobilized mycelium-based pellets for the removal of organochlorine compounds: a review. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 83:1781-1796. [PMID: 33905352 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorines have diverse structures and applications and are included in the list of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) due to their toxicity and environmental persistence. The reduced capacity of conventional wastewater treatment plants to remove these compounds encourages the development of cost-effective and efficient remediation approaches. Fungal biotechnology can contribute to the development of these technologies through their enzymatic machinery but faces several drawbacks related to the use of dispersed mycelium. In this sense, investigations concerning the degradation of organochlorines using immobilized fungi demonstrated an increase in contaminant removal efficiency compared with degradation by free cells. Despite this interest, the mechanisms of immobilized fungi have not been comprehensively reviewed. In this paper, recent advances of laboratory and field studies in organochlorine compounds removal by fungi are reviewed, focusing on the role of immobilization techniques. Firstly, the mechanisms of organochlorines bioconversion by fungi and the factors affecting enzyme activity are elucidated and discussed in detail. Then, the main targeted compounds, fungi, technics, and materials used for immobilization are discussed, as well as their advantages and limitations. Furthermore, critical points for future studies of fungi immobilization for organochlorine removal are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C V Pereira
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, State University of Santa Catarina, 2822 Dr Getúlio Vargas Road, Ibirama, Brazil E-mail:
| | - M P Serbent
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, State University of Santa Catarina, 2822 Dr Getúlio Vargas Road, Ibirama, Brazil E-mail:
| | - E Skoronski
- Department of Environmental and Sanitary Engineering, State University of Santa Catarina, 2090 Luís de Camões Avenue, Lages, Brazil
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Alam R, Ardiati FC, Solihat NN, Alam MB, Lee SH, Yanto DHY, Watanabe T, Kim S. Biodegradation and metabolic pathway of anthraquinone dyes by Trametes hirsuta D7 immobilized in light expanded clay aggregate and cytotoxicity assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 405:124176. [PMID: 33131941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradation and metabolic pathways of three anthraquinone dyes, Reactive Blue 4 (RB4), Remazol Brilliant Blue - R (RBBR), and Acid Blue 129 (AB129) by Trametes hirsuta D7 fungus immobilized in light expanded clay aggregate (LECA) were investigated. Morphological characteristics observed with scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed successful immobilization of the fungus in LECA. Based on UV absorbance measurement, immobilized T. hirsuta D7 effectively degraded 90%, 95%, and 96% of RB4, RBBR and AB129, respectively. Metabolites were identified with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and degradation pathway of the dyes by T. hirsuta D7 was proposed. Toxicity assay on human dermal fibroblast (HDF) showed that anthraquinone dyes exhibits significant toxicity of 35%, 40%, and 34% reduction of cell viability by RB4, RBBR, and AB129, respectively. Fungal treatment resulted in an abatement of the toxicity and cell viability was increased up to 94%. The data clearly showed the effectiveness of immobilized T. hirsuta D7 in LECA on detoxification of anthraquinone dyes. This study provides potential and fundamental understanding of wastewater treatment using the newly isolated fungus T. hirsuta D7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafiqul Alam
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Fenny Clara Ardiati
- Research Center for Biomaterials, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong 16911, Republic of Indonesia
| | - Nissa Nurfajrin Solihat
- Research Center for Biomaterials, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong 16911, Republic of Indonesia
| | - Md Badrul Alam
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Han Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Dede Heri Yuli Yanto
- Research Center for Biomaterials, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong 16911, Republic of Indonesia.
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, 41566, Republic of Korea; Mass Spectrometry Converging Research Center and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Mat Razali N, Hisham SN, Kumar IS, Shukla RN, Lee M, Abu Bakar MF, Nadarajah K. Comparative Genomics: Insights on the Pathogenicity and Lifestyle of Rhizoctonia solani. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042183. [PMID: 33671736 PMCID: PMC7926851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper management of agricultural disease is important to ensure sustainable food security. Staple food crops like rice, wheat, cereals, and other cash crops hold great export value for countries. Ensuring proper supply is critical; hence any biotic or abiotic factors contributing to the shortfall in yield of these crops should be alleviated. Rhizoctonia solani is a major biotic factor that results in yield losses in many agriculturally important crops. This paper focuses on genome informatics of our Malaysian Draft R. solani AG1-IA, and the comparative genomics (inter- and intra- AG) with four AGs including China AG1-IA (AG1-IA_KB317705.1), AG1-IB, AG3, and AG8. The genomic content of repeat elements, transposable elements (TEs), syntenic genomic blocks, functions of protein-coding genes as well as core orthologous genic information that underlies R. solani’s pathogenicity strategy were investigated. Our analyses show that all studied AGs have low content and varying profiles of TEs. All AGs were dominant for Class I TE, much like other basidiomycete pathogens. All AGs demonstrate dominance in Glycoside Hydrolase protein-coding gene assignments suggesting its importance in infiltration and infection of host. Our profiling also provides a basis for further investigation on lack of correlation observed between number of pathogenicity and enzyme-related genes with host range. Despite being grouped within the same AG with China AG1-IA, our Draft AG1-IA exhibits differences in terms of protein-coding gene proportions and classifications. This implies that strains from similar AG do not necessarily have to retain similar proportions and classification of TE but must have the necessary arsenal to enable successful infiltration and colonization of host. In a larger perspective, all the studied AGs essentially share core genes that are generally involved in adhesion, penetration, and host colonization. However, the different infiltration strategies will depend on the level of host resilience where this is clearly exhibited by the gene sets encoded for the process of infiltration, infection, and protection from host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurhani Mat Razali
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.R.); (S.N.H.); (I.S.K.)
| | - Siti Norvahida Hisham
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.R.); (S.N.H.); (I.S.K.)
| | - Ilakiya Sharanee Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.R.); (S.N.H.); (I.S.K.)
| | - Rohit Nandan Shukla
- Bionivid Technology Pte Ltd., 209, 4th Cross Rd, B Channasandra, East of NGEF Layout, Kasturi Nagar, Bengaluru 560043, Karnataka, India;
| | - Melvin Lee
- Codon Genomics Sdn. Bhd., No 26, Jalan Dutamas 7 Taman Dutamas Balakong, Seri Kembangan 43200, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | | | - Kalaivani Nadarajah
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.M.R.); (S.N.H.); (I.S.K.)
- Correspondence:
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Mathur P, Sanyal D, Dey P. Optimization of growth conditions for enhancing the production of microbial laccase and its application in treating antibiotic contamination in wastewater. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:81. [PMID: 33505836 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02627-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, seven indigenous macrofungal isolates were selected to screen for their laccase production capability. Among them, isolates viz., Pleurotus eryngii, Pleurotus florida, Pleurotus sajor caju and Gandoderma lucidum were found to exhibit high laccase activity in the preliminary studies and were thus selected for the optimization studies with an aim to enhance laccase production. The pH optimization studies were carried out between pH range of 4-6. The laccase activity and biomass were found to be optimum at pH 4, 4.5, 4.5 and 5 for P. eryngii, P. florida, P. sajor caju and G. lucidum, respectively. Optimization studies with chemical inducers namely, tannic acid, 2,6 dimethoxyphenol and copper sulphate at three different concentration levels were conducted and tannic acid at 2 mM concentration was found to increase the laccase activity to about 45% followed by 2,6 dimethoxyphenol (2 mM) with an increase of about 43% and copper sulphate (0.1 mM) showing 21% increase in the yield. Biodegradation studies utilizing laccase isolated from P. eryngii, P. florida and P. sajor caju was carried out for a commonly detected fluoroquinolone antibiotic, levofloxacin, in water and pharmaceutical wastewater. The results indicated that the degradation efficiency of levofloxacin using laccase isolated from P. eryngii (88.9%) was comparable to commercial laccase (89%). When the cost economics of using crude laccase was evaluated against commercial laccase it was evident that the total cost of the treatment could be reduced by 71.7% if commercial grade laccase was replaced by crude enzyme extracted from indigenous macrofungi such Pleurotus eryngii, Pleurotus florida, and Pleurotus sajor caju indicating a promising and cost-effective alternative for wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purvi Mathur
- TERI-Deakin NanoBiotechnology Centre, Sustainable Agriculture Division, The Energy and Resources Institute, Darbari Seth Block, IHC Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, 110003 India
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood Campus, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Melbourne, VIC 3125 Australia
| | - Doyeli Sanyal
- TERI-Deakin NanoBiotechnology Centre, Sustainable Agriculture Division, The Energy and Resources Institute, Darbari Seth Block, IHC Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, 110003 India
| | - Pannalal Dey
- Centre for Mycorrhiza Research, The Energy and Resources Institute, Darbari Seth Block, IHC Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, 110003 India
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