1
|
Stocks BB, Thibeault MP, L'Abbé D, Umer M, Liu Y, Stuible M, Durocher Y, Melanson JE. Characterization of biotinylated human ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.4/5 spike protein reference materials. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024:10.1007/s00216-024-05413-7. [PMID: 38942955 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05413-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Accurate diagnostic and serology assays are required for the continued management of the COVID-19 pandemic yet spike protein mutations and intellectual property concerns with antigens and antibodies used in various test kits render comparability assessments difficult. As the use of common, well-characterized reagents can help address this lack of standardization, the National Research Council Canada has produced two protein reference materials (RMs) for use in SARS-CoV-2 serology assays: biotinylated human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 RM, ACE2-1, and SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.4/5 spike protein RM, OMIC-1. Reference values were assigned through a combination of amino acid analysis via isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry following acid hydrolysis, and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry at 280 nm. Vial-to-vial homogeneity was established using UV-Vis measurements, and protein oligomeric status, monitored by size exclusion liquid chromatography (LC-SEC), was used to evaluate transportation, storage, and freeze-thaw stabilities. The molar protein concentration in ACE2-1 was 25.3 ± 1.7 µmol L-1 (k = 2, 95% CI) and consisted almost exclusively (98%) of monomeric ACE2, while OMIC-1 contained 5.4 ± 0.5 µmol L-1 (k = 2) spike protein in a mostly (82%) trimeric form. Glycoprotein molar mass determination by LC-SEC with multi-angle light scattering detection facilitated calculation of corresponding mass concentrations. To confirm protein functionality, the binding of OMIC-1 to immobilized ACE2-1 was investigated with surface plasmon resonance and the resulting dissociation constant, KD ~ 4.4 nM, was consistent with literature values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley B Stocks
- Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Marie-Pier Thibeault
- Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Denis L'Abbé
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Muhammad Umer
- Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Yali Liu
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Matthew Stuible
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Yves Durocher
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Jeremy E Melanson
- Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jafari M, Asli S, Moghbeli F, Fesharaki MG, Hajiahmadi N, Mojtahedzadeh F, Amel Jamehdar S, Bamdad T. Persistence of SARS-CoV-2-antibodies against N, S and RBD after natural infection. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2023; 15:803-810. [PMID: 38156306 PMCID: PMC10751617 DOI: 10.18502/ijm.v15i6.14161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected most countries in the world. Monitoring the humoral immune responses during the natural course of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the duration of them provide useful information for the development of vaccination strategies against this virus and its emerging variants. The importance of the antibody response especially neutralizing antibodies in long-term immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is significant. Materials and Methods The present study is a cross-sectional study of sero-epidemiological type that has been proposed to compare the persistence of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) against N (nucleocapsid), S (spike) and RBD (receptor-binding domain) proteins in the community after the time of primary disease. A total of 652 serum samples were collected from hospital staff working in COVID wards, as well as a number of community members with different occupations, among those with positive antibody titers, 86 participated in the resampling test before vaccination. Results There was no association between antibody titer and disease severity (p>0.05). A significant decrease in Ab levels was observed in the paired second samples. The highest rate of decrease was related to anti-N, then anti-RBD and anti-S IgG levels, respectively. There is a significant relationship between the initial antibody titer and its reduction over time (p-value <0.05). Conclusion Our data revealed that humoral immunity following natural infection of SARS-CoV-2 is detectable for at least 4 months, regardless of disease severity. The most decrease in antibody titer over time was related to anti-N IgG levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Jafari
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Asli
- Clinical Research Development, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fateme Moghbeli
- Department of Health Information Technology, Varastegan Institute for Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Nazila Hajiahmadi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Mojtahedzadeh
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Amel Jamehdar
- Clinical Research Development, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Taravat Bamdad
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Llorente F, Pérez-Ramírez E, Pérez-Olmeda M, Dafouz-Bustos D, Fernández-Pinero J, Martínez-Cortés M, Jiménez-Clavero MÁ. The Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in an Exposed Human Population Is Biased by the Immunoassay Used: Implications in Serosurveillance. Pathogens 2023; 12:1360. [PMID: 38003824 PMCID: PMC10675702 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was examined over 7 months in a population of essential service workers exposed during the first epidemic wave in Madrid (Spain). Results obtained with different serological assays were compared. Firstly, serum samples obtained in April 2020 were analyzed using eleven SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection methods, including seven ELISAs, two CLIAs and two LFAs. While all of the ELISA tests and the Roche eCLIA method showed good performance, it was poorer for the Abbott CLIA and LFA tests. Sera from 115 workers with serologically positive results in April were collected 2 and 7 months after the first sampling and were analyzed using five of the tests previously assessed. The results showed that while some ELISA tests consistently detected the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies even 7 months after first detection, other methods, such as the Abbott CLIA test, showed an important reduction in sensitivity for these mature antibodies. The sensitivity increased after establishing new cut-off values, calculated taking into account both recent and old infections, suggesting that an adjustment of assay parameters may improve the detection of individuals exposed to the infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Llorente
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), CSIC, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain (M.Á.J.-C.)
| | - Elisa Pérez-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), CSIC, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain (M.Á.J.-C.)
| | - Mayte Pérez-Olmeda
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Desirée Dafouz-Bustos
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), CSIC, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain (M.Á.J.-C.)
| | - Jovita Fernández-Pinero
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), CSIC, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain (M.Á.J.-C.)
| | | | - Miguel Ángel Jiménez-Clavero
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), CSIC, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain (M.Á.J.-C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kroidl I, Winter S, Rubio-Acero R, Bakuli A, Geldmacher C, Eser TM, Déak F, Horn S, Zielke A, Ahmed MIM, Diepers P, Guggenbühl J, Frese J, Bruger J, Puchinger K, Reich J, Falk P, Markgraf A, Fensterseifer H, Paunovic I, Thomschke A, Pritsch M, Riess F, Saathoff E, Hoelscher M, Olbrich L, Castelletti N, Wieser A. Studying temporal titre evolution of commercial SARS-CoV-2 assays reveals significant shortcomings of using BAU standardization for comparison. Virol J 2023; 20:200. [PMID: 37658454 PMCID: PMC10474769 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02167-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measuring specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies has become one of the main epidemiological tools to survey the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, but also vaccination response. The WHO made available a set of well-characterized samples derived from recovered individuals to allow normalization between different quantitative anti-Spike assays to defined Binding Antibody Units (BAU). METHODS To assess sero-responses longitudinally, a cohort of ninety-nine SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR positive subjects was followed up together with forty-five vaccinees without previous infection but with two vaccinations. Sero-responses were evaluated using a total of six different assays: four measuring anti-Spike proteins (converted to BAU), one measuring anti-Nucleocapsid proteins and one SARS-CoV-2 surrogate virus neutralization. Both cohorts were evaluated using the Euroimmun Anti-SARS-CoV-2-ELISA anti-S1 IgG and the Roche Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 anti-S1 assay. RESULTS In SARS-CoV-2-convalesce subjects, the BAU-sero-responses of Euroimmun Anti-SARS-CoV-2-ELISA anti-S1 IgG and Roche Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 anti-S1 peaked both at 47 (43-51) days, the first assay followed by a slow decay thereafter (> 208 days), while the second assay not presenting any decay within one year. Both assay values in BAUs are only equivalent a few months after infection, elsewhere correction factors up to 10 are necessary. In contrast, in infection-naive vaccinees the assays perform similarly. CONCLUSION The results of our study suggest that the establishment of a protective correlate or vaccination booster recommendation based on different assays, although BAU-standardised, is still challenging. At the moment the characteristics of the available assays used are not related, and the BAU-standardisation is unable to correct for that.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inge Kroidl
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Winter
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Raquel Rubio-Acero
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Abhishek Bakuli
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Christof Geldmacher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tabea M Eser
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Flora Déak
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Sacha Horn
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Zielke
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Mohamed I M Ahmed
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Paulina Diepers
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Jessica Guggenbühl
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Jonathan Frese
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Bruger
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Kerstin Puchinger
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Jakob Reich
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Philine Falk
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Alisa Markgraf
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Heike Fensterseifer
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Ivana Paunovic
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology, Infection and Pandemic Research, Türkenstraße 87, 80799, Munich, Germany
| | - Angelika Thomschke
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Pritsch
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Friedrich Riess
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Elmar Saathoff
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Hoelscher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology, Infection and Pandemic Research, Türkenstraße 87, 80799, Munich, Germany
- Center for International Health (CIH), University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Olbrich
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Noemi Castelletti
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology, Infection and Pandemic Research, Türkenstraße 87, 80799, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Wieser
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Center of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology, Infection and Pandemic Research, Türkenstraße 87, 80799, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hackenbruch C, Maringer Y, Tegeler CM, Walz JS, Nelde A, Heitmann JS. Elevated SARS-CoV-2-Specific Antibody Levels in Patients with Post-COVID Syndrome. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030701. [PMID: 36992410 PMCID: PMC10051370 DOI: 10.3390/v15030701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
With the routine use of effective severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines, the number of life-threatening coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) courses have largely been reduced. However, multiple COVID-19 convalescents, even after asymptomatic to moderate disease, suffer from post-COVID syndrome, with relevant limitations in daily life. The pathophysiologic mechanisms of post-COVID syndrome are still elusive, with dysregulation of the immune system suggested as a central mechanism. Here, we assessed COVID-19 post-infectious symptoms (5-6 months after PCR-confirmed acute infection) together with the humoral immune response against SARS-CoV-2 in non-hospitalized COVID-19 convalescents, early (5-6 weeks) and late (5-6 months) after their first positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR result. Convalescents reporting several post-infectious symptoms (>3) showed higher anti-spike and anti-nucleocapsid antibody levels 5-6 weeks after PCR-confirmed infection with the latter remained increased 5-6 months after positive PCR. Likewise, a higher post-infectious symptom score was associated with increased antibody levels. Of note, convalescents displaying neuro-psychiatric symptoms such as restlessness, palpitations, irritability, and headache, as well as general symptoms such as fatigue/reduced power had higher SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody levels compared with asymptomatic cases. The increased humoral immune response in convalescents with post-COVID syndrome might be useful for the detection of individuals with an increased risk for post-COVID syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hackenbruch
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Röntgenweg 11, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yacine Maringer
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Röntgenweg 11, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department for Peptide-Based Immunotherapy, University and University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian M Tegeler
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Calwerstraße 7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Juliane S Walz
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Röntgenweg 11, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department for Peptide-Based Immunotherapy, University and University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Annika Nelde
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Röntgenweg 11, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department for Peptide-Based Immunotherapy, University and University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jonas S Heitmann
- Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Röntgenweg 11, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Townsend JP, Hassler HB, Dornburg A. Infection by SARS-CoV-2 with alternate frequencies of mRNA vaccine boosting. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28461. [PMID: 36602045 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the most consequential unknowns of the COVID-19 pandemic is the frequency at which vaccine boosting provides sufficient protection from infection. We quantified the statistical likelihood of breakthrough infections over time following different boosting schedules with messenger RNA (mRNA)-1273 (Moderna) and BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech). We integrated anti-Spike IgG antibody optical densities with profiles of the waning of antibodies and corresponding probabilities of infection associated with coronavirus endemic transmission. Projecting antibody levels over time given boosting every 6 months, 1, 1.5, 2, or 3 years yielded respective probabilities of fending off infection over a 6-year span of >93%, 75%, 55%, 40%, and 24% (mRNA-1273) and >89%, 69%, 49%, 36%, and 23% (BNT162b2). Delaying the administration of updated boosters has bleak repercussions. It increases the probability of individual infection by SARS-CoV-2, and correspondingly, ongoing disease spread, prevalence, morbidity, hospitalization, and mortality. Instituting regular, population-wide booster vaccination updated to predominant variants has the potential to substantially forestall-and with global, widespread uptake, eliminate-COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P Townsend
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Program in Microbiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hayley B Hassler
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alex Dornburg
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Egger AE, Sahanic S, Gleiss A, Ratzinger F, Holzer B, Irsara C, Binder N, Winkler C, Binder CJ, Posch W, Loacker L, Hartmann B, Anliker M, Weiss G, Sonnweber T, Tancevski I, Griesmacher A, Löffler-Ragg J, Hoermann G. One-Year Follow-Up of COVID-19 Patients Indicates Substantial Assay-Dependent Differences in the Kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0059722. [PMID: 36222681 PMCID: PMC9784763 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00597-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Determination of antibody levels against the nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are used to estimate the humoral immune response after SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination. Differences in the design and specification of antibody assays challenge the interpretation of test results, and comparative studies are often limited to single time points per patient. We determined the longitudinal kinetics of antibody levels of 145 unvaccinated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients at four visits over 1 year upon convalescence using 8 commercial SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays (from Abbott, DiaSorin, Roche, Siemens, and Technoclone), as well as a virus neutralization test (VNT). A linear regression model was used to investigate whether antibody results obtained in the first 6 months after disease onset could predict the VNT results at 12 months. Spike protein-specific antibody tests showed good correlation to the VNT at individual time points (rS, 0.74 to 0.92). While longitudinal assay comparison with the Roche Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 S test showed almost constant antibody concentrations over 12 months, the VNT and all other tests indicated a decline in serum antibody levels (median decrease to 14% to 36% of baseline). The antibody level at 3 months was the best predictor of the VNT results at 12 months after disease onset. The current standardization to a WHO calibrator for normalization to binding antibody units (BAU) is not sufficient for the harmonization of SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests. Assay-specific differences in absolute values and trends over time need to be considered when interpreting the course of antibody levels in patients. IMPORTANCE Determination of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 will play an important role in detecting a sufficient immune response. Although all the manufacturers expressed antibody levels in binding antibody units per milliliter, thus suggesting comparable results, we found discrepant behavior between the eight investigated assays when we followed the antibody levels in a cohort of 145 convalescent patients over 1 year. While one assay yielded constant antibody levels, the others showed decreasing antibody levels to a varying extent. Therefore, the comparability of the assays must be improved regarding the long-term kinetics of antibody levels. This is a prerequisite for establishing reliable antibody level cutoffs for sufficient individual protection against SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E. Egger
- Central Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (ZIMCL), University Hospital of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sabina Sahanic
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Gleiss
- Section for Clinical Biometrics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics, and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Barbara Holzer
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Department for Animal Health, Moedling, Austria
| | - Christian Irsara
- Central Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (ZIMCL), University Hospital of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Binder
- Technoclone Herstellung von Diagnostika und Arzneimitteln GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Winkler
- Central Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (ZIMCL), University Hospital of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph J. Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilfried Posch
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lorin Loacker
- Central Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (ZIMCL), University Hospital of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Boris Hartmann
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Department for Animal Health, Moedling, Austria
| | - Markus Anliker
- Central Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (ZIMCL), University Hospital of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Guenter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Sonnweber
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ivan Tancevski
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Griesmacher
- Central Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (ZIMCL), University Hospital of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Judith Löffler-Ragg
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gregor Hoermann
- Central Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (ZIMCL), University Hospital of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- MLL (Munich Leukemia Laboratory), Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Favresse J, Douxfils J, Henry B, Lippi G, Plebani M. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine celebrates 60 years – narrative review devoted to the contribution of the journal to the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. Clin Chem Lab Med 2022; 61:811-821. [PMID: 36420539 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This review is an integral part of the special issue for the 60 years of the journal Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM). The aim of the review is to highlight the role of the clinical laboratory since the emergence of the “severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2” (SARS-CoV-2), which causes Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), with special focus on the contribution of the journal in generating knowledge in SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis. As of October 30, 2022, a total of 186 CCLM publications were dedicated to COVID-19. Of importance, major International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) guidelines related to the diagnosis of COVID-19 were published in CCLM. Between early-2020 and late October 2022, COVID-19 publications represented around 27% of all articles in CCLM, highlighting the willingness of the editorial board to help the field in order to better describe and diagnose this new emerging disease. First launched in 1963 under the name “Zeitschrift für Klinische Chemie”, the Journal was entirely devoted to clinical chemistry in the strict sense. The various topics published in relation to COVID-19 including its diagnosis, its impact on biochemical or hematological measures, as well as biosafety measures, is the perfect example that shows that the journal has greatly diversified over time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Favresse
- IFCC SARS-CoV-2 Variants Working Group , Verona , Italy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine , Clinique St-Luc Bouge , Namur , Belgium
- Department of Pharmacy , Namur Research Institute for Lifes Sciences, University of Namur , Namur , Belgium
| | - Jonathan Douxfils
- Department of Pharmacy , Namur Research Institute for Lifes Sciences, University of Namur , Namur , Belgium
- Qualiblood s.a. , Namur , Belgium
| | - Brandon Henry
- IFCC SARS-CoV-2 Variants Working Group , Verona , Italy
- Clinical Laboratory, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Giuseppe Lippi
- IFCC SARS-CoV-2 Variants Working Group , Verona , Italy
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry and School of Medicine, University of Verona , Verona , Italy
| | - Mario Plebani
- IFCC SARS-CoV-2 Variants Working Group , Verona , Italy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine , University-Hospital of Padova , Padova , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The durability of natural infection and vaccine-induced immunity against future infection by SARS-CoV-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2204336119. [PMID: 35858382 PMCID: PMC9351502 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2204336119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The durability of natural and vaccine-mediated immunity to future SARS-CoV-2 infection and the necessity of booster vaccination are crucial knowledge for pandemic response, yet these factors remain poorly understood. Here, we use comparative evolutionary approaches to estimate the durability of immunity and the likelihood of future infections over time following vaccination by messenger RNA (mRNA) and viral vector COVID-19 vaccines. These findings provide quantitative evidence supporting booster vaccination as a crucial approach toward the curtailment of breakthrough infections and reinfections. The durability of vaccine-mediated immunity to SARS-CoV-2, the durations to breakthrough infection, and the optimal timings of booster vaccination are crucial knowledge for pandemic response. Here, we applied comparative evolutionary analyses to estimate the durability of immunity and the likelihood of breakthrough infections over time following vaccination by BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech), mRNA-1273 (Moderna), ChAdOx1 (Oxford-AstraZeneca), and Ad26.COV2.S (Johnson & Johnson/Janssen). We evaluated anti-Spike (S) immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody levels elicited by each vaccine relative to natural infection. We estimated typical trajectories of waning and corresponding infection probabilities, providing the distribution of times to breakthrough infection for each vaccine under endemic conditions. Peak antibody levels elicited by messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines mRNA-1273 and BNT1262b2 exceeded that of natural infection and are expected to typically yield more durable protection against breakthrough infections (median 29.6 mo; 5 to 95% quantiles 10.9 mo to 7.9 y) than natural infection (median 21.5 mo; 5 to 95% quantiles 3.5 mo to 7.1 y). Relative to mRNA-1273 and BNT1262b2, viral vector vaccines ChAdOx1 and Ad26.COV2.S exhibit similar peak anti-S IgG antibody responses to that from natural infection and are projected to yield lower, shorter-term protection against breakthrough infection (median 22.4 mo and 5 to 95% quantiles 4.3 mo to 7.2 y; and median 20.5 mo and 5 to 95% quantiles 2.6 mo to 7.0 y; respectively). These results leverage the tools from evolutionary biology to provide a quantitative basis for otherwise unknown parameters that are fundamental to public health policy decision-making.
Collapse
|
10
|
Abraha I, Eusebi P, Germani A, Pasquarelli E, Pascolini S, Antonietti R, Argenti S, Fioravanti A, Martini E, Aristei L, Mancinelli P, Ottaviani ML, Roselli M, Barzacca M, Belardinelli E, Micheli M. Temporal trends and differences of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses in symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects: a longitudinal study from Umbria in Italy. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e056370. [PMID: 35851013 PMCID: PMC9296997 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dynamics of antibody responses following SARS-CoV-2 infection are controversial in terms of immunity and persistence. We aimed to assess longitudinally the trend of antibody serological titres, their correlation with clinical severity as well as clinical reinfection during a follow-up. DESIGN Longitudinal cohort, 12 months follow-up study. SETTING USL Umbria 2. PARTICIPANTS Consecutive subjects aged 15-75 who were discharged with the diagnosis of Sars-Cov-2 from the hospitals of the AUSL Umbria 2, or resulted positive to a PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 infection with or without symptoms were recruited. SARS-CoV-2 serological testing for antibodies targeting the Nucleocapside and Spike proteins were determined. RESULTS Of 184 eligible subjects, 149 were available for evaluation: 17 were classified as oligo/asymptomatic, 107 as symptomatic, 25 as hospital admitted. Participants differed in terms of signs and symptoms as well as treatment. Overall there was a significant difference in terms of antibody titres between groups (anti-S: p<0.00; anti-N: p=0.019). Median anti-S titres in the symptomatic and hospital admitted participants were significantly higher compared with the oligo/asymptomatic participants. During follow-up, the median titre of anti-S antibodies did not show significant variations (p=0.500) and the difference within groups remained constant overtime. Subjects that showed an anti-S titre above the threshold of 12 U/mL were 88.7% at first visit and 88.2% at last follow-up. Anti-N values were higher in the hospital admitted participants compared with the other two groups. Anti-N titre reduced constantly overtime (p<0.001) and across the three groups of participants. The percentage of the subjects with serological titre above threshold (<1.4 U/mL) decreased from 74.5%% to 29.2% (p<0.001). None of the participants developed clinically evident reinfection. CONCLUSION Anti-N and anti-S correlate well with clinical severity. While anti-N declines overtime, anti-S antibodies persist for at least 1 year.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iosief Abraha
- Servizio Immunotrasfusionale, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale Umbria 2, Foligno (PG), Italy
| | - Paolo Eusebi
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonella Germani
- Servizio Immunotrasfusionale, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale Umbria 2, Foligno (PG), Italy
| | - Erica Pasquarelli
- Servizio Immunotrasfusionale, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale Umbria 2, Foligno (PG), Italy
| | - Sofia Pascolini
- Servizio Immunotrasfusionale, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale Umbria 2, Foligno (PG), Italy
| | - Rossana Antonietti
- Servizio Immunotrasfusionale, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale Umbria 2, Foligno (PG), Italy
| | - Sandro Argenti
- Servizio Immunotrasfusionale, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale Umbria 2, Foligno (PG), Italy
| | - Alessandra Fioravanti
- Servizio Immunotrasfusionale, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale Umbria 2, Foligno (PG), Italy
| | - Elisa Martini
- Servizio Immunotrasfusionale, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale Umbria 2, Foligno (PG), Italy
| | - Luana Aristei
- Servizio Immunotrasfusionale, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale Umbria 2, Foligno (PG), Italy
| | - Paola Mancinelli
- Servizio Immunotrasfusionale, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale Umbria 2, Foligno (PG), Italy
| | | | - Martina Roselli
- Servizio Immunotrasfusionale, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale Umbria 2, Foligno (PG), Italy
| | - Milena Barzacca
- Servizio Immunotrasfusionale, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale Umbria 2, Foligno (PG), Italy
| | - Erika Belardinelli
- Servizio Immunotrasfusionale, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale Umbria 2, Foligno (PG), Italy
| | - Marta Micheli
- Servizio Immunotrasfusionale, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale Umbria 2, Foligno (PG), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lung Transplant Recipients Immunogenicity after Heterologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19—BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccination. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071470. [PMID: 35891450 PMCID: PMC9316698 DOI: 10.3390/v14071470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: High immunosuppressive regimen in lung transplant recipients (LTRs) hampers the immune response to vaccination. We prospectively investigated the immunogenicity of heterologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19-BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination in an LTR cohort. (2) Methods: Forty-nine COVID-19 naïve LTRs received a two-dose regimen ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine. A subset of 32 patients received a booster dose of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine 18 weeks after the second dose. (3) Results: Two-doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 induced poor immunogenicity with 7.2% seropositivity at day 180 and low neutralizing capacities. The BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine induced significant increases in IgG titers with means of 197.8 binding antibody units per milliliter (BAU/mL) (95% CI 0–491.4) and neutralizing antibodies, with means of 76.6 AU/mL (95% CI 0–159.6). At day 238, 32.2% of LTRs seroconverted after the booster dose. Seroneutralization capacities against Delta and Omicron variants were found in only 13 and 9 LTRs, respectively. Mycophenolate mofetil and high-dose corticosteroids were associated with a weak serological response. (4) Conclusions: The immunogenicity of a two-dose ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine regimen was very poor in LTRs, but was significantly enhanced after the booster dose in one-third of LTRs. In immunocompromised individuals, the administration of a fourth dose may be considered to increase the immune response against SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
|
12
|
Higher Antibody Concentrations in U.S. Health Care Workers Associated with Greater Reactogenicity Post-Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10040601. [PMID: 35455350 PMCID: PMC9031985 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple factors may be associated with immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Factors potentially related to magnitude and durability of response include age, time, and vaccine reactogenicity. This study analyzed SARS-CoV-2 IgG spike antibody responses following the second dose of vaccine in healthcare workers (HCWs). Data were collected from participants enrolled in a longitudinal SARS-CoV-2 serology study over a 12-month period. Participants completed a survey documenting symptoms post-vaccination. Serum specimens were tested for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies using the Abbott Architect AdvisdeDx SARS-CoV-2 IgGII assay. Antibody levels were compared against time from second vaccine dose, and symptoms following vaccination. Altogether, 335 women (86.6%) and 52 men (13.4%) participated. Median age was 37 years (IQR 30-43). Overall median antibody level was 2150.80 [1246.12, 3556.98] AU/mL (IQR). Age was not associated with antibody concentration (p-value = 0.10). Higher antibody responses (2253 AU/mL vs. 1506 AU/mL; p = 0.008) were found in HCWs with one or more symptoms after the second dose of the vaccine (n = 311). Antibody responses persisted throughout the study period post-vaccination; statistically significant decreases in antibody responses were observed over time (p < 0.001). Higher antibody response was associated with reactogenicity post-vaccine. Age and sex were not associated with higher antibody responses.
Collapse
|
13
|
Colwill K, Galipeau Y, Stuible M, Gervais C, Arnold C, Rathod B, Abe KT, Wang JH, Pasculescu A, Maltseva M, Rocheleau L, Pelchat M, Fazel-Zarandi M, Iskilova M, Barrios-Rodiles M, Bennett L, Yau K, Cholette F, Mesa C, Li AX, Paterson A, Hladunewich MA, Goodwin PJ, Wrana JL, Drews SJ, Mubareka S, McGeer AJ, Kim J, Langlois MA, Gingras AC, Durocher Y. A scalable serology solution for profiling humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. Clin Transl Immunology 2022; 11:e1380. [PMID: 35356067 PMCID: PMC8942165 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Antibody testing against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has been instrumental in detecting previous exposures and analyzing vaccine‐elicited immune responses. Here, we describe a scalable solution to detect and quantify SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies, discriminate between natural infection‐ and vaccination‐induced responses, and assess antibody‐mediated inhibition of the spike‐angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) interaction. Methods We developed methods and reagents to detect SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The main assays focus on the parallel detection of immunoglobulin (Ig)Gs against the spike trimer, its receptor binding domain (RBD) and nucleocapsid (N). We automated a surrogate neutralisation (sn)ELISA that measures inhibition of ACE2‐spike or ‐RBD interactions by antibodies. The assays were calibrated to a World Health Organization reference standard. Results Our single‐point IgG‐based ELISAs accurately distinguished non‐infected and infected individuals. For seroprevalence assessment (in a non‐vaccinated cohort), classifying a sample as positive if antibodies were detected for ≥ 2 of the 3 antigens provided the highest specificity. In vaccinated cohorts, increases in anti‐spike and ‐RBD (but not ‐N) antibodies are observed. We present detailed protocols for serum/plasma or dried blood spots analysis performed manually and on automated platforms. The snELISA can be performed automatically at single points, increasing its scalability. Conclusions Measuring antibodies to three viral antigens and identify neutralising antibodies capable of disrupting spike‐ACE2 interactions in high‐throughput enables large‐scale analyses of humoral immune responses to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and vaccination. The reagents are available to enable scaling up of standardised serological assays, permitting inter‐laboratory data comparison and aggregation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Colwill
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital Sinai Health Toronto ON Canada
| | - Yannick Galipeau
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Matthew Stuible
- Mammalian Cell Expression, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre National Research Council Canada Montréal QC Canada
| | - Christian Gervais
- Mammalian Cell Expression, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre National Research Council Canada Montréal QC Canada
| | - Corey Arnold
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Bhavisha Rathod
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital Sinai Health Toronto ON Canada.,Present address: Treadwell Therapeutics Toronto ON Canada
| | - Kento T Abe
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital Sinai Health Toronto ON Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Jenny H Wang
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital Sinai Health Toronto ON Canada
| | - Adrian Pasculescu
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital Sinai Health Toronto ON Canada
| | - Mariam Maltseva
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Lynda Rocheleau
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Martin Pelchat
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada.,The Centre for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Mahya Fazel-Zarandi
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital Sinai Health Toronto ON Canada
| | - Mariam Iskilova
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital Sinai Health Toronto ON Canada
| | - Miriam Barrios-Rodiles
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital Sinai Health Toronto ON Canada
| | - Linda Bennett
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital Sinai Health Toronto ON Canada
| | - Kevin Yau
- Division of Nephrology Department of Medicine Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Toronto ON Canada
| | - François Cholette
- National Microbiology Laboratory Public Health Agency of Canada Winnipeg MB Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases University of Manitoba Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - Christine Mesa
- National Microbiology Laboratory Public Health Agency of Canada Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - Angel X Li
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital Sinai Health Toronto ON Canada.,Department of Microbiology, at Mount Sinai Hospital Sinai Health Toronto ON Canada
| | - Aimee Paterson
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital Sinai Health Toronto ON Canada.,Department of Microbiology, at Mount Sinai Hospital Sinai Health Toronto ON Canada
| | - Michelle A Hladunewich
- Division of Nephrology Department of Medicine Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Toronto ON Canada
| | - Pamela J Goodwin
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital Sinai Health Toronto ON Canada.,Department of Medicine University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Jeffrey L Wrana
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital Sinai Health Toronto ON Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Steven J Drews
- Microbiology, Donation Policy and Studies Canadian Blood Services Edmonton AB Canada.,Division of Diagnostic and Applied Microbiology Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Division of Microbiology Department of Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Diagnostics Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Toronto ON Canada.,Biological Sciences Sunnybrook Research Institute Toronto ON Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Toronto ON Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Allison J McGeer
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital Sinai Health Toronto ON Canada.,Department of Microbiology, at Mount Sinai Hospital Sinai Health Toronto ON Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - John Kim
- National Microbiology Laboratory Public Health Agency of Canada Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - Marc-André Langlois
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada.,The Centre for Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital Sinai Health Toronto ON Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Yves Durocher
- Mammalian Cell Expression, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre National Research Council Canada Montréal QC Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Theel ES. Performance Characteristics of High-Throughput Serologic Assays for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 with Food and Drug Administration Emergency Use Authorization: A Review. Clin Lab Med 2022; 42:15-29. [PMID: 35153046 PMCID: PMC8563341 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This review provides a broad summary of the performance characteristics of high-throughput severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) serologic assays with Food and Drug Administration Emergency Use Authorization, which are commonly found in central clinical laboratories. In addition, this review discusses the current roles of serologic testing for SARS-CoV-2 and provides a perspective for the future.
Collapse
|
15
|
Atanasov P, Ivanova S, Kobakova Y, Moneva-Sakelarieva M, Obreshkova D, Petkova V, Laleva-Jordanova P. Immunogenesis in patients with medium and severe coronavirus infection – dynamics in different age groups. PHARMACIA 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/pharmacia.69.e81063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The results of a one-year prospective study, during which the process of immunogenesis in patients over 18 years of age with moderate and severe coronavirus infection was monitored and analyzed in clinical and paraclinical (clinical laboratory) aspects, are summarized and presented.
The study included 2683 patients, all treated in the Clinic of Internal Diseases at the University Multiprofile Hospital for Active Treatment and Emergency Medicine “N. I. Pirogov” EAD, Sofia for the period from April 2020 to December 2020. Patients were followed for one year after recovering from moderate to severe coronavirus infection. Patients are grouped into four age categories as follows: 18–45 years; 46–65 years; 66–80 years and over 80 years.
The results of our study show that during the study period in 97% of patients the level of anti-SARS-CoV2, rose and in the remaining three percent it was flat or followed by subsequent waning (in less than 1% of patients), but does not reach critically low levels (i. e. below the positivity conditional threshold). The level of IgG reached a peak and then waned, but on the other hand, as mentioned above, the amount of Ig-Total tested shows a significant increase. This trend is observed in all age groups, with a difference in the level of IgG and Ig-Total depending on age.
The results of the additional screening in the target period in terms of virulence and virus segregation, categorically rule out the suspicion of the presence of “silent spreader”. During the follow-up period, no patients were re-hospitalized due to recurrence of Coronavirus infection (re-infection and illness).
Collapse
|
16
|
Wiwe EF, Carlsson ER, Rasmussen CL, Rasmussen P, Ougaard R, Hansen SI, Schiøler T, Kristiansen S, Hansen YB, Hillig T. Long-Term Comparison of 7 SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Assays in the North Zealand Covid-19 Cohort. J Appl Lab Med 2022; 7:711-726. [PMID: 35134936 PMCID: PMC8903407 DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfab173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Throughout the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic numerous severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody assays have been approved through Emergency Use Authorization and require further evaluation of sensitivity and specificity in clinical laboratory settings prior to implementation. Methods We included 1733 samples from 375 PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2–positive individuals of the North Zealand Covid-19 Cohort in an 8-month period. We investigated diagnostic sensitivity and specificity against consensus and PCR and interassay agreement over time for 5 SARS-CoV-2 immunoassays [Roche-nucleocapsid (NC)-total, Roche-receptor binding domain (RBD)-total, Siemens-RBD-IgG, Siemens-RBD-total, Thermo Fisher Scientific (TFS)-RBD-IgG] commercially available on automated platforms and 2 ELISA assays (TFS-RBD-total, Wantai-RBD-total). Results Early interassay discrepancy in up to 49% of samples decreased steadily during the first 18 days. By day 18, all assays had reached a plateau between 82.3% and 90.5% seropositivity compared to PCR. Assays ranked by closest agreement with the consensus model beyond day 18 (sensitivity/specificity against consensus) were as follows: Roche-RBD-total, 99.8%/100.0%; Wantai-RBD-total, 99.8%/99.7%; Roche-NC-total, 97.8%/100.0%; Siemens-RBD-total, 98.0%/98.7%; TFS-RBD-total, 96.9%/99.7%; TFS-RBD-IgG, 91.5%/100.0%; and Siemens-RBD-IgG, 94.6%/89.9%. We found that 7.8% of PCR-positive patients remained seronegative in all assays throughout the study. Conclusions All included assays had sensitivities against consensus >90% past day 18. For the current recommended use of antibody assays to detect former, undocumented Covid-19, our data suggest the use of total antibody assays rather than IgG-specific assays due to higher long-term sensitivity. Finally, a nonresponding subpopulation of 7.8% in our cohort with persistent seronegative results raises concern of a possible substantial number of people with continued low protection following natural SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elias F Wiwe
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Elin R Carlsson
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
| | | | - Pernille Rasmussen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Robert Ougaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Steen I Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Thomas Schiøler
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Søren Kristiansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Young B Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Thore Hillig
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Van Elslande J, Oyaert M, Lorent N, Weygaerde YV, Van Pottelbergh G, Godderis L, Van Ranst M, André E, Padalko E, Lagrou K, Vandendriessche S, Vermeersch P. Lower persistence of anti-nucleocapsid compared to anti-spike antibodies up to one year after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 103:115659. [PMID: 35278794 PMCID: PMC8837483 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2022.115659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We retrospectively compared the long-term evolution of IgG anti-spike (S) and anti-nucleocapsid (N) levels (Abbott immunoassays) in 116 non-severe and 115 severe SARS-CoV-2 infected patients from 2 university hospitals up to 365 days post positive RT-PCR. IgG anti-S and anti-N antibody levels decayed exponentially up to 365 days after a peak 0 to 59 days after positive RT-PCR. Peak antibody level/cut-off ratio 0 to 59 days after positive RT-PCR was more than 70 for anti-S compared to less than 6 for anti-N (P < 0.01). Anti-S and anti-N were significantly higher in severe compared to non-severe patients up to 180 to 239 days and 300 to 365 days, respectively (P < 0.05). Despite similar half-lives, the estimated time to 50% seronegativity was more than 2 years for anti-S compared to less than 1 year for anti-N in non-severe and severe COVID-19 patients, due to the significantly higher peak antibody level/cut-off ratio for anti-S compared to anti-N.
Collapse
|
18
|
Gentles LE, Kehoe L, Crawford KH, Lacombe K, Dickerson J, Wolf C, Yuan J, Schuler S, Watson JT, Nyanseor S, Briggs-Hagen M, Saydah S, Midgley CM, Pringle K, Chu H, Bloom JD, Englund JA. Dynamics of infection-elicited SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in children over time. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022:2022.01.14.22269235. [PMID: 35118481 PMCID: PMC8811949 DOI: 10.1101/2022.01.14.22269235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection elicits an antibody response that targets several viral proteins including spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N); S is the major target of neutralizing antibodies. Here, we assess levels of anti-N binding antibodies and anti-S neutralizing antibodies in unvaccinated children compared with unvaccinated older adults following infection. Specifically, we examine neutralization and anti-N binding by sera collected up to 52 weeks following SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and compare these to a cohort of adults, including older adults, most of whom had mild infections that did not require hospitalization. Neutralizing antibody titers were lower in children than adults early after infection, but by 6 months titers were similar between age groups. The neutralizing activity of the children's sera decreased modestly from one to six months; a pattern that was not significantly different from that observed in adults. However, infection of children induced much lower levels of anti-N antibodies than in adults, and levels of these anti-N antibodies decreased more rapidly in children than in adults, including older adults. These results highlight age-related differences in the antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 proteins and, as vaccines for children are introduced, may provide comparator data for the longevity of infection-elicited and vaccination-induced neutralizing antibody responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Gentles
- Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Leanne Kehoe
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Katharine H.D. Crawford
- Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kirsten Lacombe
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jane Dickerson
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Caitlin Wolf
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joanna Yuan
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Susanna Schuler
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - John T. Watson
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sankan Nyanseor
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Melissa Briggs-Hagen
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sharon Saydah
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Claire M. Midgley
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kimberly Pringle
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Helen Chu
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jesse D. Bloom
- Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Janet A. Englund
- Division of Infectious Disease, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in December 2019 and caused a dramatic pandemic. Serological assays are used to check for immunization and assess herd immunity. We evaluated commercially available assays designed to quantify antibodies directed to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) antigen, either total (Wantaï SARS-CoV-2 Ab ELISA) or IgG (SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant on Alinity, Abbott, and Liaison SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG, Diasorin). The specificities of the Wantaï, Alinity, and Liaison assays were evaluated using 100 prepandemic sera and were 98, 99, and 97%, respectively. The sensitivities of all three were around 100% when tested on 35 samples taken 15 to 35 days postinfection. They were less sensitive for 150 sera from late infections (>180 days). Using the first WHO international standard (NIBSC), we showed that the Wantai results were concordant with the NIBSC values, while Liaison and Alinity showed a proportional bias of 1.3 and 7, respectively. The results of the 3 immunoassays were significantly globally pairwise correlated and for late infection sera (P < 0.001). They were correlated for recent infection sera measured with Alinity and Liaison (P < 0.001). However, the Wantai results of recent infections were not correlated with those from Alinity or Liaison. All the immunoassay results were significantly correlated with the neutralizing antibody titers obtained using a live virus neutralization assay with the B1.160 SARS-CoV-2 strain. These assays will be useful once the protective anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titer has been determined. IMPORTANCE Standardization and correlation with virus neutralization assays are critical points to compare the performance of serological assays designed to quantify anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in order to identify their optimal use. We have evaluated three serological immunoassays based on the virus spike antigen that detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies: a microplate assay and two chemiluminescent assays performed with Alinity (Abbott) and Liaison (Diasorin) analysers. We used an in-house live virus neutralization assay and the first WHO international standard to assess the comparison. This study could be useful to determine guidelines on the use of serological results to manage vaccination and treatment with convalescent plasma or monoclonal antibodies.
Collapse
|
20
|
Solastie A, Virta C, Haveri A, Ekström N, Kantele A, Miettinen S, Lempainen J, Jalkanen P, Kakkola L, Dub T, Julkunen I, Melin M. A Highly Sensitive and Specific SARS-CoV-2 Spike- and Nucleoprotein-Based Fluorescent Multiplex Immunoassay (FMIA) to Measure IgG, IgA, and IgM Class Antibodies. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0113121. [PMID: 34787485 PMCID: PMC8597651 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01131-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Validation and standardization of accurate serological assays are crucial for the surveillance of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and population immunity. We describe the analytical and clinical performance of an in-house fluorescent multiplex immunoassay (FMIA) for simultaneous quantification of antibodies against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nucleoprotein and spike glycoprotein. Furthermore, we calibrated IgG-FMIA against World Health Organization (WHO) International Standard and compared FMIA results to an in-house enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and a microneutralization test (MNT). We also compared the MNT results of two laboratories. IgG-FMIA displayed 100% specificity and sensitivity for samples collected 13 to 150 days post-onset of symptoms (DPO). For IgA- and IgM-FMIA, 100% specificity and sensitivity were obtained for a shorter time window (13 to 36 and 13 to 28 DPO for IgA- and IgM-FMIA, respectively). FMIA and EIA results displayed moderate to strong correlation, but FMIA was overall more specific and sensitive. IgG-FMIA identified 100% of samples with neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). Anti-spike IgG concentrations correlated strongly (ρ = 0.77 to 0.84, P < 2.2 × 10-16) with NAb titers, and the two laboratories' NAb titers displayed a very strong correlation (ρ = 0.95, P < 2.2 × 10-16). Our results indicate good correlation and concordance of antibody concentrations measured with different types of in-house SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays. Calibration against the WHO international standard did not, however, improve the comparability of FMIA and EIA results. IMPORTANCE SARS-CoV-2 serological assays with excellent clinical performance are essential for reliable estimation of the persistence of immunity after infection or vaccination. In this paper we present a thoroughly validated SARS-CoV-2 serological assay with excellent clinical performance and good comparability to neutralizing antibody titers. Neutralization tests are still considered the gold standard for SARS-CoV-2 serological assays, but our assay can identify samples with neutralizing antibodies with 100% sensitivity and 96% specificity without the need for laborious and slow biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) facility-requiring analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Solastie
- Department of Health Security, Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Camilla Virta
- Department of Health Security, Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Haveri
- Department of Health Security, Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Ekström
- Department of Health Security, Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Kantele
- Meilahti Infectious Diseases and Vaccination Research Center, MeiVac, Department of Infectious Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Simo Miettinen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Lempainen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pinja Jalkanen
- Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Kakkola
- Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Timothée Dub
- Department of Health Security, Infectious Disease Control and Vaccinations Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Merit Melin
- Department of Health Security, Expert Microbiology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ferrari D, Mangia A, Spanò MS, Zaffarano L, Viganò M, Di Resta C, Locatelli M, Ciceri F, De Vecchi E. Quantitative serological evaluation as a valuable tool in the COVID-19 vaccination campaign. Clin Chem Lab Med 2021; 59:2019-2026. [PMID: 34614550 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2021-0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES After exceptional research efforts, several vaccines were developed against SARS-CoV-2 which sustains the pandemic COVID-19. The Comirnaty vaccine showed high efficacy in clinical trials and was the first to be approved for its distribution to the general population. We evaluated the immune response induced by the first vaccine dose in different sex/age groups and subjects with or without naturally present anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. METHODS As part of an Italian multicenter project (Covidiagnostix), serum samples from 4,290 health-professionals were serologically tested the day of the first vaccination dose, and 21 days later, using two different instrumentations (Siemens-Healthineers and Roche). RESULTS In total, 97% of samples showed the presence of specific antibodies 21 days after the vaccination dose; the percentage of non-responders increased with age in both genders. Remarkably, naturally seropositive individuals showed antibody persistence up to 11 months and an exceptionally higher vaccination response compared to subjects never infected by SARS-CoV-2. CONCLUSIONS This study highlighted the importance of the serological test i) to identify naturally SARS-CoV-2 seropositive individuals and ii) to evaluate the antibody level elicited by the first vaccination dose. Both tests, highlighted differences in the immune response, when subjects were stratified by sex and age, and between naturally seropositive and seronegative subjects. The data obtained show how serological tests could play a crucial role in the triage of the population subjected to the vaccination campaign for COVID-19. The definition of suitable instrumentation-specific thresholds is needed to correctly follow eventually acquired post-vaccination immunity in the general population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandra Mangia
- Liver Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Fondazione, "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Maria Sestina Spanò
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Zaffarano
- Blood Bank Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Fondazione, "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Marco Viganò
- Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all'Ortopedia, IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Fabio Ciceri
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena De Vecchi
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gillot C, Favresse J, Maloteau V, Dogné JM, Douxfils J. Dynamics of Neutralizing Antibody Responses Following Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Correlation with Commercial Serologic Tests. A Reappraisal and Indirect Comparison with Vaccinated Subjects. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112329. [PMID: 34835135 PMCID: PMC8621742 DOI: 10.3390/v13112329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutralising antibodies (NAbs) represent the real source of protection against SARS-CoV-2 infections by preventing the virus from entering target cells. The gold standard in the detection of these antibodies is the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). As these experiments must be done in a very secure environment, other techniques based on pseudoviruses: pseudovirus neutralization test (pVNT) or surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) have been developed. Binding assays, on the other hand, measure total antibodies or IgG, IgM, and IgA directed against one epitope of the SARS-CoV-2, independently of their neutralizing capacity. The aim of this study is to compare the performance of six commercial binding assays to the pVNT and sVNT. In this study, we used blood samples from a cohort of 62 RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 patients. Based on the results of the neutralizing assays, adapted cut-offs for the binding assays were calculated. The use of these adapted cut-offs does not permit to improve the accuracy of the serological assays and we did not find an adapted cut-off able to improve the capacity of these tests to detect NAbs. For a part of the population, a longitudinal follow-up with at least two samples for the same patient was performed. From day 14 to day 291, more than 75% of the samples were positive for NAbs (n = 87/110, 79.1%). Interestingly, 6 months post symptoms onset, the majority of the samples (N = 44/52, 84.6%) were still positive for NAbs. This is in sharp contrast with the results we obtained 6 months post-vaccination in our cohort of healthcare workers who have received the two-dose regimens of BNT162b2. In this cohort of vaccinated subjects, 43% (n = 25/58) of the participants no longer exhibit NAbs activity 180 days after the administration of the first dose of BNT162b2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constant Gillot
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium; (C.G.); (J.F.); (V.M.); (J.-M.D.)
| | - Julien Favresse
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium; (C.G.); (J.F.); (V.M.); (J.-M.D.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinique St-Luc Bouge, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Vincent Maloteau
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium; (C.G.); (J.F.); (V.M.); (J.-M.D.)
| | - Jean-Michel Dogné
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium; (C.G.); (J.F.); (V.M.); (J.-M.D.)
| | - Jonathan Douxfils
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium; (C.G.); (J.F.); (V.M.); (J.-M.D.)
- Qualiblood s.a., 5000 Namur, Belgium
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wauthier L, Delefortrie Q, Eppe N, Vankerkhoven P, Wolff E, Dekeyser M, Cirriez JM, Grimmelprez A. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in high-risk health care workers in a Belgian general hospital: evolution from the first wave to the second. Acta Clin Belg 2021; 77:906-914. [PMID: 34789077 DOI: 10.1080/17843286.2021.2004349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Health care workers (HCWs) are at the frontline for combatting the ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. To describe recent or past infections, the novel development of serological assays enabled the assessment of the immune response developed in coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Here, we investigate SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in high-risk HCWs in a Belgian general hospital after both the first and the second waves. Three different immunoassays were used to determine immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in volunteer HCWs who worked in at least one COVID-19-dedicated ward [emergency department, intensive care unit (ICU) and internal medicine department] in our institution from 8 May 2020 to 19 May 2020 (n = 267) and from 18 January 2021 to 8 February 2021 (n = 189). Risk factors for seropositivity were also assessed using a questionnaire filled out by all participants. We report a steep increase in seroprevalence after the second wave and report a higher seropositivity in HCWs than in the general population. Furthermore, we show that ICU personnel and especially nurses exhibit a proportionally lower SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence. This study documents the rapid increase in SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in highly exposed HCWs in a context of high viral circulation prior to vaccination campaigns. Most importantly, it suggests a lower occupational risk in ICU and illustrates the role of diagnostic labeling and use of personal protective equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loris Wauthier
- Clinical Pathology Department, Clinique Notre-Dame de Grâce, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Quentin Delefortrie
- Clinical Pathology Department, Clinique Notre-Dame de Grâce, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Eppe
- Emergency Department, Clinique Notre-Dame de Grâce, Gosselies, Belgium
| | | | - Eva Wolff
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, Clinique Notre-Dame de Grâce, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Mélanie Dekeyser
- Clinical Pathology Department, Clinique Notre-Dame de Grâce, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Jean-Michel Cirriez
- Clinical Pathology Department, Clinique Notre-Dame de Grâce, Gosselies, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Risk Factors for Being Seronegative following SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a Large Cohort of Health Care Workers in Denmark. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0090421. [PMID: 34668738 PMCID: PMC8528102 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00904-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most individuals seroconvert after infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but being seronegative is observed in 1 to 9%. We aimed to investigate the risk factors associated with being seronegative following PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. In a prospective cohort study, we screened health care workers (HCW) in the Capital Region of Denmark for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. We performed three rounds of screening from April to October 2020 using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method targeting SARS-CoV-2 total antibodies. Data on all participants’ PCR for SARS-CoV-2 RNA were captured from national registries. The Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards models were applied to investigate the probability of being seronegative and the related risk factors, respectively. Of 36,583 HCW, 866 (2.4%) had a positive PCR before or during the study period. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) age of 866 HCW was 42 (31 to 53) years, and 666 (77%) were female. After a median of 132 (range, 35 to 180) days, 21 (2.4%) of 866 were seronegative. In a multivariable model, independent risk factors for being seronegative were self-reported asymptomatic or mild infection hazard ratio (HR) of 6.6 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.6 to 17; P < 0.001) and body mass index (BMI) of ≥30, HR 3.1 (95% CI, 1.1 to 8.8; P = 0.039). Only a few (2.4%) HCW were not seropositive. Asymptomatic or mild infection as well as a BMI above 30 were associated with being seronegative. Since the presence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 reduces the risk of reinfection, efforts to protect HCW with risk factors for being seronegative may be needed in future COVID-19 surges. IMPORTANCE Most individuals seroconvert after infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but negative serology is observed in 1 to 9%. We found that asymptomatic or mild infection as well as a BMI above 30 were associated with being seronegative. Since the presence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 reduces the risk of reinfection, efforts to protect HCW with risk factors for being seronegative may be needed in future COVID-19 surges.
Collapse
|
25
|
Robust SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Responses in Asian COVID-Naïve Subjects 180 Days after Two Doses of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111241. [PMID: 34835172 PMCID: PMC8622758 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Subjects with previous COVID-19 have augmented post-vaccination responses. However, the antibody response in COVID-naïve subjects from Southeast Asia is not well known. Methods: 77 COVID-naïve vaccinees were tested with a full antibody panel [spike antibodies (total (T-Ab), IgG, IgM) and neutralizing antibodies (N-Ab)] pre-vaccination, 10 days after dose 1, and 20/40/60/90/120/150/180 days after dose 2. Results: 10 days after dose 1, 67.6% (48/71)/69.0% (49/71) were T-Ab/IgG positive; only 15.5% (11/71)/14.1% (10/71) were N-Ab/IgM positive. While all (100%) subjects had brisk T-Ab, IgG and N-Ab antibody responses 20 days after complete vaccination, only 79.1% (53/67) were IgM positive. At 180 days (n = 8), T-Ab/IgG/N-Ab were still reactive (lowest T-Ab 186 U/mL, IgG 617 AU/mL, N-Ab 0.39 µg/mL), but IgM was negative in all samples. Spike antibody thresholds of T-Ab 74.1 U/mL (r = 0.95) and IgG 916 AU/mL (r = 0.95) corresponded to N-Ab reactivity (>0.3 µg/mL). Non-linear regression analysis showed that N-Ab would decrease to 0.3 µg/mL by 241 days, whereas T-Ab/IgG would need 470/163 days to reach titers of T-Ab/IgG associated with a N-Ab 0.3 µg/mL (76.4 U/mL and 916 AU/mL respectively). Conclusions: The antibody responses of T-Ab, IgG and N-Ab remain high and durable even at 180 days. N-Ab titers are expected to remain reactive up to 241 days post-vaccination.
Collapse
|
26
|
Einhauser S, Peterhoff D, Niller HH, Beileke S, Günther F, Steininger P, Burkhardt R, Heid IM, Pfahlberg AB, Überla K, Gefeller O, Wagner R. Spectrum Bias and Individual Strengths of SARS-CoV-2 Serological Tests-A Population-Based Evaluation. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:1843. [PMID: 34679541 PMCID: PMC8534748 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11101843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody testing for determining the SARS-CoV-2 serostatus was rapidly introduced in early 2020 and since then has been gaining special emphasis regarding correlates of protection. With limited access to representative samples with known SARS-CoV-2 infection status during the initial period of test development and validation, spectrum bias has to be considered when moving from a "test establishment setting" to population-based settings, in which antibody testing is currently implemented. To provide insights into the presence and magnitude of spectrum bias and to estimate performance measures of antibody testing in a population-based environment, we compared SARS-CoV-2 neutralization to a battery of serological tests and latent class analyses (LCA) in a subgroup (n = 856) of the larger population based TiKoCo-19 cohort (n = 4185). Regarding spectrum bias, we could proof notable differences in test sensitivities and specificities when moving to a population-based setting, with larger effects visible in earlier registered tests. While in the population-based setting the two Roche ELECSYS anti-SARS-CoV-2 tests outperformed every other test and even LCA regarding sensitivity and specificity in dichotomous testing, they didn't provide satisfying quantitative correlation with neutralization capacity. In contrast, our in-house anti SARS-CoV-2-Spike receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG-ELISA (enzyme-linked-immunosorbant assay) though inferior in dichotomous testing, provided satisfactory quantitative correlation and may thus represent a better correlate of protection. In summary, all tests, led by the two Roche tests, provided sufficient accuracy for dichotomous identification of neutralizing sera, with increasing spectrum bias visible in earlier registered tests, while the majority of tests, except the RBD-ELISA, didn't provide satisfactory quantitative correlations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Einhauser
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (S.E.); (D.P.); (H.H.N.)
| | - David Peterhoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (S.E.); (D.P.); (H.H.N.)
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hans Helmut Niller
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (S.E.); (D.P.); (H.H.N.)
| | - Stephanie Beileke
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (S.B.); (P.S.); (K.Ü.)
| | - Felix Günther
- Department of Statistics, Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, LMU Munich, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 Munich, Germany;
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Philipp Steininger
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (S.B.); (P.S.); (K.Ü.)
| | - Ralph Burkhardt
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Iris M. Heid
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Annette B. Pfahlberg
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Waldstr. 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Klaus Überla
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (S.B.); (P.S.); (K.Ü.)
| | - Olaf Gefeller
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Waldstr. 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (S.E.); (D.P.); (H.H.N.)
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Persistence of Antibody Responses to the SARS-CoV-2 in Dialysis Patients and Renal Transplant Recipients Recovered from COVID-19. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101289. [PMID: 34684237 PMCID: PMC8541005 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephropathic subjects with impaired immune responses show dramatically high infection rates of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This work evaluated the ability to acquire and maintain protective antibodies over time in 26 hemodialysis patients and 21 kidney transplant recipients. The subjects were followed-up through quantitative determination of circulating SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG and neutralizing antibodies in the 6-month period after clinical and laboratory recovery. A group of 143 healthcare workers with no underlying chronic pathologies or renal diseases recovered from COVID was also evaluated. In both dialysis and transplanted patients, antibody titers reached a zenith around the 3rd month, and then a decline occurred on average between the 270th and 300th day. Immunocompromised patients who lost antibodies around the 6th month were more common than non-renal subjects, although the difference was not significant (38.5% vs. 26.6%). Considering the decay of antibody levels below the positivity threshold (15 AU/mL) as “failure”, a progressive loss of immunisation was found in the overall population starting 6 months after recovery. A longer overall antibody persistence was observed in severe forms of COVID-19 (p = 0.0183), but within each group, given the small number of patients, the difference was not significant (dialysis: p = 0.0702; transplant: p = 0.1899). These data suggest that immunocompromised renal patients recovered from COVID-19 have weakened and heterogeneous humoral responses that tend to decay over time. Despite interindividual variability, an association emerged between antibody persistence and clinical severity, similar to the subjects with preserved immune function.
Collapse
|
28
|
Bayart JL, Douxfils J, Gillot C, David C, Mullier F, Elsen M, Eucher C, Van Eeckhoudt S, Roy T, Gerin V, Wieers G, Laurent C, Closset M, Dogné JM, Favresse J. Waning of IgG, Total and Neutralizing Antibodies 6 Months Post-Vaccination with BNT162b2 in Healthcare Workers. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1092. [PMID: 34696200 PMCID: PMC8540417 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Data about the long-term duration of antibodies after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination are still scarce and are important to design vaccination strategies. In this study, 231 healthcare professionals received the two-dose regimen of BNT162b2. Of these, 158 were seronegative and 73 were seropositive at baseline. Samples were collected at several time points. The neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and antibodies against the nucleocapsid and the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 were measured. At day 180, a significant antibody decline was observed in seronegative (-55.4% with total antibody assay; -89.6% with IgG assay) and seropositive individuals (-74.8% with total antibody assay; -79.4% with IgG assay). The estimated half-life of IgG from the peak humoral response was 21 days (95% CI: 13-65) in seronegative and 53 days (95% CI: 40-79) in seropositive individuals. The estimated half-life of total antibodies was longer and ranged from 68 days (95% CI: 54-90) to 114 days (95% CI: 87-167) in seropositive and seronegative individuals, respectively. The decline of NAbs was more pronounced (-98.6%) and around 45% of the subjects tested were negative at day 180. Whether this decrease correlates with an equivalent drop in the clinical effectiveness against the virus would require appropriate clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Bayart
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinique St-Pierre, 1340 Ottignies, Belgium; (J.-L.B.); (T.R.); (V.G.)
| | - Jonathan Douxfils
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium; (C.G.); (J.-M.D.); (J.F.)
- Qualiblood s.a., 5000 Namur, Belgium;
| | - Constant Gillot
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium; (C.G.); (J.-M.D.); (J.F.)
| | | | - François Mullier
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Université Catholique de Louvain, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium; (F.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Marc Elsen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinique St-Luc Bouge, 5004 Bouge, Belgium; (M.E.); (C.E.)
| | - Christine Eucher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinique St-Luc Bouge, 5004 Bouge, Belgium; (M.E.); (C.E.)
| | | | - Tatiana Roy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinique St-Pierre, 1340 Ottignies, Belgium; (J.-L.B.); (T.R.); (V.G.)
| | - Vincent Gerin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinique St-Pierre, 1340 Ottignies, Belgium; (J.-L.B.); (T.R.); (V.G.)
| | - Grégoire Wieers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinique St-Pierre, 1340 Ottignies, Belgium;
| | - Christine Laurent
- Department of Internal Medicine, Université Catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium;
| | - Mélanie Closset
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Université Catholique de Louvain, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium; (F.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Jean-Michel Dogné
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium; (C.G.); (J.-M.D.); (J.F.)
| | - Julien Favresse
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium; (C.G.); (J.-M.D.); (J.F.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinique St-Luc Bouge, 5004 Bouge, Belgium; (M.E.); (C.E.)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) seroprevalence: Navigating the absence of a gold standard. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257743. [PMID: 34555095 PMCID: PMC8459951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) seroprevalence studies bridge the gap left from case detection, to estimate the true burden of the COVID-19 pandemic. While multiple anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassays are available, no gold standard exists. Methods This serial cross-sectional study was conducted using plasma samples from 8999 healthy blood donors between April-September 2020. Each sample was tested by four assays: Abbott SARS-Cov-2 IgG assay, targeting nucleocapsid (Abbott-NP) and three in-house IgG ELISA assays (targeting spike glycoprotein, receptor binding domain, and nucleocapsid). Seroprevalence rates were compared using multiple composite reference standards and by a series of Bayesian Latent Class Models. Result We found 13 unique diagnostic phenotypes; only 32 samples (0.4%) were positive by all assays. None of the individual assays resulted in seroprevalence increasing monotonically over time. In contrast, by using the results from all assays, the Bayesian Latent Class Model with informative priors predicted seroprevalence increased from 0.7% (95% credible interval (95% CrI); 0.4, 1.0%) in April/May to 0.7% (95% CrI 0.5, 1.1%) in June/July to 0.9% (95% CrI 0.5, 1.3) in August/September. Assay characteristics varied over time. Overall Spike had the highest sensitivity (93.5% (95% CrI 88.7, 97.3%), while the sensitivity of the Abbott-NP assay waned from 77.3% (95% CrI 58.7, 92.5%) in April/May to 64.4% (95% CrI 45.6, 83.0) by August/September. Discussion Our results confirmed very low seroprevalence after the first wave in Canada. Given the dynamic nature of this pandemic, Bayesian Latent Class Models can be used to correct for imperfect test characteristics and waning IgG antibody signals.
Collapse
|
30
|
Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Time Course in Patients and Vaccinated Subjects: An Evaluation of the Harmonization of Two Different Methods. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11091709. [PMID: 34574052 PMCID: PMC8472184 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11091709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The time course of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 is not yet well elucidated, especially in people who underwent a vaccination campaign. In this study, we measured the antibodies anti-S1 and anti-RBD with two different methods, both in patients and in vaccinated subjects. One hundred and eight specimens from 48 patients with COVID-19 (time from the onset of symptoms from 3 to 368 days) and 60 specimens from 20 vaccinated subjects (collected after 14 days from the first dose, 14 days and 3 months after a second dose of Comirnaty) were evaluated. We used an ELISA method that measured IgG against anti-Spike 1, and a chemiluminescence immunoassay that measured IgG anti-RBD. In the patients, the antibodies concentrations tended to decline after a few months, with both the methods, but they persisted relatively high up to nearly a year after the symptoms. In the vaccinated subjects, the antibodies were already detectable after the first dose, but after the booster, they showed a significant increase. However, the decrease was rapid, given that 3 months after the second vaccination, they were reduced to less than a quarter. The conversion of the results into BAU units improves the relationship between the two methods. However, in the vaccinated subjects, there was no evidence of proportional error after the conversion, while in the patients, the difference between the two methods remained significant.
Collapse
|
31
|
Cattaneo C, Cancelli V, Imberti L, Dobbs K, Sottini A, Pagani C, Belotti A, Re A, Anastasia A, Quaresima V, Tucci A, Chiorini JA, Su HC, Cohen JI, Burbelo PD, Rossi G, Notarangelo LD. Production and persistence of specific antibodies in COVID-19 patients with hematologic malignancies: role of rituximab. Blood Cancer J 2021; 11:151. [PMID: 34521813 PMCID: PMC8438656 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-021-00546-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of patients with hematologic malignancies (HM) to develop an effective humoral immune response after COVID-19 is unknown. A prospective study was performed to monitor the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 of patients with follicular lymphoma (FL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), chronic lymphoproliferative disorders (CLD), multiple myeloma (MM), or myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative syndromes (MDS/MPN). Antibody (Ab) levels to the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S) protein were measured at +1, +3, +6 months after nasal swabs became PCR-negative. Forty-five patients (9 FL, 8 DLBCL, 8 CLD, 10 MM, 10 MDS/MPS) and 18 controls were studied. Mean anti-N and anti-S-Ab levels were similar between HM patients and controls, and shared the same behavior, with anti-N Ab levels declining at +6 months and anti-S-Ab remaining stable. Seroconversion rates were lower in HM patients than in controls. In lymphoma patients mean Ab levels and seroconversion rates were lower than in other HM patients, primarily because all nine patients who had received rituximab within 6 months before COVID-19 failed to produce anti-N and anti-S-Ab. Only one patient requiring hematological treatment after COVID-19 lost seropositivity after 6 months. No reinfections were observed. These results may inform vaccination policies and clinical management of HM patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Cattaneo
- Hematology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy.
| | - V Cancelli
- Hematology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - L Imberti
- CREA (AIL Center for Hemato-Oncologic Research), Diagnostic Department, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - K Dobbs
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - A Sottini
- CREA (AIL Center for Hemato-Oncologic Research), Diagnostic Department, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - C Pagani
- Hematology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - A Belotti
- Hematology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - A Re
- Hematology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - A Anastasia
- Hematology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - V Quaresima
- CREA (AIL Center for Hemato-Oncologic Research), Diagnostic Department, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - A Tucci
- Hematology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - J A Chiorini
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - H C Su
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J I Cohen
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - P D Burbelo
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - G Rossi
- Hematology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - L D Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Reply to Schulte-Pelkum, J. Comment on "Favresse et al. Persistence of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Depends on the Analytical Kit: A Report for Up to 10 Months after Infection. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 556". Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091849. [PMID: 34576743 PMCID: PMC8468564 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
|
33
|
Schulte-Pelkum J. Comment on Favresse et al. Persistence of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Depends on the Analytical Kit: A Report for Up to 10 Months after Infection. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 556. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081786. [PMID: 34442865 PMCID: PMC8398047 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
34
|
Multicentre Performance Evaluation of the Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immunoassay as an Aid in Determining Previous Exposure to SARS-CoV-2. Infect Dis Ther 2021; 10:2381-2397. [PMID: 34368915 PMCID: PMC8349665 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-021-00504-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction We performed a multicentre evaluation of the Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay (Roche Diagnostics), an assay utilising a recombinant protein representing the nucleocapsid (N) antigen, for the in vitro qualitative detection of antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Methods Specificity was evaluated using serum/plasma samples from blood donors and routine diagnostic specimens collected before September 2019 (i.e., presumed negative for SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies); sensitivity was evaluated using samples from patients with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Point estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Method comparison was performed versus commercially available assays. Results Overall specificity for the Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay (n = 9575) was 99.85% (95% CI 99.75–99.92): blood donors (n = 6714; 99.82%), routine diagnostic specimens (n = 2861; 99.93%), pregnant women (n = 2256; 99.91%), paediatric samples (n = 205; 100.00%). The Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay demonstrated significantly higher specificity versus LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG (99.71% vs. 98.48%), EUROIMMUN Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG (100.00% vs. 94.87%), ADVIA Centaur SARS-CoV-2 Total (100.00% vs. 87.32%) and iFlash SARS-CoV-2 IgM (100.00% vs. 99.58%) assays, and comparable specificity to ARCHITECT SARS-CoV-2 IgG (99.75% vs. 99.65%) and iFlash SARS-CoV-2 IgG (100.00% vs. 100.00%) assays. Overall sensitivity for Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay samples drawn at least 14 days post-PCR confirmation (n = 219) was 93.61% (95% CI 89.51–96.46). No statistically significant differences in sensitivity were observed between the Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay versus EUROIMMUN Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG (90.32% vs. 95.16%) and ARCHITECT SARS-CoV-2 IgG (84.81% vs. 87.34%) assays. The Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay showed significantly lower sensitivity versus ADVIA Centaur SARS-CoV-2 Total (85.19% vs. 95.06%) and iFlash SARS-CoV-2 IgG (86.25% vs. 93.75%) assays, but significantly higher sensitivity versus the iFlash SARS-CoV-2 IgM assay (86.25% vs. 33.75%). Conclusion The Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay demonstrated very high specificity and high sensitivity in samples collected at least 14 days post-PCR confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection, supporting its use to aid in determination of previous exposure to SARS-CoV-2. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40121-021-00504-9.
Collapse
|
35
|
Favresse J, Bayart JL, Mullier F, Elsen M, Eucher C, Van Eeckhoudt S, Roy T, Wieers G, Laurent C, Dogné JM, Closset M, Douxfils J. Antibody titres decline 3-month post-vaccination with BNT162b2. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1495-1498. [PMID: 34232116 PMCID: PMC8300930 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1953403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Several studies reported on the humoral response in subjects having received the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. However, data on the kinetics of antibodies 3 months post-vaccination are currently lacking and are important to drive the future vaccination strategy. The CRO-VAX HCP study is an ongoing multicentre, prospective and interventional study designed to assess the antibody response in a population of healthcare professionals who had received two doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Two hundred individuals underwent a blood drawn within 2 days before the first vaccine dose. One-hundred and forty-two persons (71%) were categorized as seronegative at baseline while 58 (29%) were seropositive. Samples were then collected after 14, 28, 42, 56, and 90 days. Antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid and the receptor binding domain of the S1 subunit of the spike protein were measured in all individuals at different time points. Using a one-compartment kinetics model, the time to maximum concentration was estimated at 36 ± 3 days after the first dose and the estimated half-life of antibodies was 55 days (95% CI: 37-107 days) in seronegative participants. In seropositive participants, the time to maximum concentration was estimated at 24 ± 4 days and the estimated half-life was 80 days (95% CI: 46-303 days). The antibody response was higher in seropositive compared to seronegative participants. In both seropositive and seronegative subjects, a significant antibody decline was observed at 3 months compared to the peak response. Nevertheless, the humoral response remained robust in all participants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Favresse
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinique St-Luc Bouge, Namur, Belgium.,Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Jean-Louis Bayart
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinique St-Pierre, Ottignies, Belgium
| | - François Mullier
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Université catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Marc Elsen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinique St-Luc Bouge, Namur, Belgium
| | - Christine Eucher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinique St-Luc Bouge, Namur, Belgium
| | | | - Tatiana Roy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinique St-Pierre, Ottignies, Belgium
| | - Gregoire Wieers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinique St-Pierre, Ottignies, Belgium
| | - Christine Laurent
- Department of Internal Medicine, Université catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Jean-Michel Dogné
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Mélanie Closset
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Université catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Douxfils
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium.,Qualiblood sa, Namur, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Favresse J, Gillot C, Di Chiaro L, Eucher C, Elsen M, Van Eeckhoudt S, David C, Morimont L, Dogné JM, Douxfils J. Neutralizing Antibodies in COVID-19 Patients and Vaccine Recipients after Two Doses of BNT162b2. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071364. [PMID: 34372570 PMCID: PMC8309994 DOI: 10.3390/v13071364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of the neutralizing capacity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is important because they represent real protective immunity. In this study we aimed to measure and compare the neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) in COVID-19 patients and in vaccinated individuals. One-hundred and fifty long-term samples from 75 COVID-19 patients were analyzed with a surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) and compared to six different SARS-CoV-2 serology assays. The agreement between the sVNT and pseudovirus VNT (pVNT) results was found to be excellent (i.e., 97.2%). The NAb response was also assessed in 90 individuals who had received the complete dose regimen of BNT162b2. In COVID-19 patients, a stronger response was observed in moderate–severe versus mild patients (p-value = 0.0006). A slow decay in NAbs was noted in samples for up to 300 days after diagnosis, especially in moderate–severe patients (r = −0.35, p-value = 0.03). In the vaccinated population, 83.3% of COVID-19-naive individuals had positive NAbs 14 days after the first dose and all were positive 7 days after the second dose, i.e., at day 28. In previously infected individuals, all were already positive for NAbs at day 14. At each time point, a stronger response was observed for previously infected individuals (p-value < 0.05). The NAb response remained stable for up to 56 days in all participants. Vaccinated participants had significantly higher NAb titers compared to COVID patients. In previously infected vaccine recipients, one dose might be sufficient to generate sufficient neutralizing antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Favresse
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinique St-Luc Bouge, 5004 Namur, Belgium; (J.F.); (L.D.C.); (C.E.); (M.E.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium; (C.G.); (J.-M.D.)
| | - Constant Gillot
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium; (C.G.); (J.-M.D.)
| | - Laura Di Chiaro
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinique St-Luc Bouge, 5004 Namur, Belgium; (J.F.); (L.D.C.); (C.E.); (M.E.)
| | - Christine Eucher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinique St-Luc Bouge, 5004 Namur, Belgium; (J.F.); (L.D.C.); (C.E.); (M.E.)
| | - Marc Elsen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinique St-Luc Bouge, 5004 Namur, Belgium; (J.F.); (L.D.C.); (C.E.); (M.E.)
| | | | - Clara David
- Qualiblood s.a., 5000 Namur, Belgium; (C.D.); (L.M.)
| | | | - Jean-Michel Dogné
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium; (C.G.); (J.-M.D.)
| | - Jonathan Douxfils
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium; (C.G.); (J.-M.D.)
- Qualiblood s.a., 5000 Namur, Belgium; (C.D.); (L.M.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Nedelcu I, Jipa R, Vasilescu R, Băicuș C, Popescu CI, Manea E, Stoichițoiu LE, Pinte L, Damalan A, Simulescu O, Stoica I, Stoica M, Hristea A. Long-Term Longitudinal Evaluation of Six Commercial Immunoassays for the Detection of IgM and IgG Antibodies against SARS CoV-2. Viruses 2021; 13:1244. [PMID: 34206895 PMCID: PMC8310110 DOI: 10.3390/v13071244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of serological assays for SARS-CoV-2 has skyrocketed in the past year. Concerns have been raised regarding their performance characteristics, depending on the disease severity and the time of the analysis post-symptom onset (PSO). Thus, independent validations using an unbiased sample selection are required for meaningful serology data interpretation. We aimed to assess the clinical performance of six commercially available assays, the seroconversion, and the dynamics of the humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The study included 528 serum samples from 156 patients with follow-up visits up to six months PSO and 161 serum samples from healthy people. The IgG/total antibodies positive percentage increased and remained above 95% after six months when chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) IgG antiS1/S2 and electro-chemiluminescent assay (ECLIA) total antiNP were used. At early time points PSO, chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) IgM antiS achieved the best sensitivity. IgM and IgG appear simultaneously in most circumstances, and when performed in parallel the sensitivity increases. The severe and the moderate clinical forms were significantly associated with higher seropositivity percentage and antibody levels. High specificity was found in all evaluated assays, but the sensitivity was variable depending on the time PSO, severity of disease, detection method and targeted antigen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iulia Nedelcu
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila” Bucharest, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (I.N.); (C.B.); (E.M.); (L.P.); (A.H.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases Adults 4, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Prof. Dr. Matei Bals”, 1 Dr. Calistrat Grozovici Street, 021105 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Raluca Jipa
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila” Bucharest, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (I.N.); (C.B.); (E.M.); (L.P.); (A.H.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases Adults 4, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Prof. Dr. Matei Bals”, 1 Dr. Calistrat Grozovici Street, 021105 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Roxana Vasilescu
- Medlife Laboratory, 365 Calea Grivitei Street, 010719 Bucharest, Romania; (R.V.); (O.S.); (I.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Cristian Băicuș
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila” Bucharest, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (I.N.); (C.B.); (E.M.); (L.P.); (A.H.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 19-21 Stefan cel Mare Street, 72202 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Costin-Ioan Popescu
- Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independentei, 060031 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Eliza Manea
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila” Bucharest, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (I.N.); (C.B.); (E.M.); (L.P.); (A.H.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases Adults 4, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Prof. Dr. Matei Bals”, 1 Dr. Calistrat Grozovici Street, 021105 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Laura E. Stoichițoiu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 19-21 Stefan cel Mare Street, 72202 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Larisa Pinte
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila” Bucharest, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (I.N.); (C.B.); (E.M.); (L.P.); (A.H.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 19-21 Stefan cel Mare Street, 72202 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Anca Damalan
- Department of Infectious Diseases Adults 4, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Prof. Dr. Matei Bals”, 1 Dr. Calistrat Grozovici Street, 021105 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Oana Simulescu
- Medlife Laboratory, 365 Calea Grivitei Street, 010719 Bucharest, Romania; (R.V.); (O.S.); (I.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Irina Stoica
- Medlife Laboratory, 365 Calea Grivitei Street, 010719 Bucharest, Romania; (R.V.); (O.S.); (I.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Madalina Stoica
- Medlife Laboratory, 365 Calea Grivitei Street, 010719 Bucharest, Romania; (R.V.); (O.S.); (I.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Adriana Hristea
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila” Bucharest, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (I.N.); (C.B.); (E.M.); (L.P.); (A.H.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases Adults 4, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Prof. Dr. Matei Bals”, 1 Dr. Calistrat Grozovici Street, 021105 Bucharest, Romania;
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wang H, Yuan Y, Xiao M, Chen L, Zhao Y, Haiwei Zhang, Long P, Zhou Y, Xu X, Lei Y, Bihao Wu, Diao T, Cai H, Liu L, Shao Z, Wang J, Bai Y, Wang K, Peng M, Liu L, Han S, Mei F, Cai K, Lei Y, Pan A, Wang C, Gong R, Li X, Wu T. Dynamics of the SARS-CoV-2 antibody response up to 10 months after infection. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:1832-1834. [PMID: 34099890 PMCID: PMC8182358 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00708-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingzhong Xiao
- Hepatic Disease Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Applied Research of Liver and Kidney in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Youyun Zhao
- Hepatic Disease Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Applied Research of Liver and Kidney in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Haiwei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Pinpin Long
- Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yana Zhou
- Hepatic Disease Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Applied Research of Liver and Kidney in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Xu
- Hepatic Disease Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Applied Research of Liver and Kidney in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanshou Lei
- Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bihao Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tingyue Diao
- Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Cai
- Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Liu
- Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zuoyu Shao
- Hepatic Disease Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Applied Research of Liver and Kidney in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingzhi Wang
- Hepatic Disease Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Applied Research of Liver and Kidney in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yansen Bai
- Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Miao Peng
- Hepatic Disease Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Applied Research of Liver and Kidney in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Linlin Liu
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Shi Han
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Fanghua Mei
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Cai
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Yake Lei
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - An Pan
- Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chaolong Wang
- Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Hepatic Disease Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Applied Research of Liver and Kidney in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China. .,Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China. .,Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China.
| | - Tangchun Wu
- Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Scozzari G, Costa C, Migliore E, Coggiola M, Ciccone G, Savio L, Scarmozzino A, Pira E, Cassoni P, Galassi C, Cavallo R. Prevalence, Persistence, and Factors Associated with SARS-CoV-2 IgG Seropositivity in a Large Cohort of Healthcare Workers in a Tertiary Care University Hospital in Northern Italy. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061064. [PMID: 34205134 PMCID: PMC8229066 DOI: 10.3390/v13061064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This observational study evaluated SARS-CoV-2 IgG seroprevalence and related clinical, demographic, and occupational factors among workers at the largest tertiary care University-Hospital of Northwestern Italy and the University of Turin after the first pandemic wave of March–April 2020. Overall, about 10,000 individuals were tested; seropositive subjects were retested after 5 months to evaluate antibodies waning. Among 8769 hospital workers, seroprevalence was 7.6%, without significant differences related to job profile; among 1185 University workers, 3.3%. Self-reporting of COVID-19 suspected symptoms was significantly associated with positivity (Odds Ratio (OR) 2.07, 95%CI: 1.76–2.44), although 27% of seropositive subjects reported no previous symptom. At multivariable analysis, contacts at work resulted in an increased risk of 69%, or 24% for working in a COVID ward; contacts in the household evidenced the highest risk, up to more than five-fold (OR 5.31, 95%CI: 4.12–6.85). Compared to never smokers, being active smokers was inversely associated with seroprevalence (OR 0.60, 95%CI: 0.48–0.76). After 5 months, 85% of previously positive subjects still tested positive. The frequency of SARS-COV-2 infection among Health Care Workers was comparable with that observed in surveys performed in Northern Italy and Europe after the first pandemic wave. This study confirms that infection frequently occurred as asymptomatic and underlines the importance of household exposure, seroprevalence (OR 0.60, 95%CI: 0.48–0.76).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gitana Scozzari
- Hospital Medical Direction, Ospedale Molinette, University Hospital Città Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.S.); (L.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Cristina Costa
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, University Hospital Città Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-(11)6335953
| | - Enrica Migliore
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital Città Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (E.M.); (G.C.); (C.G.)
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital Città Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Maurizio Coggiola
- Occupational Medicine Unit, University Hospital Città Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.C.); (E.P.)
| | - Giovannino Ciccone
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital Città Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (E.M.); (G.C.); (C.G.)
| | - Luigi Savio
- Hospital Medical Direction, Ospedale Molinette, University Hospital Città Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.S.); (L.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Antonio Scarmozzino
- Hospital Medical Direction, Ospedale Molinette, University Hospital Città Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (G.S.); (L.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Enrico Pira
- Occupational Medicine Unit, University Hospital Città Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (M.C.); (E.P.)
| | - Paola Cassoni
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pathology Unit, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Claudia Galassi
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital Città Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (E.M.); (G.C.); (C.G.)
| | - Rossana Cavallo
- Microbiology and Virology Unit, University Hospital Città Della Salute e Della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Favresse J, Bayart JL, Mullier F, Dogné JM, Closset M, Douxfils J. Early antibody response in health-care professionals after two doses of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine (BNT162b2). Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 27:1351.e5-1351.e7. [PMID: 33975007 PMCID: PMC8106520 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Data on the immune response after two doses of BNT162b2 are so far limited. Previously infected individuals were excluded from pivotal clinical trials and the optimum dose regimen in this population has not been clearly studied. The CRO-VAX HCP study aims to investigate the early antibody response in a population of health-care professionals having received two doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine. Methods The CRO-VAX HCP study is a multicentre, prospective, interventional study conducted in several sites in Belgium. The study included 231 health-care professional volunteers who received the two-dose regimen of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Of these, 73 were previously infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and 158 were uninfected and seronegative. In the first group, blood samples were collected at baseline and after 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 28 days. In the second group, samples were obtained at baseline and after 14 and 28 days. Antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid and the receptor binding domain of the S1 subunit of the spike protein were measured in all individuals at different time-points. Results In uninfected individuals, 95.5% (95% CI 91.0%–98.2%) developed anti-spike antibodies after 14 days and a 24.9-fold rise (95% CI 21.4%–28.9%) in antibody titre was observed after the second dose. In previously infected individuals, peak antibody response was reached after 7 days (i.e. 6347 U/mL) and the second dose did not lead to significantly higher antibody titres (i.e. 8856–11 911 U/mL). Antibody titres were higher in previously infected individuals. Conclusions This study supports the concept that a single dose of BNT162b2 would be sufficient in previously infected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Favresse
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinique St-Luc Bouge, Namur, Belgium; Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences, University of Namur, Belgium.
| | - Jean-Louis Bayart
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinique St-Pierre, Ottignies, Belgium
| | - François Mullier
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Université Catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur, Yvoir, Namur, Belgium
| | - Jean-Michel Dogné
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences, University of Namur, Belgium
| | - Mélanie Closset
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Université Catholique de Louvain, CHU UCL Namur, Yvoir, Namur, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Douxfils
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences, University of Namur, Belgium; Qualiblood sa, Namur, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Immunoglobulin Response and Prognostic Factors in Repeated SARS-CoV-2 Positive Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050809. [PMID: 33946311 PMCID: PMC8146492 DOI: 10.3390/v13050809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With repeated positivity being an undiscovered and major concern, we aimed to evaluate which prognostic factors may impact repeated SARS-CoV-2 positivity (RSP) and their association with immunoglobulin detectability among recovered patients. A systematic literature search was performed on 5 April 2021. Cohort studies with risk factors for repeated RSP or information about the immunoglobulin response (immunoglobulin M (IgM) and/or immunoglobulin G (IgG)) were included in this analysis. The main examined risk factors were severity of the initial infection, body mass index (BMI), length of hospitalization (LOH), age, and gender, for which we pooled mean differences and odds ratios (ORs). Thirty-four cohort studies (N = 9269) were included in our analysis. We found that increased RSP rate might be associated with IgG positivity; IgG presence was higher in RSP patients (OR: 1.72, CI: 0.87–3.41, p = 0.117). Among the examined risk factors, only mild initial disease course showed a significant association with RSP (OR: 0.3, CI: 0.14–0.67, p = 0.003). Age, male gender, BMI, LOH, and severity of the first episode do not seem to be linked with repeated positivity. However, further prospective follow-up studies focusing on this topic are required.
Collapse
|
42
|
Padoan A, Bonfante F, Cosma C, Di Chiara C, Sciacovelli L, Pagliari M, Bortolami A, Costenaro P, Musso G, Basso D, Giaquinto C, Plebani M. Analytical and clinical performances of a SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD IgG assay: comparison with neutralization titers. Clin Chem Lab Med 2021; 59:1444-1452. [PMID: 33855843 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2021-0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES SARS-CoV-2 serology presents an important role in several aspects of COVID-19 pandemic. Immunoassays performances have to be accurately evaluated and correlated with neutralizing antibodies. We investigated the analytical and clinical performances of a SARS-CoV-2 RBD IgG assay, automated on a high throughput platform, and the correlation of the antibodies (Ab) levels with the plaque reduction neutralization (PRNT50) Ab titers. METHODS A series of 546 samples were evaluated by SARS-CoV-2 RBD IgG assay (Snibe diagnostics), including 171 negative and 168 positive SARS-CoV-2 subjects and a further group of 207 subjects of the COVID-19 family clusters follow-up cohort. RESULTS Assay imprecision ranged from 3.98 to 12.18% being satisfactory at low and medium levels; linearity was excellent in all the measurement range. Considering specimens collected after 14 days post symptoms onset, overall sensitivity and specificity were 99.0 and 92.5%, respectively. A total of 281 leftover samples results of the PRNT50 test were available. An elevated correlation was obtained between the SARS-CoV-2 RBD IgG assay and the PRNT50 titer at univariate (ρ=0.689) and multivariate (ρ=0.712) analyses. CONCLUSIONS SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD IgG assay shows satisfactory analytical and clinical performances, and a strong correlation with sera neutralizing activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Padoan
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, Medical School, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Bonfante
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Models, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Chiara Cosma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Costanza Di Chiara
- Department for Women's and Children's Health, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Sciacovelli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Pagliari
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Models, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alessio Bortolami
- Laboratory of Experimental Animal Models, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Paola Costenaro
- Department for Women's and Children's Health, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Musso
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Daniela Basso
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, Medical School, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Giaquinto
- Department for Women's and Children's Health, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mario Plebani
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, Medical School, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|