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Goyzueta-Mamani LD, Barazorda-Ccahuana HL, Candia-Puma MA, Galdino AS, Machado-de-Avila RA, Giunchetti RC, Medina-Franco JL, Florin-Christensen M, Ferraz Coelho EA, Chávez-Fumagalli MA. Targeting Leishmania infantum Mannosyl-oligosaccharide glucosidase with natural products: potential pH-dependent inhibition explored through computer-aided drug design. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1403203. [PMID: 38873424 PMCID: PMC11169604 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1403203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a serious public health issue, documented in more than ninety countries, where an estimated 500,000 new cases emerge each year. Regardless of novel methodologies, advancements, and experimental interventions, therapeutic limitations, and drug resistance are still challenging. For this reason, based on previous research, we screened natural products (NP) from Nuclei of Bioassays, Ecophysiology, and Biosynthesis of Natural Products Database (NuBBEDB), Mexican Compound Database of Natural Products (BIOFACQUIM), and Peruvian Natural Products Database (PeruNPDB) databases, in addition to structural analogs of Miglitol and Acarbose, which have been suggested as treatments for VL and have shown encouraging action against parasite's N-glycan biosynthesis. Using computer-aided drug design (CADD) approaches, the potential inhibitory effect of these NP candidates was evaluated by inhibiting the Mannosyl-oligosaccharide Glucosidase Protein (MOGS) from Leishmania infantum, an enzyme essential for the protein glycosylation process, at various pH to mimic the parasite's changing environment. Also, computational analysis was used to evaluate the Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity (ADMET) profile, while molecular dynamic simulations were used to gather information on the interactions between these ligands and the protein target. Our findings indicated that Ocotillone and Subsessiline have potential antileishmanial effects at pH 5 and 7, respectively, due to their high binding affinity to MOGS and interactions in the active center. Furthermore, these compounds were non-toxic and had the potential to be administered orally. This research indicates the promising anti-leishmanial activity of Ocotillone and Subsessiline, suggesting further validation through in vitro and in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Daniel Goyzueta-Mamani
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Haruna Luz Barazorda-Ccahuana
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Mayron Antonio Candia-Puma
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa, Peru
- Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Bioquímicas y Biotecnológicas, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa, Peru
| | | | | | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratório de Biologia das Interações Celulares, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Salvador, Brazil
| | - José L. Medina-Franco
- DIFACQUIM Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mónica Florin-Christensen
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Antonio Ferraz Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Colégio Técnico da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (COLTEC), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Miguel Angel Chávez-Fumagalli
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Arequipa, Peru
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Uc-Cachón AH, Chan-Bacab MJ, Lezama-Dávila CM, Isaac-Márquez AP, González-Sánchez AA, Dzul-Beh ÁDJ, Molina-Salinas GM. Anti- Leishmania activity of the Mayan medicinal plant Thouinia paucidentata Radlk extracts. Nat Prod Res 2023:1-5. [PMID: 37565472 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2245537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula is an endemic area of cutaneous leishmaniasis, locally known as the chiclero's ulcer, and Mayan traditional medicine which refers to the use of Thouinia paucidentata Radlk, known as k'an chuunup. Aqueous and organic leaves extracts were evaluated against promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania mexicana. Toxicity tests of extracts were performed using Vero and J774A.1 macrophage cell lines. The composition of the most active extracts was analysed by GC-MS. The n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts showed potent anti-Leishmania activity against the promastigote form, and remarkably, n-hexane extract exhibited potent activity against the amastigote form. Both extracts showed low toxicity on Vero both not on J774A.1 cells. Analysis of both bioactive extracts identified as more abundant compounds, germacrene D-4-ol and thunbergen in n-hexane, and thunbergol in ethyl acetate extracts. Our study presents T. paucidentata as anti-Leishmania phytomedicine supporting its medicinal use and contributes to the understanding of its phytochemical composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Humberto Uc-Cachón
- Unidad de Investigación Médica Yucatán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Manuel Jesús Chan-Bacab
- Centro de Investigación en Microbiología Ambiental y Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, San Francisco de Campeche, Campeche, México
| | - Claudio Manuel Lezama-Dávila
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, San Francisco de Campeche, Campeche, México
| | | | | | - Ángel de Jesús Dzul-Beh
- Unidad de Investigación Médica Yucatán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mérida, Yucatán, México
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3
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Pardo-Rodriguez D, Cifuentes-López A, Bravo-Espejo J, Romero I, Robles J, Cuervo C, Mejía SM, Tellez J. Lupeol Acetate and α-Amyrin Terpenes Activity against Trypanosoma cruzi: Insights into Toxicity and Potential Mechanisms of Action. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8050263. [PMID: 37235311 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8050263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chagas disease is a potentially fatal disease caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. There is growing scientific interest in finding new and better therapeutic alternatives for this disease's treatment. METHODS A total of 81 terpene compounds with potential trypanocidal activity were screened and found to have potential T. cruzi cysteine synthase (TcCS) inhibition using molecular docking, molecular dynamics, ADME and PAIN property analyses and in vitro susceptibility assays. RESULTS Molecular docking analyses revealed energy ranges from -10.5 to -4.9 kcal/mol in the 81 tested compounds, where pentacyclic triterpenes were the best. Six compounds were selected to assess the stability of the TcCS-ligand complexes, of which lupeol acetate (ACLUPE) and α-amyrin (AMIR) exhibited the highest stability during 200 ns of molecular dynamics analysis. Such stability was primarily due to their hydrophobic interactions with the amino acids located in the enzyme's active site. In addition, ACLUPE and AMIR exhibited lipophilic characteristics, low intestinal absorption and no structural interferences or toxicity. Finally, selective index for ACLUPE was >5.94, with moderate potency in the trypomastigote stage (EC50 = 15.82 ± 3.7 μg/mL). AMIR's selective index was >9.36 and it was moderately potent in the amastigote stage (IC50 = 9.08 ± 23.85 μg/mL). CONCLUSIONS The present study proposes a rational approach for exploring lupeol acetate and α-amyrin terpene compounds to design new drugs candidates for Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pardo-Rodriguez
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación Fitoquímica Universidad Javeriana (GIFUJ), Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
- Grupo de Productos Naturales, Universidad del Tolima, Tolima 730006299, Colombia
| | | | - Juan Bravo-Espejo
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
| | - Ibeth Romero
- Escuela de Pregrados, Dirección Académica, Vicerrectoría de Sede, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede, De La Paz 202010, Colombia
| | - Jorge Robles
- Grupo de Investigación Fitoquímica Universidad Javeriana (GIFUJ), Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
| | - Claudia Cuervo
- Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
| | - Sol M Mejía
- Grupo de Investigación Fitoquímica Universidad Javeriana (GIFUJ), Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia
| | - Jair Tellez
- Escuela de Pregrados, Dirección Académica, Vicerrectoría de Sede, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede, De La Paz 202010, Colombia
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4
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Gonzalez-Pastor R, Carrera-Pacheco SE, Zúñiga-Miranda J, Rodríguez-Pólit C, Mayorga-Ramos A, Guamán LP, Barba-Ostria C. Current Landscape of Methods to Evaluate Antimicrobial Activity of Natural Extracts. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031068. [PMID: 36770734 PMCID: PMC9920787 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural extracts have been and continue to be used to treat a wide range of medical conditions, from infectious diseases to cancer, based on their convenience and therapeutic potential. Natural products derived from microbes, plants, and animals offer a broad variety of molecules and chemical compounds. Natural products are not only one of the most important sources for innovative drug development for animal and human health, but they are also an inspiration for synthetic biology and chemistry scientists towards the discovery of new bioactive compounds and pharmaceuticals. This is particularly relevant in the current context, where antimicrobial resistance has risen as a global health problem. Thus, efforts are being directed toward studying natural compounds' chemical composition and bioactive potential to generate drugs with better efficacy and lower toxicity than existing molecules. Currently, a wide range of methodologies are used to analyze the in vitro activity of natural extracts to determine their suitability as antimicrobial agents. Despite traditional technologies being the most employed, technological advances have contributed to the implementation of methods able to circumvent issues related to analysis capacity, time, sensitivity, and reproducibility. This review produces an updated analysis of the conventional and current methods to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of natural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Gonzalez-Pastor
- Biomedical Research Center (CENBIO), Eugenio Espejo School of Health Sciences, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador
| | - Saskya E. Carrera-Pacheco
- Biomedical Research Center (CENBIO), Eugenio Espejo School of Health Sciences, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador
| | - Johana Zúñiga-Miranda
- Biomedical Research Center (CENBIO), Eugenio Espejo School of Health Sciences, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Pólit
- Biomedical Research Center (CENBIO), Eugenio Espejo School of Health Sciences, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador
| | - Arianna Mayorga-Ramos
- Biomedical Research Center (CENBIO), Eugenio Espejo School of Health Sciences, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador
| | - Linda P. Guamán
- Biomedical Research Center (CENBIO), Eugenio Espejo School of Health Sciences, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador
- Correspondence: (L.P.G.); (C.B.-O.)
| | - Carlos Barba-Ostria
- School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Quito 170901, Ecuador
- Correspondence: (L.P.G.); (C.B.-O.)
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5
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Kumari P, Mamud A, Jha AN. Review on the Drug Intolerance and Vaccine Development for the Leishmaniasis. Curr Drug Targets 2023; 24:1023-1031. [PMID: 37823567 DOI: 10.2174/0113894501254585230927100440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is one of the Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs), a zoonotic disease of vector-borne nature that is caused by a protozoan parasite Leishmania. This parasite is transmitted by the vector sandfly into the human via a bite. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also called kala-azar, is the most fatal among the types of leishmaniasis, with high mortality mostly spread in the East Africa and South Asia regions. WHO report stated that approximately 3.3 million disabilities occur every year due to the disease along with approximately 50,000 annual deaths. The real matter of concern is that there is no particular effective medicine/vaccine available against leishmaniasis to date except a few approved drugs and chemotherapy for the infected patient. The current selection of small compounds was constrained, and their growing drug resistance had been a major worry. Additionally, the serious side effects on humans of the available therapy or drugs have made it essential to discover efficient and low-cost methods to speed up the development of new drugs against leishmaniasis. Ideally, the vaccine could be a low risk and effective alternative for both CL and VL and elicit long-lasting immunity against the disease. There are a number of vaccine candidates at various stages of clinical development and preclinical stage. However, none has successfully passed all clinical trials. But, the successful development and approval of commercially available vaccines for dogs against canine leishmaniasis (CanL) provides evidence that it can be possible for humans in distant future. In the present article, the approaches used for the development of vaccines for leishmaniasis are discussed and the progress being made is briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Kumari
- Centre of Sustainable Polymers, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Afrin Mamud
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Anupam Nath Jha
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, India
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6
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Guilhon-Simplicio F, Serrão CKR, Pinto ACDS, Pacheco PAF, Faria RX, da Rocha DR, Ferreira VF, Pereira-Junior RC, Matheeussen A, Baán A, Kiekens F, de Meneses Pereira M, Lima ES, Winter HD, Cos P. Semisynthetic triterpenes led to the generation of selective antitrypanosomal lead compounds. Chem Biol Drug Des 2022; 99:868-883. [PMID: 35313075 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Triterpenes α,β-amyrin are naturally occurring molecules that can serve as building blocks for synthesizing new chemical entities. This study synthesized acyl, carboxyesther, NSAID, and nitrogenous derivatives and evaluated their antimicrobial activity. A cyclodextrin complexation method was developed to improve the solubility of the derivatives. Of the 17 derivatives tested, five exhibited activity against Trypanosoma cruzi, T. brucei, Leishmania infantum, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. The 9a/9b mixture showed weak activity against the parasites (IC50 24.45-40.32 μM). However, it showed no activity for the other microorganisms. Derivatives 14a/14b exhibited potent activity against T. cruzi (IC50 2.0 nM) in this tested concentration did not show activity to the other microorganisms and were not cytotoxic. Derivatives 15a/15b and 16a/16b demonstrated relevant activity against the parasites (IC50 2.24-5.44 μM), but were also cytotoxic. Derivatives 17a/17b showed low activity against the tested parasites (IC50 21.70-22.79 μM), but they were selective since they did not show activity against other microorganisms. In docking studies, in general, all derivatives showed complementarity with the CYP51 binding site of the trypanosomatid mainly by hydrophobic interactions; thus, it is not conclusive that the molecules act by inhibiting this enzyme. Our results showed that triterpenes derivatives with antitrypanosomal activity could be synthesized by an inexpensive and rapid method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - An Matheeussen
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrienn Baán
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Filip Kiekens
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Emerson Silva Lima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Hans De Winter
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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7
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Pereira PS, Oliveira CVB, Maia AJ, Vega-Gomez MC, Rolón M, Coronel C, Duarte AE, Coutinho HDM, Siyadatpanah A, Norouzi R, Sadati SJA, Wilairatana P, Silva TG. Evaluation of the In Vitro Antiparasitic Effect of the Essential Oil of Cymbopogon winterianus and Its Chemical Composition Analysis. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092753. [PMID: 35566105 PMCID: PMC9099579 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cymbopogon winterianus, known as “citronella grass”, is an important aromatic and medicinal tropical herbaceous plant. The essential oil of C. winterianus (EOCw) is popularly used to play an important role in improving human health due to its potential as a bioactive component. The present study aimed to identify the components of the essential oil of C. winterianus and verify its leishmanicidal and trypanocidal potential, as well as the cytotoxicity in mammalian cells, in vitro. The EOCw had geraniol (42.13%), citronellal (17.31%), and citronellol (16.91%) as major constituents. The essential oil only exhibited significant cytotoxicity in mammalian fibroblasts at concentrations greater than 250 μg/mL, while regarding antipromastigote and antiepimastigote activities, they presented values considered clinically relevant, since both had LC50 < 62.5 μg/mL. It can be concluded that this is a pioneer study on the potential of the essential oil of C. winterianus and its use against the parasites T. cruzi and L. brasiliensis, and its importance is also based on this fact. Additionally, according to the results, C. winterianus was effective in presenting values of clinical relevance and low toxicity and, therefore, an indicator of popular use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Silvino Pereira
- Department of Antibiotics, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Artur de Sá, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife 54740-520, PE, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (P.S.P.); (H.D.M.C.); (P.W.)
| | - Carlos Vinicius Barros Oliveira
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), 1161 Cel. Antonio Luiz Avenue, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil; (C.V.B.O.); (A.J.M.); (A.E.D.)
| | - Ana Josicleide Maia
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), 1161 Cel. Antonio Luiz Avenue, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil; (C.V.B.O.); (A.J.M.); (A.E.D.)
| | - Maria Celeste Vega-Gomez
- Centro Para El Desarrollo De La Investigación Científica (CEDIC), Fundación Moisés Bertoni, Manduvira 635, Asunción C.P. 1255, Paraguay; (M.C.V.-G.); (M.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Miriam Rolón
- Centro Para El Desarrollo De La Investigación Científica (CEDIC), Fundación Moisés Bertoni, Manduvira 635, Asunción C.P. 1255, Paraguay; (M.C.V.-G.); (M.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Cathia Coronel
- Centro Para El Desarrollo De La Investigación Científica (CEDIC), Fundación Moisés Bertoni, Manduvira 635, Asunción C.P. 1255, Paraguay; (M.C.V.-G.); (M.R.); (C.C.)
| | - Antônia Eliene Duarte
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), 1161 Cel. Antonio Luiz Avenue, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil; (C.V.B.O.); (A.J.M.); (A.E.D.)
| | - Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), 1161 Cel. Antonio Luiz Avenue, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil
- Correspondence: (P.S.P.); (H.D.M.C.); (P.W.)
| | - Abolghasem Siyadatpanah
- Ferdows School of Paramedical and Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 9717853577, Iran;
| | - Roghayeh Norouzi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 516661647, Iran;
| | - Seyed Jafar Adnani Sadati
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom 3736175513, Iran;
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Correspondence: (P.S.P.); (H.D.M.C.); (P.W.)
| | - Teresinha Gonçalves Silva
- Department of Antibiotics, Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Av. Artur de Sá, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife 54740-520, PE, Brazil;
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Doorandishan M, Pirhadi S, Swilam MM, Gholami M, Ebrahimi P, El-Seedi HR, Jassbi AR. Molecular docking and simulation studies of a novel labdane type- diterpene from Moluccella aucheri Scheen (Syn. Otostegia aucheri) as human- AChE inhibitor. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Gontijo VS, Colombo FA, Ferreira Espuri P, Freitas PGD, Nunes JB, Alves LB, Veloso MP, Alves RB, Freitas RP, Marques MJ. In vivo evaluation of anti-Leishmania activity of alkyltriazoles and alkylphosphocholines by oral route. Exp Parasitol 2021; 226-227:108123. [PMID: 34144040 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2021.108123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The failures in the treatment of leishmaniasis is an increasing problem around the world, especially related to resistance. Thus, we describe the synthesis and in vivo anti-Leishmania activity of alkylphosphocholine and alkyltriazoles; besides, their likely action mechanisms stem from some eventual inhibition of parasite enzymes using computational tools. These compounds were tested in an in vivo hamster model infected with Leishmania Leishmania infantum chagasi. Fifty days after parasite inoculation, the two compounds 12-azidedodecylphosphocholine (3) and 3-(1-(12-fluorododecyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)propano-1-ol (9), were separately administered once a day as oral suspensions (25 and 12.5 mg/kg/day, respectively) during ten days, and their efficacy was compared to the reference compound pentavalent antimonial Glucantime (GLU). Compound 3 significantly reduced the number of parasites in the spleen (4.93 × 102 amastigotes/g) and liver (4.52 × 103 amastigotes/g). Compound 9 reduced the number of amastigotes in the spleen to 1.30 × 104 and 1.36 × 103 amastigotes/g in the liver. GLU was the most effective overall treatment (7.50 × 101 and 2.28 × 102 amastigotes/g in the spleen and liver, respectively). The high activity levels of these compounds in vivo may stem from their high in vitro leishmanicidal activity and lipophilicity. The in silico absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion studies also showed some anti-Leishmania potential. Compound 9 had more lipophilic characteristics than those of compound 3. In silico studies of the nine enzymes of compounds 3 and 9 showed significant evidence of interactions with nicotimidase and tyrosine aminotransferase, demonstrating possible inhibition enzymes present in L. (L.) infantum chagasi. These compounds could be a promising template for developing a new class of leishmanicidal agents, by oral route, and deserve further investigation to explore different therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Silva Gontijo
- Departamento de Química, ICEx, UFMG, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Fabio Antônio Colombo
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 700- Centro, 37130-001, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Ferreira Espuri
- Departamento de Patologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 700- Centro, 37130-001, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Poliany Graziella de Freitas
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e Simulação Computacional, MolMod-CS, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 700- Centro, 37130-001, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliana Barbosa Nunes
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455. Cerqueira César, São Paulo, 01246-903, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Levy Bueno Alves
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e Simulação Computacional, MolMod-CS, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 700- Centro, 37130-001, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Márcia Paranho Veloso
- Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular e Simulação Computacional, MolMod-CS, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 700- Centro, 37130-001, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Rosemeire Brondi Alves
- Departamento de Química, ICEx, UFMG, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rossimiriam Pereira Freitas
- Departamento de Química, ICEx, UFMG, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Marcos José Marques
- Departamento de Patologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Rua Gabriel Monteiro da Silva, 700- Centro, 37130-001, Alfenas, MG, Brazil.
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10
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Identification of 3-Methoxycarpachromene and Masticadienonic Acid as New Target Inhibitors against Trypanothione Reductase from Leishmania Infantum Using Molecular Docking and ADMET Prediction. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113335. [PMID: 34206087 PMCID: PMC8199445 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenolic and Terpenoids are potent natural antiparasitic compounds. This study aimed to identify new drug against Leishmania parasites, leishmaniasis’s causal agent. A new in silico analysis was accomplished using molecular docking, with the Autodock vina program, to find the binding affinity of two important phytochemical compounds, Masticadienonic acid and the 3-Methoxycarpachromene, towards the trypanothione reductase as target drugs, responsible for the defense mechanism against oxidative stress and virulence of these parasites. There were exciting and new positive results: the molecular docking results show as elective binding profile for ligands inside the active site of this crucial enzyme. The ADMET study suggests that the 3-Methoxycarpachromene has the highest probability of human intestinal absorption. Through this work, 3-Methoxycarpachromene and Masticadienonic acid are shown to be potentially significant in drug discovery, especially in treating leishmaniasis. Hence, drug development should be completed with promising results.
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11
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Andrade-Ochoa S, Chacón-Vargas KF, Sánchez-Torres LE, Rivera-Chavira BE, Nogueda-Torres B, Nevárez-Moorillón GV. Differential Antimicrobial Effect of Essential Oils and Their Main Components: Insights Based on the Cell Membrane and External Structure. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11060405. [PMID: 34071618 PMCID: PMC8227281 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11060405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The biological activity of essential oils and their major components is well documented. Essential oils such as oregano and cinnamon are known for their effect against bacteria, fungi, and even viruses. The mechanism of action is proposed to be related to membrane and external cell structures, including cell walls. This study aimed to evaluate the biological activity of seven essential oils and eight of their major components against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, filamentous fungi, and protozoans. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by determination of the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration for Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Shigella sonnei, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus ochraceus, Alternaria alternata, and Fusarium oxysporium, the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania mexicana, and the median lethal dose (LD50) for Giardia lamblia. Results showed that oregano essential oil showed the best antibacterial activity (66–100 µg/mL), while cinnamon essential oil had the best fungicidal activity (66–116 µg/mL), and both showed excellent antiprotozoal activity (22–108 µg/mL). Regarding the major components, thymol and carvacrol were also good antimicrobials (23–200 µg/mL), and cinnamaldehyde was an antifungal compound (41–75 µg/mL). The major components were grouped according to their chemical structure as phenylpropanoids, terpenoids, and terpinenes. The statistical analysis of the grouped data demonstrated that protozoans were more susceptible to the essential oils, followed by fungi, Gram-positive bacteria, and Gram-negative bacteria. The analysis for the major components showed that the most resistant microbial group was fungi, which was followed by bacteria, and protozoans were also more susceptible. Principal Component Analysis for the essential oils demonstrated the relationship between the biological activity and the microbial group tested, with the first three components explaining 94.3% of the data variability. The chemical structure of the major components was also related to the biological activity presented against the microbial groups tested, where the three first principal components accounted for 91.9% of the variability. The external structures and the characteristics of the cell membranes in the different microbial groups are determinant for their susceptibility to essential oils and their major components
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Andrade-Ochoa
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario S/N, 31125 Chihuahua, Mexico; (S.A.-O.); (K.F.C.-V.); (B.E.R.-C.)
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomas, 11340 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico; (L.E.S.-T.); (B.N.-T.)
| | - Karla Fabiola Chacón-Vargas
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario S/N, 31125 Chihuahua, Mexico; (S.A.-O.); (K.F.C.-V.); (B.E.R.-C.)
| | - Luvia Enid Sánchez-Torres
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomas, 11340 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico; (L.E.S.-T.); (B.N.-T.)
| | - Blanca Estela Rivera-Chavira
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario S/N, 31125 Chihuahua, Mexico; (S.A.-O.); (K.F.C.-V.); (B.E.R.-C.)
| | - Benjamín Nogueda-Torres
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomas, 11340 Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico; (L.E.S.-T.); (B.N.-T.)
| | - Guadalupe Virginia Nevárez-Moorillón
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Circuito Universitario S/N, 31125 Chihuahua, Mexico; (S.A.-O.); (K.F.C.-V.); (B.E.R.-C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-614-236-6000 (ext. 4248)
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12
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dos Santos Vasconcelos CR, Rezende AM. Systematic in silico Evaluation of Leishmania spp. Proteomes for Drug Discovery. Front Chem 2021; 9:607139. [PMID: 33987166 PMCID: PMC8111926 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.607139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a group of neglected infectious diseases, with approximately 1. 3 million new cases each year, for which the available therapies have serious limitations. Therefore, it is extremely important to apply efficient and low-cost methods capable of selecting the best therapeutic targets to speed up the development of new therapies against those diseases. Thus, we propose the use of integrated computational methods capable of evaluating the druggability of the predicted proteomes of Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania infantum, species responsible for the different clinical manifestations of leishmaniasis in Brazil. The protein members of those proteomes were assessed based on their structural, chemical, and functional contexts applying methods that integrate data on molecular function, biological processes, subcellular localization, drug binding sites, druggability, and gene expression. These data were compared to those extracted from already known drug targets (BindingDB targets), which made it possible to evaluate Leishmania proteomes for their biological relevance and treatability. Through this methodology, we identified more than 100 proteins of each Leishmania species with druggability characteristics, and potential interaction with available drugs. Among those, 31 and 37 proteins of L. braziliensis and L. infantum, respectively, have never been tested as drug targets, and they have shown evidence of gene expression in the evolutionary stage of pharmacological interest. Also, some of those Leishmania targets showed an alignment similarity of <50% when compared to the human proteome, making these proteins pharmacologically attractive, as they present a reduced risk of side effects. The methodology used in this study also allowed the evaluation of opportunities for the repurposing of compounds as anti-leishmaniasis drugs, inferring potential interaction between Leishmania proteins and ~1,000 compounds, of which only 15 have already been tested as a treatment for leishmaniasis. Besides, a list of potential Leishmania targets to be tested using drugs described at BindingDB, such as the potential interaction of the DEAD box RNA helicase, TRYR, and PEPCK proteins with the Staurosporine compound, was made available to the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crhisllane Rafaele dos Santos Vasconcelos
- Bioinformatics Plataform, Microbiology Department, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, Brazil
- Posgraduate Program in Genetics, Genetics Department, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Antonio Mauro Rezende
- Bioinformatics Plataform, Microbiology Department, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, Brazil
- Posgraduate Program in Genetics, Genetics Department, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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13
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Herrera-Acevedo C, Perdomo-Madrigal C, Muratov EN, Scotti L, Scotti MT. Discovery of Alternative Chemotherapy Options for Leishmaniasis through Computational Studies of Asteraceae. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1234-1245. [PMID: 33336460 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a complex disease caused by over 20 Leishmania species that primarily affects populations with poor socioeconomic conditions. Currently available drugs for treating leishmaniasis include amphotericin B, paromomycin, and pentavalent antimonials, which have been associated with several limitations, such as low efficacy, the development of drug resistance, and high toxicity. Natural products are an interesting source of new drug candidates. The Asteraceae family includes more than 23 000 species worldwide. Secondary metabolites that can be found in species from this family have been widely explored as potential new treatments for leishmaniasis. Recently, computational tools have become more popular in medicinal chemistry to establish experimental designs, identify new drugs, and compare the molecular structures and activities of novel compounds. Herein, we review various studies that have used computational tools to examine various compounds identified in the Asteraceae family in the search for potential drug candidates against Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonny Herrera-Acevedo
- Post-Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, Cidade Universitária-Castelo Branco III, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Camilo Perdomo-Madrigal
- School of Science, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales, Calle 222 n° 55-37, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Eugene N Muratov
- Post-Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, Cidade Universitária-Castelo Branco III, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Luciana Scotti
- Post-Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, Cidade Universitária-Castelo Branco III, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Marcus Tullius Scotti
- Post-Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, Cidade Universitária-Castelo Branco III, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
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14
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Albuquerque RDDG, Oliveira AP, Ferreira C, Passos CLA, Fialho E, Soares DC, Amaral VF, Bezerra GB, Esteves RS, Santos MG, Albert ALM, Rocha L. Anti-Leishmania amazonensis activity of the terpenoid fraction from Eugenia pruniformis leaves. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2020; 92:e20201181. [PMID: 33295583 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020201181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Leishmania and includes cutaneous, mucocutaneous and visceral clinical forms. Drugs currently available for leishmaniasis treatment present high toxicity, and development of parasite resistance. Plants constitute an important source of compounds with leishmanicidal potential. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-Leishmania amazonensis activity of the terpenoid fraction of Eugenia pruniformis leaves (TF-EpL). TF-EpL was active against the promastigote and intracellular amastigote forms of L. amazonensis with IC50(24h) value of 43.60μg/mL and 44.77μg/mL, respectively. TF-EpL altered the cell cycle of the parasite, increasing 2.32-fold the cells in the Sub-G0/G1 phase. TF-EpL also changed the ΔΨm and increased ROS and the number of annexin-V-PI positive promastigotes, which suggests incidental death. β-sitosterol, ursolic acid, corosolic acid and asiatic acid were isolated from TF-EpL. The results showed the antileishmanial activity of E. pruniformis terpenoids and its potential for further studies as a source of new drugs for leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo D D G Albuquerque
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Laboratório de Tecnologia de Produtos Naturais, Faculdade de Farmácia, Rua Dr. Mário Vianna, 523, Santa Rosa, 24241-000 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adriana P Oliveira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório Multidisciplinar de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Christian Ferreira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Alimentos Funcionais, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos L A Passos
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Alimentos Funcionais, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eliane Fialho
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Alimentos Funcionais, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Deivid C Soares
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia das Leishmanioses, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Cidade Universitária, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Veronica F Amaral
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Departamento de Imunobiologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, Centro, 24020-140 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle B Bezerra
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Departamento de Imunobiologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista, s/n, Centro, 24020-140 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ricardo S Esteves
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Laboratório de Tecnologia de Produtos Naturais, Faculdade de Farmácia, Rua Dr. Mário Vianna, 523, Santa Rosa, 24241-000 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcelo G Santos
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Ciências, Faculdade de Formação de Professores, Rua Dr. Francisco Portela, 1470, Patronato, 24435-005 São Gonçalo, RJ, Brazil
| | - AndrÉ L M Albert
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, 21041-361 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leandro Rocha
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Laboratório de Tecnologia de Produtos Naturais, Faculdade de Farmácia, Rua Dr. Mário Vianna, 523, Santa Rosa, 24241-000 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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15
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Gervazoni LFO, Barcellos GB, Ferreira-Paes T, Almeida-Amaral EE. Use of Natural Products in Leishmaniasis Chemotherapy: An Overview. Front Chem 2020; 8:579891. [PMID: 33330368 PMCID: PMC7732490 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.579891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an infectious parasitic disease that is caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, a member of the Trypanosomatidae family. Leishmaniasis is classified by the World Health Organization as a neglected tropical disease that is responsible for millions of deaths worldwide. Although there are many possible treatments for leishmaniasis, these treatments remain mostly ineffective, expensive, and long treatment, as well as causing side effects and leading to the development of resistance. For novel and effective treatments to combat leishmaniasis, many research groups have sought to utilize natural products. In addition to exhibiting potential as therapeutic compounds, natural products may also contribute to the development of new drugs based on their chemical structures. This review presents the most promising natural products, including crude extracts and isolated compounds, employed against Leishmania spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza F O Gervazoni
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatideos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle B Barcellos
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatideos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Taiana Ferreira-Paes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatideos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elmo E Almeida-Amaral
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatideos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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16
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Three Alkaloids from an Apocynaceae Species, Aspidosperma spruceanum as Antileishmaniasis Agents by In Silico Demo-case Studies. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9080983. [PMID: 32756456 PMCID: PMC7465237 DOI: 10.3390/plants9080983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper is focused on demonstrating with a real case that Ethnobotany added to Bioinformatics is a promising tool for new drugs search. It encourages the in silico investigation of "challua kaspi", a medicinal kichwa Amazonian plant (Aspidosperma spruceanum) against a Neglected Tropical Disease, leishmaniasis. The illness affects over 150 million people especially in subtropical regions, there is no vaccination and conventional treatments are unsatisfactory. In attempts to find potent and safe inhibitors of its etiological agent, Leishmania, we recovered the published traditional knowledge on kichwa antimalarials and selected three A. spruceanum alkaloids, (aspidoalbine, aspidocarpine and tubotaiwine), to evaluate by molecular docking their activity upon five Leishmania targets: DHFR-TS, PTR1, PK, HGPRT and SQS enzymes. Our simulation results suggest that aspidoalbine interacts competitively with the five targets, with a greater affinity for the active site of PTR1 than some physiological ligands. Our virtual data also point to the demonstration of few side effects. The predicted binding free energy has a greater affinity to Leishmania proteins than to their homologous in humans (TS, DHR, PKLR, HGPRT and SQS), and there is no match with binding pockets of physiological importance. Keys for the in silico protocols applied are included in order to offer a standardized method replicable in other cases. Apocynaceae having ethnobotanical use can be virtually tested as molecular antileishmaniasis new drugs.
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17
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Zhang JL, Gao D, Tan YX, He CY, Peng PY, Lin GQ, Li QH, Tian P. Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed Kinetic Resolution of Racemic 1,6-Dienes via Asymmetric Borylative Cyclization. Org Lett 2020; 22:3661-3666. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Li Zhang
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dingding Gao
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yun-Xuan Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Cheng-Yu He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Pei-Ying Peng
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Lin
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qing-Hua Li
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ping Tian
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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18
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Costa CHSD, Bichara TW, Gomes GC, Dos Santos AM, da Costa KS, Lima AHLE, Alves CN, Lameira J. Unraveling the conformational dynamics of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent enzyme of Leishmania mexicana. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:2044-2055. [PMID: 32174264 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1742206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Allosteric changes modulate the enzymatic activity, leading to activation or inhibition of the molecular target. Understanding the induced fit accommodation mechanism of a ligand in its lowest-free energy state and the subsequent conformational changes induced in the protein are important questions for drug design. In the present study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, binding free energy calculations, and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied to analyze the glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of Leishmania mexicana (LmGPDH) conformational changes induced by its cofactor and substrate binding. GPDH is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent enzyme, which has been reported as an interesting target for drug discovery and development against leishmaniasis. Despite its relevance for glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathways, the structural flexibility and conformational motions of LmGPDH in complex with NADH and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) remain unexplored. Here, we analyzed the conformational dynamics of the enzyme-NADH complex (cofactor), and the enzyme-NADH-DHAP complex (adduct), mapped the hydrogen-bond interactions for the complexes and pointed some structural determinants of the enzyme that emerge from these contacts to NADH and DHAP. Finally, we proposed a consistent mechanism for the conformational changes on the first step of the reversible redox conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glycerol 3-phosphate, indicating key residues and interactions that could be further explored in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Cláudio Nahum Alves
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Jerônimo Lameira
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
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Scotti MT, Monteiro AFM, de Oliveira Viana J, Bezerra Mendonça Junior FJ, Ishiki HM, Tchouboun EN, De Araújo RSA, Scotti L. Recent Theoretical Studies Concerning Important Tropical Infections. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:795-834. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190711121418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) form a group of diseases that are strongly associated
with poverty, flourish in impoverished environments, and thrive best in tropical areas,
where they tend to present overlap. They comprise several diseases, and the symptoms
vary dramatically from disease to disease, often causing from extreme pain, and untold misery
that anchors populations to poverty, permanent disability, and death. They affect more than 1
billion people worldwide; mostly in poor populations living in tropical and subtropical climates.
In this review, several complementary in silico approaches are presented; including
identification of new therapeutic targets, novel mechanisms of activity, high-throughput
screening of small-molecule libraries, as well as in silico quantitative structure-activity relationship
and recent molecular docking studies. Current and active research against Sleeping
Sickness, American trypanosomiasis, Leishmaniasis and Schistosomiasis infections will hopefully
lead to safer, more effective, less costly and more widely available treatments against
these parasitic forms of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Tullius Scotti
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, Joao Pessoa - PB, Brazil
| | - Alex France Messias Monteiro
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, Joao Pessoa - PB, Brazil
| | - Jéssika de Oliveira Viana
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, Joao Pessoa - PB, Brazil
| | | | - Hamilton M. Ishiki
- University of Western Sao Paulo (Unoeste), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Santos A. De Araújo
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Drug Delivery, Department of Biological Science, State University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Luciana Scotti
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, Joao Pessoa - PB, Brazil
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20
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Antiprotozoal Activity of Turkish Origanum onites Essential Oil and Its Components. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234421. [PMID: 31817023 PMCID: PMC6930659 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oil of Origanum species is well known for antimicrobial activity, but only a few have been evaluated in narrow spectrum antiprotozoal assays. Herein, we assessed the antiprotozoal potential of Turkish Origanum onites L. oil and its major constituents against a panel of parasitic protozoa. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation from the dried herbal parts of O. onites and analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) and Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The in vitro activity of the oil and its major components were evaluated against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, T. cruzi, Leishmania donovani, and Plasmodium falciparum. The main component of the oil was identified as carvacrol (70.6%), followed by linalool (9.7%), p-cymene (7%), γ-terpinene (2.1%), and thymol (1.8%). The oil showed significant in vitro activity against T. b. rhodesiense (IC50 180 ng/mL), and moderate antileishmanial and antiplasmodial effects, without toxicity to mammalian cells. Carvacrol, thymol, and 10 additional abundant oil constituents were tested against the same panel; carvacrol and thymol retained the oil’s in vitro antiparasitic potency. In the T. b. brucei mouse model, thymol, but not carvacrol, extended the mean survival of animals. This study indicates the potential of the essential oil of O. onites and its constituents in the treatment of protozoal infections.
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Malaník M, Treml J, Rjašková V, Tížková K, Kaucká P, Kokoška L, Kubatka P, Šmejkal K. Maytenus macrocarpa (Ruiz & Pav.) Briq.: Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activity. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24122288. [PMID: 31226757 PMCID: PMC6630539 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24122288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Maytenus macrocarpa (Celastraceae) is a tree native to Amazonia. Its roots, leaves, bark, and combinations of these are used in traditional medicine mainly to treat rheumatism and, to a lesser extent, to heal wounds and to combat bronchitis and diarrhea. To date, mainly triterpenes and dihydro-β-agarofuran sesquiterpenes were isolated from M. macrocarpa. Extracts and selected pure compounds isolated from the leaves, roots, and stem bark showed antibacterial, antiviral, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities in vitro. The aim of this review is to summarize the available ethnobotanical, phytochemical, and pharmacological information about this traditional Amazonian medicinal tree, as well as to attract the attention of phytochemists and pharmacognosists to this potentially interesting source of ethnopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Malaník
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jakub Treml
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Veronika Rjašková
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Karolina Tížková
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Petra Kaucká
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ladislav Kokoška
- Department of Crop Sciences and Agroforestry, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic.
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Karel Šmejkal
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Hamulić D, Stadler M, Hering S, Padrón JM, Bassett R, Rivas F, Loza-Mejía MA, Dea-Ayuela MA, González-Cardenete MA. Synthesis and Biological Studies of (+)-Liquiditerpenoic Acid A (Abietopinoic Acid) and Representative Analogues: SAR Studies. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:823-831. [PMID: 30840453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The first semisynthesis and biological profiling of the new abietane diterpenoid (+)-liquiditerpenoic acid A (abietopinoic acid) (7) along with several analogues are reported. The compounds were obtained from readily available methyl dehydroabietate (8), which was derived from (-)-abietic acid (1). Biological comparison was conducted according to the different functional groups, leading to some basic structure-activity relationships (SAR). In particular, the ferruginol and sugiol analogues 7 and 10-16 were characterized by the presence of an acetylated phenolic moiety, an oxidized C-7 as a carbonyl, and a different functional group at C-18 (methoxycarbonyl, carboxylic acid, and hydroxymethyl). The biological properties of these compounds were investigated against a panel of six representative human tumor solid cells (A549, HBL-100, HeLa, SW1573, T-47D, and WiDr), five leukemia cellular models (NALM-06, KOPN-8, SUP-B15, UoCB1, and BCR-ABL), and four Leishmania species ( L. infantum, L. donovani, L. amazonensis, and L. guyanensis). A molecular docking study pointed out some targets in these Leishmania species. In addition, the ability of the compounds to modulate GABAA receptors (α1β2γ2s) is also reported. The combined findings indicate that these abietane diterpenoids offer a source of novel bioactive molecules with promising pharmacological properties from cheap chiral-pool building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damir Hamulić
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC) , Universitat Politècnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Avenida de los Naranjos s/n , 46022 Valencia , Spain
| | - Marco Stadler
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , University of Vienna , Althanstrasse 14 , A-1090 Vienna , Austria
| | - Steffen Hering
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , University of Vienna , Althanstrasse 14 , A-1090 Vienna , Austria
| | - José M Padrón
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias (CIBICAN) , Universidad de La Laguna , C/Astrofísico Francisco Sanchez 2 , La Laguna 38200 , Tenerife , Spain
| | - Rachel Bassett
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , Tennessee 38105 , United States
| | - Fatima Rivas
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics , St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis , Tennessee 38105 , United States
| | - Marco A Loza-Mejía
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , Universidad La Salle México , Avenue Benjamín Franklin 45 , Condesa , 06140 Ciudad de México , Mexico
| | - M Auxiliadora Dea-Ayuela
- Departamento de Farmacia , Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera , Avenida Seminario s/n , 46113 Moncada (Valencia) , Spain
| | - Miguel A González-Cardenete
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC) , Universitat Politècnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Avenida de los Naranjos s/n , 46022 Valencia , Spain
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Chibli LA, Rosa AL, Nonato MC, Da Costa FB. Untargeted LC-MS metabolomic studies of Asteraceae species to discover inhibitors of Leishmania major dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. Metabolomics 2019; 15:59. [PMID: 30949823 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1520-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interesting data about the family Asteraceae as a new source of Leishmania major dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (LmDHODH) inhibitors are presented. This key macromolecular target for parasites causing neglected diseases catalyzes the fourth reaction of the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway, which takes part in major cell functions, including DNA and RNA biosynthesis. OBJECTIVES We aimed to (1) determine LmDHODH inhibitor candidates, revealing the type of chemistry underlying such bioactivity, and (2) predict the inhibitory potential of extracts from new untested plant species, classifying them as active or inactive based on their LC-MS based metabolic fingerprints. METHODS Extracts from 150 species were screened for the inhibition of LmDHODH, and untargeted UHPLC-(ESI)-HRMS metabolomic studies were carried out in combination with in silico approaches. RESULTS The IC50 values determined for a subset of 59 species ranged from 148 µg mL-1 to 9.4 mg mL-1. Dereplication of the metabolic fingerprints allowed the identification of 48 metabolites. A reliable OPLS-DA model (R2 > 0.9, Q2 > 0.7, RMSECV < 0.3) indicated the inhibitor candidates; nine of these metabolites were identified using data from isolated chemical standards, one of which-4,5-di-O-E-caffeoylquinic acid (IC50 73 µM)-was capable of inhibiting LmDHODH. The predictive OPLS model was also effective, with 60% correct predictions for the test set. CONCLUSION Our approach was validated for (1) the discovery of LmDHODH inhibitors or interesting starting points for the optimization of new leishmanicides from Asteraceae species and (2) the prediction of extracts from untested species, classifying them as active or inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Chibli
- AsterBioChem Research Team, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Annylory L Rosa
- AsterBioChem Research Team, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Nonato
- Laboratory of Protein Crystallography, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Fernando B Da Costa
- AsterBioChem Research Team, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil.
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Separation of Volatile Metabolites from the Leaf-Derived Essential Oil of Piper mollicomum Kunth (Piperaceae) by High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123064. [PMID: 30477092 PMCID: PMC6321170 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The technique of high-speed countercurrent chromatography was applied to the isolation of compounds in essential oil derived from the leaves of Piper mollicomum species. Plant leaves (200.0 g) were submitted to hydrodistillation in a modified Clevenger apparatus. The resulting crude leaf essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine the profile of the components. The purified fractions were composed of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes such as camphor (85.0 mg at 98.5% purity), (E)-nerolidol (100.0 mg at 92.8% purity), and camphene (150.0 mg at 82.0% purity). A minor component of the essential oil, bornyl acetate (16.2 mg at 91.2% purity) was also isolated in the one-step separation protocol in 2 h. The countercurrent chromatography technique proved to be a fast and efficient method for the separation of volatile metabolites that conserved the solvent while delivering various fractions of high purity.
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Oliveira IDSDS, Moragas Tellis CJ, Chagas MDSDS, Behrens MD, Calabrese KDS, Abreu-Silva AL, Almeida-Souza F. Carapa guianensis Aublet (Andiroba) Seed Oil: Chemical Composition and Antileishmanial Activity of Limonoid-Rich Fractions. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:5032816. [PMID: 30258850 PMCID: PMC6146648 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5032816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a complex of diseases caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania and affects millions of people around the world. Several species of plants are used by traditional communities for the treatment of this disease, among which is Carapa guianensis Aubl. (Meliaceae), popularly known as andiroba. The objective of the present work was to conduct a chemical study of C. guianensis seed oil and its limonoid-rich fractions, with the aim of identifying its secondary metabolites, particularly the limonoids, in addition to investigating its anti-Leishmania potential. The chemical analyses of the C. guianensis seed oil and fractions were obtained by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The cytotoxic activity was tested against peritoneal macrophages, and antileishmanial activity was evaluated against promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis. All the C. guianensis seed oil samples analyzed exhibited the same pattern of fatty acids, while the limonoids 7-deacetoxy-7-hydroxygedunin, deacetyldihydrogedunin, deoxygedunin, andirobin, gedunin, 11β-hydroxygedunin, 17-glycolyldeoxygedunin, 6α-acetoxygedunin, and 6α,11β-diacetoxygedunin were identified in the limonoid-rich fractions of the oil. The C. guianensis seed oil did not exhibit antileishmanial activity, and cytotoxicity was higher than 1000 μg/mL. Three limonoid-rich oil fractions demonstrated activity against promastigotes (IC50 of 10.53±0.050, 25.3±0.057, and 56.9±0.043μg/mL) and intracellular amastigotes (IC50 of 27.31±0.091, 78.42±0.086, and 352.2±0.145 μg/mL) of L. amazonensis, as well as cytotoxicity against peritoneal macrophages (CC50 of 78.55±1.406, 139.0±1.523, and 607.7±1.217 μg/mL). The anti-Leishmania activity of the limonoid-rich fractions of C. guianensis can be attributed to the limonoids 11β-hydroxygedunin and 6α,11β-diacetoxygedunin detected in the chemical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maria Dutra Behrens
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais 5, Farmanguinhos, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kátia da Silva Calabrese
- Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Almeida-Souza
- Laboratório de Imunomodulação e Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Mestrado em Ciência Animal, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
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Chibli LA, Schmidt TJ, Nonato MC, Calil FA, Da Costa FB. Natural products as inhibitors of Leishmania major dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:852-866. [PMID: 30145372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The flavoenzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) catalyzes the fourth reaction of the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway, which exerts vital functions in the cells, especially within DNA and RNA biosynthesis. Thus, this enzyme stands out as a new key molecular target for parasites causing Neglected Diseases (NDs). Focused on contributing to the development of new therapeutic alternatives for NDs, in this study, for the first time, a screening of 57 natural products for in vitro inhibition of Leishmania major DHODH (LmDHODH) was carried out, including cross validation against the human DHODH (HsDHODH). A subset of natural products consisting of 21 sesquiterpene lactones (STLs) was submitted to QSAR studies. Additionally, thermostability studies by differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) were performed to determine whether the STLs are effectively or not binding to the enzyme. The IC50 values against LmDHODH varied from 27 to 1200 μM; only irrelevant inhibition was obtained on HsDHODH. DSF assays confirmed binding of STLs to LmDHODH; moreover, it is suggested that such inhibitors might act in a different site other than the active site. A reliable QSAR model based on molecular descriptors was obtained (R2: 0.83; Q2CV: 0.69 and Q2EXT/F2: 0.66) indicating that stronger inhibition requires a balanced distribution of the hydrophobic regions across the molecular surface, as well as higher width and lower hydrophobicity of the molecules. A pharmacophore-based 3D-QSAR approach also afforded a useful model (R2: 0.72; Q2CV: 0.50 and Q2EXT/F2: 0.62), which confirmed the importance of proper orientation of the ligands, molecular surface features and shape for stronger inhibition, reflecting properties of a putative common binding site. These data indicated for the first time that natural products can actually inhibit LmDHODH and highlighted some metabolites as potentially interesting starting points for the discovery of more potent LmDHODH inhibitors, ultimately aiming at new effective therapeutic alternatives for leishmaniasis and, possibly, other NDs caused by trypanosomatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Chibli
- AsterBioChem Research Team, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Thomas J Schmidt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry (IPBP), University of Münster, PharmaCampus, Corrensstraße 48, Münster D-48149, Germany.
| | - M Cristina Nonato
- Laboratory of Protein Crystallography, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Felipe A Calil
- Laboratory of Protein Crystallography, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fernando B Da Costa
- AsterBioChem Research Team, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Copaifera of the Neotropics: A Review of the Phytochemistry and Pharmacology. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051511. [PMID: 29783680 PMCID: PMC5983702 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The oleoresin of Copaifera trees has been widely used as a traditional medicine in Neotropical regions for thousands of years and remains a popular treatment for a variety of ailments. The copaiba resins are generally composed of a volatile oil made up largely of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, such as β-caryophyllene, α-copaene, β-elemene, α-humulene, and germacrene D. In addition, the oleoresin is also made up of several biologically active diterpene acids, including copalic acid, kaurenoic acid, alepterolic acid, and polyalthic acid. This review presents a summary of the ecology and distribution of Copaifera species, the traditional uses, the biological activities, and the phytochemistry of copaiba oleoresins. In addition, several biomolecular targets relevant to the bioactivities have been implicated by molecular docking methods.
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Das S, Halder A, Mandal S, Mazumder MAJ, Bera T, Mukherjee A, Roy P. Andrographolide engineered gold nanoparticle to overcome drug resistant visceral leishmaniasis. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:751-762. [PMID: 29421940 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1435549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is World Health Organization designated most serious leishmaniasis with an annual mortality rate of 50,000. Even after country specific eradication programs, the disease continues to multiply with added complexities like resistance development, drug hypersensitivity and associated infections. Newer therapeutic interventions are urgently warranted to control the spread. Present study aims to arrive at terpenoid andrographolide engineered gold nanoparticle (AGAunps) facile synthesis and its efficacy evaluations against wild and drug resistant VL strains for the first time. Molecular bio-organic conjugation of AGAunp was confirmed in FT-IR and EDAX studies. Nano-gold plasmon response was recorded at 543 nm and the average size in TEM was 14 nm. SAED pattern and XRD observations proved fcc crystalline structure of nano-gold. AGAunp recorded spherical geometry in AFM and TEM. PDI value of 0.137 revealed the monodisperse nature of the nano-scale population. AGAunp exhibited strong antileishmanicidal effect both against wild type (IC50 19 ± 1.7 µM) and sodium stibogluconate (IC50 55 ± 7.3 µM)/paromomycin (IC50 41 ± 6 µM) resistant strains. Complete macrophage uptake AGAunp's occured within two hours exposure. AGAunp macrophage cytotoxicity was significantly lower as compared to Amphotericin-B. Low toxic Andrographolide engineered gold nanoparticle emerged as promising alternatives in the control of wild and drug resistant VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvadra Das
- a Department of Chemical Technology , University of Calcutta , Kolkata , India
| | - Asim Halder
- a Department of Chemical Technology , University of Calcutta , Kolkata , India
| | - Saptarshi Mandal
- a Department of Chemical Technology , University of Calcutta , Kolkata , India
| | - Mohammad Abu Jafar Mazumder
- b Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals , Dhahran , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Tanmoy Bera
- c Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Jadavpur University , Kolkata , India
| | - Arup Mukherjee
- d Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Adamas University , Kolkata , India
| | - Partha Roy
- d Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Adamas University , Kolkata , India
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Pereira PS, Maia AJ, Duarte AE, Oliveira-Tintino CDM, Tintino SR, Barros LM, Vega-Gomez MC, Rolón M, Coronel C, Coutinho HDM, da Silva TG. Cytotoxic and anti-kinetoplastid potential of the essential oil of Alpinia speciosa K. Schum. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 119:387-391. [PMID: 29355623 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Alpinia speciosa K. Schum, known as colônia (colony), is native to tropical Asia and found in parts of tropical America. Its leaves are used to wrap food, rhizomes for food preparation and seeds for health maintenance, and have been widely used by the population as a diuretic, antihypertensive, antiulcerogenic and sedative. The present study aimed to verify the leishmanicidal and trypanocidal potential, as well as the cytotoxicity, of the A. speciosa essential oil, in vitro. A. speciosa presented 1,8-cineole (28.46%), camphor (17.10%) and sabinene (9.95%) as major constituents. The cytotoxic activity of the essential oil presented a low value, while the antipromastigote and antiepimastigote activity presented values considered clinically relevant, since it had an action below 500 μg/mL. In relation to this study, it can be concluded that this is a pioneer in the potential of the A. speciosa essential oil and in the use against the parasites Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas and Leishmania brasiliensis Vianna, having its importance also rooted in this fact. Still in accordance with the results, A. speciosa was effective because it presented values of clinical relevance and low toxicity. It was also observed that the chemical constitution of the above identified compounds with remarkable antiparasitic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro S Pereira
- Laboratory of Farmatoxicological Prospecting of Bioactive Products, BIOFARMATOX, Department of Antibiotics, Federal University of Pernambuco, UFPE, Av. Prof. Artur de Sá, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 54740-520, Recife, Brazil.
| | - Ana J Maia
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Antônia E Duarte
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Cícera Datiane M Oliveira-Tintino
- Laboratory of Farmatoxicological Prospecting of Bioactive Products, BIOFARMATOX, Department of Antibiotics, Federal University of Pernambuco, UFPE, Av. Prof. Artur de Sá, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 54740-520, Recife, Brazil
| | - Saulo R Tintino
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Luiz M Barros
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Maria C Vega-Gomez
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigación Científica (CEDIC), Fundación Moisés Bertoni/Laboratorios Díaz Gill., Asunción-Paraguay, Brazil
| | - Miriam Rolón
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigación Científica (CEDIC), Fundación Moisés Bertoni/Laboratorios Díaz Gill., Asunción-Paraguay, Brazil
| | - Cathia Coronel
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigación Científica (CEDIC), Fundación Moisés Bertoni/Laboratorios Díaz Gill., Asunción-Paraguay, Brazil
| | - Henrique D M Coutinho
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Teresinha G da Silva
- Laboratory of Farmatoxicological Prospecting of Bioactive Products, BIOFARMATOX, Department of Antibiotics, Federal University of Pernambuco, UFPE, Av. Prof. Artur de Sá, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 54740-520, Recife, Brazil
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30
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Das J, Sarkar A, Ghosh P. Friedelane triterpenoids: transformations toward A-ring modifications including 2-homoderivatives. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj00009c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Common reaction strategies were employed on suitable substrates to achieve a series of C2,C3-; C3,C4- and C2,C3,C4-functionalized (including 2-homo-) friedelane triterpenoids with just one to four efficient steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanta Das
- Natural Products and Polymer Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- North Bengal University
- Darjeeling-734013
- India
| | - Antara Sarkar
- Natural Products and Polymer Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- North Bengal University
- Darjeeling-734013
- India
| | - Pranab Ghosh
- Natural Products and Polymer Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- North Bengal University
- Darjeeling-734013
- India
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Rodríguez-Hernández D, Barbosa LCA, Demuner AJ, Nain-Perez A, Ferreira SR, Fujiwara RT, de Almeida RM, Heller L, Csuk R. Leishmanicidal and cytotoxic activity of hederagenin-bistriazolyl derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 140:624-635. [PMID: 29024910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Aiming to obtain new potent leishmanicidal and cytotoxic compounds from natural sources, the triterpene hederagenin was converted into several new 1,2,3-triazolyl derivatives tethered at C-23 and C-28. For this work hederagenin was isolated from fruits of Sapindus saponaria and reacted with propargyl bromide to afford as a major product bis-propargylic derivative 1 in 74%. Submitting this compound to Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions with several azides afforded the derivatives 2-19 with yields in the range of 40-87%. All compounds have been screened for in vitro cytotoxic activity in a panel of five human cancer cell lines by a SRB assay. The bioassays showed that compound 19 was the most cytotoxic against all human cancer cell lines with EC50 = 7.4-12.1 μM. Moreover, leishmanicidal activity was evaluated through the in vitro effect in the growth of Leishmania infantum, and derivatives 1, 2, 5 and 17 were highly effective preventing proliferation of intracellular amastigote forms of L. infantum (IC50 = 28.8, 25.9, 5.6 and 7.4 μM, respectively). All these compounds showed a higher selectivity index and low toxicity against two strains of kidney BGM and liver HepG2 cells. Compound 5 has higher selectivity (1780 times) in comparison with the commercial antimony drug and is around 8 times more selective than the most active compound previously reported hederagenin derivative. Such high activity associated with low toxicities make the new bis-traiazolyl derivatives promising candidates for the treatment of leishmaniasis. In addition, hederagenin and some derivatives (2, 5 and 17) showed interaction in the binding site of the enzyme CYP51Li.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Rodríguez-Hernández
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiz C A Barbosa
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - Antonio J Demuner
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Amalyn Nain-Perez
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Sebastião R Ferreira
- Department of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Health Science Center, Universidade Federal de Roraima, Av. Cap. Ene Garcez, CEP 69310-000, Boa Vista, RR, Brazil
| | - Ricardo T Fujiwara
- Department of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Raquel M de Almeida
- Department of Parasitology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Campus Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Lucie Heller
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Organic Chemistry, Kurt-Mothes-Str.2, D 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - René Csuk
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Organic Chemistry, Kurt-Mothes-Str.2, D 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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An in silico functional annotation and screening of potential drug targets derived from Leishmania spp. hypothetical proteins identified by immunoproteomics. Exp Parasitol 2017; 176:66-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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33
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Lima MP, Costa LE, Duarte MC, Menezes-Souza D, Salles BCS, de Oliveira Santos TT, Ramos FF, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Kursancew ACS, Ambrósio RP, Roatt BM, Machado-de-Ávila RA, Gonçalves DU, Coelho EAF. Evaluation of a hypothetical protein for serodiagnosis and as a potential marker for post-treatment serological evaluation of tegumentary leishmaniasis patients. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:1197-1206. [PMID: 28150041 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5397-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The serodiagnosis for tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) presents problems related to the sensitivity and/or specificity of the tests. In the present study, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique was used to evaluate the performance from a Leishmania braziliensis hypothetical protein, LbHyM, in an attempt to compare its serological reactivity with a soluble Leishmania antigenic preparation (SLA) for the serodiagnosis of cutaneous (CL) and mucosal (ML) leishmaniasis. LbHyM was predicted to be a kinesin-like protein by bioinformatics tools. Serum samples were collected from both CL and ML patients, as well as from those with Chagas disease and from healthy subjects living in endemic or non-endemic areas of TL. Also, sera were collected from patients before and after the treatments, seeking to evaluate their serological follow-up in relation to the anti-protein and anti-parasite antibody levels. When an ELISA-rLbHyM assay was performed, it proved to be significantly more sensitive than ELISA-L. braziliensis SLA in detecting both CL and ML patients. Also, when using sera from Chagas disease patients, the ELISA-rLbHyM proved to be more specific than ELISA-SLA. The anti-protein and anti-parasite antibody levels were also evaluated 6 months after the treatments, and treated patients showed significantly lower levels of specific-rLbHyM antibodies, when compared to the anti-parasite antibody levels. In conclusion, the ELISA-rLbHyM assay can be considered a confirmatory serological technique for the serodiagnosis of L. braziliensis infection and can also be used in the serological follow-up of treated patients, aiming to correlate the low anti-protein antibody levels with the improvement of the healthy state of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Pedrosa Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Lourena Emanuele Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Mariana Costa Duarte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130-100, Brazil.,Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Daniel Menezes-Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130-100, Brazil.,Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Cristina Silveira Salles
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Thaís Teodoro de Oliveira Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Fonseca Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Miguel Angel Chávez-Fumagalli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Amanda Christine Silva Kursancew
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Roberta Passamani Ambrósio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Bruno Mendes Roatt
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Andrez Machado-de-Ávila
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Denise Utsch Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Antonio Ferraz Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130-100, Brazil. .,Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil.
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Herrera Acevedo C, Scotti L, Feitosa Alves M, Formiga Melo Diniz MDF, Scotti MT. Computer-Aided Drug Design Using Sesquiterpene Lactones as Sources of New Structures with Potential Activity against Infectious Neglected Diseases. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22010079. [PMID: 28054952 PMCID: PMC6155652 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents an survey to the biological importance of sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) in the fight against four infectious neglected tropical diseases (NTDs)—leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, Chagas disease, and sleeping sickness—as alternatives to the current chemotherapies that display several problems such as low effectiveness, resistance, and high toxicity. Several studies have demonstrated the great potential of some SLs as therapeutic agents for these NTDs and the relationship between the protozoal activities with their chemical structure. Recently, Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD) studies have helped increase the knowledge of SLs regarding their mechanisms, the discovery of new lead molecules, the identification of pharmacophore groups and increase the biological activity by employing in silico tools such as molecular docking, virtual screening and Quantitative-Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonny Herrera Acevedo
- Post-Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
| | - Luciana Scotti
- Post-Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
| | - Mateus Feitosa Alves
- Post-Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
| | | | - Marcus Tullius Scotti
- Post-Graduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
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Abstract
Docking, a molecular modelling method, has wide applications in identification and optimization in modern drug discovery. This chapter addresses the recent advances in the docking methodologies like fragment docking, covalent docking, inverse docking, post processing, hybrid techniques, homology modeling etc. and its protocol like searching and scoring functions. Advances in scoring functions for e.g. consensus scoring, quantum mechanics methods, clustering and entropy based methods, fingerprinting, etc. are used to overcome the limitations of the commonly used force-field, empirical and knowledge based scoring functions. It will cover crucial necessities and different algorithms of docking and scoring. Further different aspects like protein flexibility, ligand sampling and flexibility, and the performance of scoring function will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani Kumar
- Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, India
| | - Ruchika Goyal
- Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, India
| | - Sandeep Jain
- Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, India
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36
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Bernuci KZ, Iwanaga CC, Fernadez-Andrade CMM, Lorenzetti FB, Torres-Santos EC, Faiões VDS, Gonçalves JE, do Amaral W, Deschamps C, Scodro RBDL, Cardoso RF, Baldin VP, Cortez DAG. Evaluation of Chemical Composition and Antileishmanial and Antituberculosis Activities of Essential Oils of Piper Species. Molecules 2016; 21:E1698. [PMID: 27973453 PMCID: PMC6273537 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils from fresh Piperaceae leaves were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and a total of 68 components were identified. Principal components analysis results showed a chemical variability between species, with sesquiterpene compounds predominating in the majority of species analyzed. The composition of the essential oil of Piper mosenii was described for the first time. The cytotoxicity of the essential oils was evaluated in peritoneal macrophages and the oils of P. rivinoides, P. arboretum, and P. aduncum exhibited the highest values, with cytotoxic concentration at 50% (CC50) > 200 µg/mL. Both P. diospyrifolium and P. aduncum displayed activity against Leishmania amazonensis, and were more selective for the parasite than for the macrophages, with a selectivity index (SI) of 2.35 and >5.52, respectively. These SI values were greater than the 1 for the standard drug pentamidine. The antileishmanial activity of the essential oils of P. diospyrifolium and P. aduncum was described for the first time. P. rivinoides, P. cernuum, and P. diospyrifolium displayed moderate activity against the Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv bacillus, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 125 µg/mL. These results are relevant and suggests their potential for therapeutic purposes. Nevertheless, further studies are required to explain the exact mechanism of action of these essential oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Zanoli Bernuci
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil.
| | - Camila Cristina Iwanaga
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil.
| | | | - Fabiana Brusco Lorenzetti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Caio Torres-Santos
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Viviane Dos Santos Faiões
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil.
| | - José Eduardo Gonçalves
- Mestrado em Tecnologias Limpas e Mestrado em Promoção da Saúde, UniCesumar, Av. Guerdner, 1610, Jd. Aclimação, Maringá 87050-390, PR, Brazil.
- Instituto Cesumar de Ciências, Tecnologia e Inovação-ICETI, Av. Guerdner, 1610, Jd. Aclimação, Maringá 87050-390, PR, Brazil.
| | - Wanderlei do Amaral
- Setor de Ciências Agrárias/Departamento de Fitotecnia e Fitossanitaríssimo, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 88035-050, PR, Brazil.
| | - Cícero Deschamps
- Setor de Ciências Agrárias/Departamento de Fitotecnia e Fitossanitaríssimo, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 88035-050, PR, Brazil.
| | | | - Rosilene Fressatti Cardoso
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Pietrowski Baldin
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil.
| | - Diógenes Aparício Garcia Cortez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, PR, Brazil.
- Instituto Cesumar de Ciências, Tecnologia e Inovação-ICETI, Av. Guerdner, 1610, Jd. Aclimação, Maringá 87050-390, PR, Brazil.
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Lenz SAP, Kohout JD, Wetmore SD. Hydrolytic Glycosidic Bond Cleavage in RNA Nucleosides: Effects of the 2'-Hydroxy Group and Acid-Base Catalysis. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:12795-12806. [PMID: 27933981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b09620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Despite the inherent stability of glycosidic linkages in nucleic acids that connect the nucleobases to sugar-phosphate backbones, cleavage of these bonds is often essential for organism survival. The current study uses DFT (B3LYP) to provide a fundamental understanding of the hydrolytic deglycosylation of the natural RNA nucleosides (A, C, G, and U), offers a comparison to DNA hydrolysis, and examines the effects of acid, base, or simultaneous acid-base catalysis on RNA deglycosylation. By initially examining HCOO-···H2O mediated deglycosylation, the barriers for RNA hydrolysis were determined to be 30-38 kJ mol-1 higher than the corresponding DNA barriers, indicating that the 2'-OH group stabilizes the glycosidic bond. Although the presence of HCOO- as the base (i.e., to activate the water nucleophile) reduces the barrier for uncatalyzed RNA hydrolysis (i.e., unactivated H2O nucleophile) by ∼15-20 kJ mol-1, the extreme of base catalysis as modeled using a fully deprotonated water molecule (i.e., OH- nucleophile) decreases the uncatalyzed barriers by up to 65 kJ mol-1. Acid catalysis was subsequently examined by selectively protonating the hydrogen-bond acceptor sites of the RNA nucleobases, which results in an up to ∼80 kJ mol-1 barrier reduction relative to the corresponding uncatalyzed pathway. Interestingly, the nucleobase proton acceptor sites that result in the greatest barrier reductions match sites typically targeted in enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Nevertheless, simultaneous acid and base catalysis is the most beneficial way to enhance the reactivity of the glycosidic bonds in RNA, with the individual effects of each catalytic approach being weakened, additive, or synergistic depending on the strength of the base (i.e., degree of water nucleophile activation), the nucleobase, and the hydrogen-bonding acceptor site on the nucleobase. Together, the current contribution provides a greater understanding of the reactivity of the glycosidic bond in natural RNA nucleosides, and has fundamental implications for the function of RNA-targeting enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan A P Lenz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge , 4401 University Drive West, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Johnathan D Kohout
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge , 4401 University Drive West, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Stacey D Wetmore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge , 4401 University Drive West, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
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Ogungbe IV, Setzer WN. The Potential of Secondary Metabolites from Plants as Drugs or Leads against Protozoan Neglected Diseases-Part III: In-Silico Molecular Docking Investigations. Molecules 2016; 21:E1389. [PMID: 27775577 PMCID: PMC6274513 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and human African trypanosomiasis continue to cause considerable suffering and death in developing countries. Current treatment options for these parasitic protozoal diseases generally have severe side effects, may be ineffective or unavailable, and resistance is emerging. There is a constant need to discover new chemotherapeutic agents for these parasitic infections, and natural products continue to serve as a potential source. This review presents molecular docking studies of potential phytochemicals that target key protein targets in Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma spp., and Plasmodium spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifedayo Victor Ogungbe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
| | - William N Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA.
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Byler KG, Collins JT, Ogungbe IV, Setzer WN. Alphavirus protease inhibitors from natural sources: A homology modeling and molecular docking investigation. Comput Biol Chem 2016; 64:163-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Demarchi IG, Thomazella MV, de Souza Terron M, Lopes L, Gazim ZC, Cortez DAG, Donatti L, Aristides SMA, Silveira TGV, Lonardoni MVC. Antileishmanial activity of essential oil and 6,7-dehydroroyleanone isolated from Tetradenia riparia. Exp Parasitol 2015; 157:128-37. [PMID: 26116864 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tetradenia riparia plant is used as a traditional medicine in Africa for the treatment of inflammatory and infectious diseases as like parasitic. Therapy for leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis specie often fails, and the conventional drugs are toxic, expensive, require a long period of treatment, and adverse effects are common. The alternative therapies using natural products are inexpensive and have few or any adverse reaction. These reasons are sufficient to investigate the new natural therapeutic for leishmaniasis. We evaluated the potential of the essential oil (TrEO) and 6,7-dehydroroyleanone (TrROY) isolated from T. riparia on L. (L.) amazonensis promastigote and amastigote forms, cytotoxicity on human erythrocytes and murine macrophages, nitric production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression. TrEO was the most effective to promote the Leishmania promastigote death. After 72 h incubation, the lethal dose of TrEO and TrROY that promoted 50% Leishmania death (LD50) were 0.8 μg/mL and 3 μg/mL, respectively. TrEO and TrROY were not cytotoxic to human erythrocytes, but TrROY was toxic to murine macrophages resulting in a low selectivity index. The transmission electronic microscopy showed that TrEO (0.03 μg/mL) was able to modify the promastigote ultrastructures suggesting autophagy as chromatin condensation, blebbing, membranous profiles and nuclear fragmentation. Infected-macrophages treated with TrEO (0.03 μg/mL) or TrROY (10 μg/mL) had an infection index decreased in 65 and 48%. TrEO did not induce iNOS mRNA expression or nitrite production in macrophages infected with Leishmania. TrROY and mainly TrEO promoted the Leishmania death, and TrROY showed loss toxicity to erythrocytes cells. Other compounds derived from T. riparia and the essential oil could be explored to develop a new alternative treatment for leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mariana de Souza Terron
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica da Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lilian Lopes
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica da Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Zilda Cristiani Gazim
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais da Universidade Paranaense, Umuarama, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Lucélia Donatti
- Laboratório de Biologia Adaptativa, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Warfield J, Setzer WN, Ogungbe IV. Interactions of antiparasitic sterols with sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) of human pathogens. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:679. [PMID: 25932361 PMCID: PMC4410773 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sterol 14α-demethylase is a validated and an attractive drug target in human protozoan parasites. Pharmacological inactivation of this important enzyme has proven very effective against fungal infections, and it is a target that is being exploited for new antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial chemotherapy. We have used in silico calculations to identify previously reported antiparasitic sterol-like compounds and their structural congeners that have preferential and high docking affinity for CYP51. The sterol 14α-demethylase from Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania infantum, in particular, preferentially dock to taraxerol, epi-oleanolic acid, and α/β-amyrim structural scaffolds. These structural information and predicted interactions can be exploited for fragment/structure-based antiprotozoal drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Warfield
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217 USA
| | - William N Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA
| | - Ifedayo Victor Ogungbe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217 USA
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Grinter SZ, Zou X. Challenges, applications, and recent advances of protein-ligand docking in structure-based drug design. Molecules 2014; 19:10150-76. [PMID: 25019558 PMCID: PMC6270832 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190710150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The docking methods used in structure-based virtual database screening offer the ability to quickly and cheaply estimate the affinity and binding mode of a ligand for the protein receptor of interest, such as a drug target. These methods can be used to enrich a database of compounds, so that more compounds that are subsequently experimentally tested are found to be pharmaceutically interesting. In addition, like all virtual screening methods used for drug design, structure-based virtual screening can focus on curated libraries of synthesizable compounds, helping to reduce the expense of subsequent experimental verification. In this review, we introduce the protein-ligand docking methods used for structure-based drug design and other biological applications. We discuss the fundamental challenges facing these methods and some of the current methodological topics of interest. We also discuss the main approaches for applying protein-ligand docking methods. We end with a discussion of the challenging aspects of evaluating or benchmarking the accuracy of docking methods for their improvement, and discuss future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Z Grinter
- Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Xiaoqin Zou
- Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Bernal FA, Coy-Barrera E. In-silico analyses of sesquiterpene-related compounds on selected Leishmania enzyme-based targets. Molecules 2014; 19:5550-69. [PMID: 24786692 PMCID: PMC6271876 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19055550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A great number of sesquiterpenes are reported in the available literature as good antileishmanial leads. However, their mode of action at the molecular level has not been elucidated. The lack of molecular studies could be considered an impediment for studies seeking to improve sesquiterpene-based drug design. The present in silico study allows us to make important observations about the molecular details of the binding modes of a set of antileishmanial sesquiterpenes against four drug-enzyme targets [pteridine reductase-1 (PTR1), N-myristoyl transferase (NMT), cysteine synthase (CS), trypanothione synthetase (TryS)]. Through molecular docking it was found that two sesquiterpene coumarins are promising leads for the PTR1 and TryS inhibition purposes, and some xanthanolides also exhibited better affinity towards PTR1 and CS binding. In addition, the affinity values were clustered by Principal Component Analysis and drug-like properties were analyzed for the strongest-docking sesquiterpenes. The results are an excellent starting point for future studies of structural optimization of this kind of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddy A Bernal
- Laboratorio de Química Bioorgánica, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Cundinamarca 250240, AA 49300, Colombia.
| | - Ericsson Coy-Barrera
- Laboratorio de Química Bioorgánica, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Militar Nueva Granada, Cundinamarca 250240, AA 49300, Colombia.
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Ogungbe IV, Erwin WR, Setzer WN. Antileishmanial phytochemical phenolics: molecular docking to potential protein targets. J Mol Graph Model 2014; 48:105-17. [PMID: 24463105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A molecular docking analysis has been carried out to examine potential Leishmania protein targets of antiprotozoal plant-derived polyphenolic compounds. A total of 352 phenolic phytochemicals, including 10 aurones, six cannabinoids, 34 chalcones, 20 chromenes, 52 coumarins, 92 flavonoids, 41 isoflavonoids, 52 lignans, 25 quinones, eight stilbenoids, nine xanthones, and three miscellaneous phenolic compounds, were used in the virtual screening study using 24 Leishmania enzymes (52 different protein structures from the Protein Data Bank). Noteworthy protein targets were Leishmania dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, N-myristoyl transferase, phosphodiesterase B1, pteridine reductase, methionyl-tRNA synthetase, tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase, uridine diphosphate-glucose pyrophosphorylase, nicotinamidase, and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Based on in-silico analysis of antiparasitic polyphenolics in this study, two aurones, one chalcone, five coumarins, six flavonoids, one isoflavonoid, three lignans, and one stilbenoid, can be considered to be promising drug leads worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifedayo Victor Ogungbe
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
| | - William R Erwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - William N Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA.
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