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Topal A, Oğuş H, Sulukan E, Comaklı S, Ceyhun SB. Okadaic acid enhances NfKB, TLR-4, caspase 3, ERK ½, c-FOS, and 8-OHdG signaling pathways activation in brain tissues of zebrafish larvae. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 149:109529. [PMID: 38561069 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the potential neuronal damage mechanism of the okadaic acid (OA) in the brain tissues of zebrafish embryos by evaluating in terms of immunofluorescence of Nf KB, TLR-4, caspase 3, ERK ½, c-FOS and 8-OHdG signaling pathways. We also evaluated body malformations. For this purpose, zebrafish embryos were exposed to 0.5 μg/ml, 1 μg/ml and 2.5 μg/ml of OA for 5 days. After application, FITC/GFP labeled protein-specific antibodies were used in immunofluorescence assay for NfKB, TLR-4, caspase 3, ERK ½, c-FOS and 8-OHdG respectively. The results indicated that OA caused immunofluorescence positivity of NfKB, TLR-4, caspase 3, ERK ½, c-FOS and 8-OHdG in a dose-dependent manner in the brain tissues of zebrafish embryos. Pericardial edema (PE), nutrient sac edema (YSE) and body malformations, tail malformation, short tail and head malformation (BM) were detected in zebrafish embryos. These results suggest that OA induces neuronal damage by affecting the modulation of DNA damage, apoptotic, and inflammatory activities in the brain tissues of zebrafish embryos. The increase in signaling pathways shows that OA can cause damage in the structure and function of brain nerve cells. Our results provide a new basis for the comprehensive assessment of the neural damage of OA and will offer enable us to better understand molecular the mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of OA toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Topal
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries, Atatürk University, TR-25030, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Hatice Oğuş
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries, Atatürk University, TR-25030, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ekrem Sulukan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries, Atatürk University, TR-25030, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Selim Comaklı
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Atatürk University, TR-25030, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Saltuk Buğrahan Ceyhun
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Atatürk University, TR-25030, Erzurum, Turkey; Aquatic Biotechnology Laboratory, Fisheries Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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da Silva CA, Mafra LL, Rossi GR, da Silva Trindade E, Matias WG. A simple method to evaluate the toxic effects of Prorocentrum lima extracts to fish (sea bass) kidney cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 85:105476. [PMID: 36126776 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) okadaic acid (OA) and its analogues - the dinophysistoxins (DTXs) - are produced by dinoflagellates such as Prorocentrum lima and can bioaccumulate in filter-feeding organisms as they are transferred through the food web. Although there is no assessment of the harmful effects of these toxins on the fish's immune system, this study developed a primary culture protocol for kidney cells from marine fish Centropomus parallelus and evaluated the immunotoxic effects to P. lima extracts containing DSTs. The cells were obtained by mechanical dissociation, segregated with Percoll gradient, and incubated for 24 h at 28 °C in a Leibovitz culture medium supplemented with 2% fetal bovine serum and antibiotics. The exposed cells were evaluated in flow cytometry using the CD54 PE antibody. We obtained >5.0 × 106 viable cells per 1.0 g of tissue that exhibited no cell differentiation. Exposure to 1.2 or 12 ng DST mL-1 stimulated the immune system activation and increased the proportion of activated macrophages and monocytes in 48 to 52% and in 127 to 146%, respectively. The protocol proved to be an alternative tool to assess the immunotoxic effects of DST exposure on fish's anterior kidney cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Aparecido da Silva
- Center for Marine Studies, Federal University of Paraná, Av. Beira-mar, s/n, P.O. Box: 61, Pontal do Paraná, PR 83255-976, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Laureno Mafra
- Center for Marine Studies, Federal University of Paraná, Av. Beira-mar, s/n, P.O. Box: 61, Pontal do Paraná, PR 83255-976, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Rodrigues Rossi
- Laboratory of Inflammatory and Neoplastic Cells/Laboratory of Sulfated Polysaccharides Investigation, Cell Biology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Av. Cel Francisco H dos Santos, Curitiba, PR 81530-980, Brazil
| | - Edvaldo da Silva Trindade
- Laboratory of Inflammatory and Neoplastic Cells/Laboratory of Sulfated Polysaccharides Investigation, Cell Biology Department, Federal University of Paraná, Av. Cel Francisco H dos Santos, Curitiba, PR 81530-980, Brazil
| | - William Gerson Matias
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Departament of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, P.O. Box 476, Florianópolis, SC 88010-970, Brazil
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Dong C, Wu H, Zheng G, Peng J, Guo M, Tan Z. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals MAPK/AMPK as a Key Regulator of the Inflammatory Response in PST Detoxification in Mytilus galloprovincialis and Argopecten irradians. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080516. [PMID: 36006178 PMCID: PMC9416634 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are an increasingly important source of pollution. Bivalves, as the main transmission medium, accumulate and metabolize PSTs while protecting themselves from damage. At present, the resistance mechanism of bivalves to PSTs is unclear. In this study, Mytilus galloprovincialis and Argopecten irradians were used as experimental shellfish species for in situ monitoring. We compared the inflammatory-related gene responses of the two shellfish during PSTs exposure by using transcriptomes. The results showed that the accumulation and metabolism rate of PSTs in M. galloprovincialis was five-fold higher than that in A. irradians. The inflammatory balance mechanism of M. galloprovincialis involved the co-regulation of the MAPK-based and AMPK-based anti-inflammatory pathways. A. irradians bore a higher risk of death because it did not have the balance system, and the regulation of apoptosis-related pathways such as the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway were upregulated. Taken together, the regulation of the inflammatory balance coincides with the ability of bivalves to cope with PSTs. Inflammation is an important factor that affects the metabolic pattern of PSTs in bivalves. This study provides new evidence to support the studies on the resistance mechanism of bivalves to PSTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenfan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (C.D.); (H.W.); (G.Z.); (J.P.); (M.G.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Haiyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (C.D.); (H.W.); (G.Z.); (J.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Guanchao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (C.D.); (H.W.); (G.Z.); (J.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Jixing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (C.D.); (H.W.); (G.Z.); (J.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Mengmeng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (C.D.); (H.W.); (G.Z.); (J.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (C.D.); (H.W.); (G.Z.); (J.P.); (M.G.)
- Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-532-8583-6348; Fax: +86-532-8582-5917
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Song JA, Kho KH, Park YS, Choi CY. Toxicity response to benzo[α]pyrene exposure: Modulation of immune parameters of the bay scallop, Argopectenirradians. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 124:505-512. [PMID: 35489591 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bay scallops were exposed to four BaP concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 10 and 50 μg/L) for 72 h to elucidate their immune response. Immune parameters were evaluated by measuring nitric oxide (NO) levels in hemolymph. Additionally, we measured peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRP), fibrinogen-domain-containing protein (FReDC1), metallothionein (MT), and heat shock protein (HSP) 70 mRNA expression in digestive diverticula. NO as well as FReDC1 and MT expression in each BaP group increased significantly over time except for the BaP 0.5 group. The PGRP and HSP70 mRNA expression in the BaP 50 group increased in the range 6-24 h and then decreased. In situ hybridization also confirmed that there was higher MT mRNA expression in the BaP 50 group than in the control group at 72 h. Our results suggest that higher levels of BaP dampened scallop immune responses, while simultaneously reducing their ability to cope with oxidative stress and DNA damage. BaP exposure can be considered a potential immune inducer in bay scallop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ah Song
- Marine Bio-Resources Research Unit, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan, 49111, South Korea
| | - Kang Hee Kho
- Department of Fisheries Science, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, South Korea
| | - Young-Su Park
- Catholic University of Pusan, Busan, 46252, South Korea
| | - Cheol Young Choi
- Division of Marine BioScience, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, 49112, South Korea.
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Acute exposure to microcystin-LR induces hepatopancreas toxicity in the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2551-2570. [PMID: 33977345 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The Chinese mitten crab is an important economic species in the Chinese aquaculture industry due to its rich nutritional value and distinct flavor. The hepatopancreas is a popular edible part of the Chinese mitten crab, and therefore, hepatopancreatic health directly determines its quality. However, a large-scale outbreak of hepatopancreatic necrosis syndrome ("Shuibiezi" disease in Chinese), which is caused by abiotic agents correlated with cyanobacteria bloom outbreaks, adversely affects the Chinese mitten crab breeding industry. Cyanobacterial blooms that occur in high-density farming ponds can produce microcystin-LR (MC-LR), which is hepatotoxic in fish and mammals. Hepatopancreas toxicity of MC-LR (0, 25, 50 and 75 μg/kg) was investigated after 48 h of exposure. The MC-LR can cause hepatopancreatic injury by inducing hepatopancreatic structural damage, subcellular structural changes, and cell apoptosis, followed by enhanced lipid peroxidase, reactive oxygen species, and apoptosis-related enzyme (Caspase 3, 8, and 9) activities. These in turn promote gene and protein expression of apoptosis-associated proteases (Caspase 3, 7, and 8, Bcl-2, and Bax), and alter antioxidant system responses (superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase activities, and glutathione content). The present study is the first report on MC-LR hepatotoxicity in the Chinese mitten crab and confirms hepatopancreas toxicity, providing a theoretical basis for enhancing MCs resistance and developing preventive and curative measures against hepatopancreatic disease in the Chinese mitten crab breeding industry.
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Braga AC, Marçal R, Marques A, Guilherme S, Vilariño Ó, Martins JML, Gago-Martínez A, Costa PR, Pacheco M. Invasive clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) are better equipped to deal with harmful algal blooms toxins than native species (R. decussatus): evidence of species-specific toxicokinetics and DNA vulnerability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 767:144887. [PMID: 33636784 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to assess and compare the kinetics (accumulation/elimination) of the marine biotoxins okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1), between native (Ruditapes decussatus) and invasive (Ruditapes philippinarum) clam species, and their genotoxic effects and DNA recover capacity after, exposure to toxic dinoflagellates Prorocentrum lima. Clams were fed with P. lima for 5 days and then to non-toxic algae (post-exposure) during other 5 days. Toxin concentrations determined in clams by LC-MS/MS were related with DNA damage and repair assessment through the comet and base excision repair (BER) assays, respectively. Differential accumulation patterns were observed between the invasive and native species. The invasive species consistently and progressively accumulated the toxins during the first 24 h of exposure, while the native clams showed drastic variations in the toxin accumulation. Nevertheless, at the end of a 5 days of exposure period, the native clams presented higher toxin concentrations, nearly reaching the legal regulatory limit for human consumption. In addition, native clams were vastly affected by OA and DTX1, presenting an increment in the DNA damage since the first day, with a correspondent increase in the repair activity. On the other hand, invasive clams were not affected by the dinoflagellate toxins, exhibiting only some signs of the challenge, namely an increase in the DNA repair mechanisms in the post-exposure period. Invasive clams R. philippinarum are better adapted to cope with harmful algal blooms and OA-group toxins than native species. These results may increase farming interest and may lead to new introductions of the invasive clams. In sympatry sites, exposure to OA-group toxins may unbalance clams species biomass and distribution as exposure to toxic dinoflagellates affects the native clams from cellular to a population level, representing a significant threat to development and maintenance of R. decussatus populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Braga
- IPMA-Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal; Biology Department and CESAM, Aveiro University, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Raquel Marçal
- Biology Department and CESAM, Aveiro University, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Marques
- Biology Department and CESAM, Aveiro University, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sofia Guilherme
- Biology Department and CESAM, Aveiro University, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Óscar Vilariño
- Vigo University, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - J Manuel Leão Martins
- Vigo University, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Ana Gago-Martínez
- Vigo University, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Pedro R Costa
- IPMA-Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal; CCMAR-Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Mário Pacheco
- Biology Department and CESAM, Aveiro University, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Coates CJ, Söderhäll K. The stress–immunity axis in shellfish. J Invertebr Pathol 2020; 186:107492. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Campos A, Freitas M, de Almeida AM, Martins JC, Domínguez-Pérez D, Osório H, Vasconcelos V, Reis Costa P. OMICs Approaches in Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins Research. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E493. [PMID: 32752012 PMCID: PMC7472309 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12080493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DSTs) are among the most prevalent marine toxins in Europe's and in other temperate coastal regions. These toxins are produced by several dinoflagellate species; however, the contamination of the marine trophic chain is often attributed to species of the genus Dinophysis. This group of toxins, constituted by okadaic acid (OA) and analogous molecules (dinophysistoxins, DTXs), are highly harmful to humans, causing severe poisoning symptoms caused by the ingestion of contaminated seafood. Knowledge on the mode of action and toxicology of OA and the chemical characterization and accumulation of DSTs in seafood species (bivalves, gastropods and crustaceans) has significantly contributed to understand the impacts of these toxins in humans. Considerable information is however missing, particularly at the molecular and metabolic levels involving toxin uptake, distribution, compartmentalization and biotransformation and the interaction of DSTs with aquatic organisms. Recent contributions to the knowledge of DSTs arise from transcriptomics and proteomics research. Indeed, OMICs constitute a research field dedicated to the systematic analysis on the organisms' metabolisms. The methodologies used in OMICs are also highly effective to identify critical metabolic pathways affecting the physiology of the organisms. In this review, we analyze the main contributions provided so far by OMICs to DSTs research and discuss the prospects of OMICs with regard to the DSTs toxicology and the significance of these toxins to public health, food safety and aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Campos
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450–208 Porto, Portugal; (M.F.); (J.C.M.); (D.D.-P.); (V.V.)
| | - Marisa Freitas
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450–208 Porto, Portugal; (M.F.); (J.C.M.); (D.D.-P.); (V.V.)
- ESS-P.Porto, School of Health, Polytechnic Institute of Porto. Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - André M. de Almeida
- LEAF-Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - José Carlos Martins
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450–208 Porto, Portugal; (M.F.); (J.C.M.); (D.D.-P.); (V.V.)
| | - Dany Domínguez-Pérez
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450–208 Porto, Portugal; (M.F.); (J.C.M.); (D.D.-P.); (V.V.)
| | - Hugo Osório
- i3S–Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
- Ipatimup—Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450–208 Porto, Portugal; (M.F.); (J.C.M.); (D.D.-P.); (V.V.)
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Reis Costa
- IPMA—Instituto Português do Mar da Atmosfera, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006 Lisbon, Portugal;
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Dou M, Jiao YH, Zheng JW, Zhang G, Li HY, Liu JS, Yang WD. De novo transcriptome analysis of the mussel Perna viridis after exposure to the toxic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 192:110265. [PMID: 32045784 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins are produced by harmful microalgae and accumulate in bivalve mollusks, causing various toxicity. These toxic effects appear to abate with increasing DSP concentration and longer exposure time, however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To explore the underlying molecular mechanisms, de novo transcriptome analysis of the digestive gland of Perna viridis was performed after Prorocentrum lima exposure. RNA-seq analysis showed that 1886 and 237 genes were up- and down-regulated, respectively after 6 h exposure to P. lima, while 265 genes were up-regulated and 217 genes were down-regulated after 96 h compared to the control. These differentially expressed genes mainly involved in Nrf2 signing pathways, immune stress, apoptosis and cytoskeleton, etc. Combined with qPCR results, we speculated that the mussel P. viridis might mainly rely on glutathione S-transferase (GST) and ABC transporters to counteract DSP toxins during short-term exposure. However, longer exposure of P. lima could activate the Nrf2 signaling pathway and inhibitors of apoptosis protein (IAP), which in turn reduced the damage of DSP toxins to the mussel. DSP toxins could induce cytoskeleton destabilization and had some negative impact on the immune system of bivalves. Collectively, our findings uncovered the crucial molecular mechanisms and the regulatory metabolic nodes that underpin the defense mechanism of bivalves against DSP toxins and also advanced our current understanding of bivalve defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Dou
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, China.
| | - Yu-Hu Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, China
| | - Jian-Wei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, China
| | - Gong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hong-Ye Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, China
| | - Jie-Sheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, China
| | - Wei-Dong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Eutrophication and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, China.
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Effects of Marine Toxin Domoic Acid on Innate Immune Responses in Bay Scallop Argopecten irradians. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse7110407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Domoic acid (DA) is an amnesic shellfish poisoning toxin produced by some species of the genera Pseudo-nitzschia and Nitzschia. This toxin has harmful effects on various species, especially scallops. This study aimed to investigate the effects of DA exposure on the immune and physical responses of bay scallop, Argopecten irradians. Various immunological and physical parameters were assessed (acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), lipid peroxide (LPO), nitric oxide (NO), and the total protein content) in the haemolymph of scallops at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h post-exposure to DA at different concentrations (10, 50, and 100 ng/mL). Moreover, the expression of immune-related genes (CLT-6, FREP, HSP90, MT, PGRP, and PrxV) was assessed. The activities of ACP, ALP, and LDH and the total protein content and LPO increased upon exposure to DA at different concentrations, while NO levels were decreased. Furthermore, immune-related genes were assessed upon DA exposure. Our results showed that exposure to DA negatively impacts immune function and disrupts physiological activities in bay scallops.
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Chi C, Yun S, Giri SS, Kim HJ, Kim SW, Kang JW, Park SC. Effect of the Algicide Thiazolidinedione 49 on Immune Responses of Bay Scallop Argopecten I rradians. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193579. [PMID: 31590284 PMCID: PMC6804249 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The thiazolidinedione 49 (TD49) is an effective algaecide against harmful algae; however, its potential effects on the immune function of the edible bay scallop are unclear. Therefore, the present work studied the effects of TD49 on the immune response in bay scallop by evaluating activities of acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as nitric oxide (NO) levels, total protein content, and expression of immune genes (CTL-6, PGRP, PrxV, MT, and Cu/Zn-SOD) at 3–48 h post-exposure (hpe) to TD49. The activities of ACP and ALP significantly increased in TD49-treated groups at 3–24 hpe, whereas NO levels decreased significantly in 0.58 and 0.68 μM of TD49 at 6–24 hpe, after which the level was similar to that in the untreated control. Moreover, SOD activity significantly increased in all three concentration groups at 3–6 hpe, while it decreased at 12 hpe in the 0.68 μM TD49 treatment group. Notably, total protein content increased with TD49 treatment at each time interval. The results revealed that variable effects on the expression of immune-related genes were observed after treatment with TD49. The findings demonstrate that exposure of scallops to TD49 changes immune responses and expression of immune-related genes. We hypothesize that TD49 may disrupt immune system in bay scallop. The current investigation highlights the potential negative effects of using TD49 as an algaecide on marine economic bivalves to control harmful algal blooms in marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chi
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, National Experimental Teaching Center for Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Road 1, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Saekil Yun
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–747, Korea
| | - Sib Sankar Giri
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–747, Korea
| | - Hyoun Joong Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–747, Korea
| | - Sang Wha Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–747, Korea
| | - Jeong Woo Kang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–747, Korea
| | - Se Chang Park
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–747, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-02-880-1282
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Lian S, Wang J, Zhang L, Xing Q, Hu N, Liu S, Dai X, Zhang F, Hu X, Bao Z, Wang S. Integration of Biochemical, Cellular, and Genetic Indicators for Understanding the Aging Process in a Bivalve Mollusk Chlamys farreri. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 21:718-730. [PMID: 31392593 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-019-09917-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The major causal factors for the irreversible decline in physical vitality during organismal aging are postulated to be a chronic state of cellular redox imbalance, metabolic toxicity, and impaired energy homeostasis. We assessed whether the relevant enzyme activity, oxidative stress, and intracellular ATP might be causally involved in the aging of short-lived Chlamys farreri (life span 4~5 years). A total of eight related biochemical and cellular indicators were chosen for the subsequent analysis. All the indicators were measured in seven different tissues from scallops aged one to four years, and our data support that the aging of C. farreri is associated with attenuated tissue enzyme activity as well as a decreased metabolic rate. Through principal component analysis, we developed an integrated vigor index for each tissue for comprehensive age-related fitness evaluation. Remarkably, all tissue-integrated vigor indexes significantly declined with age, and the kidney was observed to be the most representative tissue. Further transcriptional profiling of the enzymatic genes provided additional detail on the molecular responses that may underlie the corresponding biochemical results. Moreover, these critical molecular responses may be attributed to the conserved hierarchical regulators, e.g., FOXO, AMPKs, mTOR, and IGF1R, which were identified as potentially novel markers for chronic fitness decline with age in bivalves. The present study provides a systematic approach that could potentially benefit the global assessment of the aging process in C. farreri and provide detailed evaluation of the biochemical, cellular, and genetic indicators that might be involved. This information may assist in a better understanding of bivalve adaptability and life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Lian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jing Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Qiang Xing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Naina Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Sinuo Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiaoting Dai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Fengmei Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Shi Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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RNA-Seq Transcriptome Profiling of the Queen Scallop (Aequipecten opercularis) Digestive Gland after Exposure to Domoic Acid-Producing Pseudo-nitzschia. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11020097. [PMID: 30736356 PMCID: PMC6410316 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Some species of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia produce the toxin domoic acid, which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP). Given that bivalve mollusks are filter feeders, they can accumulate these toxins in their tissues. To elucidate the transcriptional response of the queen scallop Aequipecten opercularis after exposure to domoic acid-producing Pseudo-nitzschia, the digestive gland transcriptome was de novo assembled using an Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform. Then, a differential gene expression analysis was performed. After the assembly, 142,137 unigenes were obtained, and a total of 10,144 genes were differentially expressed in the groups exposed to the toxin. Functional enrichment analysis found that 374 Pfam (protein families database) domains were significantly enriched. The C1q domain, the C-type lectin, the major facilitator superfamily, the immunoglobulin domain, and the cytochrome P450 were among the most enriched Pfam domains. Protein network analysis showed a small number of highly connected nodes involved in specific functions: proteasome components, mitochondrial ribosomal proteins, protein translocases of mitochondrial membranes, cytochromes P450, and glutathione S-transferases. The results suggest that exposure to domoic acid-producing organisms causes oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. The transcriptional response counteracts these effects with the up-regulation of genes coding for some mitochondrial proteins, proteasome components, and antioxidant enzymes (glutathione S-transferases, thioredoxins, glutaredoxins, and copper/zinc superoxide dismutases).
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Chi C, Giri SS, Jun JW, Kim SW, Kim HJ, Kang JW, Park SC. Detoxification- and Immune-Related Transcriptomic Analysis of Gills from Bay Scallops ( Argopectenirradians) in Response to Algal Toxin Okadaic Acid. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10080308. [PMID: 30060565 PMCID: PMC6115978 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10080308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To reveal the molecular mechanisms triggered by okadaic acid (OA)-exposure in the detoxification and immune system of bay scallops, we studied differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) and the transcriptomic profile in bay scallop gill tissue after 48 h exposure to 500 nM of OA using the Illumina HiSeq 4000 deep-sequencing platform. De novo assembly of paired-end reads yielded 55,876 unigenes, of which 3204 and 2620 genes were found to be significantly up- or down-regulated, respectively. Gene ontology classification and enrichment analysis of the DEGs detected in bay scallops exposed to OA revealed four ontologies with particularly high functional enrichment, which were ‘cellular process’ (cellular component), ‘metabolic process’ (biological process), ‘immune system process’ (biological process), and ‘catalytic process’ (molecular function). The DEGs revealed that cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding proteins, acid phosphatase, toll-like receptors, nuclear erythroid 2-related factor, and the NADPH2 quinone reductase-related gene were upregulated. In contrast, the expression of some genes related to glutathione S-transferase 1, C-type lectin, complement C1q tumor necrosis factor-related protein, Superoxide dismutase 2 and fibrinogen C domain-containing protein, decreased. The outcomes of this study will be a valuable resource for the study of gene expression induced by marine toxins, and will help understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the scallops’ response to OA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chi
- Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Ecology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Road 1, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Sib Sankar Giri
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151742, Korea.
| | - Jin Woo Jun
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151742, Korea.
| | - Sang Wha Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151742, Korea.
| | - Hyoun Joong Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151742, Korea.
| | - Jeong Woo Kang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151742, Korea.
| | - Se Chang Park
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151742, Korea.
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Prego-Faraldo MV, Vieira LR, Eirin-Lopez JM, Méndez J, Guilhermino L. Transcriptional and biochemical analysis of antioxidant enzymes in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis during experimental exposures to the toxic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 129:304-315. [PMID: 28673426 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) toxins have been widely investigated in bivalve molluscs, representing the main vectors of these compounds in the Atlantic coast of Europe. DSP toxins are produced by Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) of Dinophysis and Prorocentrum dinoflagellates, being subsequently accumulated by marine organisms and biomagnified throughout trophic webs. Yet, bivalves display increased resistance to the harmful effects of these toxins during HAB episodes. While previous reports have suggested that such resilience might be the result of an increased activity in the bivalve antioxidant system, very little is still known about the specific mechanism underlying the protective effect observed in these organisms. The present work aims to fill this gap by studying transcriptional expression levels and biochemical activities of antioxidant enzymes in different tissues the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis during experimental exposures to DSP toxins produced by the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima. Results are consistent with the presence of a compensatory mechanism involving a down-regulation in the expression of specific genes encoding antioxidant enzymes [i.e., SuperOxide Dismutase (SOD) and CATalase (CAT)] which is counterbalanced by the up-regulation of other antioxidant genes such as Glutathione S-Transferase pi-1 (GST-pi) and Selenium-dependent Glutathione PeroXidase (Se-GPx), respectively. Enzymatic activity analyses mirror gene expression results, revealing high antioxidant activity levels (consistent with a protective role for the antioxidant system) along with reduced lipid peroxidation (increasing the defense against oxidative stress).
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Prego-Faraldo
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Research Group of Ecotoxicology, Stress Ecology and Environmental Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; XENOMAR Group, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain; Environmental Epigenetics Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - L R Vieira
- ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar, Department of Populations Study, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Research Group of Ecotoxicology, Stress Ecology and Environmental Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - J M Eirin-Lopez
- Environmental Epigenetics Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - J Méndez
- XENOMAR Group, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - L Guilhermino
- ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar, Department of Populations Study, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Research Group of Ecotoxicology, Stress Ecology and Environmental Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Chi C, Giri SS, Jun JW, Kim HJ, Kim SW, Yun S, Park SC. Effects of algal toxin okadaic acid on the non-specific immune and antioxidant response of bay scallop (Argopecten irradians). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 65:111-117. [PMID: 28323217 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA) is produced by dinoflagellates during harmful algal blooms and is a diarrhetic shellfish-poisoning (DSP) toxin. This toxin is particularly problematic for bivalves that are cultured for human consumption. This study aimed to reveal the effects of exposure to OA on the non-specific immune responses of bay scallop, Argopecten irradians. Various immunological parameters (superoxide dismutase (SOD), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lysozyme activities, and total protein level) were assessed in the hemolymph of bay scallops at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h post-exposure (hpe) to different concentrations (50, 100, and 500 nM) of OA. Moreover, the expression of immune system-related genes (MnSOD, PrxV, PGRP, and BD) was also measured. Results showed that SOD and ACP activities were decreased between 12 and 48 hpe. The ALP, lysozyme activities, and total protein levels were also modulated after exposure to different concentrations of OA. The expression of immune-system-related genes was also assessed at different time points during the exposure period. Overall, our results suggest that the exposure to OA had negative effects on the antioxidant and non-specific immune responses, and even disrupted the metabolism of bay scallops, making them more vulnerable to environmental stress-inducing agents; they provide a better understanding of the response status of bivalves against DSP toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chi
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
| | - Sib Sankar Giri
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
| | - Jin Woo Jun
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
| | - Hyoun Joong Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151742, South Korea
| | - Sang Wha Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151742, South Korea
| | - Saekil Yun
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151742, South Korea
| | - Se Chang Park
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
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