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Ashmawy NS, Nilofar N, Zengin G, Eldahshan OA. Metabolic profiling and enzyme inhibitory activity of the essential oil of citrus aurantium fruit peel. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:262. [PMID: 38987702 PMCID: PMC11238441 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04505-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) is a fruiting shrub native to tropical and subtropical countries around the world and cultivated in many regions due to its nutraceutical value. The current study investigated the metabolic profiling and enzyme inhibitory activities of volatile constituents derived from the C. aurantium peel cultivated in Egypt by three different extraction methods. METHODS The volatile chemical constituents of the peel of C. aurantium were isolated using three methods; steam distillation (SD), hydrodistillation (HD), and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD), and then were investigated by GC-MS. The antioxidant potential was evaluated by different assays such as DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, and phosphomolybdenum and metal chelating potential. Moreover, the effect of enzyme inhibition of the three essential oils was tested using BChE, AChE, tyrosinase, glucosidase, as well as amylase assays. RESULTS A total of six compounds were detected by GC/MS analysis. The major constituent obtained by all three extraction methods was limonene (98.86% by SD, 98.68% by HD, and 99.23% by MAHD). Differences in the composition of the compounds of the three oils were observed. The hydrodistillation technique has yielded the highest number of compounds, notably two oxygenated monoterpenes: linalool (0.12%) and α-terpineol acetate (0.1%). CONCLUSION In our study differences in the extraction methods of C. aurantium peel oils resulted in differences in the oils' chemical composition. Citrus essential oils and their components showed potential antioxidant, anticholinesterase, antimelanogenesis, and antidiabetic activities. The presence of linalool and α-terpineol acetate may explain the superior activity observed for the oil isolated by HD in both radical scavenging and AChE inhibition assays, as well as in the enzyme inhibition assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naglaa S Ashmawy
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, P.O. Box 4184, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nilofar Nilofar
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University Campus, Konya, Turkey
- Department of Pharmacy, Botanic Garden "Giardino dei Semplici", Università degli Studi "Gabriele d'Annunzio", via dei Vestini 31, Chieti, 66100, Italy
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University Campus, Konya, Turkey
| | - Omayma A Eldahshan
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.
- Center of Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.
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Elhady SS, Youssef FS, Lashkar MO, Hamdan DI, Ashour ML, Zengin G, Gamal El-Din MI. Chemometric discrimination of eight citrus plants utilizing chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques and insights into their biological potentials. Curr Res Food Sci 2024; 9:100803. [PMID: 39076680 PMCID: PMC11284955 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2024.100803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Citrus sinensis balady orange, C. sinensis navel orange, C. paradisi, C. limon, C. sinensis bloody orange, C. sinensis sweet orange, C. aurantium var. amara and C. reticulata were successfully discriminated using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques coupled with chemometrics. Ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) managed to discriminate the alcohol extract samples to six and five clusters respectively on exposing the obtained data to Principle component analysis (PCA). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was utilized for differentiating the different samples based upon their rutin content where C. aurantium demonstrated the highest rutin content (0.795 mg/mL). LC-ESI-MS led to the identification of 35 compounds belonging mainly to flavonoids and limonoids. In vitro biological investigations including DDPH, ABTS, FRAP and enzyme inhibitory activities revealed the promising antioxidant, neuroprotective, anti-hyperglycaemic and skin-lightning potentials of citrus samples that were correlated with the total phenol and flavonoid contents. In silico ADME/TOPKAT reflected the acceptable pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and toxicity properties of the identified secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh S. Elhady
- King Abdulaziz University Herbarium, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fadia S. Youssef
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Manar O. Lashkar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalia I. Hamdan
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Shibin Elkom, 32511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed L. Ashour
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
- Pharmacy Program, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, 21442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, 42130, Turkey
| | - Mariam I. Gamal El-Din
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
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Yang W, Liang Y, Liu Y, Yao Y, Yu Z, Chen B, Cai Y, Wei M, Zheng G. Enhancement of hepatoprotective activity of limonin from citrus seeds against acetaminophen-induced liver injury by HSCCC purification and liposomal encapsulation. Fitoterapia 2024; 175:105899. [PMID: 38471575 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.105899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Limonin is a natural tetracyclic triterpenoid compound in citrus seeds that presents hepatoprotective effects but is often discarded as agricultural waste because of its low content and low solubility. Herein, limonin with high purity (98.11%) from citrus seeds was obtained via purification by high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) and recrystallization. Limonin-loaded liposomes (Lip-LM) prepared by thin film hydration and high pressure homogenization method to enhance its solubility and hepatoprotective effect on APAP-induced liver injury (AILI). Lip-LM appeared as lipid nanoparticles under a transmission electron microscope, and showed well dispersed nano-scale size (69.04 ± 0.42 nm), high encapsulation efficiency (93.67% ± 2.51%), sustained release, fine stability. Lip-LM also exhibited significantly better hepatoprotective activity on AILI than free limonin in vivo. In summary, Lip-LM might be used as a potential hepatoprotective agent in the form of dietary supplement and provide an effective strategy to improve the potential value of citrus seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanling Yang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510645, China
| | - Yiyao Liang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510645, China
| | - Yujie Liu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510645, China
| | - Yunan Yao
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510645, China
| | - Zhiqian Yu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510645, China
| | - Baizhong Chen
- Guangdong Xinbaotang Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Guangdong, Jiangmen 529000, China
| | - Yi Cai
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510645, China.
| | - Minyan Wei
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510645, China.
| | - Guodong Zheng
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510645, China.
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Das S, Sarma G, Panicker NJ, Sahu PP. Identifying citrus limonoids as a potential fusion inhibitor of DENV-2 virus through its in silico study and FTIR analysis. In Silico Pharmacol 2024; 12:35. [PMID: 38680655 PMCID: PMC11045700 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-024-00207-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2) is an arthropod-borne deadly RNA human pathogen transmitted through the mosquito Aedes. The DENV-2 roots viral infection by facilitating entry with its envelope glycoprotein to the receptor protein Dendritic-cell-specific ICAM3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) through membrane fusion. Here, an organizational path is reported for inhibiting the transition due to fusion activation and by blocking the residues of the DC-SIGN-E-Glyco protein complex through citrus limonoids with its antiviral effect. Based on lower binding affinity obtained with E-glycoprotein, and based on ADMET and drug-likeness study, limonin was selected as having effective interaction with DC-SIGN-E-glycoprotein complex in comparison to other citrus limonoids. The FTIR spectra performed with the limonin-E-glycoprotein sample provide evidence of hydrogen bond formation that indicates the formation of a strong limonin-E-glycoprotein conjugate. Further, the strong physical interaction between DC-SIGN and small limonin molecules in comparison to that of E-glyco with DC-SIGN assures the development of immunity against DENV-2. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40203-024-00207-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyajit Das
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Jorhat Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat, Assam 785010 India
| | - Geetartha Sarma
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam 784028 India
| | - Nithin J. Panicker
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam 784028 India
| | - Partha P. Sahu
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam 784028 India
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Ramírez RE, Buendia-Corona RE, Pérez-Xochipa I, Scior T. Computational Binding Study Hints at Ecdysone 20-Mono-Oxygenase as the Hitherto Unknown Target for Ring C-Seco Limonoid-Type Insecticides. Molecules 2024; 29:1628. [PMID: 38611907 PMCID: PMC11013123 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The insecticidal property of ring C-seco limonoids has been discovered empirically and the target protein identified, but, to date, the molecular mechanism of action has not been described at the atomic scale. We elucidate on computational grounds whether nine C-seco limonoids present sufficiently high affinity to bind specifically with the putative target enzyme of the insects (ecdysone 20-monooxygenase). To this end, 3D models of ligands and the receptor target were generated and their interaction energies estimated by docking simulations. As a proof of concept, the tetrahydro-isoquinolinyl propenamide derivative QHC is the reference ligand bound to aldosterone synthase in the complex with PDB entry 4ZGX. It served as the 3D template for target modeling via homology. QHC was successfully docked back to its crystal pose in a one-digit nanomolar range. The reported experimental binding affinities span over the nanomolar to lower micromolar range. All nine limonoids were found with strong affinities in the range of -9 < ΔG < -13 kcal/mol. The molt hormone ecdysone showed a comparable ΔG energy of -12 kcal/mol, whereas -11 kcal/mol was the back docking result for the liganded crystal 4ZGX. In conclusion, the nine C-seco limonoids were strong binders on theoretical grounds in an activity range between a ten-fold lower to a ten-fold higher concentration level than insecticide ecdysone with its known target receptor. The comparable or even stronger binding hints at ecdysone 20-monooxygenase as their target biomolecule. Our assumption, however, is in need of future experimental confirmation before conclusions with certainty can be drawn about the true molecular mechanism of action for the C-seco limonoids under scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsés E. Ramírez
- Departamento de Fisicomatemáticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Benemérita, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Prol. 24 Sur, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (R.E.R.); (R.E.B.-C.)
| | - Ricardo E. Buendia-Corona
- Departamento de Fisicomatemáticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Benemérita, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Prol. 24 Sur, Puebla 72570, Mexico; (R.E.R.); (R.E.B.-C.)
| | - Ivonne Pérez-Xochipa
- Departamento de Bioquímica Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Benemérita, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Prol. 24 Sur, Puebla 72570, Mexico;
| | - Thomas Scior
- Laboratorio de Simulaciones Moleculares Computacionales, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Benemérita, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Prol. 24 Sur, Puebla 72570, Mexico
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Vergoten G, Bailly C. Insights into the Mechanism of Action of the Degraded Limonoid Prieurianin. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3597. [PMID: 38612409 PMCID: PMC11011620 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Limonoids are extremely diversified in plants, with many categories of products bearing an intact, rearranged or fragmented oxygenated scaffold. A specific subgroup of fragmented or degraded limonoids derives from the tetranortriterpenoid prieurianin, initially isolated from the tree Trichilia prieuriana but also found in other plants of the Meliaceae family, including the more abundant species Aphanamixis polystachya. Prieurianin-type limonoids include about seventy compounds, among which are dregeanin and rohitukin. Prieurianin and analogs exhibit insecticidal, antimicrobial, antiadipogenic and/or antiparasitic properties but their mechanism of action remains ill-defined at present. Previous studies have shown that prieurianin, initially known as endosidin 1, stabilizes the actin cytoskeleton in plant and mammalian cells via the modulation of the architecture and dynamic of the actin network, most likely via interference with actin-binding proteins. A new mechanistic hypothesis is advanced here based on the recent discovery of the targeting of the chaperone protein Hsp47 by the fragmented limonoid fraxinellone. Molecular modeling suggested that prieurianin and, to a lesser extent dregeanin, can form very stable complexes with Hsp47 at the protein-collagen interface. Hsp-binding may account for the insecticidal action of the product. The present review draws up a new mechanistic portrait of prieurianin and provides an overview of the pharmacological properties of this atypical limonoid and its chemical family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Vergoten
- U1286—INFINITE, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol (ICPAL), Faculté de Pharmacie, University of Lille, 3 Rue du Professeur Laguesse, 59006 Lille, France
| | - Christian Bailly
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277-CANTHER—Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, OncoLille Institut, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Albert Lespagnol (ICPAL), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lille, 59006 Lille, France
- OncoWitan, Scientific Consulting Office, 59290 Lille, France
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Zhang WF, Ruan CW, Wu JB, Wu GL, Wang XG, Chen HJ. Limonin inhibits the stemness of cancer stem-like cells derived from colorectal carcinoma cells potentially via blocking STAT3 signaling. World J Clin Oncol 2024; 15:317-328. [PMID: 38455137 PMCID: PMC10915944 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v15.i2.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limonin is one of the most abundant active ingredients of Tetradium ruticarpum. It exerts antitumor effects on several kinds of cancer cells. However, whether limonin exerts antitumor effects on colorectal cancer (CRC) cells and cancer stem-like cells (CSCs), a subpopulation responsible for a poor prognosis, is unclear. AIM To evaluate the effects of limonin on CSCs derived from CRC cells. METHODS CSCs were collected by culturing CRC cells in serum-free medium. The cytotoxicity of limonin against CSCs and parental cells (PCs) was determined by cholecystokinin octapeptide-8 assay. The effects of limonin on stemness were detected by measuring stemness hallmarks and sphere formation ability. RESULTS As expected, limonin exerted inhibitory effects on CRC cell behaviors, including cell proliferation, migration, invasion, colony formation and tumor formation in soft agar. A relatively low concentration of limonin decreased the expression stemness hallmarks, including Nanog and β-catenin, the proportion of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1-positive CSCs, and the sphere formation rate, indicating that limonin inhibits stemness without presenting cytotoxicity. Additionally, limonin treatment inhibited invasion and tumor formation in soft agar and in nude mice. Moreover, limonin treatment significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of STAT3 at Y705 but not S727 and did not affect total STAT3 expression. Inhibition of Nanog and β-catenin expression and sphere formation by limonin was obviously reversed by pretreatment with 2 μmol/L colievlin. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results indicate that limonin is a promising compound that targets CSCs and could be used to combat CRC recurrence and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Feng Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Anorectal Section, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Ruan
- Department of Anorectal Section, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jun-Bo Wu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Hengyang Central Hospital, Hengyang 421000, Hunan Province, China
| | - Guo-Liang Wu
- The First College for Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University Of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Gan Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hong-Jin Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
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Rochlani S, Bhatia M, Rathod S, Choudhari P, Dhavale R. Exploration of limonoids for their broad spectrum antiviral potential via DFT, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation approach. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:891-896. [PMID: 37074699 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2202398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Limonoids serve as vital secondary metabolites. Citrus limonoids show a wide range of pharmacological potential. As a result of which limonoids from citrus are of considerable research interest. Identification of new therapeutic molecules from natural origins has been widely adopted as a successful strategy in drug discovery. This work mainly focused on the high-throughput computational exploration of the antiviral potential of three vital limonoids, i.e. Obacunone, Limonin and Nomilin against spike proteins of SARS CoV-2 (PDB:6LZG), Zika virus NS3 helicase (PDB:5JMT), Serotype 2 RNA dependent RNA polymerase of dengue virus (PDB:5K5M). Herein we report the molecular docking, MD simulation studies of nine docked complexes, and density functional theory (DFT) of selected limonoids. The results of this study indicated that all three limonoids have good molecular features but out of these three obacunone exerted satisfactory results for DFT, docking and MD simulation study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Rochlani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Kolhapur, India
| | - Manish Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Kolhapur, India
| | - Sanket Rathod
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Kolhapur, India
| | - Prafulla Choudhari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Kolhapur, India
| | - Rakesh Dhavale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Kolhapur, India
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Kolhapur, India
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Attia HG, El-Morshedy SM, Nagy AM, Ibrahim AM, Aleraky M, Abdelrahman SS, Osman SM, Alasmari SM, El Raey MA, Abdelhameed MF. Citrus clementine Peel Essential Oil Ameliorates Potassium Dichromate-Induced Lung Injury: Insights into the PI3K/AKT Pathway. Metabolites 2024; 14:68. [PMID: 38276303 PMCID: PMC10818323 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute Lung Injury (ALI) is a life-threatening syndrome that has been identified as a potential complication of COVID-19. There is a critical need to shed light on the underlying mechanistic pathways and explore novel therapeutic strategies. This study aimed to examine the potential therapeutic effects of Citrus clementine essential oil (CCEO) in treating potassium dichromate (PDC)-induced ALI. The chemical profile of CCEO was created through GC-MS analysis. An in vivo study in rats was conducted to evaluate the effect of CCEO administrated via two different delivery systems (oral/inhalation) in mitigating acute lung injury (ALI) induced by intranasal instillation of PDC. Eight volatile compounds were identified, with monoterpene hydrocarbons accounting for 97.03% of the identified constituents, including 88.84% of D-limonene. CCEO at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg bw exhibited antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These significant antioxidant properties were revealed through the reduction of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the restoration of reduced glutathione (GSH). In addition, inflammation reduction was observed by decreasing levels of cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α and tumor growth factor-β (TNF-α and TGF-β), along with an increase in phosphatidylinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt overexpression in lung tissue homogenate, in both oral and inhalation routes, compared to the PDC-induced group. These results were supported by histopathological studies and immunohistochemical assessment of TGF-β levels in lung tissues. These findings revealed that CCEO plays an integral role in relieving ALI induced by intranasal PDC and suggests it as a promising remedy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany G. Attia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 1988, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suzan M. El-Morshedy
- Clinical Pathology Department, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Menoufia 32511, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed M. Nagy
- Department of Animal Reproduction & AI, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Center, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt;
| | - Ammar M. Ibrahim
- Applied Medical Sciences College, Najran University, Najran 55461, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.I.); (S.M.A.)
| | - Mohamed Aleraky
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Al-Azhar University, New Damietta 11651, Egypt;
| | - Sahar S. Abdelrahman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt;
| | - Samir M. Osman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Oct. 6 University, Giza 12585, Egypt;
| | - Saeed M. Alasmari
- Applied Medical Sciences College, Najran University, Najran 55461, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.I.); (S.M.A.)
| | - Mohamed A. El Raey
- Department of Phytochemistry and Plant Systematics, Pharmaceutical Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F. Abdelhameed
- Pharmacology Department, National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt;
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Silva TRDA, Silva AJRDA. Chemical profile of persian lime seeds (Citrus Limettioides T.): Focus on limonoids and polyphenols. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2023; 95:e20230322. [PMID: 38088731 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202320230322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrus fruit industrial processing generates tons of waste composed of peels, seeds and pulp. Incorrect disposal of these residues may harm the environment. The extraction of oil and bioactive compounds from citrus fruit seeds may be considered a sustainable alternative to the disposal of waste by the citrus agroindustry. In order to provide safe disposal of citrus waste an evaluation of its composition is necessary. Here we report the results of the application of a methodology to evaluate the composition the seeds of Citrus limettioides. In the first step, extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide was used. This work allowed the isolation and identification of four aglycone-type limonoids by High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, identified as limonin, nomilin, deacetylnomilin, and obacunone. In addition, six other polar limonoids and two glycosyl flavonoids were identified by HPLC-ESI/MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tairini R DA Silva
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Antonio Jorge R DA Silva
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Cidade Universitária, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Wang S, Kuperman LL, Song Z, Chen Y, Liu K, Xia Z, Xu Y, Yu Q. An overview of limonoid synthetic derivatives as promising bioactive molecules. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 259:115704. [PMID: 37544186 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Limonoids, a class of abundant natural tetracyclic triterpenoids, present diverse biological activity and provide a versatile platform amenable by chemical modifications for clinical use. Among all of the limonoids isolated from natural sources, obacunone, nomilin, and limonin are the primary hub of limonoid-based chemical modification research. To date, more than 800 limonoids analogs have been synthesized, some of which possess promising biological activities. This review not only discusses the synthesis of limonoid derivatives as promising therapeutic candidates and details the pharmacological studies of their underlying mechanisms from 2002 to 2022, but also proposes a preliminary limonoid synthetic structure-activity relationship (SAR) and provides future direction of limonoid derivatization research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaochi Wang
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China; Translational Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Laura L Kuperman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Zhihui Song
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Yutian Chen
- Translational Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Translational Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Zongping Xia
- Translational Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yungen Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China.
| | - Qiuning Yu
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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12
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Han JH, Lee EJ, Park W, Ha KT, Chung HS. Natural compounds as lactate dehydrogenase inhibitors: potential therapeutics for lactate dehydrogenase inhibitors-related diseases. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1275000. [PMID: 37915411 PMCID: PMC10616500 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1275000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is a crucial enzyme involved in energy metabolism and present in various cells throughout the body. Its diverse physiological functions encompass glycolysis, and its abnormal activity is associated with numerous diseases. Targeting LDH has emerged as a vital approach in drug discovery, leading to the identification of LDH inhibitors among natural compounds, such as polyphenols, alkaloids, and terpenoids. These compounds demonstrate therapeutic potential against LDH-related diseases, including anti-cancer effects. However, challenges concerning limited bioavailability, poor solubility, and potential toxicity must be addressed. Combining natural compounds with LDH inhibitors has led to promising outcomes in preclinical studies. This review highlights the promise of natural compounds as LDH inhibitors for treating cancer, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ho Han
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Lee
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonyoung Park
- Korean Convergence Medical Science Major, KIOM Campus, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Ha
- Korean Convergence Medical Science Major, KIOM Campus, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan-Suck Chung
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
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13
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Lin M, Xu C, Gao X, Zhang W, Yao Z, Wang T, Feng X, Wang Y. Comparative study on secondary metabolites from different citrus varieties in the production area of Zhejiang. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1159676. [PMID: 37252230 PMCID: PMC10211264 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1159676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the distribution pattern of bioactive components and their correlations between citrus varieties, we thoroughly analyzed secondary metabolites (including flavonoids, phenolic acids, carotenoids, and limonoids) in the peel and pulp of 11 citrus varieties from the production area of Zhejiang. Citrus peels accumulated metabolites far more than the pulp, and the accumulation varied significantly between species. Flavonoids were the most abundant compounds, followed by phenolic acids, with carotenoids and limonoids being far less abundant than the first two, but limonoids were more abundant than carotenoids. Hesperidin was the main flavonoid in most varieties, but cocktail grapefruit and Changshanhuyou contained naringin, with Ponkan having the most abundant polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs). The major components of phenolic acids, carotenoids, and limonoids were ferulic acid, β-cryptoxanthin, and limonin, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) indicated that these components were mostly correlated with each other, and these citrus varieties could be categorized into four groups by pulp and three groups by peel. The obtained results filled the data gap for secondary metabolites from local citrus and could provide data references for citrus resource utilization, selection and breeding of superior varieties, and other research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Lin
- Zhejiang Citrus Research Institute, Taizhou, China
| | - Chengnan Xu
- Zhejiang Citrus Research Institute, Taizhou, China
| | - Xueying Gao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Zhoulin Yao
- Zhejiang Citrus Research Institute, Taizhou, China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- Zhejiang Citrus Research Institute, Taizhou, China
| | - Xianju Feng
- Zhejiang Citrus Research Institute, Taizhou, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Zhejiang Citrus Research Institute, Taizhou, China
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14
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Zheng W, Zhang W, Liu D, Yin M, Wang X, Wang S, Shen S, Liu S, Huang Y, Li X, Zhao Q, Yan L, Xu Y, Yu S, Hu B, Yuan T, Mei Z, Guo L, Luo J, Deng X, Xu Q, Huang L, Ma Z. Evolution-guided multiomics provide insights into the strengthening of bioactive flavone biosynthesis in medicinal pummelo. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023. [PMID: 37115171 PMCID: PMC10363765 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Pummelo (Citrus maxima or Citrus grandis) is a basic species and an important type for breeding in Citrus. Pummelo is used not only for fresh consumption but also for medicinal purposes. However, the molecular basis of medicinal traits is unclear. Here, compared with wild citrus species/Citrus-related genera, the content of 43 bioactive metabolites and their derivatives increased in the pummelo. Furthermore, we assembled the genome sequence of a variety for medicinal purposes with a long history, Citrus maxima 'Huazhouyou-tomentosa' (HZY-T), at the chromosome level with a genome size of 349.07 Mb. Comparative genomics showed that the expanded gene family in the pummelo genome was enriched in flavonoids-, terpenoid-, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Using the metabolome and transcriptome of six developmental stages of HZY-T and Citrus maxima 'Huazhouyou-smooth' (HZY-S) fruit peel, we generated the regulatory networks of bioactive metabolites and their derivatives. We identified a novel MYB transcription factor, CmtMYB108, as an important regulator of flavone pathways. Both mutations and expression of CmtMYB108, which targets the genes PAL (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) and FNS (flavone synthase), displayed differential expression between Citrus-related genera, wild citrus species and pummelo species. This study provides insights into the evolution-associated changes in bioactive metabolism during the origin process of pummelo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikang Zheng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dahui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry of Hubei Province, School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Minqiang Yin
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xia Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | | | | | - Shengjun Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Huang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Yan
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuantao Xu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shiqi Yu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Hu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhinan Mei
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lanping Guo
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Luo
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaocheng Ma
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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15
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Bawari S, Sah AN, Gupta P, Zengin G, Tewari D. Himalayan Citrus jambhiri juice reduced renal crystallization in nephrolithiasis by possible inhibition of glycolate oxidase and matrix metalloproteinases. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 306:116157. [PMID: 36646157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Citrus fruits are a very rich source of electrolytes and citric acid. They have been used traditionally for treating urinary ailments and renal stones. Citrus jambhiri is indigenously used as a diuretic. AIM OF THE STUDY Present study aimed at establishing the antiurolithiatic potential of the juice of Citrus jambhiri fruits along with the elucidation of the mechanism involved in the urolithiasis disease defying activity. METHODS The antiurolithiatic activity was established by means of nucleation, growth and aggregation assay in the in vitro settings and by means of ethylene glycol mediated calcium oxalate urolithiasis in the male Wistar rats. Docking studies were performed in an attempt to determine the mechanism of the antiurolithiatic action. RESULTS Present study revealed the role of C. jambhiri fruit juice in reducing nucleation, growth and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals by possible reduction in the urinary supersaturation relative to calcium oxalate and raising the zeta potential of the calcium oxalate crystals. C. jambhiri fruit juice treatment in experimental rats produced significant amelioration of hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria, hyperphosphaturia, hyperproteinuria, hyperuricosuria, hypocitraturia and hypomagnesiuria and ion activity product of calcium oxalate. It exhibited nephroprotection against calcium oxalate crystals induced renal tubular dilation and renal tissue deterioration. Docking studies further revealed high binding potential of the phytoconstituents of C. jambhiri viz. narirutin, neohesperidin, hesperidin, rutin and citric acid with glycolate oxidase and matrix metalloproteinase-9. CONCLUSION C. jambhiri fruit juice possesses excellent antiurolithiatic activity. The study reveals antiurolithiatic mechanism that involves restoration of equilibrium between the promoters and inhibitors of stone formation; and inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases and glycolate oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Bawari
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Campus, Sector-125, Noida, 201313, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Archana N Sah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Bhimtal, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263136, India.
| | - Pawan Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, Maharashtra, 424001, India
| | - Gökhan Zengin
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, 42130, Turkey
| | - Devesh Tewari
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), New Delhi, 110017, India.
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16
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Pasdaran A, Hamedi A, Shiehzadeh S, Hamedi A. A review of citrus plants as functional foods and dietary supplements for human health, with an emphasis on meta-analyses, clinical trials, and their chemical composition. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023; 54:311-336. [PMID: 36963879 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Fruits, flowers, leaves, essential oils, hydrosols, and juices of citrus spp. Are utilized to prepare various forms of food products. Along with their nutritional values, in the health industry, different parts of the plants of the citrus genus have been used as supplements or remedies to prevent or control diseases. This review focused on reported meta-analyses and clinical trials on the health benefits of citrus plants as functional foods. Also, chemical compounds of various citrus species were reviewed. The following information sources were used for data collection: Google Scholar, the Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed. Various keywords, including "citrus AND chemical compounds," "citrus AND phytochemicals," "citrus species," "citrus AND meta-analysis," "nutritional and therapeutical values of citrus spp.," "clinical trials AND citrus," "clinical trials AND Rutaceae," "health benefits of citrus spp.," "citrus edible or non-edible applications," and scientific names of the citrus plants were utilized to collect data for the review. The scientific name and common name of all twenty-eight citrus species, along with any of the above keywords, were also searched in the mentioned databases. Scientific papers and data sources were sought to review and discuss the citrus plant's nutritional and therapeutic importance. Several meta-analyses and clinical trials have reported beneficial effects of citrus spices on a variety of cancer risks, cardiovascular risk factors, neurologic disorders, urinary tract conditions, and gastrointestinal tract conditions. They have shown anxiolytic, antimicrobial, and pain-alleviating effects. Some of them can be helpful in managing obesity and cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardalan Pasdaran
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Azar Hamedi
- School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sara Shiehzadeh
- Student Research Committee, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Azadeh Hamedi
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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17
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Cannavacciuolo C, Pagliari S, Giustra CM, Carabetta S, Guidi Nissim W, Russo M, Branduardi P, Labra M, Campone L. LC-MS and GC-MS Data Fusion Metabolomics Profiling Coupled with Multivariate Analysis for the Discrimination of Different Parts of Faustrime Fruit and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant Activity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030565. [PMID: 36978813 PMCID: PMC10045819 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The comparative chemical composition of different part of Faustrime fruits (peels, pulp, albedo, and seeds) extracted with different solvents was determined by GC-MS and UHPLC-HRMS QTof. The obtained data were also combined for their in vitro antioxidant activity by multivariate analysis to define a complex fingerprint of the fruit. The principal component analysis model showed the significative occurrence of volatile organic compounds as α-bisabolol and α-trans-bergamotol in the pulp and albedo, hexanoic acid in the seeds, and several coumarins and phenolics in the peels. The higher radical scavenging activity of the pulp was related to the incidence of citric acid in partial least square regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Cannavacciuolo
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza Della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Pagliari
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza Della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Maria Giustra
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza Della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Sonia Carabetta
- Department of Agriculture Science, Food Chemistry, Safety and Sensoromic Laboratory (FoCuSS Lab), University of Reggio Calabria, Via dell'Università, 25, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Werther Guidi Nissim
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza Della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Russo
- Department of Agriculture Science, Food Chemistry, Safety and Sensoromic Laboratory (FoCuSS Lab), University of Reggio Calabria, Via dell'Università, 25, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Paola Branduardi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza Della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Massimo Labra
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza Della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Luca Campone
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza Della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy
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18
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Joshi RK. Bioactive Usual and Unusual Triterpenoids Derived from Natural Sources Used in Traditional Medicine. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202200853. [PMID: 36598091 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoids are accessible in several terrestrial plants as well as marine organisms, including sponges, algae, fungi, and sea cucumbers are examples of marine creatures. So far, more than 20,000 natural triterpenoids have exhibited several varied bioactivities, including anticancer, antimalarial, anti-HIV, inhibit HIF-1 activation, antibacterial, chemopreventive, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cardioprotective, antiviral, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, insecticidal, antidiabetic, cytotoxic. Several plants are used in folklore medicine to treat numerous ailments, and the preparation or uses of traditional practices have been scientifically validated. Although various structural diversity has been observed in the triterpenoids, this review presents the sources and uses of those triterpenoids that showed significant biological activities which could be accessible and promoted to familiar people in the form of traditional medicine or for industrial, or pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Joshi
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Karnataka, 590010, India
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19
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Comparative Untargeted Metabolic Profiling of Different Parts of Citrus sinensis Fruits via Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Coupled with Multivariate Data Analyses to Unravel Authenticity. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030579. [PMID: 36766108 PMCID: PMC9914239 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Differences between seven authentic samples of Citrus sinensis var. Valencia peel (albedo and flavedo) and juices from Spain and Uruguay, in addition to a concentrate obtained from Brazil, were investigated by untargeted metabolic profiling. Sixty-six metabolites were detected by nano-liquid chromatography coupled to a high-resolution electrospray-ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (nLC-ESI-qTOF-MS) belonging to phenolic acids, coumarins, flavonoid glycosides, limonoids, terpenes, and fatty acids. Eleven metabolites were detected for the first time in Citrus sinensis and identified as citroside A, sinapic acid pentoside, apigenin-C-hexosyl-O-pentoside, chrysoeriol-C-hexoside, di-hexosyl-diosmetin, perilloside A, gingerol, ionone epoxide hydroxy-sphingenine, xanthomicrol, and coumaryl alcohol-O-hexoside. Some flavonoids were completely absent from the juice, while present most prominently in the Citrus peel, conveying more industrial and economic prospects to the latter. Multivariate data analyses clarified that the differences among orange parts overweighed the geographical source. PCA analysis of ESI-(-)-mode data revealed for hydroxylinoleic acid abundance in flavedo peel from Uruguay the most distant cluster from all others. The PCA analysis of ESI-(+)-mode data provided a clear segregation of the different Citrus sinensis parts primarily due to the large diversity of flavonoids and coumarins among the studied samples.
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20
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New Insight on Phenolic Composition and Evaluation of the Vitamin C and Nutritional Value of Smoothies Sold on the Spanish Market. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238229. [PMID: 36500319 PMCID: PMC9739094 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruits and vegetables are a source of a wide range of nutrients, including bioactive compounds. These compounds have great biological activity and have been linked to the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases. Currently, the food industry is developing new products to introduce these compounds, whereby smoothies are becoming more popular among consumers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional quality and the polyphenol and vitamin C content of smoothies available on the Spanish market. An evaluation of the nutritional information and ingredients was carried out. The phenolic compounds were determined by HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS; the vitamin C content was quantified using HPLC-UV/VIS; and the antioxidant activity was analyzed by DPPH and FRAP. Among all of the ingredients of the smoothies, coconut and banana have shown a negative impact on the polyphenol content of the smoothies. In contrast, ingredients such as orange, mango, and passion fruit had a positive correlation with the vitamin C content. Moreover, apple and red fruits showed the highest positive correlations with most of the phenolic acids, flavonoids, total phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activities. In addition, a clustering analysis was performed, and four groups were clearly defined according to the bioactive composition determined here. This research is a precious step for the formulation of new smoothies and to increase their polyphenol quality.
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21
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Abstract
The limonoids have attracted significant attention from the synthetic community owing to their striking structural complexity and medicinal potential. Recent efforts notwithstanding, synthetic access to many intact or ring D-seco limonoids still remains elusive. Here, we report the first de novo synthesis of gedunin, a ring D-seco limonoid with HSP90 inhibitory activity, that proceeds in 13 steps. Two enabling features in our strategy are the application of modern catalytic transformations to set the key quaternary centers in the carbocyclic core and the use of biocatalytic oxidation at C3 to establish a chemical handle to access the A-ring enone motif. The strategy presented herein may provide an entry point to a wider range of oxidized limonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Hans Renata
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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22
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Gao L, Zhang H, Yuan CH, Zeng LH, Xiang Z, Song JF, Wang HG, Jiang JP. Citrus aurantium ‘Changshan-huyou’—An ethnopharmacological and phytochemical review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:983470. [PMID: 36133822 PMCID: PMC9483622 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.983470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus fruits are composed of oil cells layer, white membrane layer, pulp and seeds. The cultivar Citrus aurantium ‘Changshan-huyou’ (CACH) is a hybridization of Citrus grandis Osbeck and C. sinensis Osbeck. It is a rutaceae plant, and mainly grows in Changshan, Zhejiang, China. With the exploration of its high traditional values, it has been paid more and more attention by the scientific community in recent years. At present, one hundred and two chemical constituents have been identified from the pulp and peel of CACH, including volatile oils, terpenoids, phenols, limonins, sugars, etc., As the representative active component of CACH, phenols have been widely investigated. Studies have shown that CACH shows a variety of significant pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective activity, respiratory system protection and intestinal regulation activity. This review mainly introduces the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of CACH, and discusses its future research and development directions. It will provide theoretical basis for further research of its pharmacodynamic substances, functional mechanism and rational utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Gao
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Hui Yuan
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling-Hui Zeng
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Feng Song
- Quzhou Institute for Food and Drug Control, Quzhou, China
| | - Hua-Gang Wang
- Zhejiang Jing Yuetang Pharmaceutical Co. LTD, Shaoxing, China
| | - Jian-Ping Jiang
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jian-Ping Jiang,
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Metabolomic navigated Citrus waste repurposing to restore amino acids disorder in neural lesion. Food Chem 2022; 387:132933. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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24
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Fabbrocini G, Monteil CB, Carballido F. A cream containing the sap of oat plantlets and mandarin extract soothes the symptoms of rosacea and improves the quality of life of patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022; 36 Suppl 8:3-11. [PMID: 35796500 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.18201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory disease of the facial skin that affects all skin types and occurs mostly in adults. The main clinical sign of rosacea is a characteristic and persistent form of centro-facial erythema that is prone to exacerbation and can impair quality of life (QoL). The current therapeutic approach for rosacea is to combine various treatments, use appropriate skincare products and avoid flare-up triggers. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the use of a facial skincare product containing protein-free sap extruded from Rhealba® oat plantlets and mandarin extract in subjects with rosacea. METHODS Three clinical studies were conducted in adult subjects with various rosacea phenotypes (erythematotelangiectatic or papulopustular) and treatment histories to assess the dermatological and ophthalmological tolerance of the study product, as well as its clinical effectiveness, after a twice-daily application on the whole face and neck for up to 4 weeks. RESULTS Tolerance of the product was rated as good to very good by dermatologists across the three studies, which involved a total of 105 evaluable subjects. Subjects with untreated erythematotelangiectatic rosacea reported fewer functional signs and symptoms of the disease and an improved QoL. The evaluation of skin biometric parameters revealed a reduction in transepidermal water loss, indicating that the study product helped to restore skin barrier integrity after 4 weeks, and a higher skin pH, indicating that the cutaneous microbiote was respected. Most subjects (93%) who had either undergone a superficial dermatological procedure for erythematotelangiectatic rosacea or were taking oral/topical treatments for papulopustular rosacea, rated the study product as very good (8/10) and felt it further relieved their symptoms. CONCLUSION Overall, the study product was very well tolerated and may be beneficial for subjects with rosacea as an adjunct to superficial dermatological procedures or oral/topical therapies, in line with the current recommendations for rosacea management.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fabbrocini
- Section of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - C Beziat Monteil
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Clinical Division, Toulouse, France
| | - F Carballido
- Laboratoires A-Derma, Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Lavaur, France
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25
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Liu LB, Huang SH, Qiu HL, Cen XF, Guo YY, Li D, Ma YL, Xu M, Tang QZ. Limonin stabilises SIRT6 by activating USP10 in cardiac hypertrophy. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:4516-4533. [PMID: 35727596 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Limonin, a natural tetracyclic triterpenoid extract, exerts extensive pharmacological effects; however, its role in cardiac hypertrophy remains to be elucidated. We investigated the beneficial effects of limonin on cardiac hypertrophy and explored the potential mechanisms. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH C57/BL6 male mice were subjected to aortic banding (AB) surgery and neonatal rat cardiac myocytes (NRCMs) were stimulated with phenylephrine (PE) to evaluate the effects of limonin on cardiac hypertrophy. KEY RESULTS Limonin markedly improved the cardiac function and heart weight in AB operation mice. In addition, limonin-treated mice and NRCMs produced fewer cardiac hypertrophy markers than those treated with the vehicle in hypertrophic groups. Sustained AB- or PE-stimulation impaired cardiac sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) protein levels, which were partially rescued by limonin and subsequently enhanced the activity of PPARα, and Sirt6 siRNA inhibited the anti-hypertrophic effects of limonin in vitro. Interestingly, limonin did not influence Sirt6 mRNA levels, but controlled its ubiquitin levels. Thus, the protein biosynthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide (CHX), and proteasome inhibitor, MG-132, were used to determine SIRT6 protein expression levels. Under PE stimulation, limonin increased SIRT6 protein levels in the presence of CHX, but it didn't influence SIRT6 expression in the presence of MG-132, suggesting that limonin promotes SIRT6 abundance by inhibiting its ubiquitination degradation. Furthermore, limonin inhibited the degradation of SIRT6 by activating ubiquitin-specific peptidase (Cuspidi et al.)-10, while USP10 siRNA abrogated the beneficial effects of limonin. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Limonin mediates the ubiquitination and degradation of SIRT6 by activating USP10, providing an attractive therapeutic target for cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Bo Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Si-Hui Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Hong-Liang Qiu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xian-Feng Cen
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Ying-Ying Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yu-Lan Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Man Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Qi-Zhu Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan, PR China
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26
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Wylie MR, Merrell DS. The Antimicrobial Potential of the Neem Tree Azadirachta indica. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:891535. [PMID: 35712721 PMCID: PMC9195866 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.891535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Azadirachta indica (A. Juss), also known as the neem tree, has been used for millennia as a traditional remedy for a multitude of human ailments. Also recognized around the world as a broad-spectrum pesticide and fertilizer, neem has applications in agriculture and beyond. Currently, the extensive antimicrobial activities of A. indica are being explored through research in the fields of dentistry, food safety, bacteriology, mycology, virology, and parasitology. Herein, some of the most recent studies that demonstrate the potential of neem as a previously untapped source of novel therapeutics are summarized as they relate to the aforementioned research topics. Additionally, the capacity of neem extracts and compounds to act against drug-resistant and biofilm-forming organisms, both of which represent large groups of pathogens for which there are limited treatment options, are highlighted. Updated information on the phytochemistry and safety of neem-derived products are discussed as well. Although there is a growing body of exciting evidence that supports the use of A. indica as an antimicrobial, additional studies are clearly needed to determine the specific mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, and in vivo safety of neem as a treatment for human pathogens of interest. Moreover, the various ongoing studies and the diverse properties of neem discussed herein may serve as a guide for the discovery of new antimicrobials that may exist in other herbal panaceas across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina R Wylie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - D Scott Merrell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
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27
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Shorbagi M, Fayek NM, Shao P, Farag MA. Citrus reticulata Blanco (the common mandarin) fruit: An updated review of its bioactive, extraction types, food quality, therapeutic merits, and bio-waste valorization practices to maximize its economic value. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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28
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Sapkota B, Devkota HP, Poudel P. Citrus maxima (Brum.) Merr. (Rutaceae): Bioactive Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2022; 2022:8741669. [PMID: 35677374 PMCID: PMC9170406 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8741669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Citrus maxima (Burm). Merr. (family Rutaceae), commonly known as Pomelo, is an ethnomedicinally, pharmacologically, and phytochemically valued species. Various ethnomedicinal reports have revealed the use of C. maxima for cough, fever, asthma, diarrhea, ulcer, and diabetes and as a sedative. Numerous phytochemicals have been reported from C. maxima such as polyphenols, terpenoids, sterols, carotenoids, vitamins, and amino acids. The plant possesses significant bioactivities like antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-Alzheimer's disease, insecticidal, anxiolytic, hepatoprotective, antimalarial, and antiobesity. Extensive research is necessary to explore the detailed mechanism of action of extracts and compounds to design effective medicines, herbal products, and functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswash Sapkota
- Department of Pharmacy, Madan Bhandari Academy of Health Sciences, Hetauda 44100, Nepal
| | - Hari Prasad Devkota
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Prakash Poudel
- Pharmacy Program, Gandaki University, Pokhara 33700, Nepal
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29
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Pieracci Y, Pistelli L, Cecchi M, Pistelli L, De Leo M. Phytochemical Characterization of Citrus-Based Products Supporting Their Antioxidant Effect and Sensory Quality. Foods 2022; 11:foods11111550. [PMID: 35681300 PMCID: PMC9180594 DOI: 10.3390/foods11111550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing attention on the impact of food on human and environmental health has led to a greater awareness about nutrition, food processing, and food waste. In this perspective, the present work deals with the investigation of the chemical non-volatile and volatile profiles of two Citrus-based products, produced through a conscious process, using Citrus peels as natural gelling agents. Moreover, the total polyphenol content (TPC) and the antioxidant properties were evaluated, as well as their sensorial properties. Chemical and antioxidant results were compared with those of Citrus fresh fruits (C. reticulata, C. sinensis, and C. limon). Concerning the non-volatile fingerprint, the two samples showed a very similar composition, characterized by flavanones (naringenin, hesperetin, and eriodyctiol O-glycosides), flavones (diosmetin and apigenin C-glucosides), and limonoids (limonin, nomilinic acid, and its glucoside). The amount of both flavonoids and limonoids was higher in the Lemon product than in the Mixed Citrus one, as well as the TPC and the antioxidant activity. The aroma composition of the two samples was characterized by monoterpene hydrocarbons as the main chemical class, mainly represented by limonene. The sensorial analysis, finally, evidenced a good quality of both the products. These results showed that the most representative components of Citrus fruits persist even after the transformation process, and the aroma and sensorial properties endow an added value to Citrus preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylenia Pieracci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (Y.P.); (L.P.)
| | - Laura Pistelli
- Department of Agriculture Food Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Interdepartmental Research Center, Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Centre for Instrumentation Sharing, University of Pisa, Lungarno Pacinotti 43, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Luisa Pistelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (Y.P.); (L.P.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center, Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Centre for Instrumentation Sharing, University of Pisa, Lungarno Pacinotti 43, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marinella De Leo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (Y.P.); (L.P.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center, Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Centre for Instrumentation Sharing, University of Pisa, Lungarno Pacinotti 43, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence:
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30
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Saini MK, Capalash N, Varghese E, Kaur C, Singh SP. A Targeted Metabolomics Approach to Study Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Activity in 'Kinnow Mandarin' during Advanced Fruit Maturity. Foods 2022; 11:1410. [PMID: 35626980 PMCID: PMC9141733 DOI: 10.3390/foods11101410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the impact of harvest maturity stages and contrasting growing climates on secondary metabolites in Kinnow mandarin. Fruit samples were harvested at six harvest maturity stages (M1−M6) from two distinct growing locations falling under subtropical−arid (STA) and subtropical−humid (STH) climates. A high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) technique was employed to identify and quantify secondary metabolites in the fruit juice. A total of 31 polyphenolics and 4 limonoids, with significant differences (p < 0.05) in their concentration, were determined. With advancing maturity, phenolic acids and antioxidant activity were found to increase, whereas flavonoids and limonoids decreased in concentration. There was a transient increase in the concentration of some polyphenolics such as hesperidin, naringin, narirutin, naringenin, neoeriocitrin, rutin, nobiletin and tangeretin, and limonoid aglycones such as limonin and nomilin at mid-maturity stage (M3) which coincided with prevailing low temperature and frost events at growing locations. A higher concentration of limonin and polyphenolics was observed for fruit grown under STH climates in comparison to those grown under STA climates. The data indicate that fruit metabolism during advanced stages of maturation under distinct climatic conditions is fundamental to the flavor, nutrition and processing quality of Kinnow mandarin. This information can help in understanding the optimum maturity stage and preferable climate to source fruits with maximum functional compounds, less bitterness and high consumer acceptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet Kaur Saini
- Division of Food and Nutritional Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali 160071, India;
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India;
| | - Neena Capalash
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India;
| | - Eldho Varghese
- Fishery Resources Assessment Division, ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi 682018, India;
| | - Charanjit Kaur
- Division of Food Science and Post–Harvest Technology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India;
| | - Sukhvinder Pal Singh
- Division of Food and Nutritional Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali 160071, India;
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia
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31
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Byahut A, Bag A. An update on medicinal plants traditionally used to treat diabetes in southeast Sikkim, India. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL SCIENCE ACADEMY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s43538-022-00074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Phytochemical profile of Tibetan native fruit "Medog lemon" and its comparison with other cultivated species in China. Food Chem 2022; 372:131255. [PMID: 34627084 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tibet's native fruit resources have not been explored and remain underutilized due to geographical isolation. "Medog lemon" (ML), an ethno-species of wild citron, is an important functional food and dietary resource for the local people in southeastern Tibet. Herein comprehensive characterization of components of ML were firstly performed with an integrated strategy based on UHPLC-QE Orbitrap MS. A total of 196 components were characterized, among which 33 were detected from Citrus genus for the first time, and 55 were identified as potential new phytochemicals. The chemical comparison of ML with cultivated citron and fingered citron based on partial least squares-discriminant analysis model and univariate analysis revealed the distinct chemical composition of ML and in which more than 30 differentiated components were identified. The distinct morphological and chemical characters, as well as its good antioxidant properties, indicated ML as a potential new food resource that can be beneficial for human health.
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33
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Nicholson JM, Millham AB, Bucknam AR, Markham LE, Sailors XI, Micalizio GC. General Enantioselective and Stereochemically Divergent Four-Stage Approach to Fused Tetracyclic Terpenoid Systems. J Org Chem 2022; 87:3352-3362. [PMID: 35175755 PMCID: PMC9438405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tetracyclic terpenoid-derived natural products are a broad class of medically relevant agents that include well-known steroid hormones and related structures, as well as more synthetically challenging congeners such as limonoids, cardenolides, lanostanes, and cucurbitanes, among others. These structurally related compound classes present synthetically disparate challenges based, in part, on the position and stereochemistry of the numerous quaternary carbon centers that are common to their tetracyclic skeletons. While de novo syntheses of such targets have been a topic of great interest for over 50 years, semisynthesis is often how synthetic variants of these natural products are explored as biologically relevant materials and how such agents are further matured as therapeutics. Here, focus was directed at establishing an efficient, stereoselective, and molecularly flexible de novo synthetic approach that could offer what semisynthetic approaches do not. In short, a unified strategy to access common molecular features of these natural product families is described that proceeds in four stages: (1) conversion of epichlorohydrin to stereodefined enynes, (2) metallacycle-mediated annulative cross-coupling to generate highly substituted hydrindanes, (3) tetracycle formation by stereoselective forging of the C9-C10 bond, and (4) group-selective oxidative rearrangement that repositions a quaternary center from C9 to C10. These studies have defined the structural features required for highly stereoselective C9-C10 bond formation and document the generality of this four-stage synthetic strategy to access a range of unique stereodefined systems, many of which bear stereochemistry/substitution/functionality not readily accessible from semisynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Nicholson
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Burke Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Adam B. Millham
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Burke Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Andrea R. Bucknam
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Burke Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Lauren E. Markham
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Burke Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Xenia Ivanna Sailors
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Burke Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Glenn C. Micalizio
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Burke Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
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Yang M, Jiang Z, Wen M, Wu Z, Zha M, Xu W, Zhang L. Chemical Variation of Chenpi (Citrus Peels) and Corresponding Correlated Bioactive Compounds by LC-MS Metabolomics and Multibioassay Analysis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:825381. [PMID: 35284442 PMCID: PMC8905505 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.825381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The peel of Citrus reticulata “Chachi” (CP) possesses various health-promoting benefits and is not only one of the most famous Chinese herbal medicine, but also an ingredient in fermented foods. In the present study, the effects of storage years (1-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, and 11-years) on the chemical profiling and potential bioactive compounds of CP were compared by metabolomics and in vitro bioactivity analysis. With the increase of storage time, the content of hesperidin significantly decreased, but nobiletin, 3,5,6,7,8,3′,4′-heptamethoxyflavone, and tangeretin were increased. Meanwhile, the antioxidant activity of CP was enhanced. Phenolic acids, flavonol glycosides, fatty acids, and alkyl glycosides were marker compounds that were responsible for distinguishing the storage time of CP. Correlation analysis suggested that some polyphenols including quercetin-glucoside, quinic acid, trihydroxydimethoxyflavone, and rutin were potential antioxidant compounds in CP. The dichloromethane and n-butanol fractions showed the better antioxidant capacity and inhibitory effects on glucose-hydrolysis enzymes. They mainly contained ferulic acid, nobiletin, 3,5,6,7,8,3′,4′-heptamethoxyflavone, kaempferol, and hesperidin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zongde Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Mingchun Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhenfeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
- Zhenfeng Wu
| | - Minyu Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Wen Xu
- The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Liang Zhang
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Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction, Chemical Characterization, and Impact on Cell Viability of Food Wastes Derived from Southern Italy Autochthonous Citrus Fruits. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020285. [PMID: 35204168 PMCID: PMC8868432 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrus fruits are one of the principal fruits used to produce juices. Over the years, these fruits have been recognized as new health-promoting agents. In this work, food wastes derived from autochthonous citrus fruits of Southern Italy, named Limone di Rocca Imperiale, Arancia Rossa Moro, and Arancia Bionda Tardivo from Trebisacce, were analyzed. After fresh-squeezing juice, peel and pomace were employed to obtain six different extracts using an ultrasound-assisted method in a hydroalcoholic solvent. The extracts were analyzed in terms of qualitative composition, antioxidant properties, and antiproliferative activity on MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and BJ-hTERT cell lines. GC-MS and LC-ESI-MS analyses showed different compounds: of note, limonin-hexoside, neodiosmin, obacunone glucoside, and diacetyl nomilinic acid glucoside have been identified as limonoid structures present in all the samples, in addition to different polyphenols including naringenin-glucoside, hesperetin-O-hexoside-O-rhamnoside-O-glucoside, diferuloyl-glucaric acid ester, chlorogenic acid, and the presence of fatty acids such as palmitic, myristic, and linoleic acids. These extracts were able to exert antioxidant activity as demonstrated by DPPH and ABTS assays and, although at higher doses, to reduce the cell viability of different solid tumor cell lines, as shown in MTT assays.
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Phucharoenrak P, Muangnoi C, Trachootham D. A Green Extraction Method to Achieve the Highest Yield of Limonin and Hesperidin from Lime Peel Powder ( Citrus aurantifolia). MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030820. [PMID: 35164083 PMCID: PMC8840237 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Green extraction is aimed at reducing energy consumption by using renewable plant sources and environmentally friendly bio-solvents. Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) is a rich source of flavonoids (e.g., hesperidin) and limonoids (e.g., limonin). Manufacturing of lime products (e.g., lime juice) yields a considerable amount of lime peel as food waste that should be comprehensively exploited. The aim of this study was to develop a green and simple extraction method to acquire the highest yield of both limonin and hesperidin from the lime peel. The study method included ethanolic-aqueous extraction and variable factors, i.e., ethanol concentrations, pH values of solvent, and extraction temperature. The response surface methodology was used to optimize extraction conditions. The concentrations of limonin and hesperidin were determined by using UHPLC-MS/MS. Results showed that the yields of limonin and hesperidin significantly depended on ethanol concentrations and extraction temperature, while pH value had the least effect. The optimal extraction condition with the highest amounts of limonin and hesperidin was 80% ethanol at pH 7, 50 °C, which yields 2.072 and 3.353 mg/g of limonin and hesperidin, respectively. This study illustrates a green extraction process using food waste, e.g., lime peel, as an energy-saving source and ethanol as a bio-solvent to achieve the highest amount of double bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pakkapong Phucharoenrak
- Master of Science Program in Toxicology and Nutrition for Food Safety, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | | | - Dunyaporn Trachootham
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +66-02-800-2380 (ext. 326)
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Wang SW, Lan T, Chen HF, Sheng H, Xu CY, Xu LF, Zheng F, Zhang F. Limonin, an AMPK Activator, Inhibits Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in High Fat Diet Fed Mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:833705. [PMID: 35140621 PMCID: PMC8819594 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.833705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
NAFLD is the most prevalent liver disease in human history. The treatment is still limited yet. In the current study, we reported that limonin inhibited hepatic lipid accumulation and fatty acid synthesis in HFD fed mice. Using AMPK inhibitor and AMPK deficient C. elegans, we revealed the effect was dependent on the activation of AMPK. We found that limonin activated AMPK through inhibition of cellular energy metabolism and increasing ADP:ATP ratio. Furthermore, the treatment of limonin induced AMPK mediated suppression of the transcriptional activity of SREBP1/2. Our study suggests that limonin may a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-wei Wang
- Core Facility, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People’s Hospital, Quzhou, China
| | - Tian Lan
- Core Facility, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People’s Hospital, Quzhou, China
| | - Hang-fei Chen
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Sheng
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun-yi Xu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-feng Xu
- Core Facility, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People’s Hospital, Quzhou, China
| | - Fang Zheng
- Core Facility, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People’s Hospital, Quzhou, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Core Facility, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People’s Hospital, Quzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Feng Zhang,
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Li Y, Yang M, Lin H, Yan W, Deng G, Ye H, Shi H, Wu C, Ma G, Xu S, Tan Q, Gao Z, Gao L. Limonin Alleviates Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Reducing Lipid Accumulation, Suppressing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:801730. [PMID: 35046824 PMCID: PMC8762292 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.801730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease and continues to rise in the worldwide. Limonin is a triterpenoid compound widely found in the fruits of citrus plants with a wide range of pharmacological effects, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammation, anti-viral, anti-oxidation and liver protection properties. However, the potential molecular mechanism of limonin on NAFLD in zebrafish remains unknown. In this study, zebrafish larvae were exposed to thioacetamide to establish an NAFLD model and the larvae were treated with limonin for 72 h simultaneously. The human liver cell line was stimulated with lipid mixture and meanwhile incubated with limonin for 24 h. The results showed that Limonin significantly reduced the accumulation of lipid droplets in the liver and down-regulated the levels of lipogenic transcription factors FASN and SREBP1 in NAFLD. Limonin suppressed macrophages infiltration and the down-regulated the relative expression levels of the pro-inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α secreted by macrophages. Besides, limonin could reversed the reduction of glutathione and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species through up-regulating NRF2/HO-1 signaling pathway in the liver. In conclusion, this study revealed that limonin has a protective effect on NAFLD due to its resistance to lipid deposition as well as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjia Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Menghan Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Lin
- Shenzhen Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weixin Yan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanghui Deng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haixin Ye
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Shi
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaofeng Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoliang Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu Xu
- Shenzhen Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qinxiang Tan
- Shenzhen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhuowei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Shunde Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, China
| | - Lei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Goh RMV, Ee KH, Pua A, Huang Y, Liu SQ, Lassabliere B, Yu B. Neutral loss scan in complement with high-resolution MS/MS: Combination of detection methods for flavonoid and limonoid glycosides analysis. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2022; 57:e4810. [PMID: 35088488 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, neutral loss scan and high-resolution MS/MS were used in combination to detect and tentatively identify various flavonoid and limonoid glycosides in navel orange albedo, juice, peel and pulp. These compound classes are of research interest due to their flavour and bioactive properties, and although flavonoid glycosides have been previously studied in other food matrices, to the best of our knowledge, neutral loss scans have not been used for the elucidation of limonoid glycosides. Neutral loss masses of 120, 162 and 308 Da were selected for the detection of hexose, rutinose and neohesperidose-substituted flavonoids, whereas 197 Da was explored for limonoid glycosides due to their tendency to form ammonium adducts. Fragmentation patterns obtained from targeted MS/MS were then used to differentiate rutinose and neohesperidose substituents as well as flavonoid subclasses of flavones, flavanones and flavonols. Additionally, high-resolution MS/MS was also used for the identification of aglycones by accurate mass (to four decimal places), allowing for the differentiation of aglycones with similar unit masses but different chemical formulas. In total, 19 flavonoid glycosides and six limonoid glycosides were detected. This workflow allows for a rapid screening of flavonoid and limonoid glycosides in citrus, which can be further extended to other food products such as tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Min Vivian Goh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Aileen Pua
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Mane SEA PTE LTD, Singapore
| | - Yunle Huang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Mane SEA PTE LTD, Singapore
| | - Shao Quan Liu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Bin Yu
- Mane SEA PTE LTD, Singapore
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Saaty AH. Grapefruit Seed Extracts’ Antibacterial and Antiviral Activity: Anti-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Impact. ARCHIVES OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.51847/rq6b89xgf9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Yang W, Jiang X, Liu J, Qi D, Luo Z, Yu G, Li X, Sen M, Chen H, Liu W, Liu Y, Wang G. Integrated Strategy From In Vitro, In Situ, In Vivo to In Silico for Predicting Active Constituents and Exploring Molecular Mechanisms of Tongfengding Capsule for Treating Gout by Inhibiting Inflammatory Responses. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:759157. [PMID: 34912220 PMCID: PMC8666879 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.759157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of screening active constituents from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is important for explicating the mechanism of action of TCM and further evaluating the safety and efficacy effectively. However, detecting and identifying the active constituents from complicated biological samples still remain a challenge. Here, a practical, quick, and novel integrated strategy from in vitro, in situ, in vivo to in silico for rapidly screening the active constituents was developed. Firstly, the chemical profile of TCM in vitro was identified using UPLC-Q Exactive-Orbitrap HRMS. Secondly, the in situ intestinal perfusion with venous sampling (IPVS) method was used to investigate the intestinal absorption components. Thirdly, after intragastric administration of the TCM extract, the in vivo absorbed prototype components were detected and identified. Finally, the target network pharmacology approach was applied to explore the potential targets and possible mechanisms of the absorbed components from TCM. The reliability and availability of this approach was demonstrated using Tongfengding capsule (TFDC) as an example of herbal medicine. A total of 141 compounds were detected and identified in TFDC, and among them, 64 components were absorbed into the plasma. Then, a total of 35 absorbed bioactive components and 50 related targets shared commonly by compounds and gout were integrated via target network pharmacology analysis. Ultimately, the effects of the absorbed components on metabolism pathways were verified by experiments. These results demonstrated that this original method may provide a practical tool for screening bioactive compounds from TCM treating particular diseases. Furthermore, it also can clarify the potential mechanism of action of TCM and rationalize the application of TFDC as an effective herbal therapy for gout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenning Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoquan Jiang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jingtong Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dongying Qi
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Guohua Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyan Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Muli Sen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjiao Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Guopeng Wang
- Zhongcai Health (Beijing) Biological Technology Development Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
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Smeriglio A, Denaro M, Di Gristina E, Mastracci L, Grillo F, Cornara L, Trombetta D. Pharmacognostic approach to evaluate the micromorphological, phytochemical and biological features of Citrus lumia seeds. Food Chem 2021; 375:131855. [PMID: 34953240 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the micro-morphology as well as the chemical and biological features of Citrus lumia seeds. The cream-colored pyriform seed showed a woody coat covered by a thick layer of mucilage and an embryo with two large cotyledons rich in oil bodies. Hydroxycinnamic acid glycosides and flavonoids are the most abundant compounds in methanol and ethyl acetate extracts (ME and EAE), respectively. Conversely, fatty acids and α-tocopherol represent the main bioactive compounds in the hexane extract (HE). ME showed the most promising antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities already in cell-free assays. These results were confirmed by experiments carried out on human primary cells. Indeed, ME showed the best inhibitory activity against heat-induced haemolysis and ROS formation in erythrocytes. Moreover, the same order of potency (ME > EAE > HE) was observed also on peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in which the seed extracts were able to decrease TNF-α and IL-6 release after LPS-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Smeriglio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences (ChiBioFarAm), University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Marcella Denaro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences (ChiBioFarAm), University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Emilio Di Gristina
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences (SAAF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, bldg. 4, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Luca Mastracci
- Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DISC), Pathology Unit, University of Genova, Genova, Italy; Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16125 Genova, Italy
| | - Federica Grillo
- Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DISC), Pathology Unit, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Laura Cornara
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Domenico Trombetta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences (ChiBioFarAm), University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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Rapiejko P, Talik P, Jurkiewicz D. New treatment options for acute rhinosinusitis according to EPOS 2020. Otolaryngol Pol 2021; 76:29-39. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.7094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) is a very common condition and mostly of viral origin. About 0.5–2% of the viral ARS are complicated by a bacterial infection. Due to viral etiology and inflammatory mechanisms of rhinitis and rhinosinusitis, symptomatic treatment including phytotherapy have been used for their treatment for decades. Scientific societies and expert groups recommend the use of herbal medicines in acute viral and acute post-viral rhinosinusitis. In 2021, Polish patients gained access to a new therapeutic option for acute sinusitis in the form of a drug containing a distillate of a mixture of rectified essential oils of eucalyptus, sweet orange, myrtle and lemon common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Rapiejko
- Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology with Clinical Department of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Military Medical Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Przemysław Talik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum of the Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Dariusz Jurkiewicz
- Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology with Clinical Department of Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Military Medical Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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Oyedeji-Amusa MO, Sadgrove NJ, Van Wyk BE. The Ethnobotany and Chemistry of South African Meliaceae: A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1796. [PMID: 34579329 PMCID: PMC8466584 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Meliaceae are widely distributed across the world in tropical or subtropical climates and are of considerable ethnobotanical importance as sources of traditional medicine and cosmetics. This comprehensive review summarizes the ethnobotanical uses and chemistry of 12 South African species, belonging to six genera: Ekebergia, Nymania, Entandrophragma, Pseudobersama, Trichilia, and Turraea. Eight of the species have ethnomedicinal records, classified into 17 major disease categories. The ethnomedicinal uses comprise 85 ailments dominated by gastrointestinal complaints, followed by gynaecological and obstetrics related problems. Chemical records were found for 10 species, which describe nine classes of compounds. In nearly all South African Meliaceae, limonoids are the predominant constituents while triterpenes, sterols, and coumarins are also common. The widest range of use-records and medicinal applications are found with the two most chemically diverse species, Ekebergiacapensis and Trichiliaemetica. Of the chemical compounds identified in the various plant organs of the 10 species of South African Meliaceae for which data are available, 42% was found in bark and 17% in seeds. Roots represent 35% and bark 33% of the organs that are used medicinally, and they are typically prepared as decoctions or infusions. Root and bark harvesting are destructive so that it may be important to examine the chemistry of plant parts such as wild-crafted leaves and fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Oyefunke Oyedeji-Amusa
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa; (M.O.O.-A.); (N.J.S.)
| | - Nicholas J. Sadgrove
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa; (M.O.O.-A.); (N.J.S.)
- Jodrell Science Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3DS, Surrey, UK
| | - Ben-Erik Van Wyk
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa; (M.O.O.-A.); (N.J.S.)
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Interaction of selected terpenoids with two SARS-CoV-2 key therapeutic targets: An in silico study through molecular docking and dynamics simulations. Comput Biol Med 2021; 134:104538. [PMID: 34116362 PMCID: PMC8186839 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, along with the lack of targeted medicaments, forced the scientific world to search for new antiviral formulations. In the current emergent situation, drug repurposing of well-known traditional and/or approved drugs could be the most effective strategy. Herein, through computational approaches, we aimed to screen 14 natural compounds from limonoids and terpenoids class for their ability to inhibit the key therapeutic target proteins of SARS-CoV-2. Among these, some limonoids, namely deacetylnomilin, ichangin and nomilin, and the terpenoid β-amyrin provided good interaction energies with SARS-CoV-2 3CL hydrolase (Mpro) in molecular dynamic simulation. Interestingly, deacetylnomilin and ichangin showed direct interaction with the catalytic dyad of the enzyme so supporting their potential role in preventing SARS-CoV-2 replication and growth. On the contrary, despite the good affinity with the spike protein RBD site, all the selected phytochemicals lose contact with the amino acid residues over the course of 120ns-long molecular dynamics simulations therefore suggesting they scarcely can interfere in SARS-CoV-2 binding to the ACE2 receptor. The in silico analyses of docking score and binding energies, along with predicted pharmacokinetic profiles, indicate that these triterpenoids might have potential as inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, recommending further in vitro and in vivo investigations for a complete understanding and confirmation of their inhibitory potential.
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Huang S, Dong T, Xiong B, Qiu X, Sun G, Liao L, Fan N, Wang X, Deng H, He S, Hu Y, Wang Z. Variation in the content and composition of limonoids in fruits of four pomelo varieties during fruit development: The natural debittering process in pomelo fruits. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Multifunctional inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 by MM/PBSA, essential dynamics, and molecular dynamic investigations. J Mol Graph Model 2021; 107:107969. [PMID: 34237666 PMCID: PMC8220440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.107969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic demands a novel approach to combat and identify potential therapeutic targets. The SARS-CoV-2 infection causes a hyperimmune response followed by a spectrum of diseases. Limonoids are a class of triterpenoids known to prevent the release of IL-6, IL-15, IL-1α, IL-1β via TNF and are also known to modulate PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β, JNK1/2, MAPKp38, ERK1/2, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways and could help to avoid viral infection, persistence, and pathogenesis. The present study employs a computational approach of virtual screening and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations of such compounds against RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), Main protease (Mpro), and Papain-like protease (PLpro) of SARS-CoV-2. MD simulation, Molecular Mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MM/PBSA), and Essential dynamics revealed that the macromolecule-ligand complexes are stable with very low free energy of binding. Such compounds that could modulate both host responses and inhibit viral machinery could be beneficial in effectively controlling the global pandemic.
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In silico analysis of selected components of grapefruit seed extract against SARS-CoV-2 main protease. EUROBIOTECH JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/ebtj-2021-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
At the end of December 2019, first identified cases of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) started emerging. Ever since the emergence of the first case of infection with SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19, it became the hottest research topic of numerous studies, in which scientists are trying to understand the path of infection, transmission, replication and viral action, all in order of finding a potential cure or vaccine applying various fundamental principles and methodologies. Using in silico method via AutoDock Vina 1.1.2., we analysed the binding affinity of six selected compounds from grapefruit seed extract (GSE) (narirutin, naringin, naringenin, limonin, ascorbic acid and citric acid) to SARS-CoV-2 main protease Mpro (PDB ID: 6Y84), using acetoside, remdesivir and gallic acid as a positive controls of binding affinity. Results showed highest affinity (rmsd l.b. 0.000; rmsd u.b. 0.000) for narirutin (-10.5), then for naringin (-10.1), acetoside (-10.0), limonin (-9.9), remdesivir (-9.6), naringenin (-8.2), ascorbic acid (-6.7), citric acid (-6.4) and gallic acid (-6.4), all expressed in kcal/mol. Our findings suggest that selected compounds from grapefruit seed extract represent potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, but further research is needed as well as preclinical and clinical trials for final confirmation of inhibitory functionality of these compounds.
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Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction via Sonotrode of Phenolic Compounds from Orange By-Products. Foods 2021; 10:foods10051120. [PMID: 34070065 PMCID: PMC8158112 DOI: 10.3390/foods10051120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Orange peel is the main by-product from orange juice industry. It is a known source of bioactive compounds, mostly phenolic compounds, and it has been widely studied for its healthy activities. Thus, this research focuses on the establishment of ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds in orange peel using a sonotrode. For this purpose, a Box–Behnken design of 27 experiments was carried out with four independent factors—ratio ethanol/water (v/v), time (min), amplitude (%), and pulse (%). Quantitative analyses of phenolic compounds were performed and the antioxidant activity was measured by ABTS and DPPH methods. The validity of the experimental design was confirmed by ANOVA and the optimal sonotrode extraction conditions were obtained by response surface methodology (RSM). The extracts obtained in the established conditions were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) coupled to mass spectrometer detector and 74 polar compounds were identified. The highest phenolic content and antioxidant activity were obtained using 45/55 ethanol/water (v/v), 35 min, amplitude 90% (110 W), and pulse 100%. The established method allows an increment of phenolics recovery up to 60% higher than a conventional extraction. Moreover, the effect of drying on phenolic content was also evaluated.
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Pascoalino LA, Reis FS, Prieto MA, Barreira JCM, Ferreira ICFR, Barros L. Valorization of Bio-Residues from the Processing of Main Portuguese Fruit Crops: From Discarded Waste to Health Promoting Compounds. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092624. [PMID: 33946249 PMCID: PMC8124571 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Food processing generates a large amount of bio-residues, which have become the focus of different studies aimed at valorizing this low-cost source of bioactive compounds. High fruit consumption is associated with beneficial health effects and, therefore, bio-waste and its constituents arouse therapeutic interest. The present work focuses on the main Portuguese fruit crops and revises (i) the chemical constituents of apple, orange, and pear pomace as potential sources of functional/bioactive compounds; (ii) the bioactive evidence and potential therapeutic use of bio-waste generated in the processing of the main Portuguese fruit crops; and (iii) potential applications in the food, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries. The current evidence of the effect of these bio-residues as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial agents is also summarized. Conclusions of the revised data are that these bio-wastes hold great potential to be employed in specific nutritional and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liege A. Pascoalino
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (L.A.P.); (F.S.R.); (I.C.F.R.F.)
| | - Filipa S. Reis
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (L.A.P.); (F.S.R.); (I.C.F.R.F.)
| | - Miguel A. Prieto
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain;
| | - João C. M. Barreira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (L.A.P.); (F.S.R.); (I.C.F.R.F.)
- Correspondence: (J.C.M.B.); (L.B.); Tel.: +351-2733-30903 (J.C.M.B.); +351-2733-03532 (L.B.)
| | - Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (L.A.P.); (F.S.R.); (I.C.F.R.F.)
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (L.A.P.); (F.S.R.); (I.C.F.R.F.)
- Correspondence: (J.C.M.B.); (L.B.); Tel.: +351-2733-30903 (J.C.M.B.); +351-2733-03532 (L.B.)
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