1
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Larsen S, Adewuyi JA, Thomas KE, Conradie J, Rousselin Y, Ung G, Ghosh A. Electronic Structure of Metallophlorins: Lessons from Iridium and Gold Phlorin Derivatives. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:9842-9853. [PMID: 38743029 PMCID: PMC11134504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Phlorins have long remained underexplored relative to their fully conjugated counterparts, such as porphyrins, hydroporphyrins, and corroles. Herein, we have attempted to bridge that knowledge gap with a scalar-relativistic density functional theory (DFT) study of unsubstituted iridium and gold phlorin derivatives and a multitechnique experimental study of iridium-bispyridine and gold complexes of 5,5-dimethyl-10,15,20-tris(pentafluorophenyl)phlorin. Theory and experiments concur that the phlorin derivatives exhibit substantially smaller HOMO-LUMO gaps, as reflected in a variety of observable properties. Thus, the experimentally studied Ir and Au complexes absorb strongly in the near-infrared (NIR), with absorption maxima at 806 and 770 nm, respectively. The two complexes are also weakly phosphorescent with emission maxima at 950 and 967 nm, respectively. They were also found to photosensitize singlet oxygen formation, with quantum yields of 40 and 28%, respectively. The near-infrared (NIR) absorption and emission are consonants with smaller electrochemical HOMO-LUMO gaps of ∼1.6 V, compared to values of ∼2.1 V, for electronically innocent porphyrins and corroles. Interestingly, both the first oxidation and reduction potentials of the Ir complex are some 600 mV shifted to more negative potentials relative to those of the Au complex, indicating an exceptionally electron-rich macrocycle in the case of the Ir complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Larsen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Joseph A. Adewuyi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 N. Eagleville Rd, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Kolle E. Thomas
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jeanet Conradie
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Department
of Chemistry, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, Republic of South Africa
| | - Yoann Rousselin
- ICMUB,
UMR CNRS 6302, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comte, BP 47870, Dijon Cedex 21078, France
| | - Gaël Ung
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 N. Eagleville Rd, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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2
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Edwin A, Krishnan G, Jayaprakash A, Pathiyil Anilkumar S, Sabapathi G. Template Assisted Formation of 32 and 34π Octaphyrins Embedded with Dithienopyrrole Cores: A New Scaffold to Unravel Proton Coupled Redox Switching and (Anti)Aromaticity. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303326. [PMID: 38126952 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report two distinct octaphyrins obtained by the condensation of new dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]pyrrole based tetrapyrrane under two different acidic conditions. Fourfold meso-substituted octaphyrin was the major product when the reaction was performed in the presence of an aryl aldehyde using trifluoroacetic acid. Whereas, the sixfold meso-substituted octaphyrin was obtained when the precursor was condensed with pentafluorobenzaldehyde using para-toluenesulfonic acid. Such a template effect of aryl aldehydes in oxidative coupling reactions is realized for the first time in literature. Experimental and theoretical studies suggested that the oxidized form of fourfold meso-substituted octaphyrin is 32π antiaromatic and undergoes proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) to the protonated form of 34π aromatic congener upon treatment with protic acids. Furthermore, small organic molecules such as alcohols and amines were also found to promote chemical reduction. Single crystal X-ray structure revealed that the aromatic counterpart is highly planar and stabilized by several intermolecular H-bonding and F-F interactions, leading to a large 3D supramolecular arrangement and exhibited colorimetric sensing for fluoride and hydroxide anions. On the other hand, sixfold meso-substituted octaphyrin did not show (anti)aromatic features, PCET or anion sensing, but its intriguing absorption features associated with protonation could make it an ideal candidate for pH-dependent bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aathira Edwin
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala P.O., Vithura, Kerala, India -, 695551
| | - Gayathri Krishnan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala P.O., Vithura, Kerala, India -, 695551
| | - Ajay Jayaprakash
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala P.O., Vithura, Kerala, India -, 695551
| | - Sankeerthana Pathiyil Anilkumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala P.O., Vithura, Kerala, India -, 695551
| | - Gokulnath Sabapathi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala P.O., Vithura, Kerala, India -, 695551
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3
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Malec D, Warszyńska M, Repetowski P, Siomchen A, Dąbrowski JM. Enhancing Visible-Light Photocatalysis with Pd(II) Porphyrin-Based TiO 2 Hybrid Nanomaterials: Preparation, Characterization, ROS Generation, and Photocatalytic Activity. Molecules 2023; 28:7819. [PMID: 38067548 PMCID: PMC10707769 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Novel hybrid TiO2-based materials were obtained by adsorption of two different porphyrins on the surface of nanoparticles-commercially available 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (TPPS) and properly modified metalloporphyrin-5,10,15,20-tetrakis(2,6-difluoro-3-sulfophenyl)porphyrin palladium(II) (PdF2POH). The immobilization of porphyrins on the surface of TiO2 was possible due to the presence of sulfonyl groups. To further elevate the adsorption of porphyrin, an anchoring linker-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA)-was used. The synthesis of hybrid materials was proven by electronic absorption spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and photoelectrochemistry. Results prove the successful photosensitization of TiO2 to visible light by both porphyrins. However, the presence of the palladium ion in the modifier structure played a key role in strong adsorption, enhanced charge separation, and thus effective photosensitization. The incorporation of halogenated metalloporphyrins into TiO2 facilitates the enhancement of the comprehensive characteristics of the investigated materials and enables the evaluation of their performance under visible light. The effectiveness of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was also determined. Porphyrin-based materials with the addition of PHBA seemed to generate ROS more effectively than other composites. Interestingly, modifications influenced the generation of singlet oxygen for TPPS but not hydroxyl radical, in contrast to PdF2POH, where singlet oxygen generation was not influenced but hydroxyl radical generation was increased. Palladium (II) porphyrin-modified materials were characterized by higher photostability than TPPS-based nanostructures, as TPPS@PHBA-P25 materials showed the highest singlet oxygen generation and may be oxidized during light exposure. Photocatalytic activity tests with two model pollutants-methylene blue (MB) and the opioid drug tramadol (TRML)-confirmed the light dose-dependent degradation of those two compounds, especially PdF2POH@P25, which led to the virtually complete degradation of MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Malec
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (D.M.); (M.W.); (P.R.); (A.S.)
| | - Marta Warszyńska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (D.M.); (M.W.); (P.R.); (A.S.)
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Repetowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (D.M.); (M.W.); (P.R.); (A.S.)
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anton Siomchen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (D.M.); (M.W.); (P.R.); (A.S.)
| | - Janusz M. Dąbrowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (D.M.); (M.W.); (P.R.); (A.S.)
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4
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Ghoochani SH, Hosseini HA, Sabouri Z, Soheilifar MH, Neghab HK, Hashemzadeh A, Velayati M, Darroudi M. Zn(II) porphyrin-encapsulated MIL-101 for photodynamic therapy of breast cancer cells. Lasers Med Sci 2023; 38:151. [PMID: 37378703 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-023-03813-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The photodynamic treatment is a non-aggressive and clinically accepted procedure for removing selected cancer cells with the activation of a photosensitizer agent at a specific light. In this study, the zinc porphyrin (Zn[TPP]) was prepared and encapsulated into the MIL-101 (Zn[TPP]@MIL-101). It was used in photodynamic therapy (PDT) against MCF-7 breast cancer cells under a red light-emitting diode. The structure, morphology, surface area, and compositional changes were investigated using conventional characterization methods including FTIR, FESEM, EDX, and BET analyses. The MTT assay was performed under light and dark conditions to explore the ability of Zn[TPP]@MIL-101 in PDT. The results have demonstrated the IC50 of 14.3 and 81.6 mg/mL for light and dark groups, respectively. As the IC50 revealed, the Zn[TPP]@MIL-101 could efficiently eradicate cancer cells using PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zahra Sabouri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Hoda Keshmiri Neghab
- Department of Photo Healing and Regeneration, Medical Laser Research Center, Yara Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Hashemzadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahin Velayati
- Chemistry Department, Payame Noor University, Tehran, 19395-4697, Iran
| | - Majid Darroudi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.
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5
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Yanai K, Hada M, Fujii H. Electric field effect of positive and negative charges of substituents on electronic structure and reactivity of oxoiron(IV) porphyrin π-cation radical complex. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 244:112208. [PMID: 37037142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Electric field effect by the positive and negative changes near the active site is an important factor for controlling the reactivity of metalloenzymes. Previously, we reported that the positive charge of the N-methyl-2-pyridinium cation increases the reactivity of oxoiron(IV) porphyrin π-cation radical complex (Compound I), due to the attractive Coulomb interaction with electrons in Compound I. To further investigate the electric field effect, we study here the effect of the negative charge of the sulfonate group on the electronic structure and reactivity using Compound I of meso-tetrakis(2,4,6-trimethyl-3-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (TMPS-I). Although Compound I has been known as a very unstable complex, TMPS-I is very stable in 0.1 M acetate buffer at pH = 6. The half-life of TMPS-I is estimated to be 6.9 × 103 s, which is the longest in Compound I previously reported. The redox potential of TMPS-I is estimated to be 0.76 V vs SCE in phosphate buffer, pH = 10. Kinetic analysis with stopped-flow technique indicates TMPS-I is less reactive than Compounds I reported previously. However, 1H NMR and EPR spectra of TMPS-I are very close to those of Compounds I reported previously. The DFT calculations show that the orbital energy of Compound I is drastically altered by the positive and negative charges on the meso-phenyl group, suggesting the electric field effect. The difference of the reactivity of Compound I can be rationalized with the change of the orbital energy caused by the intramolecular electric field effect of the positive and negative charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Yanai
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women's University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Masahiko Hada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji 192-0397, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fujii
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women's University, Nara 630-8506, Japan.
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6
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Demirel Topel S. Encapsulation of Diiodo‐BODIPY in Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Stabilized Cellulose Acetate Capsules for Enhanced Singlet Oxygen Production in Aqueous Solution. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seda Demirel Topel
- Antalya Bilim University Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences Department of Electrical&Electronics Engineering Dosemealtı, Dosemealtı Antalya 07190 Turkey
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7
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Monteiro CJP, Neves MGPMS, Nativi C, Almeida A, Faustino MAF. Porphyrin Photosensitizers Grafted in Cellulose Supports: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043475. [PMID: 36834886 PMCID: PMC9967812 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose is the most abundant natural biopolymer and owing to its compatibility with biological tissues, it is considered a versatile starting material for developing new and sustainable materials from renewable resources. With the advent of drug-resistance among pathogenic microorganisms, recent strategies have focused on the development of novel treatment options and alternative antimicrobial therapies, such as antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). This approach encompasses the combination of photoactive dyes and harmless visible light, in the presence of dioxygen, to produce reactive oxygen species that can selectively kill microorganisms. Photosensitizers for aPDT can be adsorbed, entrapped, or linked to cellulose-like supports, providing an increase in the surface area, with improved mechanical strength, barrier, and antimicrobial properties, paving the way to new applications, such as wound disinfection, sterilization of medical materials and surfaces in different contexts (industrial, household and hospital), or prevention of microbial contamination in packaged food. This review will report the development of porphyrinic photosensitizers supported on cellulose/cellulose derivative materials to achieve effective photoinactivation. A brief overview of the efficiency of cellulose based photoactive dyes for cancer, using photodynamic therapy (PDT), will be also discussed. Particular attention will be devoted to the synthetic routes behind the preparation of the photosensitizer-cellulose functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J. P. Monteiro
- LAQV-Requimte and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3010-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence: (C.J.P.M.); (M.A.F.F.)
| | | | - Cristina Nativi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia, 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- CESAM and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria Amparo F. Faustino
- LAQV-Requimte and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3010-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence: (C.J.P.M.); (M.A.F.F.)
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8
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Alemayehu AB, Ghosh A. Phenol- and resorcinol-appended metallocorroles and their derivatization with fluorous tags. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19256. [PMID: 36357501 PMCID: PMC9649713 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23889-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Boron tribromide-mediated demethylation of rhenium-oxo and gold meso-tris(4-methoxyphenyl)corrole and meso-tris(3,5-dimethoxyphenylcorrole), M[TpOMePC] and M[T(3,5-OMe)PC] (M = ReO, Au), have yielded the corresponding phenol- and resorcinol-appended metallocorroles, M[TpOHPC] and M[T(3,5-OH)PC], in good yields. The latter compounds proved insoluble in dichloromethane and chloroform but soluble in THF. The M[T(3,5-OH)PC] derivatives also proved moderately soluble in 0.05 M aqueous KOH. Unlike oxidation-prone aminophenyl-substituted corroles, the phenol- and resorcinol-appended metallocorroles could be readily handled in air without special precautions. The phenolic metallocorroles could be readily alkylated with 4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,11,11,11-heptadecafluoroundecyl iodide ("FtI") to afford the fluorous-tagged metallocorroles M[TpOFtPC] and M[T(3,5-OFt)PC] in > 90% yields. The simplicity of the synthetic protocols promise a wide range of phenolic and fluorous-tagged porphyrin analogues with potential applications to diverse fields such as sensors, catalysis, and photodynamic therapy, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham B. Alemayehu
- grid.10919.300000000122595234Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- grid.10919.300000000122595234Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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9
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Novel Short PEG Chain-Substituted Porphyrins: Synthesis, Photochemistry, and In Vitro Photodynamic Activity against Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710029. [PMID: 36077451 PMCID: PMC9456001 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This work presents the synthesis and characterization of metal-free, zinc (II), and cobalt (II) porphyrins substituted with short PEG chains. The synthesized compounds were characterized by UV-Vis, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The origin of the absorption bands for tested compounds in the UV-Vis range was determined using a computational model based on the electron density functional theory (DFT) and its time-dependent variant (TD-DFT). The photosensitizing activity was evaluated by measuring the ability to generate singlet oxygen (ΦΔ), which reached values up to 0.54. The photodynamic activity was tested using bladder (5637), prostate (LNCaP), and melanoma (A375) cancer cell lines. In vitro experiments clearly showed the structure-activity relationship regarding types of substituents, their positions in the phenyl ring, and the variety of central metal ions on the porphyrin core. Notably, the metal-free derivative 3 and its zinc derivative 6 exerted strong cytotoxic activity toward 5637 cells, with IC50 values of 8 and 15 nM, respectively. None of the tested compounds induced a cytotoxic effect without irradiation. In conclusion, these results highlight the potential value of the tested compounds for PDT application.
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O'Neill JS, Kearney L, Brandon MP, Pryce MT. Design components of porphyrin-based photocatalytic hydrogen evolution systems: A review. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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11
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Abstract
The Gouterman four-orbital model conceptualizes porphyrin UV-visible spectra as dominated by four frontier molecular orbitals-two nearly degenerate HOMOs and two exactly degenerate LUMOS under D 4h symmetry. These are well separated from all the other molecular orbitals, and normal spectra involve transitions among these MOs. Unusual spectra occur when additional orbitals appear in this energy range, typically as a consequence of the central coordinated atom. For example, metals with empty d orbitals in a suitable energy range may lead to charge transfer from porphyrin (ligand) to metal, that is, so-called LMCT transitions. Metals with filled p or d orbitals may lead to charge transfer from metal to porphyrin, MLCT transitions. These cases lead to additional peaks and/or significant redshifts in the spectra and were classified as hyperporphyrins by Gouterman. Cases in which spectra are blueshifted were classified as hypsoporphyrins; they are common for relatively electronegative late transition metal porphyrins. Many of the same principles apply to porphyrin analogues, especially corroles. In this Perspective, we focus on two newer classes of hyperporphyrins: one reflecting substituent effects in protonated or deprotonated free-base tetraphenyporphyrins and the other reflecting "noninnocent" interactions between central metal ions and corroles. Hyperporphyrin effects on spectra can be dramatic, yet they can be generated by relatively simple changes and subtle structural variations, such as acid-base reactions or the selection of a central metal ion. These concepts suggest strategies for engineering porphyrin or porphyrinoid dyes for specific applications, especially those requiring far-red or near-infrared absorption or emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl C. Wamser
- Department
of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207-0751, United States
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department
of Chemistry and Arctic Center for Sustainable Energy, UiT − The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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12
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Moura NMM, Serra VV, Bastos A, Biazotto JC, Castro KADF, Faustino MAF, Lodeiro C, da Silva RS, Neves MDGPMS. New Bis-Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes with β-Substituted Porphyrin-Arylbipyridine as the Ancillary Ligand: Electrochemical and Photophysical Insights. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147606. [PMID: 35886956 PMCID: PMC9319630 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An efficient synthetic access to new cationic porphyrin-bipyridine iridium(III) bis-cyclometalated complexes was developed. These porphyrins bearing arylbipyridine moieties at β-pyrrolic positions coordinated with iridium(III), and the corresponding Zn(II) porphyrin complexes were spectroscopically, electrochemically, and electronically characterized. The features displayed by the new cyclometalated porphyrin-bipyridine iridium(III) complexes, namely photoinduced electron transfer process (PET), and a remarkable efficiency to generate 1O2, allowing us to envisage new challenges and opportunities for their applications in several fields, such as photo(catalysis) and photodynamic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno M. M. Moura
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.A.F.F.); (M.d.G.P.M.S.N.)
- Correspondence: (N.M.M.M.); (V.V.S.); Tel.: +351-234-370-710 (N.M.M.M.)
| | - Vanda Vaz Serra
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: (N.M.M.M.); (V.V.S.); Tel.: +351-234-370-710 (N.M.M.M.)
| | - Alexandre Bastos
- CICECO, Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Juliana C. Biazotto
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil; (J.C.B.); (K.A.D.F.C.); (R.S.d.S.)
| | - Kelly A. D. F. Castro
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil; (J.C.B.); (K.A.D.F.C.); (R.S.d.S.)
| | - Maria Amparo F. Faustino
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.A.F.F.); (M.d.G.P.M.S.N.)
| | - Carlos Lodeiro
- BIOSCOPE Group, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University NOVA of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
- ProteoMass Scientific Society, Madan Park, Rua dos Inventores, 2825-182 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Roberto S. da Silva
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil; (J.C.B.); (K.A.D.F.C.); (R.S.d.S.)
| | - Maria da Graça P. M. S. Neves
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.A.F.F.); (M.d.G.P.M.S.N.)
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13
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Porphyrins as Chelating Agents for Molecular Imaging in Nuclear Medicine. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103311. [PMID: 35630788 PMCID: PMC9148099 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyrin ligands, showing a significant affinity for cancer cells, also have the ability to chelate metallic radioisotopes to form potential diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals. They can be applied in single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) to evaluate metabolic changes in the human body for tumor diagnostics. The aim of this paper is to present a short overview of the main metallic radionuclides complexed by porphyrin ligands and used in these techniques. These chelation reactions are discussed in terms of the complexation conditions and kinetics and the complex stability.
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14
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Al Shehimy S, Frath D, Dumont E, Chevallier F, Bucher C. Synthesis and Electrochemistry of Free‐Base Porphyrins Bearing Trifluoromethyl meso‐Substituents. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaymaa Al Shehimy
- École normale supérieure de Lyon: Ecole normale superieure de Lyon Laboratoire de Chimie 46, Allée d'Italie 69364 Lyon FRANCE
| | - Denis Frath
- ENS de Lyon: Ecole normale superieure de Lyon laboratoire de Chimie-UMR 5182 46, Allée d'Italie 69364 Lyon FRANCE
| | - Elise Dumont
- ENS de Lyon: Ecole normale superieure de Lyon Laboratoire de Chimie 46, Allée d'Italie 69343 Lyon FRANCE
| | - Floris Chevallier
- École normale supérieure de Lyon: Ecole normale superieure de Lyon Laboratoire de Chimie 46, Allée d'Italie 69343 Lyon FRANCE
| | - Christophe Bucher
- Ecole normale superieure de Lyon Laboratoire de Chimie-UMR 5182 46, Allée d'Italie 69364 Lyon FRANCE
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15
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Alves SR, Calori IR, Tedesco AC. Photosensitizer-based metal-organic frameworks for highly effective photodynamic therapy. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 131:112514. [PMID: 34857293 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses a photosensitizer, molecular oxygen, and visible light as an alternative clinical protocol against located malignant tumors and other diseases. More recently, PDT has been combined to immunotherapy as a promising option to treat metastatic cancer. However, previous generations of photosensitizers (PSs) revealed clinical difficulties such as long-term skin photosensitivity (first generation), the need for drug delivery vehicles (second generation), and intracellular self-aggregation (third generation), which have generated a somewhat confusing scenario in PDT approaches and evolution. Recently, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with exceptionally high PS loading as a building unit of MOF framework have emerged as fourth-generation PS and presented outstanding outcomes under pre-clinical studies. For PS-based MOFs, the inorganic building unit (metal ions/clusters) plays an important role as a coadjuvant in PDT to alleviate hypoxia, to decrease antioxidant species, to yield ROS, or to act as a contrast agent for imaging-guided therapy. In this review, we intend to carry out a broad update on the recent history and the characteristics of PS-based MOFs from basic chemistry to the structure relationship with biological application in PDT. The details and variables that result in different photophysics, size, and morphology, are discussed. Also, we present an overview of the achievements on the pre-clinical assays in combination with other strategies, including alleviating hypoxia in solid tumors, chemotherapy, and the most recent immunotherapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara Rodrigues Alves
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering - Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil.
| | - Italo Rodrigo Calori
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering - Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil.
| | - Antonio Claudio Tedesco
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering - Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil.
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16
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Basoglu H, Degirmencioglu I, Eyupoglu FC. Synthesis and photodynamic efficacy of water-soluble protoporphyrin IX homologue with mPEG550. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 36:102615. [PMID: 34740838 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), which is an efficient photosensitive agent, cannot be used directly in photodynamic therapy due to its aggregation in physiological environment. If PpIX is made water-soluble without losing its photosensitive properties, it can be used in many medical fields, including cancer treatment. Here we report synthesis of PpIX homologue with mPEG550 (Porfipeg) and its photodynamic effects on both in-vitro and in-vivo environment. Porfipeg is synthesized to give PpIX the ability to dissolve in water. Spectrometric (FT-IR, NMR, MS, UV-vis and Fluorescence) measurements were performed. Porfipeg can penetrate into the cells and indicates no cytotoxicity in the dark whereas cell viability significantly reduced with light irradiation. The cells can be visualized by fluorescence microscope. In-vivo experiment revealed that intravenous injection of Porfipeg is more efficient than intraperitoneal injection for the acute photodynamic effects within 30 min. Moreover it is excreted by the kidneys. In conclusion, Porfipeg has remarkable potentials to be used in both fluorescence guidance in surgeries and photodynamic therapy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harun Basoglu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Ismail Degirmencioglu
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Figen Celep Eyupoglu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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17
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Roy J, Pandey V, Gupta I, Shekhar H. Antibacterial Sonodynamic Therapy: Current Status and Future Perspectives. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:5326-5338. [PMID: 34714638 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant bacteria have emerged in both community and hospital settings, partly due to the misuse of antibiotics. The inventory of viable antibiotics is rapidly declining, and efforts toward discovering newer antibiotics are not yielding the desired outcomes. Therefore, alternate antibacterial therapies based on physical mechanisms such as light and ultrasound are being explored. Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is an emerging therapeutic approach that involves exposing target tissues to a nontoxic sensitizing chemical and low-intensity ultrasound. SDT can enable site-specific cytotoxicity by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to ultrasound, which can be harnessed for treating bacterial infections. This approach can potentially be used for both superficial and deep-seated microbial infections. The majority of the sonosensitizers reported are nonpolar, exhibiting limited bioavailability and a high clearance rate in the body. Therefore, targeted delivery agents such as nanoparticle composites, liposomes, and microbubbles are being investigated. This article reviews recent developments in antibacterial sonodynamic therapy, emphasizing biophysical and chemical mechanisms, novel delivery agents, ultrasound exposure and image guidance strategies, and the challenges in the pathway to clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayishnu Roy
- Discipline of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Vijayalakshmi Pandey
- Discipline of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Iti Gupta
- Discipline of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Himanshu Shekhar
- Discipline of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
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18
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Gomes ATPC, Neves MGPMS, Fernandes R, Ribeiro CF, Cavaleiro JAS, Moura NMM. Unraveling the Photodynamic Activity of Cationic Benzoporphyrin-Based Photosensitizers against Bladder Cancer Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:5312. [PMID: 34500746 PMCID: PMC8434352 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report the preparation of new mono-charged benzoporphyrin complexes by reaction of the appropriate neutral benzoporphyrin with (2,2'-bipyridine)dichloroplatinum(II) and of the analogs' derivatives synthesized through alkylation of the neutral scaffold with iodomethane. All derivatives were incorporated into polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) micelles. The ability of the resultant formulations to generate reactive oxygen species was evaluated, mainly the singlet oxygen formation. Then, the capability of the PVP formulations to act as photosensitizers against bladder cancer cells was assessed. Some of the studied formulations were the most active photosensitizers causing a decrease in HT-1376 cells' viability. This creates an avenue to further studies related to bladder cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana T. P. C. Gomes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (R.F.); (C.F.R.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 3504-505 Viseu, Portugal
| | | | - Rosa Fernandes
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (R.F.); (C.F.R.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos F. Ribeiro
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (R.F.); (C.F.R.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José A. S. Cavaleiro
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Nuno M. M. Moura
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
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19
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Villari V, Micali N, Nicosia A, Mineo P. Water-Soluble Non-Ionic PEGylated Porphyrins: A Versatile Category of Dyes for Basic Science and Applications. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2021; 379:35. [PMID: 34382110 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-021-00348-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review arises from the need to rationalize the huge amount of information on the structural and spectroscopic properties of a peculiar class of porphyrin derivatives-the non-ionic PEGylated porphyrins-collected during almost two decades of research. The lack of charged groups in the molecular architecture of these porphyrin derivatives is the leitmotif of the work and plays an outstanding role in highlighting those interactions between porphyrins, or between porphyrins and target molecules (e.g., hydrophobic-, hydrogen bond related-, and coordination-interactions, to name just a few) that are often masked by stronger electrostatic contributions. In addition, it is exactly these weaker interactions between porphyrins that make the aggregated forms more prone to couple efficiently with external perturbative fields like weak hydrodynamic vortexes or temperature gradients. In the absence of charge, solubility in water is very often achieved by covalent functionalization of the porphyrin ring with polyethylene glycol chains. Various modifications, including of chain length or the number of chains, the presence of a metal atom in the porphyrin core, or having two or more porphyrin rings in the molecular architecture, result in a wide range of properties. These encompass self-assembly with different aggregate morphology, molecular recognition of biomolecules, and different photophysical responses, which can be translated into numerous promising applications in the sensing and biomedical field, based on turn-on/turn-off fluorescence and on photogeneration of radical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Villari
- IPCF-CNR, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 37, 98158, Messina, Italy.
| | - Norberto Micali
- IPCF-CNR, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 37, 98158, Messina, Italy
| | - Angelo Nicosia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Placido Mineo
- IPCF-CNR, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 37, 98158, Messina, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
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20
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Suzuki Y, Hada M, Fujii H. Synthesis, characterization, and reactivity of oxoiron(IV) porphyrin π-cation radical complexes bearing cationic N-methyl-2-pyridinium group. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 223:111542. [PMID: 34293682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Electronic charge near the active site is an important factor for controlling the reactivity of metalloenzymes. Here, to investigate the effect of the cationic charge near the heme in heme proteins, we synthesized new iron porphyrin complexes (1 and 2) having cationic 3-methyl-N-methyl-2-pyrdinium group and N-methyl-2-pyridinium group at one of the four meso-positions, respectively. The N-methyl-2-pyridinium groups could be introduced by Stille coupling used palladium catalysts. Oxoiron(IV) porphyrin π-cation radical complexes (Compound I) of 1 (1-CompI) and 2 (2-CompI) are soluble in most organic solvents, allowing direct comparison of their electronic structure and reactivity with Compound I of tetramesitylporphyrin (3-CompI) and tetrakis-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)porphyrin (4-CompI) under the same conditions. Spectroscopic data for 1-CompI are close to those for 3-CompI, but the redox potential for 1-CompI is close to that of 4-CompI. Kinetic analysis of the epoxidation reactions shows that 1-CompI and 2-CompI are (~250-fold) more reactive than 3-CompI, and comparable to 4-CompI. DFT calculations allow to propose that the positive shift of the redox potential and the enhanced reactivity of 1-CompI and 2-CompI is induced by the intramolecular electric field effect of N-methyl-2-pyridinium cation, not by the electron-withdrawing effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women's University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Masahiko Hada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji 192-0397, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fujii
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women's University, Nara 630-8506, Japan.
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21
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Abstract
A growing theme in chemistry is the joining of multiple organic molecular building blocks to create functional molecules. Diverse derivatizable structures—here termed “scaffolds” comprised of “hubs”—provide the foundation for systematic covalent organization of a rich variety of building blocks. This review encompasses 30 tri- or tetra-armed molecular hubs (e.g., triazine, lysine, arenes, dyes) that are used directly or in combination to give linear, cyclic, or branched scaffolds. Each scaffold is categorized by graph theory into one of 31 trees to express the molecular connectivity and overall architecture. Rational chemistry with exacting numbers of derivatizable sites is emphasized. The incorporation of water-solubilization motifs, robust or self-immolative linkers, enzymatically cleavable groups and functional appendages affords immense (and often late-stage) diversification of the scaffolds. Altogether, 107 target molecules are reviewed along with 19 syntheses to illustrate the distinctive chemistries for creating and derivatizing scaffolds. The review covers the history of the field up through 2020, briefly touching on statistically derivatized carriers employed in immunology as counterpoints to the rationally assembled and derivatized scaffolds here, although most citations are from the past two decades. The scaffolds are used widely in fields ranging from pure chemistry to artificial photosynthesis and biomedical sciences.
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22
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Thomassen IK, Rasmussen D, Einrem RF, Ghosh A. Simple, Axial Ligand-Mediated Route to Water-Soluble Iridium Corroles. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:16683-16687. [PMID: 34235340 PMCID: PMC8246702 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and purification of water-soluble porphyrin-type compounds for photodynamic therapy and other medical applications is often a tedious exercise. Here, we have investigated the simple stratagem of adding a water-soluble axial ligand to the standard protocol for iridium insertion into simple meso-triarylcorroles. Early results showed that six-coordinate Ir[TpXPC](dna)2 derivatives, in which TpXPC = tris(para-X-phenyl)corrole (X = CF3, CN, H, and OMe) and dna = dinicotinic acid, are highly water-soluble. In the end, however, all axially nitrogen-ligated complexes proved unstable with respect to chromatographic purification and storage. Five-coordinate water-soluble phosphine adducts, fortunately, proved a great improvement. From the point of view of ease of purification and storage, the best products proved to be Ir[TpXPC](L), where X = CF3 and OMe and L = tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (tcep) and trisodium tris(3-sulfonatophenyl)phosphine (tppts); carefully optimized synthetic protocols are presented for these four compounds.
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23
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Jiang XL, Damunupola D, Bruckner C. Meso-tetra(dioxanyl)porphyrins: Neutral, low molecular weight, and chiral porphyrins with solubility in aqueous solutions. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s108842462150070x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of the low-molecular weight, meso-tetra(dioxan-2-yl)porphyrin with considerable solubility in aqueous solution is described. The key intermediate dioxan-2-carbaldehyde is accessible in either racemic or in stereo-pure forms from commercially available starting materials in three steps. Using 4 × 1 or 2 + 2-type syntheses provide the porphyrin in modest yields. While the racemic aldehyde created an intractable mixture of diastereomers, the enantiopure aldehyde created a single enantiomer of the target porphyrin. The porphyrin was spectroscopically characterized. As its free base or zinc complex, it showed excellent solubility properties in organic and aqueous solvents, though free water-solubility was not achieved. The work expands on the availability of chiral porphyrins and neutral porphyrins with considerable solubility in aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Liang Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 N Eagleville Rd., Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Dinusha Damunupola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 N Eagleville Rd., Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
| | - Christian Bruckner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 N Eagleville Rd., Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
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24
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Pereira NAM, Laranjo M, Nascimento BFO, Simões JCS, Pina J, Costa BDP, Brites G, Braz J, Seixas de Melo JS, Pineiro M, Botelho MF, Pinho E Melo TMVD. Novel fluorinated ring-fused chlorins as promising PDT agents against melanoma and esophagus cancer. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:615-627. [PMID: 34046633 PMCID: PMC8128062 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00433b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigation of novel 4,5,6,7-tetrahydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-fused chlorins, derived from 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin, as PDT agents against melanoma and esophagus cancer is disclosed. Diol and diester fluorinated ring-fused chlorins, including derivatives with 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethanamino groups at the phenyl rings, were obtained via a two-step methodology, combining SNAr and [8π + 2π] cycloaddition reactions. The short-chain PEG groups at the para-position of the phenyl rings together with the diol moiety at the fused pyrazole ring promote a red-shift of the Soret band, a decrease of the fluorescence quantum yield and an increase of the singlet oxygen formation quantum yield, improving the photophysical characteristics required to act as a photosensitizer. Introduction of these hydrophilic groups also improves the incorporation of the sensitizers by the cells reaching cellular uptake values of nearly 50% of the initial dose. The rational design led to a photosensitizer with impressive IC50 values, 13 and 27 nM against human melanoma and esophageal carcinoma cell lines, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson A M Pereira
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC) and Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Mafalda Laranjo
- Institute of Biophysics and Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
- Clinical and Academic Centre of Coimbra 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Bruno F O Nascimento
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC) and Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
| | - João C S Simões
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC) and Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
- Institute of Biophysics and Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
| | - João Pina
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC) and Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Bruna D P Costa
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC) and Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
- Institute of Biophysics and Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Brites
- Institute of Biophysics and Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
| | - João Braz
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC) and Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
- Institute of Biophysics and Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
| | - J Sérgio Seixas de Melo
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC) and Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Marta Pineiro
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC) and Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Maria Filomena Botelho
- Institute of Biophysics and Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
- Clinical and Academic Centre of Coimbra 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Teresa M V D Pinho E Melo
- Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC) and Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
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25
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Longevial J, Rose C, Poyac L, Clément S, Richeter S. Molecular Systems Combining Porphyrinoids and N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202001011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Clémence Rose
- ICGM Univ. Montpellier CNRS ENSCM 34000 Montpellier France
| | - Ludivine Poyac
- ICGM Univ. Montpellier CNRS ENSCM 34000 Montpellier France
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26
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Bao Y, Chen J, Huang P, Tong W. Synergistic Effects of Acoustics-based Therapy and Immunotherapy in Cancer Treatment. BIO INTEGRATION 2021. [DOI: 10.15212/bioi-2021-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is an intractable disease and has ability to escape immunological recognition. Cancer immunotherapy to enhance the autogenous immune response to cancer tissue is reported to be the most promising method for cancer treatment. After the release of damage-associated molecular patterns, dendritic cells come mature and then recruit activated T cells to induce immune response. To trigger the release of cancer associated antigens, cancer acoustics-based therapy has various prominent advantages and has been reported in various research. In this review, we classified the acoustics-based therapy into sonopyrolysis-, sonoporation-, and sonoluminescence-based therapy. Then, detailed mechanisms of these therapies are discussed to show the status of cancer immunotherapy induced by acoustics-based therapy in quo. Finally, we express some future prospects in this research field and make some predictions of its development direction
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuheng Bao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jifan Chen
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pintong Huang
- Department of Ultrasound in Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weijun Tong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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27
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Almeida J, Zhang G, Wang M, Queirós C, Cerqueira AFR, Tomé AC, Barone G, Vicente MGH, Hey-Hawkins E, Silva AMG, Rangel M. Synthesis, characterization, and cellular investigations of porphyrin- and chlorin-indomethacin conjugates for photodynamic therapy of cancer. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:6501-6512. [PMID: 34254099 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01015h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Indomethacin is a potent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with a strong selective inhibitor activity towards cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an enzyme that is highly overexpressed in various tumour cells, being involved in tumourigenesis. Concomitantly, porphyrins have gained much attention as promising photosensitizers (PSs) for the non-invasive photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. Herein, we report the design, and determine the singlet oxygen generation capacity and in vitro cellular toxicity of porphyrin- and chlorin-indomethacin conjugates (P2-Ind and C2-Ind). Both the conjugates were obtained in high yields and were characterized by 1H, 19F and 13C NMR as well as by high resolution mass spectrometry. The singlet oxygen generation properties were assessed by the 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran singlet oxygen trap method, which showed that C2 and C2-Ind are the best singlet oxygen photosensitizers. In addition, it was found that the presence of indomethacin did not influence the singlet oxygen generation of porphyrin or chlorin. Cytotoxicity studies of the conjugate in human HEp2 cells revealed that the porphyrin- and chlorin-indomethacin conjugates have similar dark cytotoxicities, while chlorin C2 was shown to be the most phototoxic. Despite having lower cellular uptake than C2-Ind after 24 hours, chlorin C2 had a broad localization in HEp2 cells while the chlorin-indomethacin conjugate C2-Ind could be detected in the form of small aggregates. DFT calculations were performed to shed light on the reaction energy involved in the formation of the indomethacin conjugates and to compare the relative stability of selected isomers in solution. Moreover, the calculated energy of their first excited triplet state structures confirmed their use as suitable photosensitizers to generate singlet oxygen for PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Almeida
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Guanyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Maodie Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Carla Queirós
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana F R Cerqueira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Augusto C Tomé
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Giampaolo Barone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - M Graça H Vicente
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Evamarie Hey-Hawkins
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ana M G Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria Rangel
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
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28
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Thuita D, Guberman‐Pfeffer MJ, Brückner C. S
N
Ar Reaction Toward the Synthesis of Fluorinated Quinolino[2,3,4‐at]porphyrins. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Damaris Thuita
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut, Unit 3060 Storrs CT 06268-3060 U.S.A
| | - Matthew J. Guberman‐Pfeffer
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut, Unit 3060 Storrs CT 06268-3060 U.S.A
- Current address: Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry and the Microbial Science Institute Yale University New Haven CT 06520 U.S.A
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut, Unit 3060 Storrs CT 06268-3060 U.S.A
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29
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Mazumder ZH, Sharma D, Sengupta D, Mukherjee A, Boruah JS, Basu S, Shukla PK, Jha T. Photodynamic activity attained through the ruptured π-conjugation of pyridyl groups with a porphyrin macrocycle: synthesis and the photophysical and photobiological evaluation of 5-mono-(4-nitrophenyl)-10,15,20-tris-[4-(phenoxymethyl)pyridine]-porphyrin and its Zn(ii) complex. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:1776-1789. [PMID: 33320165 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00319k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This article compares a reported hydrophobic and photobiologically inert porphyrin synthon, (NPh)TPyP, bearing a single meso-4-nitrophenyl group and three meso-pyridyl groups (A3B type) with a new photobiologically active metal-free porphyrin, P3N, and its zinc-complex, P3NZn, which bear a meso-4-nitrophenyl group along with three distal pyridyl groups. Both P3N and P3NZn experience ruptured π-conjugation with the porphyrin macrocycle and attain hydrophilicity, as indicated via density functional theory (DFT) calculations, becoming photobiologically active under in vitro conditions. The non-invasive photodynamic activity (PDA) predominantly shown by the zinc-complex P3NZn (with higher hydrophilicity) towards KRAS-mutated human lung-cancer cells (A549) was studied. The results indicate the existence of intracellular singlet oxygen inflicted anticancer PDA, which is apparent through the upregulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the downregulation of both intracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD) and intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) levels. The trends obtained from both SOD and GSH assays were indicators of therapeutic defence against oxidative stress via neutralizing superoxide anions (SOA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeaul H Mazumder
- Department of Chemistry, Assam University, Silchar, Assam 788011, India.
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30
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Thuita D, Damunupola D, Brückner C. Oxazolochlorins 21. Most Efficient Access to meso-Tetraphenyl- and meso-Tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porpholactones, and Their Zinc(II) and Platinum(II) Complexes. Molecules 2020; 25:E4351. [PMID: 32972021 PMCID: PMC7570530 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
meso-Phenyl- and meso-pentafluorophenyl-porpholactones, their metal complexes, as well as porphyrinoids directly derived from them are useful in a number of technical and biomedical applications, and more uses are expected to be discovered. About a dozen competing and complementary pathways toward their synthesis were reported. The suitability of the methods changes with the meso-aryl group and whether the free base or metal derivatives are sought. These circumstances make it hard for anyone outside of the field of synthetic porphyrin chemistry to ascertain which pathway is the best to produce which specific derivative. We report here on what we experimentally evaluated to be the most efficient pathways to generate the six key compounds from the commercially available porphyrins, meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) and meso-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin (TFPP): free base meso-tetraphenylporpholactone (TPL) and meso-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porpholactone (TFPL), and their platinum(II) and zinc(II) complexes TPLPt, TFPLPt, TPLZn, and TFPLZn, respectively. Detailed procedures are provided to make these intriguing molecules more readily available for their further study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Unit 3060, Storrs, CT 06269–3060, USA; (D.T.); (D.D.)
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31
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Zhang H, Esquivel Guzman JA, Feng X, Rivera E, Lavertu M, Zhu X. Protoporphyrin IX copolymer with poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate and its thermoresponsive properties. CAN J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2020-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins and their derivatives have been widely used in catalysis, energy conversion, photonics, and biomedicine; however, their use in biological applications is restricted by their limited solubility in aqueous systems. We have prepared a water-soluble copolymer containing moieties of naturally occurring protoporphyrin IX using direct copolymerization of a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) methacrylate monomer with protoporphyrin IX via free-radical polymerization. The content of protoporphyrin IX in the copolymer was determined by 1H NMR and UV–vis absorption spectroscopies. Their solution properties and the photostability of the protoporphyrin IX moiety in the copolymer provide direct evidence of the covalent incorporation of protoporphyrin IX within the copolymer. The copolymer showed a reversible phase transition in aqueous solution due to the lower critical solution temperature (LCST). The phase transition temperature varies with the pH of the solutions because of the protonation of the carboxylic acid groups. This copolymer may be useful as an alternative thermoresponsive material for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Zhang
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | | | - Xiantao Feng
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Ernesto Rivera
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF, México
| | - Marc Lavertu
- Département de génie chimique, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - X.X. Zhu
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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32
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Dingiswayo S, Babu B, Prinsloo E, Mack J, Nyokong T. A comparative study of the photophysicochemical and photodynamic activity properties of meso-4-methylthiophenyl functionalized Sn(IV) tetraarylporphyrins and triarylcorroles. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424620500273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tin(IV) complexes of a 4-methylthiophenyl functionalized porphyrin (1-Sn) and its corrole analogue (2-Sn) were synthesized so that their photophysicochemical properties and photodynamic activities against MCF-7 breast cancer cells could be compared. Singlet oxygen luminescence studies revealed that 1-Sn and 2-Sn have comparable [Formula: see text] values in DMF of 0.59 and 0.60, respectively, while the IC[Formula: see text] values after irradiation of MCF-7 cells for 30 min with a Thorlabs 625 nm LED (432 J · cm[Formula: see text] were determined to be 12.4 and 8.9 [Formula: see text]M. The results demonstrate that the cellular uptake of 2-Sn and its molar absorptivity at the irradiation wavelength play a crucial role during in vitro cytotoxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somila Dingiswayo
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Balaji Babu
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Earl Prinsloo
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - John Mack
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
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33
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Ryan RT, Stevens KC, Calabro R, Parkin S, Mahmoud J, Kim DY, Heidary DK, Glazer EC, Selegue JP. Bis-tridentate N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ru(II) Complexes are Promising New Agents for Photodynamic Therapy. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:8882-8892. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raphael T. Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Kimberly C. Stevens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Rosemary Calabro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Sean Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Jumanah Mahmoud
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Doo Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - David K. Heidary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Edith C. Glazer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - John P. Selegue
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
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34
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Deda DK, Iglesias BA, Alves E, Araki K, Garcia CRS. Porphyrin Derivative Nanoformulations for Therapy and Antiparasitic Agents. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092080. [PMID: 32365664 PMCID: PMC7249045 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyrins and analogous macrocycles exhibit interesting photochemical, catalytic, and luminescence properties demonstrating high potential in the treatment of several diseases. Among them can be highlighted the possibility of application in photodynamic therapy and antimicrobial/antiparasitic PDT, for example, of malaria parasite. However, the low efficiency generally associated with their low solubility in water and bioavailability have precluded biomedical applications. Nanotechnology can provide efficient strategies to enhance bioavailability and incorporate targeted delivery properties to conventional pharmaceuticals, enhancing the effectiveness and reducing the toxicity, thus improving the adhesion to the treatment. In this way, those limitations can be overcome by using two main strategies: (1) Incorporation of hydrophilic substituents into the macrocycle ring while controlling the interaction with biological systems and (2) by including them in nanocarriers and delivery nanosystems. This review will focus on antiparasitic drugs based on porphyrin derivatives developed according to these two strategies, considering their vast and increasing applications befitting the multiple roles of these compounds in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiana K. Deda
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, Butanta, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil; (D.K.D.); (K.A.)
| | - Bernardo A. Iglesias
- Bioinorganic and Porphyrinoid Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil;
| | - Eduardo Alves
- Department of Life Science, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK;
| | - Koiti Araki
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, Butanta, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil; (D.K.D.); (K.A.)
| | - Celia R. S. Garcia
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-2648-0954
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35
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Liu R, Liu S, Hu G, Lindsey JS. Aqueous solubilization of hydrophobic tetrapyrrole macrocycles by attachment to an amphiphilic single-chain nanoparticle (SCNP). NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04413j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Snapping a heterotelechelic amphiphilic polymer onto a tetrapyrrole imparts aqueous solubility to the otherwise hydrophobic macrocycle as demonstrated for a chlorin, bacteriochlorin and phthalocyanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Sijia Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Gongfang Hu
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
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36
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Moss A, Zhou Z, Jiang L, Vicente MGH, Wang H. Synthesis of highly water soluble tetrabenzoporphyrins and their application toward photodynamic therapy. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619501785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Novel tetraaryl-(pyridinium-4-yl)-tetrabenzoporphyrins have been successfully synthesized via a Heck-based sequence reaction. These tetrabenzoporphyrins were substituted with eight pyridyl groups at the fused benzene rings. Methylation of the pyridyl groups with methyl iodide afforded highly water soluble tetrabenzoporphyrins carrying eight ionic groups. The extended [Formula: see text]-conjugation broadened and red-shifted the absorption band of these porphyrins to 650–750 nm. These cationic tetrabenzoporphyrins showed non-toxicity in the dark up to 100 uM. High phototoxicity with IC[Formula: see text] values lower than 18 [Formula: see text]M were obtained for these tetrabenzoporphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austen Moss
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76201, USA
| | - Zehua Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Lin Jiang
- Division of Natural Sciences, New College of Florida, Sarasota, FL 34243, USA
| | - M. Graça H. Vicente
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76201, USA
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37
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Ruan Y, Gao B, LV S, Duan Q. The synthesis of star-shaped poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) with two zinc porphyrins as the core and end groups via ATRP and “CLICK” chemistry and a photocatalytic performance study. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj05802h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of star-shaped poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) with two zinc porphyrins as the core and end groups via ATRP & “CLICK” chemistry and a photocatalytic performance study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifu Ruan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Changchun University of Science and Technology
- 7989 Weixing Road
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Bo Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Changchun University of Science and Technology
- 7989 Weixing Road
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Shuhui LV
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Changchun University of Science and Technology
- 7989 Weixing Road
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Qian Duan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Changchun University of Science and Technology
- 7989 Weixing Road
- Changchun 130022
- China
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38
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Babu B, Prinsloo E, Mack J, Nyokong T. Synthesis, characterization and photodynamic activity of Sn(iv) triarylcorroles with red-shifted Q bands. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj03391b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A tin(iv)corrole with meso-thien-2-yl rings has significantly red-shifted Q bands and is found to have favourable photodynamic therapy activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Babu
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation
- Department of Chemistry
- Rhodes University
- Makhanda 6140
- South Africa
| | - Earl Prinsloo
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre
- Rhodes University
- Makhanda 6140
- South Africa
| | - John Mack
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation
- Department of Chemistry
- Rhodes University
- Makhanda 6140
- South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation
- Department of Chemistry
- Rhodes University
- Makhanda 6140
- South Africa
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39
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Borg RE, Rochford J. Molecular Photoacoustic Contrast Agents: Design Principles & Applications. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 94:1175-1209. [PMID: 29953628 PMCID: PMC6252265 DOI: 10.1111/php.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is a rapidly growing field which offers high spatial resolution and high contrast for deep-tissue imaging in vivo. PAI is nonionizing and noninvasive and combines the optical resolution of fluorescence imaging with the spatial resolution of ultrasound imaging. In particular, the development of exogenous PA contrast agents has gained significant momentum of late with a vastly expanding complexity of dye materials under investigation ranging from small molecules to macromolecular proteins, polymeric and inorganic nanoparticles. The goal of this review is to survey the current state of the art in molecular photoacoustic contrast agents (MPACs) for applications in biomedical imaging. The fundamental design principles of MPACs are presented and a review of prior reports spanning from early-to-current literature is put forth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan Rochford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA 02125
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40
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Luciano MP, Akhigbe J, Ding J, Thuita D, Hamchand R, Zeller M, Brückner C. An Alternate Route of Transforming meso-Tetraarylporphyrins to Porpholactams, and Their Conversion to Amine-Functionalized Imidazoloporphyrins. J Org Chem 2018; 83:9619-9630. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Luciano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Joshua Akhigbe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Jiaming Ding
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Damaris Thuita
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Randy Hamchand
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
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41
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Neves CMB, Tomé JPC, Hou Z, Dehaen W, Hoogenboom R, Neves MGPMS, Simões MMQ. Oxidation of Monoterpenes Catalysed by a Water-Soluble Mn IIIPEG-Porphyrin in a Biphasic Medium. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201800239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia M. B. Neves
- Department of Chemistry & QOPNA; University of Aveiro; 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - João P. C. Tomé
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE); Departmento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico; Universidade de Lisboa; 1049-001 Lisboa Portugal
| | - Zhanyao Hou
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group; Center of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC); Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 S4 B-9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Wim Dehaen
- Department of Chemistry; KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200f-bus 02404 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group; Center of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC); Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 S4 B-9000 Ghent Belgium
| | | | - Mário M. Q. Simões
- Department of Chemistry & QOPNA; University of Aveiro; 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
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42
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Stevens AL, Joshi NK, Paige MF, Steer RP. Photophysics of Zinc Porphyrin Aggregates in Dilute Water–Ethanol Solutions. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:11180-11188. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b09868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Stevens
- Department of Chemistry University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5C9
| | - Neeraj K. Joshi
- Department of Chemistry University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5C9
| | - Matthew F. Paige
- Department of Chemistry University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5C9
| | - Ronald P. Steer
- Department of Chemistry University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5C9
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43
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Brewster JT, Anguera G, Moore MD, Dolinar BS, Zafar H, Thiabaud GD, Lynch VM, Humphrey SM, Sessler JL. Synthesis and Characterization of a Binuclear Copper(II) Naphthoisoamethyrin Complex Displaying Weak Antiferromagnetic Coupling. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:12665-12669. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James T. Brewster
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Gonzalo Anguera
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Matthew D. Moore
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Brian S. Dolinar
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - Hadiqa Zafar
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Grégory D. Thiabaud
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Vincent M. Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Simon M. Humphrey
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
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