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Ramamurthy K, Thomas NP, Gopi S, Sudhakaran G, Haridevamuthu B, Namasivayam KR, Arockiaraj J. Is Laccase derived from Pleurotus ostreatus effective in microplastic degradation? A critical review of current progress, challenges, and future prospects. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 276:133971. [PMID: 39032890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Exploration of Pleurotus ostreatus as a biological agent in the degradation of persistent plastics like polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, and polyethylene terephthalate, revealing a promising avenue toward mitigating the environmental impacts of plastic pollution. Leveraging the intrinsic enzymatic capabilities of this fungus, mainly its production of laccase, presents a sustainable and eco-friendly approach to breaking down complex polymer chains into less harmful constituents. This review focused on enhancements in the strain's efficiency through genetic engineering, optimized culture conditions, and enzyme immobilization to underscore the potential for scalability and practical application of this bioremediation process. The utilization of laccase from P. ostreatus in plastic waste management demonstrates a vital step forward in pursuing sustainable environmental solutions. By using the potential of fungal bioremediation, researchers can move closer to a future in which the adverse effects of plastic pollution are significantly mitigated, benefiting the health of our planet and future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Ramamurthy
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Kattankulatur 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N Paul Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Kattankulatur 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sanjay Gopi
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Kattankulatur 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gokul Sudhakaran
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Instituite of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B Haridevamuthu
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Kattankulatur 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karthick Raja Namasivayam
- Centre for Applied Research, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Instituite of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Kattankulatur 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Maisto M, Zuzolo D, Tartaglia M, Prigioniero A, Ranauda MA, Germinario C, Falzarano A, Castelvetro V, Sciarrillo R, Guarino C. Advances in plastic mycoremediation: Focus on the isoenzymes of the lignin degradation complex. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174554. [PMID: 39004366 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates P. ostreatus and A. bisporus biodegradation capacity of low density polyethylene (LDPE) oxidised to simulate environmental weathering. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyse the degradation of LDPE treated with fungal cultures. Molecular implications of LDPE degradation by P. ostreatus and A. bisporus were evaluated by Reverse transcription followed by quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) of lac, mnp and lip genes expression. After 90 days of incubation, FT-IR analysis showed, for both fungal treatments, an increasing in the intensity of peaks related to the asymmetric C-C-O stretching (1160 to 1000 cm-1) and the -OH stretching (3700 to 3200 cm-1) due to the formation of alcohols and carboxylic acid, indicating depolymerisation of LDPE. This was confirmed by the SEM analysis, where a widespread alteration of the surface morphology was observed for treated LDPE fragments. Results revealed that the exposure of P. ostreatus to oxidised LDPE treatment led to a significant increase in the expression of the lac6, lac7, lac9, lac10 and mnp2 genes, while A. bisporus showed an over-expression in lac2 and lac12 genes. The obtained results offer new perspectives for a biotechnological use of P. ostreatus and A. bisporus for plastic bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Maisto
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via de Sanctis snc, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Daniela Zuzolo
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via de Sanctis snc, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
| | - Maria Tartaglia
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via de Sanctis snc, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Antonello Prigioniero
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via de Sanctis snc, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Ranauda
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via de Sanctis snc, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Chiara Germinario
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via de Sanctis snc, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Alessandra Falzarano
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via de Sanctis snc, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Valter Castelvetro
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi, 13-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Rosaria Sciarrillo
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via de Sanctis snc, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Carmine Guarino
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via de Sanctis snc, 82100 Benevento, Italy
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Wang T, Liu Y, Zou K, Guan M, Wu Y, Hu Y, Yu H, Du J, Wu D. The Analysis, Description, and Examination of the Maize LAC Gene Family's Reaction to Abiotic and Biotic Stress. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:749. [PMID: 38927685 PMCID: PMC11202975 DOI: 10.3390/genes15060749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Laccase (LAC) is a diverse group of genes found throughout the plant genome essential for plant growth and the response to stress by converting monolignin into intricate lignin formations. However, a comprehensive investigation of maize laccase has not yet been documented. A bioinformatics approach was utilized in this research to conduct a thorough examination of maize (Zea mays L.), resulting in the identification and categorization of 22 laccase genes (ZmLAC) into six subfamilies. The gene structure and motifs of each subgroup were largely consistent. The distribution of the 22 LAC genes was uneven among the maize chromosomes, with the exception of chromosome 9. The differentiation of the genes was based on fragment replication, and the differentiation time was about 33.37 million years ago. ZmLAC proteins are primarily acidic proteins. There are 18 cis-acting elements in the promoter sequences of the maize LAC gene family associated with growth and development, stress, hormones, light response, and stress response. The analysis of tissue-specific expression revealed a high expression of the maize LAC gene family prior to the V9 stage, with minimal expression at post-V9. Upon reviewing the RNA-seq information from the publicly available transcriptome, it was discovered that ZmLAC5, ZmLAC10, and ZmLAC17 exhibited significant expression levels when exposed to various biotic and abiotic stress factors, suggesting their crucial involvement in stress responses and potential value for further research. This study offers an understanding of the functions of the LAC genes in maize's response to biotic and abiotic stress, along with a theoretical basis for comprehending the molecular processes at play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonghan Wang
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China; (T.W.); (K.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.H.); (H.Y.); (J.D.)
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China; (Y.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Kunliang Zou
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China; (T.W.); (K.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.H.); (H.Y.); (J.D.)
| | - Minhui Guan
- College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China; (Y.L.); (M.G.)
| | - Yutong Wu
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China; (T.W.); (K.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.H.); (H.Y.); (J.D.)
| | - Ying Hu
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China; (T.W.); (K.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.H.); (H.Y.); (J.D.)
| | - Haibing Yu
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China; (T.W.); (K.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.H.); (H.Y.); (J.D.)
| | - Junli Du
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China; (T.W.); (K.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.H.); (H.Y.); (J.D.)
| | - Degong Wu
- College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang 233100, China; (T.W.); (K.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.H.); (H.Y.); (J.D.)
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Cuamatzi-Flores J, Nava-Galicia S, Esquivel-Naranjo EU, Lopez Munguia A, Arroyo-Becerra A, Villalobos-López MA, Bibbins-Martínez M. Regulation of dye-decolorizing peroxidase gene expression in Pleurotus ostreatus grown on glycerol as the carbon source. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17467. [PMID: 38827301 PMCID: PMC11144388 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Dye-decolorizing peroxidases (DyPs) (E.C. 1.11.1.19) are heme peroxidases that catalyze oxygen transfer reactions similarly to oxygenases. DyPs utilize hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) both as an electron acceptor co-substrate and as an electron donor when oxidized to their respective radicals. The production of both DyPs and lignin-modifying enzymes (LMEs) is regulated by the carbon source, although less readily metabolizable carbon sources do improve LME production. The present study analyzed the effect of glycerol on Pleurotus ostreatus growth, total DyP activity, and the expression of three Pleos-dyp genes (Pleos-dyp1, Pleos-dyp2 and Pleos-dyp4), via real-time RT-qPCR, monitoring the time course of P. ostreatus cultures supplemented with either glycerol or glucose and Acetyl Yellow G (AYG) dye. The results obtained indicate that glycerol negatively affects P. ostreatus growth, giving a biomass production of 5.31 and 5.62 g/L with respective growth rates (micra; m) of 0.027 and 0.023 h-1 for fermentations in the absence and presence of AYG dye. In contrast, respective biomass production levels of 7.09 and 7.20 g/L and growth rates (μ) of 0.033 and 0.047 h-1 were observed in equivalent control fermentations conducted with glucose in the absence and presence of AYG dye. Higher DyP activity levels, 4,043 and 4,902 IU/L, were obtained for fermentations conducted on glycerol, equivalent to 2.6-fold and 3.16-fold higher than the activity observed when glucose is used as the carbon source. The differential regulation of the DyP-encoding genes in P. ostreatus were explored, evaluating the carbon source, the growth phase, and the influence of the dye. The global analysis of the expression patterns throughout the fermentation showed the up- and down- regulation of the three Pleos-dyp genes evaluated. The highest induction observed for the control media was that found for the Pleos-dyp1 gene, which is equivalent to an 11.1-fold increase in relative expression (log2) during the stationary phase of the culture (360 h), and for the glucose/AYG media was Pleos-dyp-4 with 8.28-fold increase after 168 h. In addition, glycerol preferentially induced the Pleos-dyp1 and Pleos-dyp2 genes, leading to respective 11.61 and 4.28-fold increases after 144 h. After 360 and 504 h of culture, 12.86 and 4.02-fold increases were observed in the induction levels presented by Pleos-dyp1 and Pleos-dyp2, respectively, in the presence of AYG. When transcription levels were referred to those found in the control media, adding AYG led to up-regulation of the three dyp genes throughout the fermentation. Contrary to the fermentation with glycerol, where up- and down-regulation was observed. The present study is the first report describing the effect of a less-metabolizable carbon source, such as glycerol, on the differential expression of DyP-encoding genes and their corresponding activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Cuamatzi-Flores
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Tlaxcala, México
| | - Soley Nava-Galicia
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Tlaxcala, México
| | | | - Agustin Lopez Munguia
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Analilia Arroyo-Becerra
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Tlaxcala, México
| | | | - Martha Bibbins-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Aplicada-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Tlaxcala, México
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Zhang LB, Qiu TT, Qiu XG, Yang WWJ, Ye XY, Meng C. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis unveils a negative effect of glutathione metabolism on laccase activity in Cerrena unicolor 87613. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0340523. [PMID: 38230929 PMCID: PMC10846260 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03405-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The white rot fungus Cerrena unicolor 87613 has been previously shown to be a promising resource in laccase production, an enzyme with significant biotechnological applications. Conventional methods face technical challenges in improving laccase activity. Attempts are still being made to develop novel approaches for further enhancing laccase activity. This study aimed to understand the regulation of laccase activity in C. unicolor 87613 for a better exploration of the novel approach. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were performed to identify key genes and metabolites involved in extracellular laccase activity. The findings indicated a strong correlation between the glutathione metabolism pathway and laccase activity. Subsequently, experimental verifications were conducted by manipulating the pathway using chemical approaches. The additive reduced glutathione (GSH) dose-dependently repressed laccase activity, while the GSH inhibitors (APR-246) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) inducer (H2O2) enhanced laccase activity. Changes in GSH levels could determine the intracellular redox homeostasis in interaction with ROS and partially affect the expression level of laccase genes in C. unicolor 87613 in turn. In addition, GSH synthetase was found to mediate GSH abundance in a feedback loop. This study suggests that laccase activity is negatively influenced by GSH metabolism and provides a theoretical basis for a novel strategy to enhance laccase activity by reprogramming glutathione metabolism at a specific cultivation stage.IMPORTANCEThe production of laccase activity is limited by various conventional approaches, such as heterologous expression, strain screening, and optimization of incubation conditions. There is an urgent need for a new strategy to meet industrial requirements more effectively. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome of Cerrena unicolor 87613. For the first time, we discovered a negative role played by reduced glutathione (GSH) and its metabolic pathway in influencing extracellular laccase activity. Furthermore, we identified a feedback loop involving GSH, GSH synthetase gene, and GSH synthetase within this metabolic pathway. These deductions were confirmed through experimental investigations. These findings not only advanced our understanding of laccase activity regulation in its natural producer but also provide a theoretical foundation for a strategy to enhance laccase activity by reprogramming glutathione metabolism at a specific cultivation stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Bin Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering of Fujian Province, Fuzhou University, Fujian, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian, China
| | - Ting-Ting Qiu
- The Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering of Fujian Province, Fuzhou University, Fujian, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian, China
| | - Xiu-Gen Qiu
- The Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering of Fujian Province, Fuzhou University, Fujian, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian, China
| | - Wu-Wei-Jie Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering of Fujian Province, Fuzhou University, Fujian, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian, China
| | - Xiu-Yun Ye
- The Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering of Fujian Province, Fuzhou University, Fujian, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian, China
| | - Chun Meng
- The Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering of Fujian Province, Fuzhou University, Fujian, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian, China
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Li Z, Zhou Y, Xu C, Pan J, Li H, Zhou Y, Zou Y. Genome-wide analysis of the Pleurotus eryngii laccase gene (PeLac) family and functional identification of PeLac5. AMB Express 2023; 13:104. [PMID: 37768391 PMCID: PMC10539258 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01608-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The laccase gene family encodes multiple isozymes that are crucial for the degradation of substrates and the regulation of developmental processes in fungi. Pleurotus eryngii is an important edible and medicinal fungus belonging to the Basidiomycota phylum and can grow on a variety of natural substrates. In the present study, genome-wide profiling of P. eryngii identified 10 genes encoding its laccase isoenzymes. Conservative sequence analysis demonstrated that all PeLacs possess classical laccase structural domains. Phylogenetic analysis yielded four major subgroups, the members of which are similar with respect to conserved gene organization, protein domain architecture, and consensus motifs. The 10 PeLacs formed three groups together with 12 PoLacs in Pleurotus ostreatus, indicating that they share a high level of evolutionary homology. Cis-responsive element analysis implied that PeLacs genes play a role in growth and development and lignocellulose degradation. Targeted overexpression of PeLac5 reduced the time to primordia formation and their development to fruiting bodies. Gene expression patterns in the presence of different lignocellulosic substrates indicate that three PeLacs genes (2, 4, and 9) are key to lignocellulose degradation. This work presents the first inventory of laccase genes in P. eryngii and preliminarily explores their functions, which may help to uncover the manner by which these proteins utilize substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Beijing, 100081, China
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Beijing, 100081, China
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Congtao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Beijing, 100081, China
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jinlong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Beijing, 100081, China
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Haikang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Beijing, 100081, China
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Beijing, 100081, China
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yajie Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Beijing, 100081, China.
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Zhang LB, Yang WWJ, Qiu TT. Genome-wide study of Cerrena unicolor 87613 laccase gene family and their mode prediction in association with substrate oxidation. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:504. [PMID: 37649000 PMCID: PMC10466755 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09606-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laccases are green biocatalysts with wide industrial applications. The study of efficient and specific laccase producers remains a priority. Cerrena species have been shown to be promising basidiomycete candidates for laccase production. Although two sets of Cerrena genome data have been publicly published, no comprehensive bioinformatics study of laccase gene family in C. unicolor has been reported, particularly concerning the analysis of their three-dimensional (3D) structures and molecular docking to substrates, like ABTS and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). RESULTS In this study, we conducted a comprehensive genome-wide analysis of laccase gene family in C. unicolor 87613. We identified eighteen laccase genes (CuLacs) and classified them into three clades using phylogenetic analysis. We characterized these laccases, including their location in contig 5,6,9,12,15,19,26,27, gene structures of different exon-intron arrangements, molecular weight ranging from 47.89 to 141.41 kDa, acidic pI value, 5-15 conserved protein motifs, signaling peptide of extracellular secretion (harbored by 13 CuLacs) and others. In addition, the analysis of cis-acting element in laccase promoters indicated that the transcription response of CuLac gene family was regulatable and complex under different environmental cues. Furthermore, analysis of transcription pattern revealed that CuLac8, 12 and CuLac2, 13 were the predominant laccases in response to copper ions or oxidative stress, respectively. Finally, we focused on the 3D structure analysis of CuLac proteins. Seven laccases with extra transmembrane domains or special sequences were particularly interesting. Predicted structures of each CuLac protein with or without these extra sequences showed altered interacting amino acid residues and binding sites, leading to varied affinities to both ABTS and AFB1. As far as we know, it is the first time to discuss the influence of the extra sequence on laccase's affinity to substrates. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide robust genetic data for a better understanding of the laccase gene family in C. unicolor 87613, and create a foundation for the molecular redesign of CuLac proteins to enhance their industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Bin Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, Fujian, China.
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, Fujian, China.
| | - Wu-Wei-Jie Yang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, Fujian, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, Fujian, China
| | - Ting-Ting Qiu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, Fujian, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, Fujian, China
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8
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Nagy L, Vonk P, Künzler M, Földi C, Virágh M, Ohm R, Hennicke F, Bálint B, Csernetics Á, Hegedüs B, Hou Z, Liu X, Nan S, Pareek M, Sahu N, Szathmári B, Varga T, Wu H, Yang X, Merényi Z. Lessons on fruiting body morphogenesis from genomes and transcriptomes of Agaricomycetes. Stud Mycol 2023; 104:1-85. [PMID: 37351542 PMCID: PMC10282164 DOI: 10.3114/sim.2022.104.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Fruiting bodies (sporocarps, sporophores or basidiomata) of mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes) are among the most complex structures produced by fungi. Unlike vegetative hyphae, fruiting bodies grow determinately and follow a genetically encoded developmental program that orchestrates their growth, tissue differentiation and sexual sporulation. In spite of more than a century of research, our understanding of the molecular details of fruiting body morphogenesis is still limited and a general synthesis on the genetics of this complex process is lacking. In this paper, we aim at a comprehensive identification of conserved genes related to fruiting body morphogenesis and distil novel functional hypotheses for functionally poorly characterised ones. As a result of this analysis, we report 921 conserved developmentally expressed gene families, only a few dozens of which have previously been reported to be involved in fruiting body development. Based on literature data, conserved expression patterns and functional annotations, we provide hypotheses on the potential role of these gene families in fruiting body development, yielding the most complete description of molecular processes in fruiting body morphogenesis to date. We discuss genes related to the initiation of fruiting, differentiation, growth, cell surface and cell wall, defence, transcriptional regulation as well as signal transduction. Based on these data we derive a general model of fruiting body development, which includes an early, proliferative phase that is mostly concerned with laying out the mushroom body plan (via cell division and differentiation), and a second phase of growth via cell expansion as well as meiotic events and sporulation. Altogether, our discussions cover 1 480 genes of Coprinopsis cinerea, and their orthologs in Agaricus bisporus, Cyclocybe aegerita, Armillaria ostoyae, Auriculariopsis ampla, Laccaria bicolor, Lentinula edodes, Lentinus tigrinus, Mycena kentingensis, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Schizophyllum commune, providing functional hypotheses for ~10 % of genes in the genomes of these species. Although experimental evidence for the role of these genes will need to be established in the future, our data provide a roadmap for guiding functional analyses of fruiting related genes in the Agaricomycetes. We anticipate that the gene compendium presented here, combined with developments in functional genomics approaches will contribute to uncovering the genetic bases of one of the most spectacular multicellular developmental processes in fungi. Citation: Nagy LG, Vonk PJ, Künzler M, Földi C, Virágh M, Ohm RA, Hennicke F, Bálint B, Csernetics Á, Hegedüs B, Hou Z, Liu XB, Nan S, M. Pareek M, Sahu N, Szathmári B, Varga T, Wu W, Yang X, Merényi Z (2023). Lessons on fruiting body morphogenesis from genomes and transcriptomes of Agaricomycetes. Studies in Mycology 104: 1-85. doi: 10.3114/sim.2022.104.01.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.G. Nagy
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - P.J. Vonk
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - M. Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - C. Földi
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - M. Virágh
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - R.A. Ohm
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - F. Hennicke
- Project Group Genetics and Genomics of Fungi, Chair Evolution of Plants and Fungi, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany;
| | - B. Bálint
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - Á. Csernetics
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - B. Hegedüs
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - Z. Hou
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - X.B. Liu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - S. Nan
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Hubei Province, PR China
| | - M. Pareek
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - N. Sahu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - B. Szathmári
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - T. Varga
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - H. Wu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - X. Yang
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Z. Merényi
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
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9
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Lou H, Yang C, Gong Y, Li Y, Li Y, Tian S, Zhao Y, Zhao R. Edible fungi efficiently degrade aflatoxin B 1 in cereals and improve their nutritional composition by solid-state fermentation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 451:131139. [PMID: 36921416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is extremely harmful to human and livestock. Laccase, a green catalyst, has been shown to effectively degrade AFB1 and can be obtained from edible fungi. The objective of this study was to screen edible fungi with high laccase activity and determine their effects on the degradation of AFB1 in cereals and the nutritional composition of the cereals through solid-state fermentation. Results from plate assays confirmed that 51 of the 55 tested edible fungi could secrete laccase. Submerged fermentation results showed that 17 of the 51 edible fungi had maximum laccase activity exceeding 100 U/L. The growth of different edible fungi varied significantly in corn, rice and wheat. More importantly, 6 edible fungi with high laccase activity and good growth could efficiently degrade AFB1 in cereals. We found for the first time that Ganoderma sinense could not only secrete highly active laccase and efficiently degrade AFB1 in corn by 92.91%, but also improve the nutritional quality of corn. These findings reveal that solid-state fermentation of cereals with edible fungi is an environmentally friendly and efficient approach for degrading AFB1 in cereals and improving the nutritional composition of cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Lou
- National Engineering Research Center of Wheat and Corn Further Processing, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA
| | - Chuangming Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Wheat and Corn Further Processing, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ying Gong
- National Engineering Research Center of Wheat and Corn Further Processing, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yang Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Wheat and Corn Further Processing, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yonghui Li
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA
| | - Shuangqi Tian
- National Engineering Research Center of Wheat and Corn Further Processing, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Wheat and Corn Further Processing, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Renyong Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Wheat and Corn Further Processing, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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10
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Armas-Tizapantzi A, Martínez Y Pérez JL, Fernández FJ, Mata G, Hernández-Cuevas LV, Ortiz Ortiz E, García Nieto E, Tomasini A, Sierra-Palacios E, Marcial-Quino J, Montiel-González AM. Silencing of the Laccase ( lacc2) Gene from Pleurotus ostreatus Causes Important Effects on the Formation of Toxocyst-like Structures and Fruiting Body. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098143. [PMID: 37175859 PMCID: PMC10179115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A wide variety of biological functions, including those involved in the morphogenesis process of basidiomycete fungi, have been attributed to laccase enzymes. In this work, RNA interference (RNAi) was used to evaluate the role of the laccase (lacc2) gene of Pleurotus ostreatus PoB. Previously, transformant strains of P. ostreatus were obtained and according to their level of silencing they were classified as light (T7), medium (T21) or severe (T26 and T27). The attenuation of the lacc2 gene in these transformants was determined by RT-PCR. Silencing of lacc2 resulted in a decrease in laccase activity between 30 and 55%, which depended on the level of laccase expression achieved. The silenced strains (T21, T26, and T27) displayed a delay in the development of mycelium on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium, whereas in the cultures grown on wheat straw, we found that these strains were incapable of producing aerial mycelium, primordia, and fruiting bodies. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the presence of toxocyst-like structures. The highest abundance of these structures was observed in the wild-type (PoB) and T7 strains. However, the abundance of toxocysts decreased in the T21 and T26 strains, and in T27 they were not detected. These results suggest that the presence and abundance of toxocyst-like structures are directly related to the development of fruiting bodies. Furthermore, our data confirm that lacc2 is involved in the morphogenesis process of P. ostreatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahí Armas-Tizapantzi
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala 90062, Mexico
| | - José Luis Martínez Y Pérez
- Centro de Investigación en Genética y Ambiente, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala 90120, Mexico
| | - Francisco José Fernández
- Departamento de Biotecnología, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de Mexico 09340, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Mata
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa 91073, Mexico
| | - Laura V Hernández-Cuevas
- Centro de Investigación en Genética y Ambiente, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala 90120, Mexico
| | - Elvia Ortiz Ortiz
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala 90000, Mexico
| | - Edelmira García Nieto
- Centro de Investigación en Genética y Ambiente, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala 90120, Mexico
| | - Araceli Tomasini
- Departamento de Biotecnología, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de Mexico 09340, Mexico
| | - Edgar Sierra-Palacios
- Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades, Plantel Casa Libertad, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Ciudad de Mexico 09620, Mexico
| | - Jaime Marcial-Quino
- Centro de Investigación en Genética y Ambiente, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala 90120, Mexico
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11
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Hirakawa MP, Rodriguez A, Tran-Gyamfi MB, Light YK, Martinez S, Diamond-Pott H, Simmons BA, Sale KL. Phenothiazines Rapidly Induce Laccase Expression and Lignin-Degrading Properties in the White-Rot Fungus Phlebia radiata. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9030371. [PMID: 36983539 PMCID: PMC10053029 DOI: 10.3390/jof9030371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Phlebia radiata is a widespread white-rot basidiomycete fungus with significance in diverse biotechnological applications due to its ability to degrade aromatic compounds, xenobiotics, and lignin using an assortment of oxidative enzymes including laccase. In this work, a chemical screen with 480 conditions was conducted to identify chemical inducers of laccase expression in P. radiata. Among the chemicals tested, phenothiazines were observed to induce laccase activity in P. radiata, with promethazine being the strongest laccase inducer of the phenothiazine-derived compounds examined. Secretomes produced by promethazine-treated P. radiata exhibited increased laccase protein abundance, increased enzymatic activity, and an enhanced ability to degrade phenolic model lignin compounds. Transcriptomics analyses revealed that promethazine rapidly induced the expression of genes encoding lignin-degrading enzymes, including laccase and various oxidoreductases, showing that the increased laccase activity was due to increased laccase gene expression. Finally, the generality of promethazine as an inducer of laccases in fungi was demonstrated by showing that promethazine treatment also increased laccase activity in other relevant fungal species with known lignin conversion capabilities including Trametes versicolor and Pleurotus ostreatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P. Hirakawa
- Systems Biology Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Correspondence: (M.P.H.); (K.L.S.)
| | - Alberto Rodriguez
- Biomaterials and Biomanufacturing Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Mary B. Tran-Gyamfi
- Bioresource and Environmental Security Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Yooli K. Light
- Systems Biology Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Salvador Martinez
- Systems Biology Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Henry Diamond-Pott
- Bioresource and Environmental Security Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Blake A. Simmons
- Biological Systems & Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Deconstruction Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Kenneth L. Sale
- Deconstruction Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Computational Biology and Biophysics Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Correspondence: (M.P.H.); (K.L.S.)
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12
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Li G, Wang Y, Zhu P, Zhao G, Liu C, Zhao H. Functional Characterization of Laccase Isozyme (PoLcc1) from the Edible Mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus Involved in Lignin Degradation in Cotton Straw. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13545. [PMID: 36362331 PMCID: PMC9658089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal laccases play important roles in the degradation of lignocellulose. In this study, the laccase producing cotton straw medium for Pleurotus ostreatus was optimized by single-factor and orthogonal experiments, and to investigate the role of Lacc1 gene, one of the laccase-encoding genes, in the degradation of cotton straw lignin, an overexpression strain of Lacc1 gene was constructed, which was analyzed for the characteristics of lignin degradation. The results demonstrated that the culture conditions with the highest lignin degradation efficiency of the P. ostreatus were the cotton straw particle size of 0.75 mm, a solid-liquid ratio of 1:3 and containing 0.25 g/L of Tween in the medium, as well as an incubation temperature of 26 °C. Two overexpression strains (OE L1-1 and OE L1-4) of Lacc1 gene were obtained, and the gene expression increased 12.08- and 33.04-fold, respectively. The results of 1H-NMR and FTIR analyses of significant changes in lignin structure revealed that Lacc1 gene accelerated the degradation of lignin G-units and involved in the cleavage of β-O-4 linkages and the demethylation of lignin units. These findings will help to improve the efficiency of biodelignification and expand our understanding of its mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Germplasm Resources Creation and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Horticulture Research, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Provincial Resource Database of Wood Rot Edible Mushrooms in Anhui Province, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yahui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Germplasm Resources Creation and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Horticulture Research, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Peilei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Germplasm Resources Creation and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Horticulture Research, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Guiyun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Germplasm Resources Creation and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Horticulture Research, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Caiyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Germplasm Resources Creation and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Horticulture Research, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Hongyuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Germplasm Resources Creation and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Horticulture Research, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
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13
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Barh A, Sharma K, Bhatt P, Annepu SK, Nath M, Shirur M, Kumari B, Kaundal K, Kamal S, Sharma VP, Gupta S, Sharma A, Gupta M, Dutta U. Identification of Key Regulatory Pathways of Basidiocarp Formation in Pleurotus spp. Using Modeling, Simulation and System Biology Studies. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8101073. [PMID: 36294638 PMCID: PMC9604897 DOI: 10.3390/jof8101073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleurotus (Oyster mushroom) is an important cultivated edible mushroom across the world. It has several therapeutic effects as it contains various useful bio-molecules. The cultivation and crop management of these basidiomycete fungi depends on many extrinsic and intrinsic factors such as substrate composition, growing environment, enzymatic properties, and the genetic makeup, etc. Moreover, for efficient crop production, a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental properties viz. intrinsic–extrinsic factors and genotype-environment interaction analysis is required. The present study explores the basidiocarp formation biology in Pleurotus mushroom using an in silico response to the environmental factors and involvement of the major regulatory genes. The predictive model developed in this study indicates involvement of the key regulatory pathways in the pinhead to fruit body development process. Notably, the major regulatory pathways involved in the conversion of mycelium aggregation to pinhead formation and White Collar protein (PoWC1) binding flavin-chromophore (FAD) to activate respiratory enzymes. Overall, cell differentiation and higher expression of respiratory enzymes are the two important steps for basidiocarp formation. PoWC1 and pofst genes were participate in the structural changes process. Besides this, the PoWC1 gene is also involved in the respiratory requirement, while the OLYA6 gene is the triggering point of fruiting. The findings of the present study could be utilized to understand the detailed mechanism associated with the basidiocarp formation and to cultivate mushrooms at a sustainable level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Barh
- ICAR-Directorate of Mushroom Research, Solan 173 213, India
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (S.K.A.)
| | - Kanika Sharma
- ICAR-Directorate of Mushroom Research, Solan 173 213, India
| | - Pankaj Bhatt
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Sudheer Kumar Annepu
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Research Center, Udhagamandalam 643 006, India
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (S.K.A.)
| | - Manoj Nath
- ICAR-Directorate of Mushroom Research, Solan 173 213, India
| | - Mahantesh Shirur
- National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management (MANAGE), Hyderabad 500 030, India
| | - Babita Kumari
- ICAR-Directorate of Mushroom Research, Solan 173 213, India
| | - Kirti Kaundal
- ICAR-Directorate of Mushroom Research, Solan 173 213, India
| | - Shwet Kamal
- ICAR-Directorate of Mushroom Research, Solan 173 213, India
| | | | - Sachin Gupta
- Division of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, Jammu 180 009, India
| | - Annu Sharma
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Horticulture, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan 173 230, India
| | - Moni Gupta
- Division of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, Jammu 180 009, India
| | - Upma Dutta
- Division of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, Jammu 180 009, India
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14
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Liu X, Zain ul Arifeen M, Xue Y, Liu C. Genome-wide characterization of laccase gene family in Schizophyllum commune 20R-7-F01, isolated from deep sediment 2 km below the seafloor. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:923451. [PMID: 36003943 PMCID: PMC9393519 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.923451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Laccases are ligninolytic enzymes that play a crucial role in various biological processes of filamentous fungi, including fruiting-body formation and lignin degradation. Lignin degradation is a complex process and its degradation in Schizophyllum commune is greatly affected by the availability of oxygen. Here, a total of six putative laccase genes (ScLAC) were identified from the S. commune 20R-7-F01 genome. These genes, which include three typical Cu-oxidase domains, can be classified into three groups based on phylogenetic analysis. ScLAC showed distinct intron-exon structures and conserved motifs, suggesting the conservation and diversity of ScLAC in gene structures. Additionally, the number and type of cis-acting elements, such as substrate utilization-, stress-, cell division- and transcription activation-related cis-elements, varied between ScLAC genes, suggesting that the transcription of laccase genes in S. commune 20R-7-F01 could be induced by different substrates, stresses, or other factors. The SNP analysis of resequencing data demonstrated that the ScLAC of S. commune inhabiting deep subseafloor sediments were significantly different from those of S. commune inhabiting terrestrial environments. Similarly, the large variation of conserved motifs number and arrangement of laccase between subseafloor and terrestrial strains indicated that ScLAC had a diverse structure. The expression of ScLAC5 and ScLAC6 genes was significantly up-regulated in lignin/lignite medium, suggesting that these two laccase genes might be involved in fungal utilization and degradation of lignite and lignin under anaerobic conditions. These findings might help in understanding the function of laccase in white-rot fungi and could provide a scientific basis for further exploring the relationship between the LAC family and anaerobic degradation of lignin by S. commune.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yarong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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15
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Wang L, Ding X, Huang Q, Hu B, Liang L, Wang Q. Gllac7 Is Induced by Agricultural and Forestry Residues and Exhibits Allelic Expression Bias in Ganoderma lucidum. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:890686. [PMID: 35847055 PMCID: PMC9279560 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.890686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum has a wide carbon spectrum, while the expression profile of key genes relevant to carbon metabolism on different carbon sources has been seldom studied. Here, the transcriptomes of G. lucidum mycelia cultured on each of 19 carbon sources were conducted. In comparison with glucose, 16 to 1,006 genes were upregulated and 7 to 1,865 genes were downregulated. Significant gene expression dynamics and induced activity were observed in laccase genes when using agricultural and forestry residues (AFRs) as solo carbon sources. Furthermore, study of laccase gene family in two haploids of G. lucidum GL0102 was conducted. Totally, 15 and 16 laccase genes were identified in GL0102_53 and GL0102_8, respectively, among which 15 pairs were allelic genes. Gene structures were conserved between allelic laccase genes, while sequence variations (most were SNPs) existed. Nine laccase genes rarely expressed on all the tested carbon sources, while the other seven genes showed high expression level on AFRs, especially Gllac2 and Gllac7, which showed 5- to 1,149-fold and 4- to 94-fold upregulation in mycelia cultured for 5 days, respectively. The expression of H53lac7 was consistently higher than that of H8lac7_1 on all the carbon sources except XM, exhibiting a case of allelic expression bias. A total of 47 SNPs and 3 insertions/deletions were observed between promoters of H53lac7 and H8lac7_1, which lead to differences in predicted binding sites of zinc fingers. These results provide scientific data for understanding the gene expression profile and regulatory role on different carbon sources and may support further functional research of laccase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lining Wang
- Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Biomass High-Value Utilization, Guangdong Plant Fiber Comprehensive Utilization Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Comprehensive Utilization, Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Ding
- Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine of the Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, the Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Huang
- Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Biomass High-Value Utilization, Guangdong Plant Fiber Comprehensive Utilization Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Comprehensive Utilization, Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biao Hu
- Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Biomass High-Value Utilization, Guangdong Plant Fiber Comprehensive Utilization Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Comprehensive Utilization, Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Liang
- Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Biomass High-Value Utilization, Guangdong Plant Fiber Comprehensive Utilization Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Comprehensive Utilization, Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingfu Wang
- Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Biomass High-Value Utilization, Guangdong Plant Fiber Comprehensive Utilization Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Biomass Comprehensive Utilization, Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Cesur A, Yamamoto R, Asada Y, Watanabe A. Relationship between fruiting body development and extracellular laccase production in the edible mushroom Flammulina velutipes. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 29:101204. [PMID: 35059510 PMCID: PMC8760411 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The biochemical mechanism underlying the development of fruiting bodies in Flammulina velutipes, an edible mushroom, was investigated using the YBLB colorimetric assay to distinguish between the normal strain (FVN-1) and the degenerate strain (FVD-1). In this assay, the color of the YBLB medium (blue-green) inoculated with FVN-1 exhibiting normal fruiting body development changed to yellow, while the color of the medium inoculated with FVD-1 changed to blue. In this study, we found that this color difference originated from extracellular laccase produced by FVN-1. Moreover, FVN-1 exhibited considerably higher extracellular laccase activity than FVD-1, under conditions facilitating fruiting body formation. Overall, these findings suggest that extracellular laccase is involved in the fruiting body development process in F. velutipes. Flammulina velutipes, which forms a fruiting body, showed high laccase activity. A degenerate F. velutipes strain with no fruiting body showed low laccase activity. Extracellular laccase may contribute to fruiting body development in F. velutipes. Low temperature shift increased laccase activity in normal strain of F. velutipes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin Cesur
- Department of Applied Bioresource Science, The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790–8566, Japan
| | - Ryousuke Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kagawa, 761–0795, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Asada
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kagawa, 761–0795, Japan
| | - Akira Watanabe
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kagawa, 761–0795, Japan
- Corresponding author.
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17
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Improvement of laccase activity by silencing PacC in Ganoderma lucidum. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:32. [PMID: 34989903 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03216-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a representative white-rot fungus that has great potential to degrade lignocellulose biomass. Laccase is recognized as a class of the most important lignin-degrading enzymes in G. lucidum. However, the comprehensive regulatory mechanisms of laccase are still lacking. Based on the genome sequence of G. lucidum, 15 laccase genes were identified and their encoding proteins were analyzed in this study. All of the laccase proteins are predicted to be multicopper oxidases with conserved copper-binding domains. Most laccase proteins were secreted enzymes in addition to Lac14 in which the signal peptide could not be predicted. The activity of all laccases showed the highest level at pH 3.0 or pH 7.0, with total laccase activity of approximately 200 U/mg protein. Silencing PacC resulted in a 5.2 fold increase in laccase activity compared with WT. Five laccase genes (lac1, lac6, lac9, lac10 and lac14) showed an increased transcription levels (approximately 1.5-5.6 fold) in the PacC-silenced strains versus that in WT, while other laccase genes were downregulated or unchanged. The extracellular pH value was about 3.1, which was more acidic in the PacC-silenced strains than in the WT (pH 3.5). Moreover, maintaining the fermentation pH resulted in a downregulation of laccase activity which is induced by silencing PacC. Our findings indicate that in addition to its function in acidification of environmental pH, PacC plays an important role in regulating laccase activity in fungi.
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Durán-Sequeda D, Suspes D, Maestre E, Alfaro M, Perez G, Ramírez L, Pisabarro AG, Sierra R. Effect of Nutritional Factors and Copper on the Regulation of Laccase Enzyme Production in Pleurotus ostreatus. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 8:jof8010007. [PMID: 35049947 PMCID: PMC8780821 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to establish the relationship between carbon–nitrogen nutritional factors and copper sulfate on laccase activity (LA) by Pleurotus ostreatus. Culture media composition was tested to choose the nitrogen source. Yeast extract (YE) was selected as a better nitrogen source than ammonium sulfate. Then, the effect of glucose and YE concentrations on biomass production and LA as response variables was evaluated using central composite experimental designs with and without copper. The results showed that the best culture medium composition was glucose 45 gL−1 and YE 15 gL−1, simultaneously optimizing these two response variables. The fungal transcriptome was obtained in this medium with or without copper, and the differentially expressed genes were found. The main upregulated transcripts included three laccase genes (lacc2, lacc6, and lacc10) regulated by copper, whereas the principal downregulated transcripts included a copper transporter (ctr1) and a regulator of nitrogen metabolism (nmr1). These results suggest that Ctr1, which facilitates the entry of copper into the cell, is regulated by nutrient-sufficiency conditions. Once inside, copper induces transcription of laccase genes. This finding could explain why a 10–20-fold increase in LA occurs with copper compared to cultures without copper when using the optimal concentration of YE as nitrogen sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinary Durán-Sequeda
- Product and Process Design Group, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, 111711 Bogotá, Colombia; (D.S.); (E.M.); (R.S.)
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology, Public University of Navarre, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.); (G.P.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence: (D.D.-S.); (A.G.P.)
| | - Daniela Suspes
- Product and Process Design Group, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, 111711 Bogotá, Colombia; (D.S.); (E.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Estibenson Maestre
- Product and Process Design Group, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, 111711 Bogotá, Colombia; (D.S.); (E.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Manuel Alfaro
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology, Public University of Navarre, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.); (G.P.); (L.R.)
| | - Gumer Perez
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology, Public University of Navarre, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.); (G.P.); (L.R.)
| | - Lucía Ramírez
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology, Public University of Navarre, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.); (G.P.); (L.R.)
| | - Antonio G. Pisabarro
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology, Public University of Navarre, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.); (G.P.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence: (D.D.-S.); (A.G.P.)
| | - Rocío Sierra
- Product and Process Design Group, Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, 111711 Bogotá, Colombia; (D.S.); (E.M.); (R.S.)
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Alternative Splicing of Heat Shock Transcription Factor 2 Regulates the Expression of Laccase Gene Family in Response to Copper in Trametes trogii. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.00055-21. [PMID: 33579682 PMCID: PMC8091107 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00055-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
White-rot fungi, especially Trametes strains, are the primary source of industrial laccases in bioenergy and bioremediation. Trametes strains express members of the laccase gene family with different physicochemical properties and expression patterns. However, the literature on the expression pattern of the laccase gene family in T. trogii S0301 and the response mechanism to Cu2+, a key laccase inducer, in white-rot fungal strains is scarce. In the present study, we found that Cu2+ could induce the mRNAs and proteins of the two alternative splicing variants of heat shock transcription factor 2 (TtHSF2). Furthermore, the overexpression of alternative splicing variants TtHSF2α and TtHSF2β-I in the homokaryotic T. trogii S0301 strain showed opposite effects on the extracellular total laccase activity, with the maximum laccase activity of approximately 0.6 U mL-1 and 3.0 U mL-1, respectively, on the eighth day, which is 0.4 and 2.3 times that of the wild type strain. Similarly, TtHSF2α and TtHSF2β-I play opposite roles in the oxidation tolerance to H2O2 In addition, the direct binding of TtHSF2α to the promoter regions of the representative laccase isoenzymes (TtLac1 and TtLac13) and protein-protein interactions between TtHSF2α and TtHSF2β-I were detected. Our results demonstrate the crucial roles of TtHSF2 and its alternative splicing variants in response to Cu2+ We believe that these findings will deepen our understanding of alternative splicing of HSFs and their regulatory mechanism of the laccase gene family in white-rot fungi.Importance The members of laccase gene family in Trametes strains are the primary source of industrial laccase and have gained widespread attention. Increasing the yield and enzymatic properties of laccase through various methods has always been a topic worthy of attention, and there is no report on the regulation of laccase expression through HSF transcription factor engineering. Here, we found that two alternative splicing variants of TtHSF2 functioned oppositely in regulating the expression of laccase genes, and copper can induce the expression of almost all members of the laccase gene family. Most importantly, our study suggested that TtHSF2 and its alternative splicing variants are vital for copper-induced production of laccases in T. trogii S0301.
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Genes Identification, Molecular Docking and Dynamics Simulation Analysis of Laccases from Amylostereum areolatum Provides Molecular Basis of Laccase Bound to Lignin. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228845. [PMID: 33266512 PMCID: PMC7700495 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An obligate mutualistic relationship exists between the fungus Amylostereum areolatum and woodwasp Sirex noctilio. The fungus digests lignin in the host pine, providing essential nutrients for the growing woodwasp larvae. However, the functional properties of this symbiosis are poorly described. In this study, we identified, cloned, and characterized 14 laccase genes from A. areolatum. These genes encoded proteins of 508 to 529 amino acids and contained three typical copper-oxidase domains, necessary to confer laccase activity. Besides, we performed molecular docking and dynamics simulation of the laccase proteins in complex with lignin compounds (monomers, dimers, trimers, and tetramers). AaLac2, AaLac3, AaLac6, AaLac8, and AaLac10 were found that had low binding energies with all lignin model compounds tested and three of them could maintain stability when binding to these compounds. Among these complexes, amino acid residues ALA, GLN, LEU, PHE, PRO, and SER were commonly present. Our study reveals the molecular basis of A. areolatum laccases interacting with lignin, which is essential for understanding how the fungus provides nutrients to S. noctilio. These findings might also provide guidance for the control of S. noctilio by informing the design of enzyme mutants that could reduce the efficiency of lignin degradation.
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Kwiatos N, Jędrzejczak-Krzepkowska M, Krzemińska A, Delavari A, Paneth P, Bielecki S. Evolved Fusarium oxysporum laccase expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3244. [PMID: 32094483 PMCID: PMC7039978 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60204-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum laccase was functionally expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and engineered towards higher expression levels and higher reactivity towards 2,6-dimethoxyphenol, that could be used as a mediator for lignin modification. A combination of classical culture optimization and protein engineering led to around 30 times higher activity in the culture supernatant. The winner mutant exhibited three times lower Km, four times higher kcat and ten times higher catalytic efficiency than the parental enzyme. The strategy for laccase engineering was composed of a combination of random methods with a rational approach based on QM/MM MD studies of the enzyme complex with 2,6-dimethoxyphenol. Laccase mediator system with 2,6-dimethoxyphenol caused fulvic acids release from biosolubilized coal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kwiatos
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marzena Jędrzejczak-Krzepkowska
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Krzemińska
- Institute of Physics, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 219, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Paneth
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Wróblewskiego 15, 93-590, Lodz, Poland
| | - Stanisław Bielecki
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924, Lodz, Poland.
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Expression Profile of Laccase Gene Family in White-Rot Basidiomycete Lentinula edodes under Different Environmental Stresses. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10121045. [PMID: 31888265 PMCID: PMC6947313 DOI: 10.3390/genes10121045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Laccases belong to ligninolytic enzymes and play important roles in various biological processes of filamentous fungi, including fruiting-body formation and lignin degradation. The process of fruiting-body development in Lentinula edodes is complex and is greatly affected by environmental conditions. In this paper, 14 multicopper oxidase-encoding (laccase) genes were analyzed in the draft genome sequence of L. edodes strain W1-26, followed by a search of multiple stress-related Cis-elements in the promoter region of these laccase genes, and then a transcription profile analysis of 14 laccase genes (Lelcc) under the conditions of different carbon sources, temperatures, and photoperiods. All laccase genes were significantly regulated by varying carbon source materials. The expression of only two laccase genes (Lelcc5 and Lelcc6) was induced by sodium-lignosulphonate and the expression of most laccase genes was specifically upregulated in glucose medium. Under different temperature conditions, the expression levels of most laccase genes decreased at 39 °C and transcription was significantly increased for Lelcc1, Lelcc4, Lelcc5, Lelcc9, Lelcc12, Lelcc13, and Lelcc14 after induction for 24 h at 10 °C, indicating their involvement in primordium differentiation. Tyrosinase, which is involved in melanin synthesis, was clustered with the same group as Lelcc4 and Lelcc7 in all the different photoperiod treatments. Meanwhile, five laccase genes (Lelcc8, Lelcc9, Lelcc12, Lelcc13, and Lelcc14) showed similar expression profiles to that of two blue light receptor genes (LephrA and LephrB) in the 12 h light/12 h dark treatment, suggesting the involvement of laccase genes in the adaptation process of L. edodes to the changing environment and fruiting-body formation. This study contributes to our understanding of the function of the different Lelcc genes and facilitates the screening of key genes from the laccase gene family for further functional research.
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Wang F, Xu L, Zhao L, Ding Z, Ma H, Terry N. Fungal Laccase Production from Lignocellulosic Agricultural Wastes by Solid-State Fermentation: A Review. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E665. [PMID: 31835316 PMCID: PMC6955899 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Laccases are copper-containing oxidase enzymes found in many fungi. They have received increasing research attention because of their broad substrate specificity and applicability in industrial processes, such as pulp delignification, textile bleaching, phenolic removal, and biosensors. In comparison with traditional submerged fermentation (SF), solid-state fermentation (SSF) is a simpler technique for laccase production and has many advantages, including higher productivity, efficiency, and enzyme stability as well as reduced production costs and environmental pollution. Here, we review recent advances in laccase production technology, with focus on the following areas: (i) Characteristics and advantages of lignocellulosic agricultural wastes used as SSF substrates of laccase production, including detailed suggestions for the selection of lignocellulosic agricultural wastes; (ii) Comparison of fungal laccase production from lignocellulosic substrates by either SSF or SF; (iii) Fungal performance and strain screening in laccase production from lignocellulosic agricultural wastes by SSF; (iv) Applications of laccase production under SSF; and (v) Suggestions and avenues for future studies of laccase production by fungal SSF with lignocellulosic materials and its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (L.X.); (H.M.)
- Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Ling Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (L.X.); (H.M.)
- Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Liting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhongyang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
- Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Haile Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (L.X.); (H.M.)
- Institute of Food Physical Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Norman Terry
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
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Liu N, Shen S, Jia H, Yang B, Guo X, Si H, Cao Z, Dong J. Heterologous expression of Stlac2, a laccase isozyme of Setosphearia turcica, and the ability of decolorization of malachite green. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 138:21-28. [PMID: 31301394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The active laccases of ascomycetous fungus Setosphaeria turcica were identified by Native-PAGE and ESI-MS/MS, and one of these isozymes Stlac2 was heterologous expressed to investigate the decolorization of malachite green. Setosphaeria turcica produced three active laccase isozymes: Stlac1, Stlac2, and Stlac6. Stlac2 was heterologously expressed in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic expression systems. The eukaryotic recombinant Stlac2 expressed in Pichia pastoris was inactive, and also showed a higher molecular weight than predicted because of glycosylation. The depression of laccase activity was attributable to the incorrect glycosylation at Asn97. Stlac2 expressed in Escherichia coli and the recombinant Stlac2 exhibited activity of 28.23 U/mg with 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) as the substrate. The highest activity was observed at pH of 4.5 and the temperature of 60 °C. The activity of recombinant Stlac2 was inhibited by 10 mM Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Mn2+, and increased by 10 mM of Fe3+ with a relatively activity of 315% compared with no addition. Cu2+ did not affect enzyme activity. Recombinant Stlac2 was capable of decolorizing 67.08% of 20 mg/L malachite green in 15 min without any mediators. CONCLUSIONS: Generally, recombinant protein of fungal laccase Stlac2 was active without glycosylation and decolorize malachite green efficiently, which has potential industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, 071000 Baoding, China; Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, 071000 Baoding, China; College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, 071000 Baoding, China
| | - Shen Shen
- Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, 071000 Baoding, China; Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, 071000 Baoding, China; College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, 071000 Baoding, China
| | - Hui Jia
- Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, 071000 Baoding, China; Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, 071000 Baoding, China; College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, 071000 Baoding, China
| | - Beibei Yang
- Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, 071000 Baoding, China; Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, 071000 Baoding, China; College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, 071000 Baoding, China
| | - Xiaoyue Guo
- Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, 071000 Baoding, China; Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, 071000 Baoding, China; College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, 071000 Baoding, China
| | - Helong Si
- Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, 071000 Baoding, China; Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, 071000 Baoding, China; College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, 071000 Baoding, China
| | - Zhiyan Cao
- Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, 071000 Baoding, China; Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, 071000 Baoding, China; College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, 071000 Baoding, China.
| | - Jingao Dong
- Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, 071000 Baoding, China; Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, Hebei Agricultural University, 071000 Baoding, China; College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, 071000 Baoding, China.
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