1
|
Pang S, Zhao W, Zhang Q, Tian Z, Wu D, Deng S, Zhang P, Li Z, Liu S, Yang B, Huang G, Zhou Z. Aromatic components and endophytic fungi during the formation of agarwood in Aquilaria sinensis were induced by exogenous substances. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1446583. [PMID: 39234541 PMCID: PMC11371604 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1446583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The process of formation of aromatic components for agarwood in Aquilaria sinensis is closely related to endophytic fungi and the result of complex multiple long-term joint interactions with them. However, the interactions between the aromatic components and endophytic fungi remain unclear during the formation of agarwood. In this study, precise mixed solution of hormones, inorganic salts, and fungi was used to induce its formation in A. sinensis, and sample blocks of wood were collected at different times after inoculation. This study showed that the aromatic compounds found in the three treatments of A. sinensis were primarily chromones (31.70-33.65%), terpenes (16.68-27.10%), alkanes (15.99-23.83%), and aromatics (3.13-5.07%). Chromones and terpenes were the primary components that characterized the aroma. The different sampling times had a more pronounced impact on the richness and diversity of endophytic fungal communities in the A. sinensis xylem than the induction treatments. The species annotation of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) demonstrated that the endophytic fungi were primarily composed of 18 dominant families and 20 dominant genera. A linear regression analysis of the network topology properties with induction time showed that the interactions among the fungal species continued to strengthen, and the network structure tended to become more complex. The terpenes significantly negatively correlated with the Pielou evenness index (p < 0.05), while the chromones significantly positively correlated with the OTUs and Shannon indices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengjiang Pang
- Experimental Center of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Pingxiang, China
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Zuwei Tian
- Experimental Center of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Pingxiang, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Guangxi International Zhuang Medical Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Shuokun Deng
- Experimental Center of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Pingxiang, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Experimental Center of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Pingxiang, China
| | - Zhongguo Li
- Experimental Center of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Pingxiang, China
| | - Shiling Liu
- Experimental Center of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Pingxiang, China
| | - Baoguo Yang
- Experimental Center of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Pingxiang, China
| | - Guihua Huang
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zaizhi Zhou
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sun Y, Wang M, Yu M, Feng J, Wei J, Liu Y. 2-(2-Phenylethyl)chromones increase in Aquilaria sinensis with the formation of agarwood. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1437105. [PMID: 39070916 PMCID: PMC11273687 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1437105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Obtained from Aquilaria Lam. and Gyrinops Gaertn., agarwood is a prestigious perfume and medicinal material in the world. Its primary chemical constituents and indicators of agarwood's development are 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones (PECs). However, how PECs affect its quality, accumulation, and transformation pattern is still unclear. The present study investigated this issue by monitoring resin filling in agarwood generated by the whole-tree agarwood-inducing technique over a span of a year, observing the ethanol extract concentration at different sampling times, and statistically examining PECs in agarwood from each sampling period. In agarwood, the resin accumulated over time, except during the 4th-6th month due to the creation of a barrier layer. The relative content of total PECs demonstrated an overall increase throughout the year but a decrease from the 4th month to the 6th month, and the relative content of 19 PECs that persisted throughout the year was positively correlated with the content of ethanol extracts. In addition, the process of chromone accumulation was accompanied by the production and transformation of different types of chromones, with flindersia type 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones, epoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones, and diepoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones being the major chromone components; in addition, the content of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones kept increasing after 6 months of agarwood formation. Three main trends were identified from 58 analogs of PECs, each with notable variation. The first type had the highest content at the beginning of resin formation. The second type had the highest content at 6 months and then started to decrease, and the third type had a slowly increasing content. As a whole, this study systematically investigated the accumulation of PECs during injury-induced agarwood production in A. sinensis, which is of scientific significance in resolving the transformation of PECs and revealing the secret of agarwood formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education and National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization and Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine and International Joint Research Center for Quality of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou, China
| | - Meiran Wang
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization and Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine and International Joint Research Center for Quality of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou, China
| | - Meng Yu
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization and Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine and International Joint Research Center for Quality of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou, China
| | - Jian Feng
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization and Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine and International Joint Research Center for Quality of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou, China
| | - Jianhe Wei
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education and National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization and Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine and International Joint Research Center for Quality of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou, China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education and National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization and Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine and International Joint Research Center for Quality of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yan T, Zhang N, Hong Z, Chen Y, Li G. Salty treatment increased bioactive compounds accumulation during agarwood development in Aquilaria sinensis trees. Fitoterapia 2024; 175:105901. [PMID: 38467281 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.105901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
To compare the bioactive compounds in agarwood induced by different methods in Aquilaria sinensis(Lour.) Gilg trees, a two dimensional thin layer chromatograph(2D-TLC) combined with effect directive analysis(EDA) was developed. Three antioxidants were found by 2D-TLC-DPPH and further identified as 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromones(PECs) with LC-MS/MS. The 3 antioxidants decreased along agarwood formation and their compositions in drilling induced agarwood differed with those in microbe culture induced agarwood. Further study showed NaCl treatment promoted antioxidants accumulation in agarwood induced by drilling or hot drilling. Hot drilling combined with salty stimulation was most efficient in some chemicals accumulation, which were identified as PECs with antioxidant, tyrosinase or β-glucosidase inhibiting activities by 2D-TLC-EDA-LC-MS/MS. This study provided a 2D-TLC-EDA-LC-MS/MS method for bioactive compounds screen and qualification of agarwood. Based on this method, non-conventional methods were found to accelerate the accumulation of some bioactive PECs in A. sinensis trees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yan
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091,China
| | - Ningnan Zhang
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520,China
| | - Zhou Hong
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520,China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091,China
| | - Gaiyun Li
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091,China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li X, Fang X, Cui Z, Hong Z, Liu X, Li G, Hu H, Xu D. Anatomical, chemical and endophytic fungal diversity of a Qi-Nan clone of Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Spreng with different induction times. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1320226. [PMID: 38590741 PMCID: PMC10999641 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1320226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Recently, some new Qi-Nan clones of Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Spreng which intensively produces high-quality agarwood have been identified and propagated through grafting techniques. Previous studies have primarily focused on ordinary A. sinensis and the differences in composition when compared to Qi-Nan and ordinary A. sinensis. There are few studies on the formation mechanism of Qi-Nan agarwood and the dynamic changes in components and endophytic fungi during the induction process. In this paper, the characteristics, chemical composition, and changes in endophytic fungi of Qi-Nan agarwood induced after 1 year, 2 years, and 3 years were studied, and Qi-Nan white wood was used as the control. The results showed that the yield of Qi-Nan agarwood continued to increase with the induction time over a period of 3 years, while the content of alcohol extract from Qi-Nan agarwood reached its peak at two years. During the formation of agarwood, starch and soluble sugars in xylem rays and interxylary phloem are consumed and reduced. Most of the oily substances in agarwood were filled in xylem ray cells and interxylary phloem, and a small amount was filled in xylem vessels. The main components of Qi-Nan agarwood are also chromones and sesquiterpenes. With an increasing induction time, the content of sesquiterpenes increased, while the content of chromones decreased. The most abundant chromones in Qi-Nan agarwood were 2-(2-Phenethyl) chromone, 2-[2-(3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl) ethyl] chromone, and2-[2-(4-Methoxyphenyl) ethyl] chromone. Significant differences were observed in the species of the endophytic fungi found in Qi-Nan agarwood at different induction times. A total of 4 phyla, 73 orders, and 448 genera were found in Qi-Nan agarwood dominated by Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Different induction times had a significant effect on the diversity of the endophytic fungal community in Qi-Nan. After the induction of agarwood formation, the diversity of Qi-Nan endophytic fungi decreased. Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between endophytic fungi and the yield, alcohol extract content, sesquiterpene content, and chromone content of Qi-Nan agarwood, which indicated that endophytic fungi play a role in promoting the formation of Qi-Nan agarwood. Qi-Nan agarwood produced at different induction times exhibited strong antioxidant capacity. DPPH free radical scavenging activity and reactive oxygen species clearance activity were significantly positively correlated with the content of sesquiterpenes and chromones in Qi-Nan agarwood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Li
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoying Fang
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiyi Cui
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhou Hong
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaojin Liu
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Gaiyun Li
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Houzhen Hu
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Daping Xu
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Huang M, Ma S, Qiao M, Fu Y, Li Y. Quality Similarity between Induced Agarwood by Fungus and Wild Agarwood. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:15620-15631. [PMID: 37750837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
To prevent the exploitation of wild agarwood, the development of artificial agarwood through fungal inoculation is a promising method, but finding species that produce efficient high-quality agarwood remains difficult. In this study, a fungal inducer was prepared using wild agarwood containing fungi and high-throughput sequencing was performed to determine its species makeup. Subsequently, it was used to inoculate Aquilaria sinensis(Lour.) Spreng. The induced agarwood (IA), wild agarwood (WA), and nonresinous whitewood (WW) were analyzed for the extract content. In addition, liquid and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine the chemical composition of the samples. The results were used to evaluate the quality of the IA. Mortierella humilisLinnem. ex W.Gams, Oidiodendron maius(Barron), and Tolypocladium album(W. Gams) Quandt, Kepler, and Spatafora were the fungal inducers that were discovered to produce agarwood. The extracts from the IA and WA contained 64 and 69 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones, respectively, while there were none in the WW. Furthermore, 20 (relative content 36.19%) and 27 (relative content 54.92%) sesquiterpenes were identified in the essential oils of the IA and WA, respectively, and none were identified in the WW. The fungal inducer that was prepared from the WA effectively improves the quality of the agarwood, which is extremely similar to that of the WA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manqin Huang
- College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Cultivation of Fast-Growing Timber in Central South China, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Sheng Ma
- College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Cultivation of Fast-Growing Timber in Central South China, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Mengji Qiao
- College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Cultivation of Fast-Growing Timber in Central South China, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yunlin Fu
- College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Cultivation of Fast-Growing Timber in Central South China, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yingjian Li
- College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Cultivation of Fast-Growing Timber in Central South China, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang H, Ding X, Wang H, Chen H, Dong W, Zhu J, Wang J, Peng S, Dai H, Mei W. Systematic evolution of bZIP transcription factors in Malvales and functional exploration of AsbZIP14 and AsbZIP41 in Aquilaria sinensis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1243323. [PMID: 37719219 PMCID: PMC10499555 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1243323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Agarwood, the dark-brown resin produced by Aquilaria trees, has been widely used as incense, spice, perfume or traditional medicine and 2-(2-phenethyl) chromones (PECs) are the key markers responsible for agarwood formation. But the biosynthesis and regulatory mechanism of PECs were still not illuminated. The transcription factor of basic leucine zipper (bZIP) presented the pivotal regulatory roles in various secondary metabolites biosynthesis in plants, which might also contribute to regulate PECs biosynthesis. However, molecular evolution and function of bZIP are rarely reported in Malvales plants, especially in Aquilaria trees. Methods and results Here, 1,150 bZIPs were comprehensively identified from twelve Malvales and model species genomes and the evolutionary process were subsequently analyzed. Duplication types and collinearity indicated that bZIP is an ancient or conserved TF family and recent whole genome duplication drove its evolution. Interesting is that fewer bZIPs in A. sinensis than that species also experienced two genome duplication events in Malvales. 62 AsbZIPs were divided into 13 subfamilies and gene structures, conservative domains, motifs, cis-elements, and nearby genes of AsbZIPs were further characterized. Seven AsbZIPs in subfamily D were significantly regulated by ethylene and agarwood inducer. As the typical representation of subfamily D, AsbZIP14 and AsbZIP41 were localized in nuclear and potentially regulated PECs biosynthesis by activating or suppressing type III polyketide synthases (PKSs) genes expression via interaction with the AsPKS promoters. Discussion Our results provide a basis for molecular evolution of bZIP gene family in Malvales and facilitate the understanding the potential functions of AsbZIP in regulating 2-(2-phenethyl) chromone biosynthesis and agarwood formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Xupo Ding
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Huiqin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Wenhua Dong
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Jiahong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources Biology of Tropical Special Ornamental Plants of Hainan, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Shiqing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Haofu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Wenli Mei
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
- Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Das A, Begum K, Akhtar S, Ahmed R, Tamuli P, Kulkarni R, Banu S. Genome-wide investigation of Cytochrome P450 superfamily of Aquilaria agallocha: Association with terpenoids and phenylpropanoids biosynthesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 234:123758. [PMID: 36812976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Agarwood is a dark resinous wood, produced when Aquilaria tree responds to wounding and microbial infection resulting in the accumulation of fragrant metabolites. Sesquiterpenoids and 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromones are the major phytochemicals in agarwood and Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are one of the important enzymes in the biosynthesis of these fragrant chemicals. Thus, understanding the repertoire of CYP superfamily in Aquilaria can not only give insights into the fundamentals of agarwood formation, but can also provide a tool for the overproduction of the aroma chemicals. Therefore, current study was designed to investigate CYPs of an agarwood producing plant, Aquilaria agallocha. We identified 136 CYP genes from A. agallocha genome (AaCYPs) and classified them into 8 clans and 38 families. The promoter regions had stress and hormone-related cis-regulatory elements which indicate their participation in the stress response. Duplication and synteny analysis revealed segmental and tandem duplicated and evolutionary related CYP members in other plants. Potential members involved in the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenoids and phenylpropanoids were identified and found to be upregulated in methyl jasmonate-induced callus and infected Aquilaria trees by real-time quantitative PCR analyses. This study highlights the possible involvement of AaCYPs in agarwood resin development and their complex regulation during stress exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Das
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam 781014, India
| | - Khaleda Begum
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam 781014, India
| | - Suraiya Akhtar
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam 781014, India
| | - Raja Ahmed
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam 781014, India
| | | | - Ram Kulkarni
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Lavale, Pune 411042, India
| | - Sofia Banu
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam 781014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ma S, Huang M, Fu Y, Qiao M, Li Y. How Closely Does Induced Agarwood's Biological Activity Resemble That of Wild Agarwood? Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28072922. [PMID: 37049682 PMCID: PMC10096168 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28072922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous innovation in artificially-induced agarwood technology is increasing the amount of agarwood and substantially alleviating shortages. Agarwood is widely utilized in perfumes and fragrances; however, it is unclear whether the overall pharmacological activity of induced agarwood can replace wild agarwood for medicinal use. In this study, the volatile components, total chromone content, and the differences in the overall activities of wild agarwood and induced agarwood, including the antioxidant, anti-acetylcholinesterase, and anti-glucosidase activity were all determined. The results indicated that both induced and wild agarwood's chemical makeup contains sesquiterpenes and 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones. The total chromone content in generated agarwood can reach 82.96% of that in wild agarwood. Induced agarwood scavenged 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS+) radicals and inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity and α-glucosidase activity with IC50 values of 0.1873 mg/mL, 0.0602 mg/mL, 0.0493 mg/mL, and 0.2119 mg/mL, respectively, reaching 80.89%, 93.52%, 93.52%, and 69.47% of that of wild agarwood, respectively. Accordingly, the results distinguished that induced agarwood has the potential to replace wild agarwood in future for use in medicine because it has a similar chemical makeup to wild agarwood and has comparable antioxidant, anti-acetylcholinesterase, and anti-glucosidase capabilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Ma
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Cultivation of Fast-Growing Timber in Central South China, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 540004, China
| | - Manqin Huang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Cultivation of Fast-Growing Timber in Central South China, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 540004, China
| | - Yunlin Fu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Cultivation of Fast-Growing Timber in Central South China, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 540004, China
| | - Mengji Qiao
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Cultivation of Fast-Growing Timber in Central South China, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 540004, China
| | - Yingjian Li
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Cultivation of Fast-Growing Timber in Central South China, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning 540004, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xu J, Du R, Wang Y, Chen J. RNA-Sequencing Reveals the Involvement of Sesquiterpene Biosynthesis Genes and Transcription Factors during an Early Response to Mechanical Wounding of Aquilaria sinensis. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:464. [PMID: 36833391 PMCID: PMC9957285 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants respond to wounding by reprogramming the expression of genes involved in secondary metabolism. Aquilaria trees produce many bioactive secondary metabolites in response to wounding, but the regulatory mechanism of agarwood formation in the early response to mechanical wounding has remained unclear. To gain insights into the process of transcriptome changes and to determine the regulatory networks of Aquilaria sinensis to an early response (15 days) to mechanical wounding, we collected A. sinensis samples from the untreated (Asc1) and treated (Asf1) xylem tissues and performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). This generated 49,102,523 (Asc1) and 45,180,981 (Asf1) clean reads, which corresponded to 18,927 (Asc1) and 19,258 (Asf1) genes, respectively. A total of 1596 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in Asf1 vs. Asc1 (|log2 (fold change)| ≥ 1, Padj ≤ 0.05), of which 1088 were up-regulated and 508 genes were down-regulated. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of DEGs showed that flavonoid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis pathways might play important roles in wound-induced agarwood formation. Based on the transcription factor (TF)-gene regulatory network analysis, we inferred that the bHLH TF family could regulate all DEGs encoding for farnesyl diphosphate synthase, sesquiterpene synthase, and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS), which contribute to the biosynthesis and accumulation of agarwood sesquiterpenes. This study provides insight into the molecular mechanism regulating agarwood formation in A. sinensis, and will be helpful in selecting candidate genes for improving the yield and quality of agarwood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieru Xu
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory/School of Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya 572019, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education/Engineering Research Center of Rare and Precious Tree Species in Hainan Province, School of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Ruyue Du
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory/School of Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya 572019, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education/Engineering Research Center of Rare and Precious Tree Species in Hainan Province, School of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory/School of Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya 572019, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education/Engineering Research Center of Rare and Precious Tree Species in Hainan Province, School of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jinhui Chen
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory/School of Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya 572019, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education/Engineering Research Center of Rare and Precious Tree Species in Hainan Province, School of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen F, Huang Y, Luo L, Wang Q, Huang N, Zhang Z, Li Z. Comprehensive Comparisons between Grafted Kynam Agarwood and Normal Agarwood on Traits, Composition, and In Vitro Activation of AMPK. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041667. [PMID: 36838655 PMCID: PMC9961698 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Agarwood, a highly valuable resin/wood combination with diverse pharmacological activities but scarce supply, has a long history of being used as a medicine in several medical systems. Grafted Kynam agarwood (GKA) has been cultivated successfully recently and has the qualities meeting the definition of premium Kynam agarwood. However, there are few comprehensive comparisons between GKA and normal agarwood in terms of traits, global composition, and activity, and some key issues for GKA to be adopted into the traditional Chinese medical (TCM) system have not been elaborated. The two types of agarwood samples were evaluated in terms of trait characteristics, physicochemical indicators, key component groups, and global compositional profile. Furthermore, a molecular docking was performed to investigate the active ingredients. In vitro activity assays were performed to evaluate the activation of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) by GKA and normal agarwood. The results revealed that, overall, the traits, microscopic characteristics, chemical composition types, and bioactivity between GKA and normal agarwood were similar. The main differences were the content of resin (ethanolic extract content), the content of key component groups, and the composition of the different parent structural groups of 2-(2-phenethyl) chromones (PECs). The contents of total PEC and ethanol extract content of GKA were significantly higher than those of normal agarwood. The MS-based high-throughput analysis revealed that GKA has higher concentrations of sesquiterpenes and flindersia-type 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromones (FTPECs) (m/z 250-312) than normal agarwood. Molecular docking revealed that parent structural groups of FTPECs activated multiple signaling pathways, including the AMPK pathway, suggesting that FTPECs are major active components in GKA. The aim of this paper is to describe the intrinsic reasons for GKA as a high-quality agarwood and a potential source for novel drug development. We combined high-throughput mass spectrometry and multivariate statistical analysis to infer the different components of the two types of agarwood. Then we combined virtual screening and in vitro activity to construct a component/pharmacodynamic relationship to explore the causes of the activity differences between agarwood with different levels of quality and to identify potentially valuable lead compounds. This strategy can also be used for the comprehensive study of other TCMs with different qualities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengming Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yu Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lu Luo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Qiaochu Wang
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Nanxi Huang
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- Correspondence: (Z.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhen Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Correspondence: (Z.Z.); (Z.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yu M, He QQ, Chen XQ, Feng J, Wie JH, Liu YY. Chemical and Bioactivity Diversity of 2-(2-Phenylethyl)chromones in Agarwood: A Review. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200490. [PMID: 36266258 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
2-(2-Phenylethyl)chromone derivatives are regarded as key components in agarwood. An oxygen-containing heterocycle with a benzoannelated γ-pyrone moiety form the bioactive core of 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones. With different substituents and positions, 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone derivatives exhibit diverse biological properties, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities. In this review, we summarized the studies (from January 1976 to September 2021) on phytochemistry, bioactivity and quality control of 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones. These studies aimed to clarify the chemical specificity, diversity and structure-activity relationship of 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones. In addition, we assumed that diverse factors such as tree species, induction methods and formation time contribute to the chemical diversity of 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones. Furthermore, this review contends that different types of 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones should be utilized in the quality control methods of agarwood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qing-Qin He
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xi-Qin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.,Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine & Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou, 570311, China
| | - Jian-He Wie
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.,Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine & Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou, 570311, China
| | - Yang-Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.,Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine & Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou, 570311, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bo S, Chang SK, Chen Y, Sheng Z, Jiang Y, Yang B. The structure characteristics, biosynthesis and health benefits of naturally occurring rare flavonoids. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:2490-2512. [PMID: 36123801 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2124396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Rare flavonoids, a special subclass of naturally occurring flavonoids with diverse structures including pterocarpans, aurones, neoflavonoids, homoisoflavones, diphenylpropanes, rotenoids and 2-phenylethyl-chromones. They are mainly found in legumes with numerous health benefits. Rare flavonoids are regarded as minor flavonoids due to their very limited abundance in nature. This review gives an overview of the natural occurrences of rare flavonoids from previous literatures. Recent findings on the biosynthesis of rare flavonoids have been updated by describing their structural characteristics and classifications. Recent findings on the health benefits of rare flavonoids have also been compiled and discussed. Natural rare flavonoids with various characteristics from different subclasses from plant-based food sources are stated. They show a wide range of health benefits, including antibacterial, anticancer, anti-osteoporosis and antiviral activities. Studies reviewed suggest that rare flavonoids possessing different skeletons demonstrate different characteristic bioactivities by discussing their mechanism of actions and structure-activity relationships. Besides, recent advances on the biosynthesis of rare flavonoids, such as pterocarpans, rotenoids and aurones are well-known, while the biosynthesis of other subclasses remain unknown. The perspectives and further applications of rare flavonoids using metabolic engineering strategies also be expected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengtao Bo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sui Kiat Chang
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul, Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Yipeng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhili Sheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bao Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shivanand P, Arbie NF, Krishnamoorthy S, Ahmad N. Agarwood-The Fragrant Molecules of a Wounded Tree. Molecules 2022; 27:3386. [PMID: 35684324 PMCID: PMC9181942 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Agarwood, popularly known as oudh or gaharu, is a fragrant resinous wood of high commercial value, traded worldwide and primarily used for its distinctive fragrance in incense, perfumes, and medicine. This fragrant wood is created when Aquilaria trees are wounded and infected by fungi, producing resin as a defense mechanism. The depletion of natural agarwood caused by overharvesting amidst increasing demand has caused this fragrant defensive resin of endangered Aquilaria to become a rare and valuable commodity. Given that instances of natural infection are quite low, artificial induction, including biological inoculation, is being conducted to induce agarwood formation. A long-term investigation could unravel insights contributing toward Aquilaria being sustainably cultivated. This review will look at the different methods of induction, including physical, chemical, and biological, and compare the production, yield, and quality of such treatments with naturally formed agarwood. Pharmaceutical properties and medicinal benefits of fragrance-associated compounds such as chromones and terpenoids are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Shivanand
- Environmental and Life Sciences Program, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Bandar Seri Begawan BE1410, Brunei; (N.F.A.); (N.A.)
| | - Nurul Fadhila Arbie
- Environmental and Life Sciences Program, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Bandar Seri Begawan BE1410, Brunei; (N.F.A.); (N.A.)
| | - Sarayu Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Civil Engineering, Environmental Water Resources Engineering Division, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India;
| | - Norhayati Ahmad
- Environmental and Life Sciences Program, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Bandar Seri Begawan BE1410, Brunei; (N.F.A.); (N.A.)
- Institute for Biodiversity and Environmental Research, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tunku Link, Bandar Seri Begawan BE1410, Brunei
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang N, Xue S, Song J, Zhou X, Zhou D, Liu X, Hong Z, Xu D. Effects of various artificial agarwood-induction techniques on the metabolome of Aquilaria sinensis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:591. [PMID: 34903180 PMCID: PMC8667428 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03378-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Agarwood is a highly sought-after resinous wood for uses in medicine, incense, and perfume production. To overcome challenges associated with agarwood production in Aquilaria sinensis, several artificial agarwood-induction treatments have been developed. However, the effects of these techniques on the metabolome of the treated wood samples are unknown. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of four treatments: fire drill treatment (F), fire drill + brine treatment (FS), cold drill treatment (D) and cold drill + brine treatment (DS)) on ethanol-extracted oil content and metabolome profiles of treated wood samples from A. sinensis. RESULTS The ethanol-extracted oil content obtained from the four treatments differed significantly (F < D < DS < FS). A total of 712 metabolites composed mostly of alkaloids, amino acids and derivatives, flavonoids, lipids, phenolic acids, organic acids, nucleotides and derivatives, and terpenoids were detected. In pairwise comparisons, 302, 155, 271 and 363 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAM) were detected in F_vs_FS, D_vs_DS, F_vs_D and FS_vs_DS, respectively. The DAMs were enriched in flavonoid/flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis. Generally, addition of brine to either fire or cold drill treatments reduced the abundance of most of the metabolites. CONCLUSION The results from this study offer valuable insights into synthetically-induced agarwood production in A. sinensis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ningnan Zhang
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520 China
| | - Shiyu Xue
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520 China
| | - Jie Song
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520 China
| | - Xiuren Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Dahao Zhou
- Huazhou Yuanlai Agarwood Limited Company, Huazhou, 525100 China
| | - Xiaojin Liu
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520 China
| | - Zhou Hong
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520 China
| | - Daping Xu
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520 China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yao C, Qi L, Zhong F, Li N, Ma Y. An integrated chemical characterization based on FT-NIR, GC-MS and LC-MS for the comparative metabolite profiling of wild and cultivated agarwood. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1188:123056. [PMID: 34871920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.123056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Agarwood is a well-known and precious traditional Chinese medicine, has been widely applied as drugs and spices for century. The large demand for this material has deeply stimulated the emergence of numerous cultivated products. However, it is difficult to distinguish wild agarwood from cultivated agarwood, and the chemical composition difference between them is not clear. In this study, an integrated method of Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and ultraperformance liquid chromatography Quadrupole-Exactive Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS) was developed to explore chemical variation between wild and cultivated agarwood in combination with multivariate statistical analysis. Twenty-four wild and cultivated agarwood samples were collected from different regions. FT-NIR profiles were used to obtain the holistic metabolic characterization in combination with principal component analysis (PCA). A total of seventy-six and seventy-nine metabolites, including volatile components and 2-(2-phenethyl) chromones derivatives, were successfully identified by GC-MS and UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS, respectively. Thereafter, the orthogonal-partial least square method-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and variable importance in the projection (VIP) were used to screen potential characteristic chemical components (VIP > 1) in wild and cultivated agarwood, respectively. Finally, eight key chemical markers were putatively identified by two techniques to distinguish agarwood from different origins, which can be found that sesquiterpenes, aromatics, terpenoids, 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromones of the flidersia type (FTPECs) and tetrahydro-2-(2-phenylethyl) chromones (THPECs) are the most important metabolites. Summary, this research presented a comprehensive metabolomic variation between wild and cultivated agarwood on the basis of a multi-technology platform, which laid a foundation for distinguishing the two ecotypes of agarwood and was conducive to the quality control of this resource.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Luming Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; School of Rehabilitation and Health Preservation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China
| | - Furong Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yuntong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Takamatsu S, Ito M. Factors affecting 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones in artificial agarwood. J Nat Med 2021; 76:321-330. [PMID: 34357483 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-021-01555-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recently, "artificial agarwood" manufactured by the artificial treatment on cultivated agarwood trees is popular in agarwood-producing countries. Although there are various treatment methods, they are not standardized. Moreover, factors that may affect the generated chemical compounds have not been investigated. In this research, the effects of different treatment methods and individual differences on the quantities and types of 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone in agarwood were investigated to experimentally produce artificial agarwood using Aquilaria sinensis. Each solvent-extracted agarwood sample was analyzed using Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and peaks were identified by comparing ten types of 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone with reference standards. The composition and 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone content of each agarwood sample were observed based on the type of chemical compound, and results indicated that when the treatment method was different, the accumulation pattern of the 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones differed even when the number of resinification years was the same. Furthermore, the findings of this study showed that additional treatment on a single branch produced more 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones. Moreover, market products composed of artificial agarwood pieces derived from different tree species and collected from different location were analyzed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sakura Takamatsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshidashimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Michiho Ito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshidashimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Methyl jasmonate and crude extracts of Fusarium solani elicit agarwood compounds in shoot culture of Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06725. [PMID: 33948505 PMCID: PMC8080053 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Agarwood forms in the heartwood of trees in the family Thymelaeaceae in response to wounding, infection, or other stresses. Its formation is random and takes decades in natural populations, which are harvested for their aromatic compounds. This harvest has led to declining population, and many agarwood producing trees are considered endangered. Therefore, an alternative source would be desirable. We established an in vitro shoot culture method for one agarwood species, Aquillaria malaccensis. Agarwood production was elicited by introducing methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and crude extracts of Fusarium solani into the liquid culture medium. A high concentration of MeJA resulted in necrotic shoot tissue, while application of the crude extracts had no effect on growth of the shoots. Interestingly, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of MeJA-treated shoots revealed the presence of several agarwood compounds, including sesquiterpenes and chromone derivative. In addition, GC-MS analysis of shoot-treated with the extracts revealed the presence of alkanes, aromatic compounds, and fatty acid derivatives. It may be that different elicitors induce the production of different compounds in A. malaccensis in vitro shoot cultures and could be used to manipulate the accumulation of different products in culture.
Collapse
|
18
|
Yu M, Liu Y, Feng J, Chen D, Yang Y, Liu P, Yu Z, Wei J. Remarkable Phytochemical Characteristics of Chi-Nan Agarwood Induced from New-Found Chi-Nan Germplasm of Aquilaria sinensis Compared with Ordinary Agarwood. Int J Anal Chem 2021; 2021:5593730. [PMID: 33927765 PMCID: PMC8053051 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5593730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild Chi-Nan agarwood is regarded as the highest quality agarwood from Aquilaria spp. However, the comprehensive research on chemical composition of wild Chi-Nan agarwood is limited. An integrated strategy using SHS-GC-MS and UPLC-Q/Tof-MS was applied to explore the phytochemical characteristics of a kind of agarwood induced from a newly identified germplasm of Chi-Nan A. sinensis. Progenesis QI and MS-Dial were used to preprocess the UPLC-Q/Tof-MS and GC-MS raw data, respectively. Principle component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares to latent structure-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) models were built to discriminate Chi-Nan agarwood from ordinary agarwood and to screen potential distinguishing components between them. In this study, we clarified the distinguishing differences between Chi-Nan agarwood and ordinary agarwood. The difference is mainly manifested in the average contents of 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone and 2-[2-(4'-methoxybenzene)ethyl]chromone, which are 170 and 420 times higher in Chi-Nan agarwood than in ordinary agarwood, respectively, while the contents of 5,6,7,8-diepoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones(DEPECs), 5,6-epoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones(EPECs), and 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones(THPECs) such as agarotetrol are extremely low. The content of the main sesquiterpenes in Chi-Nan agarwood was higher than that in ordinary agarwood, especially in regard to guaiane and eudesmane derivatives. In addition, there were significant differences in the contents of low-molecular-weight aromatic compounds such as 2-methyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one, 4-methoxybenzaldehyde, and 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde between Chi-Nan agarwood and ordinary agarwood. All the mentioned main chemical characteristics of this new Chi-Nan agarwood were coincident with those of the rare wild Chi-Nan agarwood from A. malaccensis, A. sinensis, and A. crassna. We reported differences in 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones, sesquiterpenes, and low-molecular-weight aromatic compounds between Chi-Nan agarwood and ordinary agarwood from A. sinensis for the first time; it is necessary to evaluate the agarwood from the new-found Chi-Nan germplasm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine & Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou 570311, China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine & Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou 570311, China
| | - Jian Feng
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine & Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou 570311, China
| | - Deli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yun Yang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine & Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou 570311, China
| | - Peiwei Liu
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine & Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou 570311, China
| | - Zhangxin Yu
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine & Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou 570311, China
| | - Jianhe Wei
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine & Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Agarwood Sustainable Utilization, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou 570311, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li W, Chen HQ, Wang H, Mei WL, Dai HF. Natural products in agarwood and Aquilaria plants: chemistry, biological activities and biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 38:528-565. [PMID: 32990292 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00042f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Covering: Up to the end of 2019.Agarwood is a resinous portion of Aquilaria trees, which is formed in response to environmental stress factors such as physical injury or microbial attack. It is very sought-after among the natural incenses, as well as for its medicinal properties in traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine. Interestingly, the chemical constituents of agarwood and healthy Aquilaria trees are quite different. Sesquiterpenes and 2-(2-phenethyl)chromones with diverse scaffolds commonly accumulate in agarwood. Similar structures have rarely been reported from the original trees that mainly contain flavonoids, benzophenones, xanthones, lignans, simple phenolic compounds, megastigmanes, diterpenoids, triterpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, etc. This review summarizes the chemical constituents and biological activities both in agarwood and Aquilaria trees, and their biosynthesis is discussed in order to give a comprehensive overview of the research progress on agarwood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
AbstractAgarwood is a resinous wood produced by some members of plant family Thymelaeaceae under certain conditions. Agarwood is highly prized, but its formation requires a long-time process in nature. Therefore, various induction techniques have been explored to hasten the process. In this study, we induced agarwood in Gyrinops versteegii, one of the most abundant agarwood-producing trees in Indonesia. We used 12 trees and wounded four branches on each tree through an injection process. We used two strains of the endophytic fungi Fusarium solani isolated from Gorontalo and Jambi Provinces. After 3 months, the inoculated wood had an extensive resinous zone, when compared to wounded control wood. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of the inoculated samples revealed the presence of several sesquiterpenes characteristic of agarwood. These included alloaromadendrene, β-eudesmol and β-selinene as well as the chromone derivatives 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromen-4-one, 6-methoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl) chromen-4-one, and 6,7-dimethoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl) chromen-4-one. We conclude that this method successfully induced agarwood to form in a matter of months and could be used to enhance the success of agarwood cultivation.
Collapse
|
21
|
Garg G, Foltran S, Favier I, Pla D, Medina-González Y, Gómez M. Palladium nanoparticles stabilized by novel choline-based ionic liquids in glycerol applied in hydrogenation reactions. Catal Today 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2019.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
22
|
Ding X, Mei W, Lin Q, Wang H, Wang J, Peng S, Li H, Zhu J, Li W, Wang P, Chen H, Dong W, Guo D, Cai C, Huang S, Cui P, Dai H. Genome sequence of the agarwood tree Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Spreng: the first chromosome-level draft genome in the Thymelaeceae family. Gigascience 2020; 9:giaa013. [PMID: 32118265 PMCID: PMC7050300 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giaa013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUD Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Spreng is one of the important plant resources involved in the production of agarwood in China. The agarwood resin collected from wounded Aquilaria trees has been used in Asia for aromatic or medicinal purposes from ancient times, although the mechanism underlying the formation of agarwood still remains poorly understood owing to a lack of accurate and high-quality genetic information. FINDINGS We report the genomic architecture of A. sinensis by using an integrated strategy combining Nanopore, Illumina, and Hi-C sequencing. The final genome was ∼726.5 Mb in size, which reached a high level of continuity and a contig N50 of 1.1 Mb. We combined Hi-C data with the genome assembly to generate chromosome-level scaffolds. Eight super-scaffolds corresponding to the 8 chromosomes were assembled to a final size of 716.6 Mb, with a scaffold N50 of 88.78 Mb using 1,862 contigs. BUSCO evaluation reveals that the genome completeness reached 95.27%. The repeat sequences accounted for 59.13%, and 29,203 protein-coding genes were annotated in the genome. According to phylogenetic analysis using single-copy orthologous genes, we found that A. sinensis is closely related to Gossypium hirsutum and Theobroma cacao from the Malvales order, and A. sinensis diverged from their common ancestor ∼53.18-84.37 million years ago. CONCLUSIONS Here, we present the first chromosome-level genome assembly and gene annotation of A. sinensis. This study should contribute to valuable genetic resources for further research on the agarwood formation mechanism, genome-assisted improvement, and conservation biology of Aquilaria species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xupo Ding
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Rd. Xueyuan No. 4, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Wenli Mei
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Rd. Xueyuan No. 4, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Shenzhen; Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture; Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Rd. Pengfei No. 7, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Rd. Xueyuan No. 4, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Rd. Xueyuan No. 4, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Shiqing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology; Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Rd. Xueyuan No. 4, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Huiliang Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology; Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Rd. Xueyuan No. 4, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jiahong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology; Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Rd. Xueyuan No. 4, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Wei Li
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Rd. Xueyuan No. 4, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Rd. Xueyuan No. 4, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Huiqin Chen
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Rd. Xueyuan No. 4, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Wenhua Dong
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Rd. Xueyuan No. 4, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Dong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology; Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Rd. Xueyuan No. 4, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Caihong Cai
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Rd. Xueyuan No. 4, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Shengzhuo Huang
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Rd. Xueyuan No. 4, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Peng Cui
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Shenzhen; Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture; Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Rd. Pengfei No. 7, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Haofu Dai
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Rd. Xueyuan No. 4, Haikou 571101, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chen Y, Yan T, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Li G. Characterization of the incense ingredients of cultivated grafting Kynam by TG-FTIR and HS-GC-MS. Fitoterapia 2020; 142:104493. [PMID: 32045691 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Agarwood is a resinous wood of Aquilaria species and has been used for various applications. Burning agarwood incense is a common practice in temples and homes in Asia. Kynam is widely regarded as high-quality agarwood in the market. Recently, cultivated grafting Kynam (CGK) has emerged as a new agarwood product in the market, which greatly affects the price of high grading Kynam agarwood. In this study, the morphology, ethanol extract content, and incense chemical profile of CGK was investigated and compared with those of wild Kynam (WK) and cultivated common agarwood (CCA). The incense smoke of CGK was analyzed by thermogravimetric Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) and headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS). The results showed that the heating of most incenses occurred below 200 °C, and the mass-loss rate value of CGK was between those of WK and CCA. The HS-GC-MS analysis showed the chemical compounds of incense smoke of CGK at 40, 100, and 180 °C, corresponding to the head, middle, and tail of the heating process, respectively. The results suggested that the sesquiterpenes compounds were the major contributors to the mysterious and elegant odoriferous character of agarwood incense. However, a peak area percentage analysis revealed a significant difference in the predominant compounds between CGK and WK, especially at lower temperatures. Therefore, it is not straightforward to substitute WK with CGK. The results are helpful for the study and usage of the new cultivated grafting Kynam agarwood and the development of the agarwood incense industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Tingting Yan
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Gaiyun Li
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Naziz PS, Das R, Sen S. The Scent of Stress: Evidence From the Unique Fragrance of Agarwood. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:840. [PMID: 31379890 PMCID: PMC6646531 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Agarwood (Aquilaria spp.) fragrance and its origin in stress make it probably the most suitable model to study stress-induced aroma. Production being confined only to certain small pockets of South and Southeast Asia, agarwood is arguably the costliest wood in the world. Formation of fragrant agarwood resin is the outcome of complex biotic, abiotic, and physical stress on the Aquilaria trees. The intricate mechanism by which some 150 odd fragrant molecules that constitute agarwood aroma is formed is still not clearly understood. The present review therefore aims to bring to focus this less known but highly valuable stress-induced aroma from Asia. Discussions on agarwood species, occurrence, distribution, formation, and products have been included as foundation. Although global trade in agarwood and its products is estimated at US$6 billion to US$8 billion, no reliable data are readily available in literature. Therefore, an effort has been made to review the current status of agarwood trade. The element of stress and its correlation to agarwood aroma is discussed in the subsequent sections. Natural agarwood formation as well as technologies and interventions in agarwood induction are stress-based (natural and artificial injury, insect and fungal attack, chemical induction). The molecular triggers are gradually coming to light as new studies are implicating jasmonate, LOX signaling, and other stress reaction routes as the source of agarwood aroma. This review therefore has strived to compile the information that is scattered across scientific as well as other authentic literature and update the reader on the current status. More information about the specific roles of other vital stressors like insects, abiotic, and genetic factors is eagerly awaited from ongoing and future research to further understand the unique fragrance of agarwood.
Collapse
|
25
|
Kuo TH, Huang HC, Hsu CC. Mass spectrometry imaging guided molecular networking to expedite discovery and structural analysis of agarwood natural products. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1080:95-103. [PMID: 31409479 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Structural analysis of biomolecules is essential to natural product discovery, especially for precious biomaterials such as agarwood. However, one of the greatest challenges to the characterization of natural products is the profound cost in time and manpower to the structural elucidation of these highly diverse compounds. Here, we demonstrate a multi-modal mass spectrometric strategy, integrating matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) and mass spectral molecular networking, to uncover agarwood natural products of Aquilaria sinensis trees. A simple workflow for preparing wood sections for MALDI-MSI analysis was demonstrated. Notably, tens of natural products in the agarwood region in wood stem section of A. sinensis were spatially revealed by MALDI-MSI. For the first time, such a great number of plant specialized metabolites is obtained by a single wood section MSI. Guided by the spatially resolved features, mass spectral molecular networking was subsequently applied for structural analysis of the agarwood natural products, in which three major classes of 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones and their analogues were putatively characterized. These results suggest an efficient strategy to the dereplication of plant natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Hao Kuo
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Hou-Chun Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Chih Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yan T, Yang S, Chen Y, Wang Q, Li G. Chemical Profiles of Cultivated Agarwood Induced by Different Techniques. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24101990. [PMID: 31137603 PMCID: PMC6572443 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Agarwood is the resinous wood produced in some Aquilaria species and is highly valued for wide usages in medicine, incense, and perfume. To protect the threatened Aquilaria species, the cultivation of Aquilaria sinensis and artificial agarwood induction techniques have been effectively established in China. To evaluate the quality of agarwood induced by different techniques, patterns of chemical constituents in artificial agarwood by four methods (wounding using an axe, burning-chisel-drilling, chemical inducer, and biological inoculation) were analyzed and compared by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS and GC-EI-MS in this study. Results of GC-MS gave a panorama of chemical constituents in agarwood, including aromatic compounds, steroids, fatty acids, sesquiterpenoids, and 2-(2-phenlyethyl)-chromones (PECs). Sesquiterpenoids were dominant in agarwood induced by wounding using an axe. PEC comprised over 60% of components in agarwood produced by biological inoculation and chemical inducers. PECs were identified by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS in all artificial agarwood and the relative contents varied in different groups. Tetrahydro-2-(2-phenylethyl)-chromones (THPECs) in wounding by axes induced agarwood were lower while 2-(2-phenylethyl)-chromones (FPECs) were higher than other groups. The results showed that methods used for inducing agarwood formation in Aquilaria sinensis affect the chemical constituents of agarwood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yan
- Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Sheng Yang
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Yuan Chen
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Qian Wang
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Gaiyun Li
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tan CS, Isa NM, Ismail I, Zainal Z. Agarwood Induction: Current Developments and Future Perspectives. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:122. [PMID: 30792732 PMCID: PMC6374618 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Agarwood is a resinous part of the non-timber Aquilaria tree, which is a highly valuable product for medicine and fragrance purposes. To protect the endangered Aquilaria species, mass plantation of Aquilaria trees has become a sustainable way in Asian countries to obtain the highly valuable agarwood. As only physiologically triggered Aquilaria tree can produce agarwood, effective induction methods are long sought in the agarwood industry. In this paper, we attempt to provide an overview for the past efforts toward the understanding of agarwood formation, the evolvement of induction methods and their further development prospects by integrating it with high-throughput omics approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Seng Tan
- Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
- Institute for Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Nurulhikma Md Isa
- Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Ismanizan Ismail
- Institute for Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Zamri Zainal
- Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
- Institute for Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kao WY, Hsiang CY, Ho SC, Ho TY, Lee KT. Chemical Profiles of Incense Smoke Ingredients from Agarwood by Headspace Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112969. [PMID: 30441810 PMCID: PMC6278519 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Agarwood, the resinous wood in the heartwood of Aquilaria trees, has been used as incense in traditional Chinese medicine for its sedative, aphrodisiac, carminative, and anti-emetic effects. Grading of agarwood is usually based on its physical properties. Therefore, it is important to develop analytic methods for judgment and grading of agarwood. Here, we created a headspace (HS) preheating system that is combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS GC-MS) to analyze the chemical constituents in the incense smoke produced by agarwood. Incense smoke generated in the HS preheating system was injected directly to GC-MS for analysis. A total of 40 compounds were identified in the incense smoke produced by Kynam agarwood, the best agarwood in the world. About half of the compounds are aromatics and sesquiterpenes. By analyzing chemical constituents in the incense smoke produced by Vietnamese, Lao, and Cambodian varieties of agarwood, we found that butyl hexadecanoate, butyl octadecanoate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) 1,2-benzenedicarboxylate, and squalene were common in the aforementioned four varieties of agarwoods. 2-(2-Phenylethyl) chromone derivatives were identified only in the incense smoke produced by Kynam agarwood, and were the major ingredient (27.23%) in the same. In conclusion, this is the first study that analyzes chemical profiles of incense smoke produced by agarwood using HS GC-MS. Our data showed that 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromone derivatives could be used to assess quality of agarwoods. Moreover, HS GC/MS may be a useful tool for grading quality of agarwood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yi Kao
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
- Development Center for Biotechnology, New Taipei City 22180, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Yun Hsiang
- Department of Microbiology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Ching Ho
- Development Center for Biotechnology, New Taipei City 22180, Taiwan.
| | - Tin-Yun Ho
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Kung-Ta Lee
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|