Immunomodulators Inspired by Nature: A Review on Curcumin and Echinacea

Electrospun nanofiber mats caged the mammalian macrophages on their surfaces and prevented their inflammatory responses independent of the fiber diameter

Poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) has been widely used as biocompatible materials in tissue engineering. They have been used in mammalian cell proliferation to polarization and differentiation. Their modified versions had regulatory activities on mammalian macrophages in vitro. There are also studies suggesting different nanofiber diameters might alter the biological activities of these materials. Based on these cues, we examined the inflammatory activities and adherence properties of mammalian macrophages on electrospun PCL nanofibrous scaffolds formed with PCL having different nanofiber diameters. Our results suggest that macrophages could easily attach and get dispersed on the scaffolds. Macrophages lost their inflammatory cytokine TNF and IL6 production capacity in the presence of LPS when they were incubated on nanofibers. These effects were independent of the mean fiber diameters. Overall, the scaffolds have potential to be used as biocompatible materials to suppress excessive inflammatory reactions during tissue and organ transplantation by caging and suppressing the inflammatory cells.

Nanocurcumin modulates Th17 cell responses in moderate and severe COPD patients

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory process in the airways that results in airflow obstruction. It is mainly linked to cigarette smoke exposure. Th17 cells have a role in the pathogenesis of COPD by secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines, which cause hyperinflammation and progression of the disease. This study aimed to assess the potential therapeutic effects of nanocurcumin on the Th17 cell frequency and its responses in moderate and severe COPD patients. This study included 20 patients with severe COPD hospitalized in an intensive care unit (ICU) and 20 patients with moderate COPD. Th17 cell frequency, Th17-related factors gene expression (RAR-related orphan receptor t (RORγt), IL-17, IL-21, IL-23, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor), and serum levels of Th17-related cytokines were assessed before and after treatment in both placebo and nanocurcumin-treated groups using flow cytometry, real-time PCR, and ELISA, respectively. According to our findings, in moderate and severe nanocurcumin-treated COPD patients, there was a substantial reduction in the frequency of Th17 cells, mRNA expression, and cytokines secretion level of Th17-related factors compared to the placebo group. Furthermore, after treatment, the metrics mentioned above were considerably lower in the nanocurcumin-treated group compared to before treatment. Nanocurcumin has been shown to decrease the number of Th17 cells and their related inflammatory cytokines in moderate and severe COPD patients. As a result, it might be used as an immune-modulatory agent to alleviate the patient's inflammatory state.

Augmentation of NK-cell activity and immunity by combined natural polyphenols and saccharides in vitro and in vivo

Curcuma longa and Sargassum coreanum are commonly used in traditional pharmaceutical medicine to improve immune function in chronic diseases. The present study was designed to systematically elucidate the in vitro and in vivo immuno-enhancing effects of a combination of C. longa and S. coreanum extracts (CS) that contain polyphenols and saccharides as functional molecules in a cyclophosphamide (Cy)-induced model of immunosuppression. In primary splenocytes, we observed the ameliorative effects of CS on a Cy-induced immunosuppression model with low cytotoxicity and an optimal mixture procedure. CS treatment enhanced T- and B-cell proliferation, increased splenic natural killer-cell activity, and restored cytokine release. Wistar rats were orally administered low (30 mg/kg), intermediate (100 mg/kg), or high (300 mg/kg) doses of CS for four weeks, followed by oral administration of Cy (5 mg/kg) for four weeks. Compared with the vehicle group, low-, intermediate-, and high-dose CS treatment accelerated dose-dependent recovery of the serum level of tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, interleukin-2, and interleukin-12. These results suggest that CS treatment accelerates the amelioration of immune deficiency in Cy-treated primary splenocytes and rats, which supports considering it for immunity maintenance. Our findings provide experimental evidence for further research and clinical application in immunosuppressed patients.

The properties and mechanism of action of plant immunomodulators in regulation of immune response - A narrative review focusing on Curcuma longa L., Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer and Moringa oleifera Lam

Herbal treatments have been utilized for millennia to cure a variety of ailments. There are over 20, 000 herbal remedies available to treat cancer and other disease in humans. In Ayurveda, traditional plants having revitalizing and nourishing characteristics are known as "Rasayanas." They have anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-microbicidal, antiviral, and immunomodulatory effects on the immune system. Immunomodulation is a mechanism through which the body stimulates, suppresses, or boosts the immune system to maintain homeostasis. Plant-derived immunomodulators are typically phytocompounds, including carbohydrates, phenolics, lipids, alkaloids, terpenoids, organosulfur, and nitrogen-containing chemicals. Immunomodulation activity of phytocompounds from traditional plants is primarily mediated through macrophage activation, phagocytosis stimulation, peritoneal macrophage stimulation, lymphoid cell stimulation, and suppression or enhancement of specific and non-specific cellular immune systems via numerous signalling pathways. Despite extensive research, the precise mechanism of immunomodulation of most traditional plants has not yet been fully elucidated, justifying the need for further experimentation. Therefore, this review describes the immunomodulatory agents from traditional plants such as Curcuma longa L., Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, and Moringa oleifera Lam, further highlighting the common molecular targets and immunomodulatory mechanism involved in eradicating diseases.

Novel protective aspects of dietary polyphenols against pesticidal toxicity and its prospective application in rice-fish mode: A Review

The rice fish system represents an innovative and sustainable approach to integrated farming, combining rice cultivation with fish rearing in the same ecosystem. However, one of the major challenges in this system is the pesticidal pollution resulting from various sources, which poses risks to fish health and overall ecosystem balance. In recent years, dietary polyphenols have emerged as promising bioactive compounds with potential chemo-preventive and therapeutic properties. These polyphenols, derived from various plant sources, have shown great potential in reducing the toxicity of pesticides and improving the health of fish within the rice fish system. This review aims to explore the novel aspects of using dietary polyphenols to mitigate pesticidal toxicity and enhance fish health in the rice fish system. It provides comprehensive insights into the mechanisms of action of dietary polyphenols and their beneficial effects on fish health, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and detoxification properties. Furthermore, the review discusses the potential application methods of dietary polyphenols, such as direct supplementation in fish diets or through incorporation into the rice fields. By understanding the interplay between dietary polyphenols and pesticides in the rice fish system, researchers can develop innovative and sustainable strategies to promote fish health, minimize pesticide impacts, and ensure the long-term viability of this integrated farming approach. The information presented in this review will be valuable for scientists, aqua-culturists, and policymakers aiming to implement eco-friendly and health-enhancing practices in the rice fish system.

Comprehensive and critical view on the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory role of natural phenolic antioxidants

The immune response encompasses innate and adaptive immunity, each with distinct and specific activities. The innate immune system is constituted by phagocytic cells, macrophages, monocytes and neutrophils, the cascade system, and different classes of receptors such as toll-like receptors that are exploited by the innate immune cells. The adaptive immune system is antigen-specific, encompassing memory lymphocytes and the corresponding specific receptors. Inflammation is understood as an activation of different signaling pathways such as toll-like receptors or nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, with an increase in nitric oxide, inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Increased oxidative stress has been identified as main source of chronic inflammation. Phenolic antioxidants modulate the activities of lymphocytes and macrophages by impacting cytokines and nitric oxide release, exerting anti-inflammatory effect. The nuclear-factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells signaling pathway and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway are targeted, alongside an increase in nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor mediated antioxidant response, triggering the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The inhibitive potential on phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase in the arachidonic acid pathway, and the subsequent reduction in prostaglandin and leukotriene generation, reveals the potential of phenolics as inflammation antagonists. The immunomodulative potential encompasses the capacity to interfere with proinflammatory cytokine synthesis and with the expression of the corresponding genes. A diet rich in antioxidants can result in prevention of inflammation-related pathologies. More investigations are necessary to establish the role of these antioxidants in therapy. The appropriate delivery system and the prooxidant effects exhibited at large doses, or in the presence of heavy metal cations should be regarded.

Immune-boosting effect of Yookgong-dan against cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in mice

Immune responses must be strictly regulated to prevent autoimmune and infectious diseases and to protect against infectious agents. As people age, their immunity wanes, leading to a decrease in lymphocyte production in bone marrow and thymus and a decline in the efficacy of mature lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid organs. This study explores the immune-boosting potential of Yookgong-dan (YGD) in enhancing the immune system by activating immune cells. In our in vitro experiments, cyclophosphamide (Cy) treatment led to a significant decrease in primary splenocyte viability. However, subsequent treatment with YGD significantly improved cell viability, with doses ranging between 1 and 25 μg/mL in Cy-treated splenocytes. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that the Cy group exhibited reduced positivity of CD3+ T cells and CD45+ leukocytes compared to the blank group. In contrast, treatment with YGD led to a notable, dose-responsive increase in these immune cell types. In our in vivo experiments, YGD was orally administered to Cy-induced immunosuppressed mice at 20 and 100 mg/kg doses for 10 days. The results indicated a dose-dependent elevation in immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM levels in the serum, emphasizing the immunostimulatory effect of YGD. Furthermore, the Cy-treated group showed decreased T cells, B (CD19+) cells, and leukocytes in the total splenocyte population. Yet, YGD treatment resulted in a dose-dependent reversal of this pattern, suggesting its ability to counter immunosuppression. Notably, YGD was found to effectively stimulate T (CD4+ and CD8+) lymphocyte subsets and natural killer cells, along with enhancing Th1/Th2 cytokines in immunosuppressed conditions. These outcomes correlated with the modulation of BCL-2 and BAX expression, which are critical for apoptosis. In conclusion, YGD has the potential to bolster immune functionality through the activation of immune cells, thereby enhancing the immune system's capacity to combat diseases and improve overall health and wellness.

Role of sex in immune response and epigenetic mechanisms

The functioning of the human immune system is highly dependent on the sex of the individual, which comes by virtue of sex chromosomes and hormonal differences. Epigenetic mechanisms such as X chromosome inactivation, mosaicism, skewing, and dimorphism in X chromosome genes and Y chromosome regulatory genes create a sex-based variance in the immune response between males and females. This leads to differential susceptibility in immune-related disorders like infections, autoimmunity, and malignancies. Various naturally available immunomodulators are also available which target immune pathways containing X chromosome genes.

The entrancing role of dietary polyphenols against the most frequent aging-associated diseases

Aging, a fundamental physiological process influenced by innumerable biological and genetic pathways, is an important driving factor for several aging-associated disorders like diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. In the modern era, the several mechanisms associated with aging have been deeply studied. Treatment and therapeutics for age-related diseases have also made considerable advances; however, for the effective and long-lasting treatment, nutritional therapy particularly including dietary polyphenols from the natural origin are endorsed. These dietary polyphenols (e.g., apigenin, baicalin, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, kaempferol, quercetin, resveratrol, and theaflavin), and many other phytochemicals target certain molecular, genetic mechanisms. The most common pathways of age-associated diseases are mitogen-activated protein kinase, reactive oxygen species production, nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells signaling pathways, metal chelation, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and inflammation. Polyphenols slow down the course of aging and help in combatting age-linked disorders. This exemplified in the form of clinical trials on specific dietary polyphenols in various aging-associated diseases. With this context in mind, this review reveals the new insights to slow down the aging process, and consequently reduce some classic diseases associated with age such as aforementioned, and targeting age-associated diseases by the activities of dietary polyphenols of natural origin.

Medicinal Herbs: Promising Immunomodulators for the Treatment of Infectious Diseases

Humans are constantly at high risk of emerging pandemics caused by viral and bacterial infections. The emergence of new pandemics is mainly caused by evolved viruses and bacteria that are highly resistant to existing medications. The rapid evolution of infectious agents demands the urgent investigation of new therapeutic strategies to prevent and treat these infections at an early stage. One of these therapeutic strategies includes the use of medicinal herbs for their antibacterial and antiviral properties. The use of herbal medicines as remedies is very ancient and has been employed for centuries. Many studies have confirmed the antimicrobial activities of herbs against various pathogens in vitro and in vivo. The therapeutic effect of medicinal herbs is mainly attributed to the natural bioactive molecules present in these plants such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Different mechanisms have been proposed for how medicinal herbs enhance the immune system and combat pathogens. Such mechanisms include the disruption of bacterial cell membranes, suppression of protein synthesis, and limitation of pathogen replication through the inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis. Medicinal herbs have been shown to treat a number of infectious diseases by modulating the immune system's components. For instance, many medicinal herbs alleviate inflammation by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1, IL-6) while promoting the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-10). Medicinal herbs also play a role in defense against viral and intracellular infections by enhancing the proliferation and functions of natural killer cells, T-helper-1 cells, and macrophages. In this review, we will explore the use of the most common herbs in preventing and treating infectious and non-infectious diseases. Using current and recently published studies, we focus on the immunomodulatory and therapeutic effects induced by medicinal herbs to enhance immune responses during diseases.

Nutraceutical formulation for immune system modulation: Active constituents, in vitro antibacterial and immunomodulatory activity, and metabolomics analysis

There is a large demand for nutraceuticals in the market and studies related to their action are needed. In this paper, the antimicrobial activity and the immunomodulatory effect of a nutraceutical formulation containing 14.39% of ascorbic acid, 7.17% of coenzyme Q10, 1.33% of Echinacea polyphenols, 0.99% of pine flavan-3-ols, 0.69% of resveratrol and 0.023% of Echinacea alkylamides were studied using in vitro assays and cell-based metabolomics. Chromatographic analysis allowed us to study the nutraceutical composition. The antibacterial activity was evaluated on S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, H. influenzae, S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae and M. catarrhalis. The immunomodulatory activity was assessed on human macrophages and dendritic cells. The production of IL-1β, IL-12p70, IL-10 and IL-8 was evaluated on culture medium by ELISA and the activation/maturation of dendritic cells with cytofluorimetric analysis. Treated and untreated macrophages and dendritic cell lysates were analysed by liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry, and results were compared using multivariate data analysis to identify biological markers related to the treatment with the food supplement. The food supplement decreased K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and M. catharralis growth, reduced the inflammatory response in macrophages exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and modulated the activation and maturation of the dendritic cells. Oxidized phospholipids were identified as the main biological markers of treated cell lysates, compared with controls.

Nano-immunomodulators: prospective applications to combat drug resistant bacterial infections and related complications

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing problem in our healthcare sector, it can make infections more difficult and expensive to treat and lead to treatment failure and increased risk of death. Currently, at least 700,000 people worldwide die each year from AMR. Alternative methods for mitigating drug-resistant bacterial infections are desperately needed because of the unacceptably low rate of conventional antibiotic discovery. Therefore, the implementation of various therapeutic strategies is necessary to deal with drug-resistant bacteria and immunomodulation is one of them which is highly encouraged through various studies. Immunomodulators are different biological or synthetic substances that possess the capability of inducing, suppressing, or overall modulating the innate and adaptive immune system. Some phytochemicals, including flavonoids, glycosides, polysaccharides, terpenoids, essential oils, peptides, synthetic molecules, and synthetic biomaterials, can play a crucial role in the fight against bacterial infections directly or indirectly by enhancing the activity of existing antibiotics or by boosting immunity. Nanotechnology can be used to modulate immune responses through various fabrication methods and strategies of design and for drug formulation by encapsulating potential compounds/molecules in the form of nanoparticles and by surface modification or capping of nanomaterials. This approach can improve drug solubility, stability, and bioavailability, reduce toxicity, and help to increase the effectiveness of drugs against resistant microorganisms. This review aims to provide current developments in the field of immunomodulators of different origins that can be combined with nanotechnology and exploited as potential future drugs or adjuvants to fight drug-resistant bacterial pathogens.

Phytochemicals as Immunomodulatory Molecules in Cancer Therapeutics

Phytochemicals are natural plant-derived products that provide significant nutrition, essential biomolecules, and flavor as part of our diet. They have long been known to confer protection against several diseases via their anti-inflammatory, immune-regulatory, anti-microbial, and several other properties. Deciphering the role of phytochemicals in the prevention, inhibition, and treatment of cancer-unrestrained cell proliferation due to the loss of tight regulation on cell growth and replication-has been the focus of recent research. Particularly, the immunomodulatory role of phytochemicals, which is pivotal in unchecked cell proliferation and metastasis, has recently been studied extensively. The immune system is a critical component of the tumor microenvironment, and it plays essential roles in both preventing and promoting oncogenesis. Immunomodulation includes stimulation, amplification, or inactivation of some stage(s) of the immune response. Phytochemicals and their products have demonstrated immune regulation, such as macrophage migration, nitric oxide synthase inhibition, lymphocyte, T-cell, and cytokine stimulation, natural killer cell augmentation, and NFκB, TNF, and apoptosis regulation. There is a dearth of extensive accounts of the immunomodulatory effects of phytochemicals in cancer; thus, we have compiled these effects with mechanistic aspects of dietary phytochemicals in cancer, highlighting promising candidates and ongoing clinical trials on immunotherapeutic strategies to mitigate oncogenesis.

Common foods for boosting human immunity: A review

We are frequently exposed to potentially harmful microbes of various types on a daily basis. Our immune system is an amazing collection of unique organs and cells that defends us from hazardous germs as well as certain diseases. It plays a crucial role in protecting the body against external invaders, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Maintaining a healthy immune system requires consuming a balanced diet that provides a variety of macro- and micronutrients. By consuming sufficient amounts of water, minerals such as zinc and magnesium, micronutrients, herbs, and foods rich in vitamins C, D, and E, and adopting a healthy lifestyle, one can enhance their health and immunity, and prevent infections. This article provides a comprehensive review of the scientific literature on common foods known for their potential to boost human immunity. The review begins by discussing the various components of the immune system and their functions. It then delves into the current understanding of how nutrition can influence immune response, highlighting the importance of a well-balanced diet in supporting optimal immune function. The article presents an extensive analysis of a range of common foods that have been studied for their immune-boosting properties. These foods include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and animal-based foods. Each food category is explored in terms of its specific nutrients and bioactive compounds that contribute to immune support. Foods such as milk, eggs, fruits, leafy greens, and spices like onion, garlic, and turmeric contain beneficial compounds that can enhance the immune system's function, activate and inhibit immune cells, and interfere with multiple pathways that eventually lead to improved immune responses and defense. The available literature on the issue was accessed via online resources and evaluated thoroughly as a methodology for preparing this manuscript.

ECHOPvir: A Mixture of Echinacea and Hop Extracts Endowed with Cytoprotective, Immunomodulatory and Antiviral Properties

Respiratory viral infections continue to pose significant challenges, particularly for more susceptible and immunocompromised individuals. Nutraceutical strategies have been proposed as promising strategies to mitigate their impact and improve public health. In the present study, we developed a mixture of two hydroalcoholic extracts from the aerial parts of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench (ECP) and the cones of Humulus lupulus L. (HOP) that can be harnessed in the prevention and treatment of viral respiratory diseases. The ECP/HOP mixture (named ECHOPvir) was characterized for the antioxidant and cytoprotective properties in airway cells. Moreover, the immunomodulating properties of the mixture in murine macrophages against antioxidant and inflammatory stimuli and its antiviral efficacy against the PR8/H1N1 influenza virus were assayed. The modulation of the Nrf2 was also investigated as a mechanistic hypothesis. The ECP/HOP mixture showed a promising multitarget bioactivity profile, with combined cytoprotective, antioxidant, immunomodulating and antiviral activities, likely due to the peculiar phytocomplexes of both ECP and HOP, and often potentiated the effect of the single extracts. The Nrf2 activation seemed to trigger these cytoprotective properties and suggest a possible usefulness in counteracting the damage caused by different stressors, including viral infection. Further studies may strengthen the interest in this product and underpin its future nutraceutical applications.

A Bidens pilosa L. Non-Polar Extract Modulates the Polarization of Human Macrophages and Dendritic Cells into an Anti-Inflammatory Phenotype

Different communities around the world traditionally use Bidens pilosa L. for medicinal purposes, mainly for its anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and antioxidant properties; it is used as an ingredient in teas or herbal medicines for the treatment of pain, inflammation, and immunological disorders. Several studies have been conducted that prove the immunomodulatory properties of this plant; however, it is not known whether the immunomodulatory properties of B. pilosa are mediated by its ability to modulate antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as macrophages (MØs) and dendritic cells (DCs) (through polarization or the maturation state, respectively). Different polar and non-polar extracts and fractions were prepared from the aerial part of B. pilosa. Their cytotoxic and immunomodulatory effects were first tested on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated PBMCs, respectively, via an MTT assay. Then, the non-cytotoxic plant extracts and fractions that showed the highest immunomodulatory activity were selected to evaluate their effects on human MØ polarization and DC maturation (cell surface phenotype and cytokine secretion) through multiparametric flow cytometry. Finally, the chemical compounds of the B. pilosa extract that showed the most significant immunomodulatory effects on human APCs were identified using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The petroleum ether extract and the ethyl acetate and hydroalcoholic fractions obtained from B. pilosa showed low cytotoxicity and modulated the PHA-stimulated proliferation of PBMCs. Furthermore, the B. pilosa petroleum ether extract induced M2 polarization or a hybrid M1/M2 phenotype in MØs and a semi-mature status in DCs, regardless of exposure to a maturation stimulus. The immunomodulatory activity of the non-polar (petroleum ether) extract of B. pilosa on human PBMC proliferation, M2 polarization of MØs, and semi-mature status in DCs might be attributed to the low-medium polarity components in the extract, such as phytosterol terpenes and fatty acid esters.

A CD326 monoclonal antibody modified core cross-linked curcumin-polyphosphoester prodrug for targeted delivery and cancer treatment

Stimuli-responsive cross-linked micelles (SCMs) are ideal nanocarriers for anti-cancer drugs. Compared with non-cross-linked micelles, SCMs exhibit superior structural stability. At the same time, the introduction of an environmentally sensitive crosslinker into a drug delivery system allows SCMs to respond to single or multiple stimuli in the tumor microenvironment, which can minimize drug leakage during the blood circulation process. In this study, curcumin (CUR) was modified as the hydrophobic core crosslinker by utilizing the bisphenol structure, and redox sensitive disulfide bonds were introduced to prepare the glutathione (GSH) stimulated responsive core crosslinker (abbreviated as N3-ss-CUR-ss-N3). In addition, amphiphilic polymer APEG-b-PBYP was prepared through the ring opening reaction, and reacted with the crosslinker through the "click" reaction. After being dispersed in the aqueous phase, core cross-linked nanoparticles (CCL NPs) were obtained. Finally, monoclonal antibody CD326 (mAb-CD326) was reduced and coupled to the hydrophilic chain ends to obtain the nanoparticles with surface modified antibodies (R-mAb-CD326@CCL NPs) for further enhancing targeted drug delivery. The structures of the polymer and crosslinker were characterized by 1H NMR, UV-Vis, FT-IR, and GPC. The morphology, size and stability of CCL NPs and R-mAb-CD326@CCL NPs were investigated by DLS and TEM. The in vitro drug release behavior of CCL NPs was also studied. The results showed that the CCL NPs exhibited reduction-responsiveness and were able to release the original drug CUR under 10 mM GSH conditions. Additionally, the CCL NPs exhibited excellent stability in both the simulated body fluid environment and organic solvents. Especially, R-mAb-CD326@CCL NPs can actively target tumor cells and showed better therapeutic efficacy in in vivo experiments with a tumor suppression rate of 78.7%. This work provides a new idea for the design of nano-drugs targeting breast cancer.

Cell Survival, Death, and Proliferation in Senescent and Cancer Cells: the Role of (Poly)phenols

Cellular senescence has long been considered a permanent state of cell cycle arrest occurring in proliferating cells subject to different stressors, used as a cellular defense mechanism from acquiring potentially harmful genetic faults. However, recent studies highlight that senescent cells might also alter the local tissue environment and concur to chronic inflammation and cancer risk by secreting inflammatory and matrix remodeling factors, acquiring a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Indeed, during aging and age-related diseases, senescent cells amass in mammalian tissues, likely contributing to the inevitable loss of tissue function as we age. Cellular senescence has thus become one potential target to tackle age-associated diseases as well as cancer development. One important aspect characterizing senescent cells is their telomere length. Telomeres shorten as a consequence of multiple cellular replications, gradually leading to permanent cell cycle arrest, known as replicative senescence. Interestingly, in the large majority of cancer cells, a senescence escape strategy is used and telomere length is maintained by telomerase, thus favoring cancer initiation and tumor survival. There is growing evidence showing how (poly)phenols can impact telomere maintenance through different molecular mechanisms depending on dose and cell phenotypes. Although normally, (poly)phenols maintain telomere length and support telomerase activity, in cancer cells this activity is negatively modulated, thus accelerating telomere attrition and promoting cancer cell death. Some (poly)phenols have also been shown to exert senolytic activity, thus suggesting both antiaging (directly eliminating senescent cells) and anticancer (indirectly, via SASP inhibition) potentials. In this review, we analyze selective (poly)phenol mechanisms in senescent and cancer cells to discriminate between in vitro and in vivo evidence and human applications considering (poly)phenol bioavailability, the influence of the gut microbiota, and their dose-response effects.

Combining nano-curcumin with catechin improves COVID-19-infected patient's inflammatory conditions

AIMS

A hyperinflammatory condition is brought on by the development of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is characterized by an elevation of T helper (Th) 17 cells, high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and a depletion of regulatory T (Treg) cells.

METHODS

In this research, we examined the effect of nano-curcumin and catechin on the TCD4+, TCD8+, Th17, and Treg cells and their associated factors in COVID-19 patients. For this purpose, 160 (50 patients excluded during the study) COVID-19 patients were divided into four groups: placebo, nano-curcumin, catechin, and nano-curcumin + catechin. The frequency of TCD4+, TCD8+, Th17, and Treg cells, the gene expression of transcription factors (STAT3, RORt, and FoxP3) relevant to Th17 and Treg, as well as the serum levels of cytokines (IL-6, IL17, IL1-b, IL-10, and TGF-), were all evaluated intra- and inter-group, before and after treatment, in all groups.

RESULTS

Our study showed that TCD4 + and TCD8 + cells were significantly higher in the nano-curcumin + catechin group compared to the control group, whereas Th17 was lower than the initial value. Furthermore, compared to the placebo-received group, cytokines and transcription factors associated with Th17 were significantly lower in the nano-curcumin + catechin group. Additionally, combined therapy increased Treg cells and transcription factors compared to the placebo group.

CONCLUSION

Overall, our results show that combining nano-curcumin with catechin has a more notable impact on the enhancement of TCD4+, TCD8+, and Treg cells, as well as a decrease in Th17 cells and their mediators, suggesting a promising combination therapy in reducing the inflammatory conditions of COVID-19 infected patients.

The effects of functional foods mixture on inflammatory cytokines and biochemical findings in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a randomized double-blind controlled trial

BACKGROUND

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been shown to affect nutritional recommendations. Some functional foods have been demonstrated to be useful in the treatment of people with COVID-19. However, little is known about the impact of combining functional foods on disease control. This study aimed to investigate the effects of functional foods mixture on serum levels of inflammatory cytokines and biochemical findings in patients with COVID-19.

METHODS

A randomized double-blind controlled trial was conducted in Baqiyatallah Al-Azam hospital in Tehran, Iran. Sixty patients were randomly assigned to receive either a soup containing functional foods (n = 30) or a usual soup (control group) (n = 30). Participants' sociodemographic information was gathered using a general questionnaire. Blood levels of inflammatory markers and biochemical findings were assessed using standard protocols.

RESULTS

The results showed that soup containing functional foods was more effective in controlling serum levels of D-dimer, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine than the control group (P < 0.05). Also, more significant improvement was found in the intervention group vs control group in terms of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-17, IL-10, and tumor necrose factor-α (P < 0.05). In contrast, the control intervention more efficiently controlled potassium levels and reduced quantitative C-reactive protein than the intervention group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

This study indicates a soup containing functional foods could alleviate biomarkers of inflammation in patients with COVID-19. However, its effectiveness on biochemical findings remained inconclusive which warranted further research.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

IRCT, IRCT20180201038585N11. Registered 23 August 2021, https://www.irct.ir/trial/57338.

Curcumin alleviates spleen immunotoxicity induced by decabrominated diphenyl ethers (BDE-209) by improving immune function and inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis in broilers

This study was conducted to assess the mitigating effects of curcumin (Cur) on immunotoxicity in the spleen of broilers induced by the polybrominated diphenyl ether BDE-209. Eighty one-day-old broilers were allocated to the following four groups: control group, BDE-209 (0.4 g/kg) group, BDE-209 (0.4 g/kg) + Cur (0.3 mg/kg) group, and Cur (0.3 mg/kg) group. Growth performance, immunological function, inflammation, and apoptosis were assessed after 42 days of treatment. The findings demonstrate that firstly, Cur restored spleen damage caused by BDE-209 by increasing body weight, decreasing feed-to-gain ratio, correcting the spleen index, and improving the histopathological structure of the spleen. Secondly, Cur relieved BDE-209-induced immunosuppression by increasing the levels of the immunoglobulins IgG, IgM, and IgA in the serum, as well as the levels of white blood cells and lymphocytes. The levels at which GATA binding protein 3, T-box expressed in T cells, interferon-γ, and interleukin (IL)- 4 are expressed were controlled. The ratio of T helper (Th) type 1 (Th1) to Th2 cells in the spleen of broilers was also controlled. Thirdly, Cur reduced the expression of Toll like receptor (TLR) 2, TLR4, nuclear factor (NF)-κB, IL-8, IL-6, and IL-1β, which alleviated BDE-209-induced inflammation in broilers. Cur reduced BDE-209-induced apoptosis by increasing the expression of the bcl-2 protein, decreasing the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and bax proteins, decreasing the bax/bcl-2 protein ratio, and decreasing the mean optical density of TUNEL. These results suggest that Cur protects broiler spleens from BDE-209-induced immunotoxicity via modulating humoral immunity, the equilibrium between Th1 and Th2 cells, the TLRs/NF-κB inflammatory pathway, and the apoptotic pathway.

Curcumin suppressed the proliferation and apoptosis of HPV-positive cervical cancer cells by directly targeting the E6 protein

Most human papillomavirus (HPV) types, including HPV16 and HPV18, are closely related to the occurrence of cervical cancer, predominantly through the action of viral oncoproteins E6 and E7. Curcumin, the active ingredient of the turmeric plant, has been gaining attention over the past two decades as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer agent. In the present study, the HPV-positive cervical cancer cells HeLa and CaSki were treated with curcumin, and the results showed that curcumin has a dose-dependent and time-dependent inhibitory effect on cell viability. In addition, apoptosis induction was further quantitatively confirmed through flow cytometric analysis. Furthermore, the influence of different concentrations of curcumin on the mitochondrial membrane potential was evaluated through JC-1 staining and found to dramatically decrease the membrane potential in treated HeLa and CaSki cells, suggesting the critical role of the mitochondrial pathway in their apoptosis-inducing effect. This study also demonstrated the wound-healing potential of curcumin, and the results of transwell assays showed that curcumin treatment inhibited HeLa and CaSki cell invasion and migration in a dose-dependent manner compared with the control treatment. Curcumin also downregulated the expression of Bcl-2, N-cadherin, and Vimentin and upregulated the expression of Bax, C-caspase-3, and E-cadherin in both cell lines. Further research showed that curcumin also selectively inhibited the expression of the viral oncoproteins E6 and E7, as demonstrated by western blot analysis; moreover, the downregulation of E6 was more significant than that of E7. Our research also showed that coculture with cells infected with siE6 lentivirus (siE6 cells) can inhibit the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of HPV-positive cells. While the siE6 cells were also treated with curcumin, the effect of curcumin monotherapy was offset. In summary, our research shows that curcumin regulates the apoptosis, migration, and invasion of cervical cancer cells, and the mechanism may be related to its ability to downregulate E6. This study provides a foundation for future research on the prevention and treatment of cervical cancer.

Identification and characterization of immune-related microRNAs in hybrid snakehead(Channa maculata♀ × Channa argus♂)after treated by Echinacea purpurea (Linn.) Moench

Echinacea purpurea (Linn.) Moench (EP) is a globally popular herbal medicine, which showed effects on growth promotion, antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities in fish culture world widely. However, there are few studies about the effects on miRNAs by EP in fish. The hybrid snakehead fish (Channa maculate♀ × Channa argus ♂) was new important economic specie of freshwater aquaculture in China with high market value and demand while there were only a few reports about its miRNAs. To overview immune-related miRNAs of the hybrid snakehead fish and to further understand the immune regulating mechanism of EP, we herein constructed and analyzed three small RNA libraries of immune tissues including liver, spleen and head kidney of the fish with or without EP treatment via Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology. Results showed that EP can affect the immune activities of fish by the miRNA-regulated ways. Totally, 67 (47 up and 20 down) miRNAs in liver, 138 (55 up and 83 down) miRNAs in spleen, and 251 (15 up and 236 down) miRNAs in spleen were detected, as well as 30, 60, 139 kinds of immune-related miRNAs belonging to 22, 35 and 66 families of the three tissues respectively. The expressions of 8 immune-related miRNA family members were found in all the three tissues, including miR-10, miR-133, miR-22 and etc. Some miRNAs have been identified involved in the innate and adaptive immune responses, such as the miR-125, miR-138, and miR-181 family. Ten miRNA families with antioxidant target genes were also discovered, including miR-125, miR-1306, and miR-138, etc. Results from Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway analysis further confirmed there are a majority immune response targets of the miRNAs involved in the EP treatment process. Our study deepened understanding roles of miRNAs in fish immune system and provides new ideas for the study of immune mechanism of EP.

Epigenetics and the role of nutraceuticals in health and disease

In the post-genomic era, the data provided by complete genome sequencing could not answer several fundamental questions about the causes of many noninfectious diseases, diagnostic biomarkers, and novel therapeutic approaches. The rapidly expanding understanding of epigenetic mechanisms, as well as widespread acceptance of their hypothesized role in disease induction, facilitated the development of a number of novel diagnostic markers and therapeutic concepts. Epigenetic aberrations are reversible in nature, which enables the treatment of serious incurable diseases. Therefore, the interest in epigenetic modulatory effects has increased over the last decade, so about 60,000 publications discussing the expression of epigenetics could be detected in the PubMed database. Out of these, 58,442 were published alone in the last 10 years, including 17,672 reviews (69 historical articles), 314 clinical trials, 202 case reports, 197 meta-analyses, 156 letters to the editor, 108 randomized controlled trials, 87 observation studies, 40 book chapters, 22 published lectures, and 2 clinical trial protocols. The remaining publications are either miscellaneous or a mixture of the previously mentioned items. According to the species and gender, the publications included 44,589 human studies (17,106 females, 14,509 males, and the gender is not mentioned in the remaining papers) and 30,253 animal studies. In the present work, the role of epigenetic modulations in health and disease and the influencing factors in epigenetics are discussed.

Computer-Aided Discovery of Potent Broad-Spectrum Vaccine Adjuvants

Adjuvants stimulate the immune system to vigorously respond to a vaccine. While current adjuvants such as aluminum salts and oil-in-water emulsions have been used for decades, they do not generate broad and long-lasting responses in many vaccines. Consequently, more potent adjuvants are needed. Here, using computer-aided molecule design and machine learning, we discovered 2 new, broad-spectrum adjuvants that can boost vaccine responses. Our library containing 46 toll-like receptor (TLR)-targeting agonist ligands were assembled on Au nanoparticles. Comprehensive in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo studies showed both leads promoted dendritic cell activation via multiple TLRs and enhanced antigen presentation to T cells. When used together with tumor-specific antigens to immunize mice against B16-OVA melanoma and 4T1-PD1 breast cancer, both adjuvants unleashed strong immune responses that suppressed tumor growth and lung metastases. Our results show computer-aided design and screening can rapidly uncover potent adjuvants for tackling waning immunity in current vaccines.

The Effect of Curcumin-Loaded Glucan Nanoparticles on Immune Cells: Size as a Critical Quality Attribute

Curcumin is known for its multiple health benefits, largely due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It has been extensively studied as a therapeutic agent, however, it does not have good clinical efficacy due to its poor water solubility and bioavailability. Despite accepting the encapsulation of this compound in polymeric particles as one of the most promising strategies to increase its therapeutic value, these nanoparticles have fallen short of expectations due to a lack of assessment of their possible adverse effects on the immune system. Therefore, in this work, we report on a new method to encapsulate curcumin into glucan nanoparticles and their effects on cells of the immune system were evaluated. Two different-sized curcumin-loaded glucan NPs (GluCur 100 and GluCur 380) were produced, each with an encapsulation efficiency close to 100%, and were characterized regarding their size distribution, surface properties, and morphology. The results revealed the greatest hemolytic effect and cytotoxicity for the smallest particles (100 nm) tested in human PBMCs and RAW 264.7 cells. Although GluCur 380 NPs showed a weaker ROS production, they were able to inhibit the production of NO by macrophages. Furthermore, we found that the coagulation time was not affected by both sized-particles as well as platelet function. Additionally, both nanoparticles induced lymphocyte proliferation and TNF-α secretion by Mo-DCs. In conclusion, this report emphasizes the importance of the immunotoxicity assessment and how this is dependent on the intrinsic properties of nanomaterials, hopefully contributing to increasing the safety of nanomedicines.

Solubilized curcuminoid complex prevents extensive immunosuppression through immune restoration and antioxidant activity: Therapeutic potential against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)

The therapeutic benefits of curcuminoids in various diseases have been extensively reported. However, little is known regarding their preventive effects on extensive immunosuppression. We investigated the immunoregulatory effects of a curcuminoid complex (CS/M), solubilized with stevioside, using a microwave-assisted method in a cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppressive mouse model and identified its new pharmacological benefits. CTX-treated mice showed a decreased number of innate cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophils, and natural killer (NK) cells, and adaptive immune cells (CD4 and CD8 T cells) in the spleen. In addition, CTX administration decreased T cell activation, especially that of Th1 and CD8 T cells, whereas it increased Th2 and regulatory T (Treg) cell activations. Pre-exposure of CS/M to CTX-induced immunosuppressed mice restored the number of innate cells (DCs, neutrophils, and NK cells) and increased their activity (including the activity of macrophages). Exposure to CS/M also led to the superior restoration of T cell numbers, including Th1, activated CD8 T cells, and multifunctional T cells, suppressed by CTX, along with a decrease in Th2 and Treg cells. Furthermore,CTX-injected mice pre-exposed to CS/M were accompanied by an increase in the levels of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase), which play an essential role against oxidative stress. Importantly, CS/M treatment significantly reduced viral loads in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2-infected hamsters and attenuated the gross pathology in the lungs. These results provide new insights into the immunological properties of CS/M in preventing extensive immunosuppression and offer new therapeutic opportunities against various cancers and infectious diseases caused by viruses and intracellular bacteria.

Medicinal Plants in Peru as a Source of Immunomodulatory Drugs Potentially Useful Against COVID-19

The current COVID-19 pandemic, characterized by a highly contagious severe acute respiratory syndrome, led us to look for medicinal plants as an alternative to obtain new drugs, especially those with immunomodulatory abilities, capable of acting against the pulmonary infection caused by coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Despite medical advances with COVID-19 drugs and vaccines, plant-based compounds could provide an array of suitable candidates to test against this virus, or at the very least, to alleviate some symptoms. Therefore, this review explores some plants widely used in Peru that show immunomodulatory properties or, even more, contain phytoconstituents potentially useful to prevent or alleviate the COVID-19 infection. More interestingly, the present review highlights relevant information from those plants to support the development of new drugs to boost the immune system. We used three criteria to choose nine vegetal species, and a descriptive search was then conducted from 1978 to 2021 on different databases, using keywords focused on the immune system that included information such as pharmacological properties, phytochemical, botanical, ethnobotanical uses, and some clinical trials. From these literature data, our results displayed considerable immunomodulation activity along with anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antioxidant, and antitumoral activities. Noticeably, these pharmacological activities are related with a wide variety of bioactive phytoconstituents (mixtures or isolated compounds) which may be beneficial in modulating the overt inflammatory response in severe COVID-19. Further scientific research on the pharmacological activities and clinical utilization of these potential plants are warranted.

Graphical Abstract

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43450-023-00367-w.

Potential bioactivities via anticancer, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties of cultured mycelial enriched β-D-glucan polysaccharides from a novel fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis OS8

Background

Ophiocordyceps sinensis is well-known worldwide as a traditional medicine. An alternative natural source of O. sinensis is provided by mycelial cultivation. However, the bioactivities of cultured mycelial-enriched β-D-glucan polysaccharides from a novel fungus O. sinensis OS8 are still unknown.

Methods

We investigated the potential bioactivities via anticancer, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory polysaccharides (OS8P) produced from cultured mycelia of O. sinensis OS8. This strain is a novel fungus isolated from natural O. sinensis, which is further cultured by submerged mycelial cultivation for polysaccharide production.

Results

The yield of mycelial biomass was 23.61 g/l, and it contained 306.1 mg/100 g of adenosine and 3.22 g/100 g of polysaccharides. This OS8P was enriched with β-D-glucan at 56.92% and another form of α-D-glucan at 35.32%. The main components of OS8P were dodecamethyl pentasiloxane, 2,6-bis (methylthiomethyl) pyridine, 2-(4-pyrimidinyl)-1H-Benzimidazole, and 2-Chloro-4-(4-nitroanilino)-6-(O-toluidino)-1,3,5-triazine at the rates of 32.5, 20.0, 17.5, and 16.25%, respectively. The growth of colon cancer cells (HT-29) was significantly inhibited by OS8P, with IC₅₀ value of 202.98 µg/ml, and encouraged apoptosis in HT-29 cells as confirmed by morphological change analysis via AO/PI and DAPI staining, DNA fragmentation, and scanning electron microscopic observations. In addition, significant antioxidant activity was demonstrated by OS8P through DPPH and ABTS assays, with IC₅₀ values of 0.52 and 2.07 mg/ml, respectively. The OS8P also exhibited suitable immunomodulatory activities that significantly enhanced (P< 0.05) the induction of splenocyte proliferation.

Conclusion

The OS8P enriched with β-D-glucan polysaccharides and produced by submerged mycelial culture of a new fungal strain of O. sinensis OS8 strongly inhibited the proliferation of colon cancer cells without any cytotoxicity against normal cells. The potential effect of the OS8P on the cancer cells was due to the stimulation of apoptosis. Also, the OS8P exhibited good antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities. The results indicate that OS8P has promising applications in the functional food industry and/or therapeutic agents for colon cancer.

What type of cell death occurs in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion? A review focusing on pyroptosis and its potential therapeutic implications

Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) is a major global disease with chronic cerebral blood flow reduction. It is also the main cause of cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative diseases. Pyroptosis, a novel form of cell death, is characterized by the rupture of the cell membrane and the release of pro-inflammatory mediators. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have identified the involvement of pyroptosis and its mediated inflammatory response in the pathological process of CCH. Therefore, preventing the activation of pyroptosis following CCH is beneficial to inhibit the inflammatory cascade and reduce brain injury. In this review, we discuss the research progress on the relationship between pyroptosis and CCH, in order to provide a reference for research in related fields.

Multifaceted Pharmacological Potentials of Curcumin, Genistein, and Tanshinone IIA through Proteomic Approaches: An In-Depth Review

Phytochemicals possess various intriguing pharmacological properties against diverse pathological conditions. Extensive studies are on-going to understand the structural/functional properties of phytochemicals as well as the molecular mechanisms of their therapeutic function against various disease conditions. Phytochemicals such as curcumin (Cur), genistein (Gen), and tanshinone-IIA (Tan IIA) have multifaceted therapeutic potentials and various efforts are in progress to understand the molecular dynamics of their function with different tools and technologies. Cur is an active lipophilic polyphenol with pleiotropic function, and it has been shown to possess various intriguing properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anticancer, and anti-genotoxic properties besides others beneficial properties. Similarly, Gen (an isoflavone) exhibits a wide range of vital functions including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, pro-apoptotic, anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenic activities etc. In addition, Tan IIA, a lipophilic compound, possesses antioxidant, anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer activities, and so on. Over the last few decades, the field of proteomics has garnered great momentum mainly attributed to the recent advancement in mass spectrometry (MS) techniques. It is envisaged that the proteomics technology has considerably contributed to the biomedical research endeavors lately. Interestingly, they have also been explored as a reliable approach to understand the molecular intricacies related to phytochemical-based therapeutic interventions. The present review provides an overview of the proteomics studies performed to unravel the underlying molecular intricacies of various phytochemicals such as Cur, Gen, and Tan IIA. This in-depth study will help the researchers in better understanding of the pharmacological potential of the phytochemicals at the proteomics level. Certainly, this review will be highly instrumental in catalyzing the translational shift from phytochemical-based biomedical research to clinical practice in the near future.

Drosophila as an Animal Model for Testing Plant-Based Immunomodulators

Allopathic medicines play a key role in the prevention and treatment of diseases. However, long-term consumption of these medicines may cause serious undesirable effects that harm human health. Plant-based medicines have emerged as alternatives to allopathic medicines because of their rare side effects. They contain several compounds that have the potential to improve health and treat diseases in humans, including their function as immunomodulators to treat immune-related diseases. Thus, the discovery of potent and safe immunomodulators from plants is gaining considerable research interest. Recently, Drosophila has gained prominence as a model organism in evaluating the efficacy of plant and plant-derived substances. Drosophila melanogaster "fruit fly" is a well-known, high-throughput model organism that has been used to study different biological aspects of development and diseases for more than 110 years. Most developmental and cell signaling pathways and 75% of human disease-related genes are conserved between humans and Drosophila. Using Drosophila, one can easily examine the pharmacological effects of plants/plant-derived components by employing a variety of tests in flies, such as survival, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cell death tests. This review focused on D. melanogaster's potential for identifying immunomodulatory features associated with plants/plant-derived components.

Immunotherapeutic strategies to induce inflection in the immune response: therapy for cancer and COVID-19

Cancer has agonized the human race for millions of years. The present decade witnesses biological therapeutics to combat cancer effectively. Cancer Immunotherapy involves the use of therapeutics for manipulation of the immune system by immune agents like cytokines, vaccines, and transfection agents. Recently, this therapeutic approach has got vast attention due to the current pandemic COVID-19 and has been very effective. Concerning cancer, immunotherapy is based on the activation of the host's antitumor response by enhancing effector cell number and the production of soluble mediators, thereby reducing the host's suppressor mechanisms by induction of a tumour killing environment and by modulating immune checkpoints. In the present era, immunotherapies have gained traction and momentum as a pedestal of cancer treatment, improving the prognosis of many patients with a wide variety of haematological and solid malignancies. Food supplements, natural immunomodulatory drugs, and phytochemicals, with recent developments, have shown positive trends in cancer treatment by improving the immune system. The current review presents the systematic studies on major immunotherapeutics and their development for the effective treatment of cancers as well as in COVID-19. The focus of the review is to highlight comparative analytics of existing and novel immunotherapies in cancers, concerning immunomodulatory drugs and natural immunosuppressants, including immunotherapy in COVID-19 patients.

Are Plants Capable of Pheomelanin Synthesis? Gas Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry Characterization of Thermally Degraded Melanin Isolated from Echinacea purpurea

Echinacea is a widely used plant medicine, valued especially for its well-documented ability to stimulate the immune system. It has been suggested that melanin could be one of the bioactive factors responsible for the immunostimulatory properties of the plant. The biological functions of melanin pigments are closely related to their chemical composition and structural features. The aim of this study was to characterize the melanin from Echinacea purpurea based on the analysis of thermal degradation products of the well-purified pigment extracted from the dried herb. The melanin was pyrolyzed, and the resulting products were separated by gas chromatography and identified using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in full scan and multiple reaction monitoring modes. Three groups of marker products were detected in the melanin pyrolysate: polyphenol derivatives, nitrogen-containing heterocycles devoid of sulfur, and benzothiazines/benzothiazoles. This suggests that E. purpurea produces three structurally different melanin pigments: allomelanin, eumelanin, and pheomelanin, which in turn may affect the biological activity of the herb. Our results provide the first-ever evidence that plants are capable of synthesizing pheomelanin, which until now, has only been described for representatives of the animal and fungal kingdoms.

The Key Role of Glutathione Compared to Curcumin in the Management of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Systematic Review

In recent years, many documented cases of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have been on the rise. The complicated pathophysiology of the disease makes it challenging to manage. Two databases, PubMed and Google Scholar, have a detailed screening using keywords and Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) combinations. The words are "Systemic Lupus Erythematosus OR SLE OR Lupus," "Glutathione," and "Curcumin." Articles had a detailed process of screening and quality appraisal. Using the English language as a primary filtering parameter, papers over the last 20 years, dating from 2002 to 2022, are the basis of this review. We reviewed all possible human studies documenting the use of curcumin and glutathione for treating SLE. A total of 15 articles are part of this systematic review. Curcumin and glutathione can act as potent drugs for treating lupus. Curcumin can be a more promising alternative since it operates on various pathways and is a more easily accessible source.

Chemical and biological properties of bio-active compounds from garlic (Allium sativum)

Garlic (Allium sativum) is one of the oldest cultivated plants. It has been used as a spice, food, and folk medicine for many years. Garlic contains about 2000 biologically active components. For centuries, scientists have obtained a variety of compositions and physiological activities of garlic, depending on the methods of processing and extraction. Many review articles were published, where the object of the study was garlic. But there are very few broad literature reviews where garlic has been fully disclosed as a medicinal raw material. The study found that some garlic products and processing procedures were not standardized or tested for safety. A broad overview of this object can direct the attention of the scientific community in the right direction. This review contains various processing methods and yields from these extracts. In addition, most of the key physiological properties of the active substances of the raw materials are prescribed.

Curcumin alters distinct molecular pathways in breast cancer subtypes revealed by integrated miRNA/mRNA expression analysis

BACKGROUND

Curcumin is well known for its anticancer properties. Its cytotoxic activity has been documented in several cancer cell lines, including breast cancer. The pleiotropic activity of curcumin as an antioxidant, an antiangiogenic, antiproliferative, and pro-apoptotic, is due to its diverse targets, such as signaling pathways, protein/enzyme, or noncoding gene.

AIM

This study aimed to identify key miRNAs and mRNAs induced by curcumin in breast cancer cells MCF7, T47D (hormone positive), versus MDA-MB231 (hormone negative) using comparative analysis of global gene expression profiles.

METHODS

RNA was isolated and subjected to mRNA and miRNA library sequencing to study the global gene expression profile of curcumin-treated breast cancer cells. The differential expression of gene and miRNA was performed using the DESeq R package. The enriched pathways were studied using cluster profileR, and integrated miRNA-mRNA analysis was carried out using miRtarvis and miRmapper tools.

RESULTS

Curcumin treatment led to upregulation of 59% TSGs in MCF7, 21% in MDA-MB-231 cells, and 36% TSGs in T47D, and downregulation of 57% oncogenes in MCF7, 76% in MDA-MB-231, and 91% in T47D. Similarly, curcumin treatment led to upregulation of 32% TSmiRs in MCF7, 37.5% in MDA-MB231, and 62.5% in T47D, and downregulation of 77% oncomiRs in MCF7, 50% in MDA-MB231 and 28.6% in T47D. Integrated analysis of miRNA-mRNA led to the identification of a common NFKB pathway altered by curcumin in all three cell lines. Analysis of uniquely enriched pathway revealed non-integrin membrane-ECM interactions and laminin interactions in MCF7; extracellular matrix organization and degradation in MDA-MB-231 and cell cycle arrest and G2/M transition in T47D.

CONCLUSION

Curcumin regulates miRNA and mRNA in a cell type-specific manner. The integrative analysis led to the detection of miRNAs and mRNAs pairs, which can be used as biomarkers associated with carcinogenesis, diagnostic, and treatment response in breast cancer.

Cellulose nanocrystals based delivery vehicles for anticancer agent curcumin

Cancer is a complex disease that starts with genetic alterations and mutations in healthy cells. The past decade has witnessed a huge demand for new biocompatibility and high-performance intelligent drug delivery systems. Curcumin (CUR) is a bioactive stimulant with numerous medical benefits. However, because of its hydrophobic nature, it has low bioavailability. The utilization of many biobased materials has been found to improve the loading of hydrophobic drugs. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with exceptional qualities and a wide range of applications, feature strong hydrophilicity and lipophilicity, great emulsification stability, high crystallinity and outstanding mechanical attributes. In this review, numerous CNCs-based composites have been evaluated for involvement in the controlled release of CUR. The first part of the review deals with recent advancements in the extraction of CNCs from lignocellulose biomass. The second elaborates some recent developments in the post-processing of CNCs in conjunction with other materials like natural polymers, synthetic polymers, β-CD, and surfactants for CUR loading/encapsulation and controlled release. Furthermore, numerous CUR drug delivery systems, challenges, and techniques for effective loading/encapsulation of CUR on CNCs-based composites have been presented. Finally, conclusions and future outlooks are also explored.

Reconnoitering the Therapeutic Role of Curcumin in Disease Prevention and Treatment: Lessons Learnt and Future Directions

Turmeric is a plant with a very long history of medicinal use across different cultures. Curcumin is the active part of turmeric, which has exhibited various beneficial physiological and pharmacological effects. This review aims to critically appraise the corpus of literature associated with the above pharmacological properties of curcumin, with a specific focus on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antimicrobial properties. We have also reviewed the different extraction strategies currently in practice, highlighting the strengths and drawbacks of each technique. Further, our review also summarizes the clinical trials that have been conducted with curcumin, which will allow the reader to get a quick insight into the disease/patient population of interest with the outcome that was investigated. Lastly, we have also highlighted the research areas that need to be further scrutinized to better grasp curcumin’s beneficial physiological and medicinal properties, which can then be translated to facilitate the design of better bioactive therapeutic leads.

Recent Discoveries on Marine Organism Immunomodulatory Activities

Marine organisms have been shown to be a valuable source for biologically active compounds for the prevention and treatment of cancer, inflammation, immune system diseases, and other pathologies. The advantage of studying organisms collected in the marine environment lies in their great biodiversity and in the variety of chemical structures of marine natural products. Various studies have focused on marine organism compounds with potential pharmaceutical applications, for instance, as immunomodulators, to treat cancer and immune-mediated diseases. Modulation of the immune system is defined as any change in the immune response that can result in the induction, expression, amplification, or inhibition of any phase of the immune response. Studies very often focus on the effects of marine-derived compounds on macrophages, as well as lymphocytes, by analyzing the release of mediators (cytokines) by using the immunological assay enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot, immunofluorescence, and real-time PCR. The main sources are fungi, bacteria, microalgae, macroalgae, sponges, mollusks, corals, and fishes. This review is focused on the marine-derived molecules discovered in the last three years as potential immunomodulatory drugs.

Anticancer Effect of Spices Used in Mediterranean Diet: Preventive and Therapeutic Potentials

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, with almost 10 million cancer-related deaths worldwide in 2020, so any investigation to prevent or cure this disease is very important. Spices have been studied widely in several countries to treat different diseases. However, studies that summarize the potential anticancer effect of spices used in Mediterranean diet are very limited. This review highlighted chemo-therapeutic and chemo-preventive effect of ginger, pepper, rosemary, turmeric, black cumin and clove. Moreover, the mechanisms of action for each one of them were figured out such as anti-angiogenesis, antioxidant, altering signaling pathways, induction of cell apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest, for several types of cancer. The most widely used spice in Mediterranean diet is black pepper (Piper nigrum L). Ginger and black cumin have the highest anticancer activity by targeting multiple cancer hallmarks. Apoptosis induction is the most common pathway activated by different spices in Mediterranean diet to inhibit cancer. Studies discussed in this review may help researchers to design and test new anticancer diets enriched with selected spices that have high activities.

Prospective Medicinal Plants and Their Phytochemicals Shielding Autoimmune and Cancer Patients Against the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: A Special Focus on Matcha

Background

Being "positive" has been one of the most frustrating words anyone could hear since the end of 2019. This word had been overused globally due to the high infectious nature of SARS-CoV-2. All citizens are at risk of being infected with SARS-CoV-2, but a red warning sign has been directed towards cancer and immune-compromised patients in particular. These groups of patients are not only more prone to catch the virus but also more predisposed to its deadly consequences, something that urged the research community to seek other effective and safe solutions that could be used as a protective measurement for cancer and autoimmune patients during the pandemic.

Aim

The authors aimed to turn the spotlight on specific herbal remedies that showed potential anticancer activity, immuno-modulatory roles, and promising anti-SARS-CoV-2 actions.

Methodology

To attain the purpose of the review, the research was conducted at the States National Library of Medicine (PubMed). To search databases, the descriptors used were as follows: "COVID-19"/"SARS-CoV-2", "Herbal Drugs", "Autoimmune diseases", "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "Asthma", "Multiple Sclerosis", "Systemic Lupus Erythematosus" "Nutraceuticals", "Matcha", "EGCG", "Quercetin", "Cancer", and key molecular pathways.

Results

This manuscript reviewed most of the herbal drugs that showed a triple action concerning anticancer, immunomodulation, and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities. Special attention was directed towards "matcha" as a novel potential protective and therapeutic agent for cancer and immunocompromised patients during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

Conclusion

This review sheds light on the pivotal role of "matcha" as a tri-acting herbal tea having a potent antitumorigenic effect, immunomodulatory role, and proven anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, thus providing a powerful shield for high-risk patients such as cancer and autoimmune patients during the pandemic.

Role of Curcumin as a Potential Immunomodulator to Adjunct Tuberculosis Treatment in Indonesia

This study aimed to highlight and focus on curcumin’s role in enhancing the body defense mechanism against tuberculosis (TB) infection, using a narrative review. This review was identified by four search engines: PubMed, Science Direct, Research Gate, and Google Scholar. We found that as an immunomodulator, curcumin reduces the production of specific cytokines by inhibiting the transcription factor. In the same mechanism, curcumin also activates the host macrophages, dendritic maturation, and modulation of the antigen-presenting cell process. Curcumin also increases apoptosis as a defence mechanism against TB infection. Curcumin also increases B-cell proliferation and downregulates oxidative stress on B-cells. As results, curcumin is a potential immunomodulator that complements M. TB treatment, especially in Indonesia. It can be stated that curcumin is proven to be a promising strategy in complementing TB prevention also treatment.

COVID-19 Crisis, Herbal Medicines, and Natural Products - Concerns and Suggestions

: Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in the last days of 2019 in China, medical experts and organizations worldwide have proposed guidelines for its prevention and treatment. However, despite the availability of state-of-the-art technologies, modern medicine specialists have so far not been successful in controlling it. This has led traditional medicine experts to propagate their knowledge to prevent and cure COVID-19, creating an open debate. According to scientific literature, traditional medicine experts claim beneficial effects of herbal medicines against viral infections and their effectiveness in controlling the symptoms of respiratory disorders. Modern medicine specialists express their concerns about the quality, safety, and efficacy of herbal medicines, in addition to the risk of herb-drug interactions and the lack of randomized clinical studies. Herbal medicines have been popular since prehistoric times, and during the COVID-19 pandemic, they are increasingly used worldwide. The lack of definite cure and the high cost of available modern medicines have also promoted the use of herbal medicines. An evidence-based approach using herbal medicines with proven antiviral activities or containing compounds providing symptomatic relief in COVID-19 can be considered for clinical studies. The interaction of herbal medicines with modern drugs should also be considered in patients taking them. Traditional and modern medicine aim to provide effective and safe treatment and prevent COVID-19 infection. Considering the ground realities of the COVID-19 crisis and keeping in view the worldwide use of herbal medicines, in our opinion, the pros and cons of their use should be carefully weighed, and practical solutions should be considered.

Pharmaceutical Prospects of Curcuminoids for the Remedy of COVID-19: Truth or Myth

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is a positive-strand RNA virus, and has rapidly spread worldwide as a pandemic. The vaccines, repurposed drugs, and specific treatments have led to a surge of novel therapies and guidelines nowadays; however, the epidemic of COVID-19 is not yet fully combated and is still in a vital crisis. In repositioning drugs, natural products are gaining attention because of the large therapeutic window and potent antiviral, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Of note, the predominant curcumoid extracted from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) including phenolic curcumin influences multiple signaling pathways and has demonstrated to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, hypoglycemic, wound healing, chemopreventive, chemosensitizing, and radiosensitizing spectrums. In this review, all pieces of current information related to curcumin-used for the treatment and prevention of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection through in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies, clinical trials, and new formulation designs are retrieved to re-evaluate the applications based on the pharmaceutical efficacy of clinical therapy and to provide deep insights into knowledge and strategy about the curcumin's role as an immune booster, inflammatory modulator, and therapeutic agent against COVID-19. Moreover, this study will also afford a favorable application or approach with evidence based on the drug discovery and development, pharmacology, functional foods, and nutraceuticals for effectively fighting the COVID-19 pandemic.

Immunomodulatory effects of curcumin in systemic autoimmune diseases

Systemic autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus represent various autoimmune conditions identified by immune system dysregulation. The activation of immune cells, auto-antigen outbreak, inflammation, and multi-organ impairment is observed in these disorders. The immune system is an essential complex network of cells and chemical mediators which defends the organism's integrity against foreign microorganisms, and its precise operation and stability are compulsory to avoid a wide range of medical complications. Curcumin is a phenolic ingredient extracted from turmeric and belongs to the Zingiberaceae, or ginger family. Curcumin has multiple functions, such as inhibiting inflammation, oxidative stress, tumor cell proliferation, cell death, and infection. Nevertheless, the immunomodulatory influence of curcumin on immunological reactions/processes remains mostly unknown. In the present narrative review, we sought to provide current information concerning the preclinical and clinical uses of curcumin in systemic autoimmune diseases.