Heat Shock Proteins as Immunomodulants

Marine algae-derived oligosaccharide via protein crotonylation of key targeting for management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the elderly

Global aging is a tendency of the world, as is the increasing prevalence of diabetes, and the two are closely linked. In our early research, Enteromorpha prolifera oligosaccharide (EPO) possesses the excellent ability of anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic. We aim to further explore the deeper mechanism of how EPO delays aging and regulates glycometabolism. EPO effectively impacts crotonylation procession to enhance glucose metabolism and reduce cell senescence in aging diabetic rats. Crotonylation modification of XPO1 influences the expression of critical genes, including p53, CDK1, and CCNB1, which affect cell cycle regulation and aging. Additionally, EPO improves glucose metabolism by inhibiting the crotonylation modification of HSPA8-K126 and activating the AKT pathway. EPO promotes crotonylation of histones in intestinal cells, influencing the aging process by increasing the butyric acid-producing bacteria Ruminococcaceae. The observed enhancement in pyrimidine metabolism underscores EPO's potential role in regulating intestinal health, presenting a promising avenue for delaying aging. In summary, our findings affirm EPO as a naturally bioactive ingredient with significant potential for anti-aging and antidiabetic interventions.

Radiofrequency radiation reshapes tumor immune microenvironment into antitumor phenotype in pulmonary metastatic melanoma by inducing active transformation of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T and NK cells

Immunosuppression by the tumor microenvironment is a pivotal factor contributing to tumor progression and immunotherapy resistance. Priming the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) has emerged as a promising strategy for improving the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. In this study we investigated the effects of noninvasive radiofrequency radiation (RFR) exposure on tumor progression and TIME phenotype, as well as the antitumor potential of PD-1 blockage in a model of pulmonary metastatic melanoma (PMM). Mouse model of PMM was established by tail vein injection of B16F10 cells. From day 3 after injection, the mice were exposed to RFR at an average specific absorption rate of 9.7 W/kg for 1 h per day for 14 days. After RFR exposure, lung tissues were harvested and RNAs were extracted for transcriptome sequencing; PMM-infiltrating immune cells were isolated for single-cell RNA-seq analysis. We showed that RFR exposure significantly impeded PMM progression accompanied by remodeled TIME of PMM via altering the proportion and transcription profile of tumor-infiltrating immune cells. RFR exposure increased the activation and cytotoxicity signatures of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells, particularly in the early activation subset with upregulated genes associated with T cell cytotoxicity. The PD-1 checkpoint pathway was upregulated by RFR exposure in CD8+ T cells. RFR exposure also augmented NK cell subsets with increased cytotoxic characteristics in PMM. RFR exposure enhanced the effector function of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and NK cells, evidenced by increased expression of cytotoxic molecules. RFR-induced inhibition of PMM growth was mediated by RFR-activated CD8+ T cells and NK cells. We conclude that noninvasive RFR exposure induces antitumor remodeling of the TIME, leading to inhibition of tumor progression, which provides a promising novel strategy for TIME priming and potential combination with cancer immunotherapy.

The Role of HSP90 Molecular Chaperones in Depression: Potential Mechanisms

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by high rates of disability and death and has become a public health problem that threatens human life and health worldwide. HPA axis disorder and neuroinflammation are two common biological abnormalities in MDD patients. Hsp90 is an important molecular chaperone that is widely distributed in the organism. Hsp90 binds to the co-chaperone and goes through a molecular chaperone cycle to complete its regulation of the client protein. Numerous studies have demonstrated that Hsp90 regulates how the HPA axis reacts to stress and how GR, the HPA axis' responsive substrate, matures. In addition, Hsp90 exhibits pro-inflammatory effects that are closely related to neuroinflammation in MDD. Currently, Hsp90 inhibitors have made some progress in the treatment of a variety of human diseases, but they still need to be improved. Further insight into the role of Hsp90 in MDD provides new ideas for the development of new antidepressant drugs targeting Hsp90.

Emerging drugs for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

INTRODUCTION

Approved drug therapies for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are lacking, for which various agents are currently being tested in clinical trials. Effective drugs for liver fibrosis, the factor most associated with prognosis in NASH, are important.

AREAS COVERED

This study reviewed the treatment of NASH with a focus on the effects of existing drugs and new drugs on liver fibrosis.

EXPERT OPINION

Considering the complex pathophysiology of fibrosis in NASH, drug therapy may target multiple pathways. The method of assessing fibrosis is important when considering treatment for liver fibrosis in NASH. The Food and Drug Administration considers an important fibrosis endpoint to be histological improvement in at least one fibrosis stage while preventing worsening of fatty hepatitis. To obtain approval as a drug for NASH, efficacy needs to be demonstrated on endpoints such as liver-related events and myocardial infarction. Among the current therapeutic agents for NASH, thiazolidinedione, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2, and selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α modulator have been reported to be effective against fibrosis, although further evidence is required. The effects of pan-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, obeticholic acid, and fibroblast growth factor-21 analogs on liver fibrosis in the development stage therapeutics for NASH are of particular interest.

Reactive metabolite of trovafloxacin activates inflammasomes: Implications for trovafloxacin-induced liver injury

Trovafloxacin is a quinolone antibiotic drug with broad-spectrum activity, which was withdrawn from a global market relatively soon after approval because of serious liver injury. The characteristics of trovafloxacin-induced liver injury are consistent with an idiosyncratic reaction; however, the details of the mechanism have not been elucidated. We examined whether trovafloxacin induces the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that activate inflammasomes. We also tested ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, and grepafloxacin for their ability to activate inflammasomes. Drug bioactivation was performed with human hepatocarcinoma functional liver cell-4 (FLC-4) cells, and THP-1 cells (human monocyte cell line) were used for the detection of inflammasome activation. The supernatant from the incubation of trovafloxacin with FLC-4 cells for 7 days increased caspase-1 activity and production of IL-1ß by THP-1 cells. In the supernatant of FLC-4 cells that had been incubated with trovafloxacin, heat shock protein (HSP) 40 was significantly increased. Addition of a cytochrome P450 inhibitor to the FLC-4 cells prevented the release of HSP40 from the FLC-4 cells and inflammasome activation in THP-1 cells by the FLC-4 supernatant. These results suggest that reactive metabolites of trovafloxacin can cause the release of DAMPs from hepatocytes that can activate inflammasomes. Inflammasome activation may be an important step in the activation of the immune system by trovafloxacin, which, in some patients, can cause immune-related liver injury.

YTHDF3 phase separation regulates HSPA13-dependent clear cell renal cell carcinoma development and immune evasion

Insufficient understanding about the immune evasion mechanism leads to the inability in predicting current immunotherapy effects in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and sensitizing ccRCC to immunotherapy. RNA binding proteins (RBPs) can promote tumor progression and immune evasion. However, research on RBPs, particularly m6A reader YTHDF3, in ccRCC development and immune evasion is limited. In this study, we found that YTHDF3 level was downregulated in ccRCC and was an independent prognostic biomarker for ccRCC. Decreased YTHDF3 expression was correlated with the malignancy, immune evasion, and poor response to anti-programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1)/CTLA-4 in ccRCC. YTHDF3 overexpression restrained ccRCC cell malignancy, PD-L1 expression, CD8+ T cell infiltration and activities in vivo, indicating its inhibitory role in ccRCC development and immune evasion. Mechanistically, YTHDF3 WT was found to have phase separation characteristics and suppress ccRCC malignancy and immune evasion. Whereas YTHDF3 mutant, which disrupted phase separation, abolished its function. YTHDF3 enhanced the degradation of its target mRNA HSPA13 by phase separation and recruiting DDX6, resulting in the downregulation of the downstream immune checkpoint PD-L1. HSPA13 overexpression restored ccRCC malignancy and immune evasion suppressed by YTHDF3 overexpression. In all, our results identify a new model of YTHDF3 in regulating ccRCC progression and immune evasion through phase separation.

Whole-genome resequencing reveals genetic diversity and adaptive evolution in Chinese honeybee (Apis cerana cerana) in Guizhou, China

Introduction: Guizhou Province, characterized by complex and diverse geographic and climatic environments, has rich genetic resources for the Chinese honeybee (Apis cerana cerana) and is one of the main bee-producing areas in China. However, research on the genetic diversity of Chinese honeybee in the Guizhou region is very limited, despite implications for conservation of biodiversity. Methods: In this study, we analyzed the genetic diversity, differentiation, and selection signals based on 116 Chinese honeybees from 12 regions in Guizhou Province using whole-genome sequencing. Results: We identified 1,400,430 high-quality SNPs across all samples. A population structure analysis revealed two independent genetic subgroups of Chinese honeybees in Guizhou, a Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau population in western Guizhou and a hilly-mountainous population in eastern Guizhou. The average nucleotide diversity (Pi) ranged from 0.00138 to 0.00161 and average expected heterozygosity (He) ranged from 0.2592 to 0.2604. The average genetic differentiation index (F ST) for Chinese honeybees in pairwise comparisons of 12 regions ranged from 0.0094 to 0.0293. There was clear genetic differentiation between the western plateau and the eastern hilly mountainous areas of Guizhou; however, F ST values between the eastern and western populations ranged from 0.0170 to 0.0293, indicating a low degree of differentiation. A genome-wide scan revealed a number of genes under selection in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau environment. These genes were related to growth and development, reproduction, and cold resistance, and several candidate genes involved in environmental adaptation were identified, including CTR, MAPK, MAST, HSF, and MKKK. Discussion: The results of the present study provide important theoretical bases for the conservation, evaluation, development, and utilization of genetic resources for Chinese honeybees in the Guizhou region and for further investigations of environmental adaptation and underlying mechanisms in the species.

High-throughput quantitation of protein-RNA UV-crosslinking efficiencies as a predictive tool for high-confidence identification of RNA-binding proteins

UV-crosslinking has proven to be an invaluable tool for the identification of RNA-protein interactomes. The paucity of methods for distinguishing background from bona fide RNA-protein interactions, however, makes attribution of RNA-binding function on UV-crosslinking alone challenging. To address this need, we previously reported an RNA-binding protein (RBP) confidence scoring metric (RCS), incorporating both signal-to-noise (S:N) and protein abundance determinations to distinguish high- and low-confidence candidate RBPs. Although RCS has utility, we sought a direct metric for quantification and comparative evaluation of protein-RNA interactions. Here we propose the use of protein-specific UV-crosslinking efficiency (%CL), representing the molar fraction of a protein that is crosslinked to RNA, for functional evaluation of candidate RBPs. Application to the HeLa RNA interactome yielded %CL values for 1097 proteins. Remarkably, %CL values span over five orders of magnitude. For the HeLa RNA interactome, %CL values comprise a range from high efficiency, high specificity interactions, e.g., the Elav protein HuR and the Pumilio homolog Pum2, with %CL values of 45.9 and 24.2, respectively, to very low efficiency and specificity interactions, for example, the metabolic enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, and alpha-enolase, with %CL values of 0.0016, 0.006, and 0.008, respectively. We further extend the utility of %CL through prediction of protein domains and classes with known RNA-binding functions, thus establishing it as a useful metric for RNA interactome analysis. We anticipate that this approach will benefit efforts to establish functional RNA interactomes and support the development of more predictive computational approaches for RBP identification.

DNAJC24 acts directly with PCNA and promotes malignant progression of LUAD by activating phosphorylation of AKT

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a group of highly conserved proteins found in a wide range of organisms. In recent years, members of the HSP family were overexpressed in various tumors and widely involved in oncogenesis, tumor development, and therapeutic resistance. In our previous study, DNAJC24, a member of the DNAJ/HSP40 family of HSPs, was found to be closely associated with the malignant phenotype of hepatocellular carcinoma. However, its relationship with other malignancies needs to be further explored. Herein, we demonstrated that DNAJC24 exhibited upregulated expression in LUAD tissue samples and predicted poor survival in LUAD patients. The upregulation of DNAJC24 expression promoted proliferation and invasion of LUAD cells in A549 and NCI-H1299 cell lines. Further studies revealed that DNAJC24 could regulate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway by affecting AKT phosphorylation. In addition, a series of experiments such as Co-IP and mass spectrometry confirmed that DNAJC24 could directly interact with PCNA and promoted the malignant phenotypic transformation of LUAD. In conclusion, our results suggested that DNAJC24 played an important role in the progression of LUAD and may serve as a specific prognostic biomarker for LUAD patients. The DNAJC24/PCNA/AKT axis may be a potential target for future individualized and precise treatment of LUAD patients.

Rutin Nanoparticles Alleviate Cadmium-Induced Oxidative and Immune Damage in Broilers' Bursa of Fabricius via Modulating Hsp70/TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway

Cadmium (Cd) is a serious environmental pollutant affecting various tissues/organs in broilers and compromising their immunological function and productivity. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate Cd-induced immunotoxicity and potential immunoprotective effect of rutin nanoparticles (RNPs) in the bursal tissue of broilers. A total number of 150 chicks from the Hubbard breed were randomly divided into 5 groups. Group I was fed on standard basal diet (SD) with normal drinking water (DW), Group II received SD containing RNPs (50 mg/kg feed) with DW, Group III fed on SD and DW containing Cd (150 mg/L), Group IV co-treated with rutin-enforced SD (50 mg/kg diet) and DW containing Cd (150 mg/L), and finally, Group V co-supplemented with RNP-enhanced SD (50 mg/kg diet) DW containing Cd (150 mg/L). Productive performance, economic efficiency, oxidative biomarkers, histopathological changes, and the expression level of TLR-4, HSP-70, caspase 3, NF-κB, Bcl-2, and Bax were assessed in the BF tissue. Cd led to severe production and economic losses in exposed birds with a marked surge of oxidative biomarkers, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and histopathological changes in the bursal tissue which could be explained through upregulation of the Hsp70/TLR4/NF-κB molecular pathway in the BF tissue. Meanwhile, RNPs could alleviate most of these changes and prevail optimistic immunomodulatory properties which subsequently could enhance broilers' productivity when incorporated in their diets.

Overexpression of HSP27 accelerates stress-induced gastric ulcer healing via the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis

Chronic stress often triggers gastrointestinal complications, including gastric injury and ulcers. Understanding the role of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) in stress-induced gastric ulcers could unveil novel therapeutic targets. Here, we established a stress-induced gastric ulcer rat model using water immersion restraint stress and administered adenovirus-packaged HSP27 overexpression vector. Gastric ulcer severity was scored, and mucosal changes were assessed. Gastric epithelial and endothelial cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide and transfected with HSP27 overexpression vectors to evaluate cell viability, migration and angiogenesis. Expression levels of HSP27, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) and C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) were measured in tissues and cells. HSP27 expression was initially low during stress-induced gastric ulceration but increased during ulcer healing. HSP27 overexpression accelerated ulcer healing in rats, promoting gastric epithelial cell proliferation and migration and gastric endothelial cell angiogenesis through the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis. Inhibitor IT1t reversed the effects of HSP27 overexpression on cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis. In summary, HSP27 overexpression facilitated ulcer healing, which was partially mediated by the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis.

Immune cell-related prognostic risk model and tumor immune environment modulation in esophageal carcinoma based on single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing

BACKGROUND

Immune cells play a pivotal role in the tumor microenvironment, exerting significant influence on tumor progression and patient outcomes, but the current biomarkers are insufficient to fully capture the complex and diverse tumor immune microenvironment and the impact of immunotherapy.

METHODS

The advent of single-cell sequencing allows us to explore the tumor microenvironment at an unprecedented resolution, enabling the identification and characterization of distinct subsets of immune cells, thereby paving the way for the development of prognostic models using immune cells. Leveraging single-cell data, our study deeply investigated the intricacies of immune microenvironment heterogeneity in esophageal carcinoma.

RESULTS

We elucidated the composition, functionality, evolution, and intercellular communication patterns of immune cells, culminating in the construction of an independent prognostic model at the single-cell level. Furthermore, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of disparities in immune infiltration and immune checkpoint expression between patients categorized into high- and low-risk groups, which may impact patient prognosis.

CONCLUSION

In summary, our study harnessed multiomics data to delineate the immune profile of esophageal carcinoma patients, provide a method for leveraging molecular signatures of immune cells to identify potential biomarkers, while concurrently providing evidence for the potential benefits of immunotherapy.

Combination therapy involving HSP90 inhibitors for combating cancer: an overview of clinical and preclinical progress

The molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) regulates multiple crucial signalling pathways in cancer by driving the maturation of key signalling components, thereby playing a crucial role in tumorigenesis and drug resistance in cancer. Inhibition of HSP90 results in metastable conformational collapse of its client proteins and their proteasomal degradation. Considerable efforts have been devoted to the development of small-molecule inhibitors targeting HSP90, and more than 20 inhibitors have been evaluated in clinical trials for cancer therapy. However, owing to disadvantages such as organ toxicity and drug resistance, only one HSP90 inhibitor has been approved for use in clinical settings. In recent years, HSP90 inhibitors used in combination with other anti-cancer therapies have shown remarkable potential in the treatment of cancer. HSP90 inhibitors work synergistically with various anti-cancer therapies, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation therapy and immunotherapy. HSP90 inhibitors can improve the pharmacological effects of the above-mentioned therapies and reduce treatment resistance. This review provides an overview of the use of combination therapy with HSP90 inhibitors and other anti-cancer therapies in clinical and preclinical studies reported in the past decade and summarises design strategies and prospects for these combination therapies. Altogether, this review provides a theoretical basis for further research and application of these combination therapies in the treatment of cancer.

Heat shock protein-related diagnostic signature and molecular subtypes in ankylosing spondylitis: new pathogenesis insights

Heat shock proteins (HSP) have been associated with a range of persistent inflammatory disorders; however, little research has been conducted on the involvement of HSP in the development of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The research aims to identify a diagnostic signature based on HSP-related genes and determine the molecular subtypes of AS. We gathered the transcriptional data of patients with AS from the GSE73754 dataset and conducted a literature search for HSP-related genes (HRGs). The logistic regression model was utilized for the identification of hub HRGs associated with AS. Subsequently, these HRGs were employed in the construction of a nomogram prediction model. We employed a consensus clustering approach to identify novel molecular subgroups. Subsequently, we conducted functional analyses, encompassing GO, KEGG, and GSEA, to elucidate the underlying mechanisms between these subgroups. To assess the immunological landscape, we employed the xCell algorithm. Through logistic regression analysis, the four core HRGs (CCT2, HSPA6, DNAJB14, and DNAJC5) were confirmed as potential biomarkers for AS. Subsequent stratification revealed two distinct molecular phenotypes, designated as Cluster 1 and Cluster 2. Notably, Cluster 2 was characterized by the upregulation of pathways pertinent to immune response and inflammation. Our research suggests that the CCT2, HSPA6, DNAJB14, and DNAJC5 exhibit potential as effective blood-based diagnostic biomarkers for AS. These findings contribute to a deeper comprehension of the underlying mechanisms involved in the development of AS and offer potential targets for personalized therapeutic interventions.

Model fusion for predicting unconventional proteins secreted by exosomes using deep learning

Unconventional secretory proteins (USPs) are vital for cell-to-cell communication and are necessary for proper physiological processes. Unlike classical proteins that follow the conventional secretory pathway via the Golgi apparatus, these proteins are released using unconventional pathways. The primary modes of secretion for USPs are exosomes and ectosomes, which originate from the endoplasmic reticulum. Accurate and rapid identification of exosome-mediated secretory proteins is crucial for gaining valuable insights into the regulation of non-classical protein secretion and intercellular communication, as well as for the advancement of novel therapeutic approaches. Although computational methods based on amino acid sequence prediction exist for predicting unconventional proteins secreted by exosomes (UPSEs), they suffer from significant limitations in terms of algorithmic accuracy. In this study, we propose a novel approach to predict UPSEs by combining multiple deep learning models that incorporate both protein sequences and evolutionary information. Our approach utilizes a convolutional neural network (CNN) to extract protein sequence information, while various densely connected neural networks (DNNs) are employed to capture evolutionary conservation patterns.By combining six distinct deep learning models, we have created a superior framework that surpasses previous approaches, achieving an ACC score of 77.46% and an MCC score of 0.5406 on an independent test dataset.

Heat Shock Proteins, a Double-Edged Sword: Significance in Cancer Progression, Chemotherapy Resistance and Novel Therapeutic Perspectives

Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are involved in one of the adaptive mechanisms protecting cells against environmental and metabolic stress. Moreover, the large role of these proteins in the carcinogenesis process, as well as in chemoresistance, was noticed. This review aims to draw attention to the possibilities of using Hsps in developing new cancer therapy methods, as well as to indicate directions for future research on this topic. In order to discuss this matter, a thorough review of the latest scientific literature was carried out, taking into account the importance of selected proteins from the Hsp family, including Hsp27, Hsp40, Hsp60, Hsp70, Hsp90 and Hsp110. One of the more characteristic features of all Hsps is that they play a multifaceted role in cancer progression, which makes them an obvious target for modern anticancer therapy. Some researchers emphasize the importance of directly inhibiting the action of these proteins. In turn, others point to their possible use in the design of cancer vaccines, which would work by inducing an immune response in various types of cancer. Due to these possibilities, it is believed that the use of Hsps may contribute to the progress of oncoimmunology, and thus help in the development of modern anticancer therapies, which would be characterized by higher effectiveness and lower toxicity to the patients.

HSPA4 upregulation induces immune evasion via ALKBH5/CD58 axis in gastric cancer

INTRODUCTION

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Recently, targeted therapies including PD1 (programmed cell death 1) antibodies have been used in advanced GC patients. However, identifying new biomarker for immunotherapy is still urgently needed. The objective of this study is to unveil the immune evasion mechanism of GC cells and identify new biomarkers for immune checkpoint blockade therapy in patients with GC.

METHODS

Coimmunoprecipitation and meRIP were performed to investigate the mechanism of immune evasion of GC cells. Cocuture system was established to evaluate the cytotoxicity of cocultured CD8+ T cells. The clinical significance of HSPA4 upregulation was analyzed by multiplex fluorescent immunohistochemistry staining in GC tumor tissues.

RESULTS

Histone acetylation causes HSPA4 upregulation in GC tumor tissues. HSPA4 upregulation increases the protein stability of m6A demethylase ALKBH5. ALKBH5 decreases CD58 in GC cells through m6A methylation regulation. The cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells are impaired and PD1/PDL1 axis is activated when CD8+ T cells are cocultured with HSPA4 overexpressed GC cells. HSPA4 upregulation is associated with worse 5-year overall survival of GC patients receiving only surgery. It is an independent prognosis factor for worse survival of GC patients. In GC patients receiving the combined chemotherapy with anti-PD1 immunotherapy, HSPA4 upregulation is observed in responders compared with non-responders.

CONCLUSION

HSPA4 upregulation causes the decrease of CD58 in GC cells via HSPA4/ALKBH5/CD58 axis, followed by PD1/PDL1 activation and impairment of CD8+ T cell's cytotoxicity, finally induces immune evasion of GC cells. HSPA4 upregulation is associated with worse overall survival of GC patients with only surgery. Meanwhile, HSPA4 upregulation predicts for better response in GC patients receiving the combined immunotherapy.

Luteolin enhanced antioxidant capability and induced pyroptosis through NF-κB/NLRP3/Caspase-1 in splenic lymphocytes exposure to ammonia

During feeding process in intensive chicken farms, the prolonged exposure of chickens to elevated level of ammonia leads to substantial economic losses within poultry farming industry. Luteolin (Lut), known as its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, possesses the ability to eliminate free radicals and enhance the activities of antioxidant enzymes, thus rendering it highly esteemed in production. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of Lut on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses of chicken splenic lymphocytes exposed to ammonia. In order to achieve this, we have replicated a protective model involving Lut against ammonia exposure in chicken splenic lymphocytes. The findings of the study indicated that Lut mitigated the elevation of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by ammonia poisoning. Additionally, Lut demonstrated an increase in the expression of antioxidant enzymes, namely superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Furthermore, Lut exhibited a protective effect on cell morphology and ultrastructure following exposure to ammonia. Moreover, Lut exhibited a reduction in the expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and inflammatory cytokines, which were found to be highly expressed in splenic lymphocytes after ammonia exposure. Additionally, Lut demonstrated the ability to inhibit the overexpression of pyroptosis-related genes and proteins (NLRP3 and Caspase-1) in splenic lymphocytes following ammonia exposure. Lut exerted an antioxidant effect on lymphocytes, counteracting elevated levels of oxidative stress following exposure to ammonia. Additionally, Lut had the potential to modulate the expression of HSPs, suppressed the inflammatory response subsequent to ammonia exposure, and influenced the expression of NLRP3 and Caspase-1, thereby mitigating pyroptosis induced by ammonia exposure. The exploration of this subject matter can elucidate the protective properties of Lut against NH4Cl-induced damage in chicken splenic lymphocytes, while also offer insights and experimental groundwork for the utilization of natural therapeutics in animal husbandry to prevent and treat ammonia-related conditions.

Extracellular vesicles ameliorates sleep deprivation induced anxiety-like behavior and cognitive impairment in mice

The aim of this research was to explore the therapeutic capabilities of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) that had been subjected to heat shock pretreatment, in treating psychiatric disorders induced by sleep deprivation in mice. The EVs were isolated and characterized, while western blotting was utilized to assess the expression of exosomal markers and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). To evaluate the impact of EV treatment on anxiety-like behavior and cognitive impairment in sleep-deprived (SD) mice, the open field test, plus maze test, and Y-maze task were conducted. Heat shock pretreatment significantly increased the expression of HSP70 in EVs. Administration of EVs from heat shock-pretreated hUC-MSCs improved anxiety-like behavior and cognitive function in SD mice. Furthermore, EV treatment promoted synaptic protein expression, HSP70 expression and inhibited neuroinflammation in the hippocampus of SD mice. Western blotting analysis also revealed that EV treatment reduced the levels of TLR4 and p65 in the hippocampus. EVs from heat shock-pretreated hUC-MSCs have therapeutic potential for sleep deprivation-induced psychiatric disorders by regulating neuroinflammation and synaptic function in mice.

Involvement of Extracellular Vesicles in the Proinflammatory Response to Clozapine: Implications for Clozapine-Induced Agranulocytosis

Most idiosyncratic drug reactions (IDRs) appear to be immune-mediated, but mechanistic events preceding severe reaction onset remain poorly defined. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) may contribute to both innate and adaptive immune phases of IDRs, and changes in extracellular vesicle (EV) cargo have been detected post-exposure to several IDR-associated drugs. To explore the hypothesis that EVs are also a source of DAMPs in the induction of the immune response preceding drug-induced agranulocytosis, the proteome and immunogenicity of clozapine- (agranulocytosis-associated drug) and olanzapine- (non-agranulocytosis-associated drug) exposed EVs were compared in two preclinical models: THP-1 macrophages and Sprague-Dawley rats. Compared with olanzapine, clozapine induced a greater increase in the concentration of EVs enriched from both cell culture media and rat serum. Moreover, treatment of drug-naïve THP-1 cells with clozapine-exposed EVs induced an inflammasome-dependent response, supporting a potential role for EVs in immune activation. Proteomic and bioinformatic analyses demonstrated an increased number of differentially expressed proteins with clozapine that were enriched in pathways related to inflammation, myeloid cell chemotaxis, wounding, transforming growth factor-β signaling, and negative regulation of stimuli response. These data indicate that, although clozapine and olanzapine exposure both alter the protein cargo of EVs, clozapine-exposed EVs carry mediators that exhibit significantly greater immunogenicity. Ultimately, this supports the working hypothesis that drugs associated with a risk of IDRs induce cell stress, release of proinflammatory mediators, and early immune activation that precedes severe reaction onset. Further studies characterizing EVs may elucidate biomarkers that predict IDR risk during development of drug candidates. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This work demonstrates that clozapine, an idiosyncratic drug-induced agranulocytosis (IDIAG)-associated drug, but not olanzapine, a safer structural analogue, induces an acute proinflammatory response and increases extracellular vesicle (EV) release in two preclinical models. Moreover, clozapine-exposed EVs are more immunogenic, as measured by their ability to activate inflammasomes, and contain more differentially expressed proteins, highlighting a novel role for EVs during the early immune response to clozapine and enhancing our mechanistic understanding of IDIAG and other idiosyncratic reactions.

MulCNN-HSP: A multi-scale convolutional neural networks-based deep learning method for classification of heat shock proteins

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are crucial cellular stress proteins that react to environmental cues, ensuring the preservation of cellular functions. They also play pivotal roles in orchestrating the immune response and participating in processes associated with cancer. Consequently, the classification of HSPs holds immense significance in enhancing our understanding of their biological functions and in various diseases. However, the use of computational methods for identifying and classifying HSPs still faces challenges related to accuracy and interpretability. In this study, we introduced MulCNN-HSP, a novel deep learning model based on multi-scale convolutional neural networks, for identifying and classifying of HSPs. Comparative results showed that MulCNN-HSP outperforms or matches existing models in the identification and classification of HSPs. Furthermore, MulCNN-HSP can extract and analyze essential features for the prediction task, enhancing its interpretability. To facilitate its accessibility, we have made MulCNN-HSP available at http://cbcb.cdutcm.edu.cn/HSP/. We hope that MulCNN-HSP will contribute to advancing the study of HSPs and their roles in various biological processes and diseases.

Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of the Insecticide Fipronil Modulated Molecular Response in Chironomus riparius

Pesticides employed worldwide for crop protection easily reach aquatic systems, which act as the main reservoirs, and become a risk factor for aquatic fauna. Fipronil is a broad-spectrum insecticide acting on the insect nervous system; however, other effects and systems unrelated to this mechanism could be affected in non-target organisms. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the impact of fipronil on the suborganismal response (gene expression and enzymatic activity) of Chironomus riparius larvae as a model organism in ecotoxicology. To this end, short-term toxicity tests were carried out with fourth-instar larvae exposed to 0.001, 0.01, and 0.1 µg L-1 of fipronil for 24 and 96 h. Messenger RNA levels of 42 genes related to diverse metabolic pathways were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction, complemented with catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities. Few effects were observed at 24 h; however, after longer exposure (96 h), genes involved in the endocrine, detoxification, stress, and immune response pathways were altered. Moreover, fipronil at 96 h increased CAT and GST activity at 0.01 µg L-1 and AChE at the highest concentrations. The results demonstrate that even low environmentally relevant fipronil concentrations can modulate the molecular response of several cellular pathways in C. riparius after short-term exposure. These results bring new information about the underlying response of fipronil and its mode of action on a key aquatic invertebrate. Despite no effects on mortality, strong modulation at the suborganismal level emphasizes the advantage of biomarkers as early damage responses and the harmful impact of this pesticide on freshwater organisms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:405-417. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.

Molecular evolution of the heat shock protein family and the role of HSP30 in immune response and wound healing in lampreys (Lethenteron reissneri)

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperones that ubiquitously exist in various organisms and play essential roles in protein folding, transport, and expression. While most HSPs are highly conserved across species, a few HSPs are evolutionarily distinct in some species and may have unique functions. To explore the evolutionary history of the vertebrate HSP family, we identify members of the HSP family at the genome-wide level in lampreys (Lethenteron reissneri), a living representative of jawless vertebrates diverged from jawed vertebrates over 500 million years ago. The phylogenetic analysis reveals that the lamprey HSP family contains HSP90a1, HSP90a2, HSC70, HSP60, HSP30, HSP27, HSP17, and HSP10, which have a primitive status in the molecular evolution of vertebrate HSPs. Transcriptome analysis reveals the expression distribution of members of the HSP family in various tissues of lampreys. It is shown that HSP30, normally found in birds, amphibians, and fish, is also present in lampreys, with remarkable expansion of HSP30 gene copies in the lamprey genome. The transcription of HSP30 is significantly induced in leukocytes and heart of lampreys during various pathogens or poly(I:C) stimulation, indicating that HSP30 may be involved in the immune defense of lampreys in response to bacterial or viral infection. Immunohistochemistry demonstrates significantly increased HSP30 expression in subcutaneous muscle tissue after skin injury in lamprey models of wound repair. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis shows that ectopic expression of HSP30 in 3T3-L1 fibroblasts affect the expression of genes related to the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, suggesting that HSP30 could serves as a negative regulator of fibrosis. These results indicate that HSP30 may play a critical role in facilitating the process of lamprey skin repair following injury. This study provides new insights into the origin and evolution of the HSP gene family in vertebrates and offers valuable clues to reveal the important role of HSP30 in immune defense and wound healing of lampreys.

Manganese nutrient mitigates ammonia, arsenic toxicity and high temperature stress using gene regulation via NFkB mechanism in fish

The ongoing challenges of climate change and pollution are major factors disturbing ecosystems, including aquatic systems. They also have an impact on gene regulation and biochemical changes in aquatic animals, including fish. Understanding the mechanisms of gene regulation and biochemical changes due to climate change and pollution in aquatic animals is a challenging task. However, with this backdrop, the present investigation was conducted to explore the effects of arsenic (As) and ammonia (NH3) toxicity and high-temperature (T) stress on gene regulation and biochemical profiles, mitigated by dietary manganese (Mn) in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. The fish were exposed to different combinations of As, NH3, and T, and fed with dietary Mn at 4, 8, and 12 mg kg-1 to evaluate the gene expression of immunity, antioxidative status, cytokine, and NfKB signaling pathway genes. HSP 70, cytochrome P450 (CYP 450), metallothionein (MT), DNA damage-inducible protein (DDIP), caspase (CAS), tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), toll-like receptor (TLR), interleukin (IL), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were noticeably highly upregulated by As + NH3 + T stress, whereas Mn diet at 8 mg kg-1 downregulated these genes. Further, total immunoglobulin (Ig), myostatin (MYST), somatostatin (SMT), growth hormone (GH), growth hormone regulator 1 and β, insulin-like growth factors (IGF1X1 and IGF1X2) were significantly upregulated by Mn diets. The biochemical profiles were highly affected by stressors (As + NH3 + T). The bioaccumulation of arsenic in different tissues was also notably reduced by Mn diets. Furthermore, the infectivity of the fish was reduced, and survival against pathogenic bacteria was enhanced by Mn diet at 8 mg kg-1. The results of the present investigation revealed that dietary Mn at 8 mg kg-1 controls gene regulation against multiple stressors (As, NH3, As + NH3, NH3 + T, As + NH3 + T) in fish.

Heat Shock Protein SSA1 Enriched in Hypoxic Secretome of Candida albicans Exerts an Immunomodulatory Effect via Regulating Macrophage Function

Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogenic yeast that can survive in both normoxic and hypoxic environments. The involvement of C. albicans secretome on host biological processes has been demonstrated. However, the immunoregulatory function of C. albicans secretome released under hypoxic condition remains unclear. This study demonstrated the differences in cytokine responses and protein profiles between secretomes prepared under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, the immunoregulatory effects of heat shock protein SSA1(Ssa1), a protein candidate enriched in the hypoxic secretome, were investigated. Stimulation of mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) with Ssa1 resulted in the significant production of interleukin (IL)-10, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α as well as the significant expression of M2b macrophage markers (CD86, CD274 and tumor necrosis factor superfamily member 14), suggesting that C. albicans Ssa1 may promote macrophage polarization towards an M2b-like phenotype. Proteomic analysis of Ssa1-treated BMMs also revealed that Ssa1 reduced inflammation-related factors (IL-18-binding protein, IL-1 receptor antagonist protein, OX-2 membrane glycoprotein and cis-aconitate decarboxylase) and enhanced the proteins involved in anti-inflammatory response (CMRF35-like molecule 3 and macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor). Based on these results, we investigated the effect of Ssa1 on C. albicans infection and showed that Ssa1 inhibited the uptake of C. albicans by BMMs. Taken together, our results suggest that C. albicans alters its secretome, particularly by promoting the release of Ssa1, to modulate host immune response and survive under hypoxic conditions.

Upregulation of PD-1/PD-L1 and downregulation of immune signaling pathways lead to more severe visceral leishmaniasis in undernutrition mice

BACKGROUND

Leishmaniasis is mainly prevalent in tropical and subtropical developing countries, where chronic undernutrition often co-exists. Undernutrition is reported to promote the progression of leishmaniasis, but its immune mechanisms have not been fully elucidated.

METHODS

To simulate chronic undernutrition of patients in epidemic areas and explore the immune mechanism of undernutrition promoting leishmaniasis, BALB/c mouse models with different nutritional imbalances were established, including undernutrition 75%, undernutrition 65% and obesity mouse models. After infection with Leishmania donovani in these model mice, we focused on evaluating the progress of leishmaniasis in the spleen and liver, the expression of important immunosuppressive and immunoactivation molecules, and changes of spleen transcriptome. The immune signaling pathways enriched by differentially expressed genes and hub genes were analyzed.

RESULTS

The results showed that among the mouse infection models, undernutrition 75% + infection group had the highest parasite load in the spleen and liver at the 8th week post-infection, possibly due to the continuous increase of PD-1, PD-L1 and TCR. Spleen RNA-seq results suggested that some immune signaling pathways were downregulated in undernutrition 75% + infection group, including neutrophil extracellular trap formation, IL-17 signaling pathway, natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity, etc. Among them, neutrophil extracellular trap formation pathway had the largest number of downregulated genes. This also explained why undernutrition 75% + infection group had the highest parasite load. Through PPI network analysis, hub genes such as Lcn2, Ltf, Mpo, Dnaja1, Hspa1a, Hspa1b and Hsph1 were screened out and might play important roles in the process of undernutrition promoting leishmaniasis.

CONCLUSIONS

Undernutrition upregulated PD-1 and PD-L1 expression and downregulated immune signaling pathways in mice with visceral leishmaniasis. The signaling pathways and hub genes may serve as drug targets or intervention targets for the treatment of leishmaniasis patients with undernutrition.

The Genetic Selection of HSPD1 and HSPE1 Reduce Inflammation of Liver and Spleen While Restraining the Growth and Development of Skeletal Muscle in Wuzhishan Pigs

Wuzhishan (WZS) pigs, which are minipigs native to Hainan Province in China, are characterized by strong resistance to extreme hot temperatures and humidity. The relationship between their immune response and growth still needs to be clarified. In this study, we used whole genome sequencing (WGS) to detect variations within 37 WZS pigs, 32 Large White (LW) pigs, and 22 Xiangxi black (XXB) pigs, and ~2.49 GB of SNPs were obtained. These data were combined with those of two other pig breeds, and it was found that most of the genes detected (354) were located within the distinct genetic regions between WZS pigs and LW pigs. The network that was constructed using these genes represented a center including 12 hub genes, five of which had structural variations (SVs) within their regulatory regions. Furthermore, RNA-seq and RT-qPCR data for 12 genes were primarily consistent in liver, spleen, and LDM tissues. Notably, the expression of HSPs (HSPD1 and HSPE1) was higher while that of most genes involved in the JAK3-STAT pathway were lower in liver tissue of WZS pigs, compared with LW pigs. This likely not only reduced inflammation-related immune response but also impaired their growth. Our findings demonstrated the role of HSPs in the connection between inflammation and growth rate, while also providing the fundamental genetic selection of the adaptability of WZS pigs.

Pediococcus pentosaceus MIANGUAN Enhances the Immune Response to Vaccination in Mice

Increasing evidence shows that some probiotics can improve vaccine responses as adjuvants. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Pediococcus pentosaceus MIANGUAN (PPM) on SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-elicited immune response in mice. Six-week-old female ICR mice were primed and boosted with SARS-CoV-2 vaccine intramuscularly at weeks 0 and 4, respectively. Mice were gavaged with PPM (5 × 109 CFU/mouse) or PBS (control) for 3 days immediately after boosting vaccination. Compared to the control, oral PPM administration resulted in significantly higher levels of RBD-specific IgG binding antibodies (> 2.3-fold) and RBD-specific IgG1 binding antibodies (> 4-fold) in the serum. Additionally, PPM-treated mice had higher titers of RBD-specific IgG binding antibodies (> 2.29-fold) and neutralization antibodies (> 1.6-fold) in the lung compared to the control mice. The transcriptional analyses showed that the B cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway was upregulated in both splenocytes and BAL cells in the PPM group vs. the control group. In addition, the number of IFN-γ-producing splenocytes (mainly in CD4 + T cells as determined by flow cytometry) in response to restimulation of RBD peptides was significantly increased in the PPM group. RNA sequencing showed that the genes associated with T cell activation and maturation and MHC class II pathway (CD4, H2-DMa, H2-DMb1, H2-Oa, Ctss) were upregulated, suggesting that oral administration of PPM may enhance CD4 + T cell responses through MHC class II pathway. Furthermore, PPM administration could downregulate the expression level of proinflammatory genes. To conclude, oral administration of PPM could boost SARS-CoV-2 vaccine efficacy through enhancing the specific humoral and cellular immunity response and decrease the expression of inflammation pathways.

The network regulation mechanism of the effects of heat stress on the production performance and egg quality of Jinding duck was analyzed by miRNA‒mRNA

To explore the differential regulation mechanism of heat stress on the egg production performance and egg quality of Jinding ducks, 200 Jinding ducks (360-day-old) in good health and with similar body weights and a normal appetite were selected and randomly divided into a control (normal temperature [NT]) group (20°C-25°C) and a heat stress (HS) group (32°C-36°C), with 4 replicates in each group and 25 ducks in each replicate. The pretrial period was 1 wk, and the formal trial period was 4 wk. At the end of the 4th wk, 12 duck eggs were collected from each replicate to determine egg quality. Pituitary and ovarian tissues of Jinding ducks were collected, transcriptome sequencing was performed to screen differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs related to high temperature and heat stress, and a competitive endogenous RNA regulatory network was constructed. The sequencing data were verified by qRT‒PCR method. The following results were obtained: (1) Compared with the NT group, the HS group had a significantly lower laying rate, total egg weight, average egg weight, total feed intake, and feed intake per duck (P < 0.01), an extremely significantly higher feed-to-egg ratio (P < 0.01), and a higher mortality rate. (2) Compared with the NT group, the HS group had an extremely significantly lower egg weight, egg yolk weight, eggshell weight, and eggshell strength (P < 0.01) and an extremely significantly lower yolk ratio and eggshell thickness (P < 0.01, P < 0.05); however, there was no significant difference in the egg shape index, Haugh unit or protein height (P > 0.05). (3) A total of 1,974 and 1,202 genes were identified in the pituitary and ovary, respectively, and there were 5 significantly differentially expressed miRNAs. The differentially expressed genes were involved in the arginine and proline metabolism pathways, ether lipid metabolism pathway, and drug metabolism-cytochrome P450 pathway, which are speculated to be related to the egg production performance of Jingding ducks under high-temperature heat stress. (4) Novel_221 may target the PRPS1 gene to participate in egg production performance; novel_168 and novel_289 may target PIGW; novel_289 may target Q3MUY2; and novel_289 and novel_208 may target PIGN or genes that may be related to high-temperature heat stress. (5) In pituitary tissue, upregulated novel_141 (center of the network) formed a regulatory network with HSPB1 and HSP30A, and downregulated novel_366 (center of the network) formed a regulatory network with the JIP1 gene. In ovarian tissue, downregulated novel_289 (center of the network) formed a regulatory network with the ZSWM7, ABI3, and K1C23 genes, novel_221 formed a regulatory network with the IGF1, BCL7B, SMC6, APOA4, and FARP2 genes, and upregulated novel_40 formed a regulatory network with the HA1FF10 gene. In summary, heat stress affects the production performance and egg quality of Jinding ducks by regulating the secretion of endocrine-related hormones and the release of neurotransmitters as well as the expression of miRNAs and mRNAs in pituitary and ovarian tissues. The miRNA‒mRNA regulatory network provides a theoretical basis for the molecular mechanism that regulates the stress response in pituitary and ovarian tissues, egg quality, and production performance under heat stress.

Harnessing Hyperthermia: Molecular, Cellular, and Immunological Insights for Enhanced Anticancer Therapies

Hyperthermia, the raising of tumor temperature (≥39°C), holds great promise as an adjuvant treatment for cancer therapy. This review focuses on 2 key aspects of hyperthermia: its molecular and cellular effects and its impact on the immune system. Hyperthermia has profound effects on critical biological processes. Increased temperatures inhibit DNA repair enzymes, making cancer cells more sensitive to chemotherapy and radiation. Elevated temperatures also induce cell cycle arrest and trigger apoptotic pathways. Furthermore, hyperthermia modifies the expression of heat shock proteins, which play vital roles in cancer therapy, including enhancing immune responses. Hyperthermic treatments also have a significant impact on the body's immune response against tumors, potentially improving the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Mild systemic hyperthermia (39°C-41°C) mimics fever, activating immune cells and raising metabolic rates. Intense heat above 50°C can release tumor antigens, enhancing immune reactions. Using photothermal nanoparticles for targeted heating and drug delivery can also modulate the immune response. Hyperthermia emerges as a cost-effective and well-tolerated adjuvant therapy when integrated with immunotherapy. This comprehensive review serves as a valuable resource for the selection of patient-specific treatments and the guidance of future experimental studies.

DNA damage and molecular level effects induced by polystyrene (PS) nanoplastics (NPs) after Chironomus riparius (Diptera) larvae

In this work, we analyzed the early molecular effects of polystyrene (PS) nanoplastics (NPs) on an aquatic primary consumer (larvae of Chironomus riparius, Diptera) to evaluate their potential DNA damage and the transcriptional response of different genes related to cellular and oxidative stress, endocrine response, developmental, oxygen transport, and immune response. After 24-h exposures of larvae to doses of PS NPs close to those currently found in the environment, the results revealed a large genotoxic effect. This end was evidenced after significant increases in DNA strand breaks of C. riparius larvae quantified by the comet assay, together with results obtained when analyzing the expression of four genes involved in DNA repair (xrrc1, ATM, DECAY and NLK) and which were reduced in the presence of these nanomaterials. Consequently, this reduction trend is likely to prevent the repair of DNA damage caused by PS NPs. In addition, the same tendency to reduce the expression of genes involved in cellular stress, oxidative stress, ecdysone pathway, development, and oxygen transport was observed. Taken together, these results suggest that PS NPs reduce the expression of hormonal target genes and a developmental gene. We show, for the first time, effects of PS NPs on the endocrine system of C. riparius and suggest a possible mechanism of blocking ecdysteroid hormones in insects. Moreover, the NPs were able to inhibit the expression of hemoglobin (Hb C), a protein involved in oxygen transport, and activate a gene of the humoral immune system. These data reveal for the first time the genomic effects of PS NPs in the aquatic invertebrate C. riparius, at the base of the food chain.

Heat-shock proteins, oxidative stress, and antioxidants in one-humped camels

One-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) exhibit remarkable adaptability to harsh desert environments through various physiological adaptations. This study aimed to assess variations and reference values of Heat-shock proteins (HSPs), physiological parameters, mineral concentrations, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in 90 healthy female one-humped camels from Zabol's outskirts in Iran. The objective was to understand how these camels adapt to heat stress. Blood samples were collected from camels located at five geographical regions and analyzed using standard kits and methods. Reference intervals for heat-shock protein 30 (HSP30), heat-shock protein 40 (HSP40), heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70), and heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90) were determined using the reference value advisor (RVA). The study found significant differences among different regions for HSPs (P < 0.05), MDA (P = 0.021), and TAC (P = 0.042) levels, indicating variations in adaptation mechanisms. However, no notable differences were observed for other measured parameters between these regions. There were no significant differences observed in the evaluated parameters between the age categories of > 36 months and < 36 months. The positive correlation between HSPs and MDA levels (ranging from 0.754 to 0.884) suggests that the synthesis of HSPs is triggered as a response to oxidative stress caused by an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body's antioxidant defenses. This oxidative stress, in turn, is a consequence of thermal stress. Additionally, the study reveals a negative association between TAC and HSP levels (ranging from - 0.660 to - 0.820), emphasizing the role of antioxidants in mitigating heat stress. The findings of this research offer compelling support for the critical role that HSPs play in protecting cells from heat-induced damage. Additionally, the presence of higher levels of HSPs in regions with more severe climate conditions serves as evidence of camels' adaptation to heat stress. These findings emphasize the substantial impact of environmental factors on HSP production and further reinforce the crucial role of HSPs in bolstering the resilience of camels. Further research is needed to explore HSP expression and mechanisms to effectively manage and enhance camel resilience in extreme temperatures.

Cellular functions of heat shock protein 20 (HSPB6) in cancer: A review

Heat shock proteins (HSP) are a large family of peptide proteins that are widely found in cells. Studies have shown that the expression and function of HSPs in cells are very complex, and they can participate in cellular physiological and pathological processes through multiple pathways. Multiple heat shock proteins are associated with cancer cell growth, proliferation, metastasis, and resistance to anticancer drugs, and they play a key role in cancer development by ensuring the correct folding or degradation of proteins in cancer cells. As research hotspots, HSP90, HSP70 and HSP27 have been extensively studied in cancer so far. However, HSP20, also referred to as HSPB6, as a member of the small heat shock protein family, has been shown to play an important role in the cardiovascular system, but little research has been conducted on HSP20 in cancer. This review summarizes the current cellular functions of HSP20 in different cancer types, as well as its effects on cancer proliferation, progression, prognosis, and its other functions in cancer, to illustrate the close association between HSP20 and cancer. We show that, unlike most HSPs, HSP20 mainly plays an active anticancer role in cancer development, which is expected to provide new ideas and help for cancer diagnosis and treatment and research.

HSP27-HSP40-HSP70-HSP90 pathway participated in molecular mechanism of selenium alleviating lead-caused oxidative damage and proteotoxicity in chicken Bursa of Fabricius

Lead (Pb), a toxic environmental pollutant, is hazardous to the health of humans and birds. Bursa of Fabricius (BF) is a unique organ of birds. Toxic substances can attack BF and induce proteotoxicity. Increased heat shock proteins (HSPs) can induce oxidative damage. Selenium (Se) can alleviate harmful substance-caused oxidative damage. This study aimed to investigate whether Pb can cause oxidative damage and proteotoxicity, as well as Se reverse Pb-caused chicken BF toxicity. A model of chickens treated with Se and Pb alone and in combination was established. BFs were collected on days 30, 60, and 90. H&E and qRT-PCR were performed to observe the microstructure and to detect HSP27, HSP40, HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90 mRNA levels, respectively, in BFs. Multivariate correlation analysis and principal component analysis were conducted to explore the correlation among the five HSPs. In our results, Pb caused BF damage and up-regulated the five HSPs at three time points, causing oxidative damage and proteotoxicity via HSP27-HSP40-HSP70-HSP90 pathway. Furthermore, Pb caused time-dependent stress on HSP27, HSP40, HSP60, and HSP70. In addition, Se relieved Pb-caused damage and up-regulation of HSPs. Taken together, we concluded that Se alleviated Pb-caused oxidative injury and proteotoxicity in chicken BFs via the HSP27-HSP40-HSP70-HSP90 pathway.

DnaJ-induced miRNA-146a negatively regulates the expression of IL-8 in macrophages

As a member of the damage-associated molecular patterns, heat shock proteins (HSPs) are widely recognized for their role in initiating innate immune responses. These highly conserved proteins are expressed ubiquitously in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In this study, our aim was to investigate how DnaJ, a HSP40 homolog derived from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), influences the regulation of IL-8 expression in macrophages. Treatment with DnaJ served as a stimulus, inducing a more robust expression of IL-8 compared to other HSP homologs, including DnaK, GroEL, and HtpG. This effect was achieved through the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Interestingly, DnaJ treatment also significantly increased the expression of microRNA-146a (miR-146a), which appears to play a role in modulating the expression of innate defense genes. As a consequence, pre-treatment with DnaJ led to a reduction in the extent of IL-8 induction in response to P. aeruginosa treatment. Notably, this reduction was counteracted by transfection of a miR-146a inhibitor, highlighting the involvement of miR-146a in P. aeruginosa-mediated induction of IL-8 expression. Therefore, this study uncovers the role of DnaJ in triggering the expression of miR-146a, which, in turn, modulates the excessive expression of IL-8 induced by P. aeruginosa infection.

Transcriptomic analysis of the antioxidant responses and immunomodulatory effects of dietary melatonin in red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii)

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary melatonin (MT) levels on the antioxidant capacity, immunomodulatory, and transcriptional regulation of red swamp crayfish. Six experimental diets with different levels of MT (0, 22.5, 41.2, 82.7, 165.1, and 329.2 mg/kg diet) were fed to juvenile crayfish for 60 d. The transcriptome data of the control group and the group supplemented with dietary MT at 165.1 mg/kg were obtained using RNA-seq. In total, 3653 differentially expressed genes (2082 up-regulated and 1571 down-regulated) were identified. Pathways and genes related to antioxidant immune and growth performance were verified by qRT-PCR. The total hemocyte count, phagocytosis rate, and respiratory burst were significantly increased in the MT (165.1 mg/kg) group compared to the control group. Analysis of antioxidant immune-related enzymes in the hepatopancreas demonstrated that dietary MT (165.1 mg/kg) significantly increased activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase and significantly decreased aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activity. At the transcriptional level, dietary MT up-regulated expression levels of genes associated with antioxidant immune and development, which included toll-like receptors, Crustin, C-type lectin, and so on. To conclude, MT could be used as a supplement in crayfish feed to increase immunity and antioxidant capacity and according to the broken line regression, the ideal MT concentration was the 159.02 mg/kg. Overall, this study demonstrates the role of melatonin in the antioxidant responses and immunomodulatory of Procambarus clarkii, laying the foundation for the development of melatonin as a feed additive in the aquaculture of this species.

Magnetically controlled drug delivery and hyperthermia effects of core-shell Cu@Mn3O4 nanoparticles towards cancer cells in vitro

Recent increase in the integration of nanotechnology and nanosciences to the biomedical sector fetches the human wellness through the development of sustainable treatment methodologies for cancerous tumors at all stages of their initiation and progression. This involves the development of multifunctional theranostic probes that effectively support for the early cancer diagnosis, avoiding non-target cell toxicity, controlled and customized anticancer drug release etc. Therefore, to advance the field of nanotechnology-based sustainable cancer treatment, we fabricated and tested the efficacy of anticancer drug-loaded magnetic hybrid nanoparticles (NPs) towards in vitro cell culture systems. The developed conjugate of NPs was incorporated with the functions of both controlled drug delivery and heat-releasing ability using Mn3O4 (manganese oxide) magnetic core with Cu shell encapsulated within trimethyl chitosan (TMC) biopolymer. On characterization, the Cu@Mn3O4-TMC NPs were confirmed to have an approximate size of 130 nm with full agglomeration (as observed by the HRTEM) and crystal size of 92.95 ± 18.38 nm with tetragonal hausmannite phase for Mn3O4 spinel structure (XRD). Also, the UV-Vis and FTIR analysis provided the qualitative and quantitative effects of 5-fluororacil (5-Fu) anticancer drug loading (max 68 %) onto the Cu@Mn3O4-TMC NPs. The DLS analysis indicated for the occurrence of no significant changes to the particle size (around 100 nm) of Cu@Mn3O4-TMC due to the solution dispersion thereby confirming for the aqueous stability of developed NPs. In addition, the magnetization values of Cu@Mn3O4-TMC NPs were measured to be 34 emu/g and a blocking temperature of 42 K. Further tests of magnetic hyperthermia by the Cu@Mn3O4-TMC/5-Fu NPs provided that the heat-releasing capacity (% ΔT at 15 min) increases with that of increased frequency, i.e. 28 % (440 Hz) > 22.6 % (240 Hz) > 18 % (44 Hz), and the highest specific power loss (SPL) value observed to be 488 W/g for water. Moreover, the 5-Fu drug release studies indicate that the release is high at a pH of 5.2 and almost all the loaded drug is getting delivered under the influence of the external magnetic field (430 Hz) due to the influence of both Brownian-rotation and Néel relaxation heat-mediated mechanism. The pharmacokinetic drug release studies have suggested for the occurrence of more than one model, i.e. First-order, Higuchi (diffusion), and Korsemeyer-Peppas (non-Fickian), in addition to hyperthermia. Finally, the in vitro cell culture systems (MCF-7 cancer and MCF-10 non-cancer) helped to differentiate the physiological changes due to the effects of hyperthermia and 5-Fu drug individually and as a combination of both. The observed differences of cell viability losses among both cell types are measured and discussed with the expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) by the MCF-10 cells as against the MCF-7 cancer cells. We believe that the results generated in this project can be helpful for the designing of new cancer therapeutic models with nominal adverse effects on healthy normal cells and thus paving a way for the treatment of cancer and other deadly diseases in a sustainable manner.

Heat shock proteins in cancer - Known but always being rediscovered: Their perspectives in cancer immunotherapy

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) represent cellular chaperones that are classified into several families, including HSP27, HSP40, HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90. The role of HSPs in the cell includes the facilitation of protein folding and maintaining protein structure. Both processes play crucial roles during stress conditions in the cell such as heat shock, degradation, and hypoxia. Moreover, HSPs are important modulators of cellular proliferation and differentiation, and are strongly associated with the molecular orchestration of carcinogenesis. The expression and/or activity of HSPs in cancer cells is generally abnormally high and is associated with increased metastatic potential and activity of cancer stem cells, more pronounced angiogenesis, downregulated apoptosis, and the resistance to anticancer therapy in many patients. Based on the mentioned reasons, HSPs have strong potential as valid diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic biomarkers in clinical oncology. In addition, numerous papers describe the role of HSPs as chaperones in the regulation of immune responses inside and outside the cell. Importantly, highly expressed/activated HSPs may be inhibited via immunotherapeutic targets in various types of cancers. The aim of this work is to provide a comprehensive overview of the relationship between HSPs and the tumor cell with the intention of highlighting the potential use of HSPs in personalized cancer management.

Biomarkers and biologics related with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis

Over the past half century, psoriasis is considered as an immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease with the combined hallmarks of autoimmunity and autoinflammation, according to growing volumes of clinical and experimental findings. There is currently no cure for psoriasis, current treatment strategies focus on symptom control, disease minimization, and patient's quality of life enhancement. To meet these challenges, it keeps imperative to discover potential biomarkers, so that not only can they be used for the prediction and monitoring of psoriasis disease in clinic, but also can provide novel therapeutic targets or treatment strategies for psoriasis sufferers. This review systematically demonstrates the research progress of psoriasis-related biomarkers and elaborates their related mechanisms in the pathological development of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. In addition, we summarize the development of biologic therapies for psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis in order to drive the broader discussion of psoriasis as an autoimmune-mediated inflammatory skin disease.

Long-term hypoxia stress-induced oxidative stress, cell apoptosis, and immune response in the intestine of Pelteobagrus vachelli

Hypoxia is a common phenomenon in aquaculture. With the dissolved oxygen (DO) 3.75 ± 0.25 mg O2 /L for hypoxia group and 7.25 ± 0.25 mg O2 /L for control group for 30, 60, and 90 days, long-term hypoxia stress was used to investigate the oxidative stress, apoptosis, and immunity in the intestine of Pelteobagrus vachelli. According to the results of measurement of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and catalase (CAT) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, the oxidative stress ability of the intestine was activated at 30 days and impaired at 60 and 90 days. The upregulation of Bcl-2-associated x (Bax); downregulation of B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2); increased activities of caspase-3, caspase-9, and Na+-K+-ATPase; decreased activities of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH); and the release of cytochrome c (Cyt-c) in mitochondria revealed that hypoxia induced the apoptosis. Moreover, heat shock protein 70 (HSP 70), heat shock protein 90 (HSP 90), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and C-lysozyme (C-LZM) were activated to inhibit apoptosis, but the immunoregulatory function might be damaged at 60 and 90 days. This study provides a theoretical foundation for understanding the mechanisms of hypoxia stress and aquaculture management of P. vachelli.

Rice HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN60-3B maintains male fertility under high temperature by starch granule biogenesis

Heat stress has a deleterious effect on male fertility in rice (Oryza sativa), but mechanisms to protect against heat stress in rice male gametophytes are poorly understood. Here, we have isolated and characterized a heat-sensitive male-sterile rice mutant, heat shock protein60-3b (oshsp60-3b), that shows normal fertility at optimal temperatures but decreasing fertility as temperatures increase. High temperatures interfered with pollen starch granule formation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging in oshsp60-3b anthers, leading to cell death and pollen abortion. In line with the mutant phenotypes, OsHSP60-3B was rapidly upregulated in response to heat shock and its protein products were localized to the plastid. Critically, overexpression of OsHSP60-3B enhanced the heat tolerance of pollen in transgenic plants. We demonstrated that OsHSP60-3B interacted with FLOURY ENDOSPERM6(FLO6) in plastids, a key component involved in the starch granule formation in the rice pollen. Western blot results showed that FLO6 level was substantially decreased in oshsp60-3b anthers at high temperature, indicating that OsHSP60-3B is required to stabilize FLO6 when temperatures exceed optimal conditions. We suggest that in response to high temperature, OsHSP60-3B interacts with FLO6 to regulate starch granule biogenesis in rice pollen and attenuates ROS levels in anthers to ensure normal male gametophyte development in rice.

HSF4/COIL complex-dependent R-loop mediates ultraviolet-induced inflammatory skin injury

Intense ultraviolet (UV) exposure can cause phototoxic reactions, such as skin inflammation, resulting in injury. UV is a direct cause of DNA damage, but the mechanisms underlying transcriptional regulation within cells after DNA damage are unclear. The bioinformatics analysis of transcriptome sequencing data from UV-irradiated and non-UV-irradiated skin showed that transcription-related proteins, such as HSF4 and COIL, mediate cellular response to UV irradiation. HSF4 and COIL can form a complex under UV irradiation, and the preference for binding target genes changed because of the presence of a large number of R-loops in cells under UV irradiation and the ability of COIL to recognize R-loops. The regulation of target genes was altered by the HSF4-COIL complex, and the expression of inflammation and ageing-related genes, such as Atg7, Tfpi, and Lims1, was enhanced. A drug screen was performed for the recognition sites of COIL and R-loop. N6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine can competitively bind COIL and inhibit the binding of COIL to the R-loop. Thus, the activation of downstream inflammation-related genes and inflammatory skin injury was inhibited.

Thermal preconditioning can reduce the incidence of intraoperatively acquired pressure injuries

Intraoperatively acquired pressure injuries (IAPIs) occur frequently among patients who undergo surgical procedures that last longer than 3 h. Several studies indicated that heat shock proteins (HSPs) play an important role in the protection of stress-induced damages in skin tissues. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the potential preventive effect of thermal preconditioning (TPC) on IAPIs in surgical patients and rats and to identify the differentially expressed HSP genes in response to the above treatment. TPC was performed on one group of hairless rats before the model of pressure injuries was established. Subsequently, the size of skin lesions was measured and the expression levels of mRNA and protein of HSPs of the pressured skin were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blot, and immunohistochemical staining. For human studies, 118 surgical patients were randomly divided into the TPC group (n = 59) and the control group (n = 59), respectively. The temperature and pressure of sacral skin, as well as the incidence of pressure injury (PI) were detected and compared. In animal studies, TPC significantly reduced both the size and incidence of PI in rats on the second, third and fourth days post treatment. In addition, the expression levels of both mRNA and protein of HSP27 were increased in the TPC group, compared with the control group. Immunohistochemical staining showed that HSP27 was distributed in various types of dermal cells and increased in basal cells. In human studies, a significant reduction (75%) of IAPIs was observed among the patients in the TPC group. TPC can reduce the incidence of PI in rats and humans, and the upregulation of HSP27 may play an important role in this biological progress. Further studies are warranted to explore the molecular mechanism of the preventive effect in PI mediated by HSP27.

Probiotic characteristics of Lactobacillus gasseri TF08-1: A cholesterol-lowering bacterium, isolated from human gut

Lactobacillus contribute to maintain the human healthy and use for nutritional additives as probiotics. In this study, a cholesterol-lowering bacterium, Lactobacillus gasseri TF08-1, was isolated from the feces of a healthy adolescent, and its probiotic potentials were evaluated through genomic mining and in vitro test. The assembled draft genome comprised of 1,974,590 bp and was predicted total of 1,940 CDSs. The annotation of the genome revealed that L. gasseri TF08-1 harbored abundant categories of functional genes in metabolic and information processing. Moreover, strain TF08-1 has capacity to utilize D-Glucose, Sucrose, D-Maltose, Salicin, D-Xylose, D-Cellobiose, D-Mannose, and D-Trehalose, as the carbon source. The safety assessment showed strain TF08-1 contained few antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factors and was only resistant to 2 antibiotics detected by antimicrobial susceptibility test. A high bile salt hydrolase activity was found and a cholesterol-reducing effect was determined in vitro, which the result showed a remarkable cholesterol removal capability of L. gasseri TF08-1 with an efficiency of 84.40 %. This study demonstrated that the strain showed great capability of exopolysaccharide production, and tolerance to acid and bile salt. Therefore, these results indicate that L. gasseri TF08-1 can be considered as a safe candidate for probiotic, especially its potential in biotherapeutic for metabolic diseases.

High-Quality Chromosome-Level Genome Assembly of the Corsac Fox (Vulpes corsac) Reveals Adaptation to Semiarid and Harsh Environments

The Corsac fox (Vulpes corsac) is a species of fox distributed in the arid prairie regions of Central and Northern Asia, with distinct adaptations to dry environments. Here, we applied Oxford-Nanopore sequencing and a chromosome structure capture technique to assemble the first Corsac fox genome, which was then assembled into chromosome fragments. The genome assembly has a total length of 2.2 Gb with a contig N50 of 41.62 Mb and a scaffold N50 of 132.2 Mb over 18 pseudo-chromosomal scaffolds. The genome contained approximately 32.67% of repeat sequences. A total of 20,511 protein-coding genes were predicted, of which 88.9% were functionally annotated. Phylogenetic analyses indicated a close relation to the Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) with an estimated divergence time of ~3.7 million years ago (MYA). We performed separate enrichment analyses of species-unique genes, the expanded and contracted gene families, and positively selected genes. The results suggest an enrichment of pathways related to protein synthesis and response and an evolutionary mechanism by which cells respond to protein denaturation in response to heat stress. The enrichment of pathways related to lipid and glucose metabolism, potentially preventing stress from dehydration, and positive selection of genes related to vision, as well as stress responses in harsh environments, may reveal adaptive evolutionary mechanisms in the Corsac fox under harsh drought conditions. Additional detection of positive selection for genes associated with gustatory receptors may reveal a unique desert diet strategy for the species. This high-quality genome provides a valuable resource for studying mammalian drought adaptation and evolution in the genus Vulpes.

Heat shock proteins and metal ions - Reaction or interaction?

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are part of the cell's molecular chaperone system responsible for the proper folding (or refolding) of proteins. They are expressed in cells of a wide variety of organisms, from bacteria and fungi to humans. While some HSPs require metal ions for proper functioning, others are expressed as a response of the organism to either essential or toxic metal ions. Their presence can influence the occurrence of cellular processes, even those as significant as programmed cell death. The development of research methods and structural modeling has enabled increasingly accurate recognition of new HSP functions, including their role in maintaining metal ion homeostasis. Current investigations on the expression of HSPs in response to heavy metal ions include not only the direct effect of these ions on the cell but also analysis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the increased production of HSPs with increasing ROS concentration. This minireview contains information about the direct and indirect interactions of heat shock proteins with metal ions, both those of biological importance and heavy metals.

Effects of dietary melatonin on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and nonspecific immunity in crayfish, Cherax destructor

Melatonin (MT) is an indole hormone widely found in plants and animals. Many studies have shown that MT promotes the growth and immunity of mammals, fish, and crabs. However, the effect on commercial crayfish has not been demonstrated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary MT on growth performance and innate immunity of Cherax destructor from three aspects of individual level, biochemical level, and molecular level after 8 weeks of culture. In this study, we found that MT supplementation increased weight gain rate, specific growth rate, and digestive enzyme activity in C. destructor compared to the control group. Dietary MT not only promoted the activity of T-AOC, SOD, and GR, increased the content of GSH, and decreased the content of MDA in the hepatopancreas, but also increased the content of hemocyanin and copper ions and AKP activity in hemolymph. Gene expression results showed that MT supplementation at appropriate doses increased the expression of cell cycle-regulated genes (CDK, CKI, IGF, and HGF) and non-specific immune genes (TRXR, HSP60, and HSP70). In conclusion, our study showed that adding MT to the diet improved growth performance, enhanced the antioxidant capacity of hepatopancreas, and immune parameters of hemolymph in C. destructor. In addition, our results showed that the optimal dietary supplementation dose of MT in C. destructor is 75-81 mg/kg.

Impact of Non-Invasive Physical Plasma on Heat Shock Protein Functionality in Eukaryotic Cells

Recently, biomedical research has increasingly investigated physical plasma as an innovative therapeutic approach with a number of therapeutic biomedical effects. It is known from radiation and chemotherapy that these applications can lead to the induction and activation of primarily cytoprotective heat shock proteins (HSP). HSP protect cells and tissues from physical, (bio)chemical, and physiological stress and, ultimately, along with other mechanisms, govern resistance and treatment failure. These mechanisms are well known and comparatively well studied in drug therapy. For therapies in the field of physical plasma medicine, however, extremely little data are available to date. In this review article, we provide an overview of the current studies on the interaction of physical plasma with the cellular HSP system.

Transcriptome analysis revealed the mechanism of Luciobarbus capito (L. capito) adapting high salinity: Antioxidant capacity, heat shock proteins, immunity

Salinity has a significant influence on the physiology of freshwater aquatic organisms. However, there are few studies on the hematology and immunology of freshwater fish under high salinity. In the current study, we aimed to analyze the adaptive effect of salt stress on L. capito spleen immune function and hematology using transcriptomic analysis. We replicated a L. capito acute salinity stress model, and collected blood and spleens from freshwater and saltwater fish. It was found that salinity affected significantly the numbers of leukocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and red blood cells, as well as the content of haemoglobin. Salt treatment resulted in a significant increase in the expression of HSP70, HSP90, CAT, SOD, and GPX1 genes in L. capito spleens. Transcriptomic analysis revealed a total of 546 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in spleens, including 224 up-regulated DEGs and 322 down-regulated DEGs. In addition, GO enrichment analysis revealed immune system process, multicellular organismal process, and biological regulation of genes with the most differences in biological processes. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the regulation of lipolysis in adipocyte, FoxO signaling pathway, Hematopoietic cell lineage signaling pathway, and HIF-1 signaling pathway were significantly enriched. L. capito adapted oxidative to high salinity through FoxO signaling pathway and immune to high salinity through Hematopoietic cell lineage signaling pathway. At the same time, we selected 10 DEGs for qRT-PCR detection, and the results showed that the qRT-PCR results were consistent with our RNA-Seq results, indicating that transcriptome sequencing was accurate and reliable. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that the improvement of antioxidant capacity, heat shock protein and immunity are involved in the molecular mechanism of L. capito adapting to high salinity. Our findings provided a rationale for further study on high salinity adaptation and related enrichment pathways.

Mechanism of non-steroidal anti-androgen-induced liver injury: Reactive metabolites of flutamide and bicalutamide activate inflammasomes

Flutamide is a non-steroidal anti-androgen agent, which is mainly used for the treatment of prostate cancer. Flutamide is known to cause severe adverse events, which includes idiosyncratic liver injury. However, details of the mechanism of these adverse reactions have not been elucidated. We investigated whether flutamide induces the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that activate inflammasomes. We also tested bicalutamide, enzalutamide, apalutamide, and darolutamide for their ability to activate inflammasomes in differentiated THP-1 cells. The supernatant from the incubation of flutamide and bicalutamide with human hepatocarcinoma functional liver cell-4 (FLC-4) cells increased caspase-1 activity and production of IL-1ß by differentiated THP-1 cells. In the supernatant of FLC-4 cells with flutamide and bicalutamide, the heat shock protein (HSP) 40 or 60 was significantly increased. Addition of a carboxylesterase or a CYP inhibitor to the FLC-4 cells prevented release of HSPs from the FLC-4 cells. These results suggested that the reactive metabolites of flutamide and bicalutamide can cause the release of DAMPs from hepatocytes and activate inflammasomes. Inflammasome activation may be an important step in the activation of the immune system by flutamide or bicalutamide, which in some patients, can cause immune-related adverse events.