Dragon Fruits as a Reservoir of Natural Polyphenolics with Chemopreventive Properties

Nutritional Value and Therapeutic Benefits of Dragon Fruit: A Comprehensive Review with Implications for Establishing Australian Industry Standards

Dragon fruit, which is native to northern South America and Mexico, has become a significant crop in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, including Vietnam, China, and Australia. The fruit (Hylocereus spp.) is rich in various bioactive phytochemical compounds, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and pigments such as betalains and anthocyanins, which contribute to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial properties. This comprehensive review introduces the origin, classification, and global production of dragon fruit, with a particular focus on its bioactive phytochemicals and therapeutic potential. Additionally, it critically evaluates the current industry standards for fresh dragon fruit production across key producing countries. While these standards primarily focus on quality, classification, and grading criteria, they lack focus on parameters related to the fruit's bioactive content. The absence of established quality standards for fresh produce in the Australian dragon fruit industry presents a unique opportunity to develop guidelines that align with both international benchmarks and the therapeutic potential of the fruit. By addressing this gap, this review can potentially help Australia to position its dragon fruit industry to achieve greater consistency, competitiveness, and consumer appeal. As the demand for functional foods continues to rise, aligning Australian production practices with global standards becomes critical to meeting domestic market expectations. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of dragon fruit's nutritional and therapeutic significance and highlights its potential role in establishing a robust standard for the Australian dragon fruit industry. A review of global industry standards reveled that Australian standard could incorporate classifications of dragon fruits, including external factors like appearance, size, and defect tolerance. Future research is needed to prioritize understanding of the impact of cultivation practices and environmental factors on the bioactive composition of dragon fruit, enabling the development of best practices for growers. Additionally, further studies are needed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of these bioactive properties through clinical trials, particularly their potential in preventing chronic diseases. The advancement of analytical methods for quantifying bioactive compounds will provide deeper insights into their health benefits and support the establishment of bioactive-oriented industry standards. Moreover, investigations of post-harvest handling and processing techniques could optimize the preservation of these valuable compounds, enhancing dragon fruit's role as a functional food.

Phytochemicals from Cactaceae family for cancer prevention and therapy

Cancer is a global health issue, increasingly prevalent and a leading cause of mortality. Despite extensive research, conventional treatments remain aggressive, often damaging healthy cells, and exhibit limited efficacy. Addressing drug resistance and enhancing treatment effectiveness are critical challenges in advancing cancer therapy. This review examines the potential of natural plant compounds, particularly phytochemicals and their derivatives, in developing novel anticancer agents. These metabolites have a long history in traditional medicine, with 42% of molecules approved for cancer treatment between 1981 and 2019 being either natural products or derivatives. The Cactaceae family, which comprises more than 1,500 species, represents a largely untapped source of potentially useful chemopreventive and anticancer agents. Although more than 3,000 plants and their derivatives have contributed to chemotherapeutic development, cactus species have received limited attention until recently. Emerging evidence highlights the anticancer potential of fruits, stems, and cladodes from various cactus species. This review provides a comprehensive and current overview of experimental studies on Cactaceae in cancer research, aiming to pave the way for the development of innovative, natural cancer therapeutics and contribute to the ongoing battle against this formidable disease.

Enhancing the quality and consumer satisfaction of dragon fruit beverage production: The effects of geological origin and processing conditions

OBJECTIVES

In this study, the impacts of various processing parameters on the quality and consumer satisfaction of dragon fruit beverages were investigated in order to establish an informative framework for the manufacturing of commercial dragon fruit beverages, focusing on health benefits and safety for consumers, and sensory appeal of the products.

METHODS

This study employed various analytical methods to quantify some important phytochemical compounds in dragon fruit juice such as total and reducing sugars, vitamin C, betacyanins, anthocyanins, polyphenol, and so forth. This study also employed the Box-Behnken response surface experimental design to optimize various processing parameters for quality and consumer satisfaction, which include enzymatic pectin hydrolysis parameters and formulation for dragon fruit energy drink.

RESULTS

The results from this study indicated a causal relationship between geological origin and some important characteristics of dragon fruit juice, emphasizing the need to track the source of fruits to ensure consistent quality of juice products. This study also systematically determined the impacts of various enzymatic hydrolysis, thermal sterilization, and formulation parameters on both nutrition content and sensory aspects of dragon fruit beverages, while also successfully optimized these parameters for the best outcomes.

CONCLUSION

This study had successfully achieved the objective of establishing a valuable framework for the manufacturing of commercial dragon fruit beverages, focusing on health benefits and safety for consumers, and sensory appeal of the products.

Physiological and molecular analysis of pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) reveal up-regulation of secondary metabolites, nitric oxide, antioxidant defense system, and expression of responsive genes under low-temperature stress by the pre-treatment of hydrogen peroxide

Low-temperature events are one of the leading environmental cues that considerably reduce plant growth and shift species biodiversity. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a signaling molecule that has a distinguished role during unfavorable conditions and shows outstanding perspectives in low-temperature stress. Herein, we elucidated the protective role and regulatory mechanism of H2O2 in alleviating the deleterious effects of low-temperature stress in pitaya plants. Micropropagated pitaya plants were cultured in Murashige and Skoog media supplemented with different levels of H2O2 (0, 5, 10, and 20 mM) and then exposed to low-temperature stress (5 °C for 24 h). H2O2 at 10 mM, improved low-temperature stress tolerance by relieving oxidative injuries and ameliorating growth parameters in terms of fresh weight (66.7%), plant length (16.7%), and pigments content viz., chlorophyll a (157.4%), chlorophyll b (209.1%), and carotenoids (225.9%). H2O2 counteracted the low-temperature stress by increasing amino acids (224.7%), soluble proteins (190.5%), and sugars (126.6%). Simultaneously, secondary metabolites like ascorbic acid (ASA), anthocyanins, phenolics, flavonoids, total antioxidant (TOA), and proline were also up-regulated by H2O2 (104.9%, 128.8%, 166.3%, 141.4%, and 436.4%, respectively). These results corresponded to the stimulative role triggered by H2O2 in boosting the activities of catalase (22.4%), ascorbate peroxidase (20.7%), superoxide dismutase (88.4%), polyphenol oxidase (60.7%), soluble peroxidase (23.8%), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (57.1%) as well as the expression level of HpCAT, HpAPX, HpSOD, HpPPO, and HpPAL genes, which may help to moderate low-temperature stress. In conclusion, our findings stipulate new insights into the mechanisms by which H2O2 regulates low-temperature stress tolerance in pitaya plants.

Uncovering Potentially Therapeutic Phytochemicals, In silico Analysis, and Biological Assessment of South-Chinese Red Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus)

Red dragon fruit is gaining popularity globally due to its nutritional value and bioactive components. The study aimed to assess the phytochemical, nutritional composition, antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic properties of extracts from the South Chinese red dragon fruit peel, flesh, and seeds. Extract fractions with increasing polarity (ethyl acetate Collapse

Key Words

• In silico
• Antibacterial
• Antioxidant
• Cytotoxicity
• LC-MS/MS
• Red dragon-fruit

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MESH Headings

• Humans
• Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
• Anti-Bacterial Agents/analysis
• Antioxidants/pharmacology
• Antioxidants/analysis
• Cactaceae/chemistry
• Computer Simulation
• Fruit/chemistry
• HaCaT Cells
• Microbial Sensitivity Tests
• Nutritive Value
• Phytochemicals/pharmacology
• Phytochemicals/analysis
• Plant Extracts/pharmacology
• Plant Extracts/chemistry
• Quercetin/analysis
• Quercetin/pharmacology
• Seeds/chemistry
• Tandem Mass Spectrometry

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Grants Collapse

Affiliation(s)

Ali Asghar School of Food and Drug, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
Lin Huichun Shenzhen Institute of Quality and Safety Inspection Research, Shenzhen, 518055, China
Qiao Fang School of Food and Drug, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
Naveed Ahmad Khan Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
Muhammad Shahid Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 43600, Malaysia
Wang Rui Shenzhen Institute of Quality and Safety Inspection Research, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
Wang Jun School of Food and Drug, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.

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Integrated metabolic profiles and microbial communities to reveal the beneficial effect of red pitaya on early constipation

Pitaya is a well-known fruit widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical tropical regions, and is characterized by its flesh colour into red, white, and yellow pitaya. Red pitaya has dark red flesh and is the preferred choice among consumers due to its superior taste compared to other varieties. Red pitaya has been known to cause diarrhoea, and studies have reported that pitaya does this by drawing moisture into the intestines, resulting in defecation. However, the exact mechanism of action is still unclear. In this study, mass spectrometry was employed to identify small molecular compounds in red pitaya powder, and a loperamide hydrochloride-induced early constipation mouse model was used to assess the efficacy of red pitaya. 16S rDNA and non-targeted metabolomics techniques were used to systematically reveal the regulatory characteristics of the intestinal flora and to identify the intestinal metabolites associated with constipation. The results showed that 44 novel small molecular compounds were identified from red pitaya powder, including a variety of phenolic acids and flavonoids. Pathological results showed that administration of red pitaya powder at a high dose (1000 mg kg-1) significantly ameliorated the abnormal expansion of intestinal goblet cells observed in the early stages of constipation. In addition, early constipation increased metabolites such as serotonin and 5-hydroxytryptophol, which were normalized following the ingestion of red pitaya powder. Furthermore, Erysipelatoclostridium, Parasutterella, and other abnormal gut microbiota associated with early constipation returned to healthy levels after the ingestion of red pitaya powder. Finally, significant correlations were observed between the expression of 33 different serum metabolites and the abundance of eight kinds of intestinal flora. Consequently, red pitaya holds potential as a safe food supplement for the prevention or amelioration of early-stage constipation.

Pitahaya (Hylocereus ocamponis)-Peel and -Flesh Flour Obtained from Fruit Co-Products-Assessment of Chemical, Techno-Functional and In Vitro Antioxidant Properties

The aim of this work was to assess the chemical composition and physico-chemical, techno-functional, and in vitro antioxidant properties of flours obtained from the peel and flesh of pitahaya (Hylocereus ocamponis) to determine their potential for use as ingredients for food enrichment. The chemical composition, including total betalains, mineral content, and polyphenolic profile, was determined. The techno-functional properties (water holding, oil holding, and swelling capacities) were also evaluated. For the antioxidant capacity, four different methodologies, namely ferrous ion-chelating ability assay, ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay; 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging ability assay, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical assay, were used. Pitahaya-peel flour had higher values for protein (6.72 g/100 g), ash (11.63 g/100 g), and dietary fiber 56.56 g/100 g) than pitahaya-flesh flour, with values of 6.06, 3.63, and 8.22 g/100 g for protein, ash, and dietary fiber, respectively. In the same way, pitahaya peel showed a higher content of minerals, betalains, and polyphenolic compounds than pitahaya-flesh flour, with potassium (4.43 g/100 g), catechin (25.85 mg/g), quercetin-3-rhamnoside (11.66 mg/g) and myricetrin (12.10 mg/g) as principal compounds found in the peel. Again, pitahaya-peel flour showed better techno-functional and antioxidant properties than pitahaya-flesh flour. The results obtained suggest that the flours obtained from the peel and pulp of pitahaya (H. ocamponis) constitute a potential material to be utilized as an ingredient in the food industry due to the high content of bioactive compounds such as betalains, phenolic acids, and flavonoids, with notable antioxidant capacity.

Enhancing betacyanin stability: Comparison of dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) pulp and peel powders through encapsulation technology during storage

Betacyanin can be found in the peel or pulp of dragon fruit. As a natural pigment, betacyanin is unstable, so it requires encapsulation technology to maintain its quality. The stability of encapsulated betacyanin from dragon fruit peel compared to dragon fruit pulp has yet to be discovered. This study aims to compare the stability of encapsulated betacyanin (with maltodextrin and gum Arabic) from dragon fruit peel and pulp dried with vacuum drying. Dragon fruit peel extraction utilized a 50% aqueous ethanol solvent, while pulp juice extraction was performed. The ratio of dragon fruit extract to coating materials was set at 1:3 (solid/solid). Research shows that dragon fruit juice powder had higher stability and phytochemical concentrations than the ethanol extract of dragon fruit peel powder during 30 days of storage. Despite similar color stability (similar range value of ΔE), the color from dragon fruit juice powder more closely resembled the natural fruit, albeit with weaker antioxidant activity than the peel powder. Betacyanin concentration in juice powder was notably higher (82.56-156.82 μg/g) than in the ethanol extract of dragon fruit peel powder (52.51-75.12 μg/g). A combination of maltodextrin and Arabic gum (1:1) as coating materials demonstrated the highest concentrations of total phenolic and total betacyanin (81.15-95.87 mg/g and 121.91-156.82 μg/g, respectively) during the storage period. These findings contribute to our comprehension of betacyanin stability and functionality, facilitating precise applications in industrial processing environments based on their source attributes.

Nutrition, phytochemical profiling, in vitro biological activities, and in silico studies of South Chinese white pitaya (Hylocereus undatus)

Background

White pitaya, a popular tropical fruit, is known for its high nutritional value. It is commercially cultivated worldwide for its potential use in the food and pharmaceutical industries. This study aims to assess the nutritional and phytochemical contents and biological potential of the South Chinese White Pitaya (SCWP) peel, flesh, and seed extracts.

Methods

Extract fractions with increasing polarity (ethyl acetate < acetone < ethanol < methanol < aqueous) were prepared. Antibacterial potential was tested against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, and antioxidant activity was determined using, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays, and cytotoxic activity against human keratinocyte cells using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Pharmacological screening and molecular docking simulations were conducted to identify potential antibacterial compounds with druggable characteristics. Molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) was employed to validate the binding stability of the promising ligand-protein complexes.

Results

All parts of the fruit exhibited a substantial amount of crucial nutrients (minerals, sugars, proteins, vitamins, and fatty acids). The ethanol (ET) and acetone (AC) fractions of all samples demonstrated notable inhibitory effects against tested MDR bacteria, with MIC50 ranges of 74-925 μg/mL. Both ET and AC fractions also displayed remarkable antioxidant activity, with MIC50 ranges of 3-39 μg/mL. Cytotoxicity assays on HaCaT cells revealed no adverse effects from the crude extract fractions. LC-MS/MS analyses identified a diverse array of compounds, known and unknown, with antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Molecular docking simulations and pharmacological property screening highlighted two active compounds, baicalein (BCN) and lenticin (LTN), showing strong binding affinity with selected target proteins and adhering to pharmacological parameters. MDS indicated a stable interaction between the ligands (BCN and LTN) and the receptor proteins over a 100-ns simulation period.

Conclusion

Our study provides essential information on the nutritional profile and pharmacological potential of the peel, flesh, and seeds of SCWP. Furthermore, our findings contribute to the identification of novel antioxidants and antibacterial agents that could be capable of overcoming the resistance barrier posed by MDR bacteria.

Altitudinal variation of dragon fruit metabolite profiles as revealed by UPLC-MS/MS-based widely targeted metabolomics analysis

BACKGROUND

Geographical factors affect the nutritional, therapeutic and commercial values of fruits. Dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp) is a popular fruit in Asia and a potential functional food with diverse pharmacological attributes. Although it is produced in various localities, the information related to the altitudinal variation of dragon fruit nutrients and active compounds is scarce. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the variations in metabolite profiles of H. polyrhizus (variety Jindu1) fruit pulps from three different altitudes of China, including Wangmo (WM, 650 m), Luodian (LD, 420 m), and Zhenning (ZN, 356 m). Jindu1 is the main cultivated pitaya variety in Guizhou province, China.

RESULTS

The LC-MS (liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy)-based widely targeted metabolic profiling identified 645 metabolites, of which flavonoids (22.64%), lipids (13.80%), phenolic acids (12.40%), amino acids and derivatives (10.39%), alkaloids (8.84%), and organic acids (8.37%) were dominant. Multivariate analyses unveiled that the metabolite profiles of the fruit differed regarding the altitude. Fruits from WM (highest altitude) were prime in quality, with higher levels of flavonoids, alkaloids, nucleotides and derivatives, amino acids and derivatives, and vitamins. Fruits from LD and ZN had the highest relative content of phenolic acids and terpenoids, respectively. We identified 69 significantly differentially accumulated metabolites across the pulps of the fruits from the three locations. KEGG analysis revealed that flavone and flavonol biosynthesis and isoflavonoid biosynthesis were the most differentially regulated. It was noteworthy that most active flavonoid compounds exhibited an increasing accumulation pattern along with the increase in altitude. Vitexin and isovitexin were the major differentially accumulated flavonoids. Furthermore, we identified two potential metabolic biomarkers (vitexin and kaempferol 3-O-[2-O-β-D-galactose-6-O-a-L-rhamnose]-β-D-glucoside) to discriminate between dragon fruits from different geographical origins.

CONCLUSION

Our findings provide insights into metabolic changes in dragon fruits grown at different altitudes. Furthermore, they show that growing pitaya at high altitudes can produce fruit with higher levels of bioactive compounds, particularly flavonoids.

A comparative study on biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from H. undatus fruit peel and their therapeutic applications

The green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) gained significant impacts in various fields due to the use of eco-friendly approaches. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized from the aqueous extract of Hylocereus undatus fruit peel. The presence of AgNPs was analysed using characterization methods such as UV‒Vis, FTIR, GCMS, XRD, EDAX, and FESEM. The synthesized AgNPs showed greater antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli than against Streptococcus pneumoniae. The antifungal activity against Candida albicans was greater than that against Candida tropicalis. The IC50 value for the antibiofilm activity of the AgNPs was 2.81 µg/mL, whereas that of the H. undatus peel extract was 1.34 µg/mL. The invitro antioxidant activity of the AgNPs was evaluated using two different methods. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the AgNPs and fruit peel extract was observed with IC50 values of 3.8 and 2.03 µg/mL respectively. On the other hand, nitric oxide radical scavenging activities were recorded and the IC50 values were calculated to be 2.8 and 2.3 µg/mL. The AgNPs demonstrated thrombolytic activity in human blood with 10, 32.36, and 56.25% lysis. The cytotoxicity of the AgNPs was minimal, with an IC50 of 0.2 µg/mL and the peel extract had the greatest cytotoxicity with an IC50 of 0.3 µg/mL. The findings of this study demonstrated that the synthesized AgNPs from H. undatus peel extract could be potential candidates for treating prostate cancer.

Tissue-specific distribution and bioaccumulation of perfluoroalkyl acids, isomers, alternatives, and precursors in citrus trees of contaminated fields: Implication for risk assessment

The ingestion of fruits containing perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) presents potential hazards to human health. This study aimed to fill knowledge gaps concerning the tissue-specific distribution patterns and bioaccumulation behavior of PFAAs and their isomers, alternatives, and precursors (collectively as per-/polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFASs) within citrus trees growing in contaminated fields. It also assessed the potential contribution of precursor degradation to human exposure risk of PFASs. High concentrations of total target PFASs (∑PFASstarget, 92.45-7496.16 ng/g dw) and precursors measured through the total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay (130.80-13979.21 ng/g dw) were found in citrus tree tissues, and short-chain PFASs constituted the primary components. The total PFASs concentrations followed the order of leaves > fruits > branches, bark > wood, and peel > pulp > seeds. The average contamination burden of peel (∑PFASstarget: 57.75%; precursors: 71.15%) was highest among fruit tissues. Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) and translocation potentials of short-chain, branched, or carboxylate-based PFASs exceeded those of their relatively hydrophobic counterparts, while ether-based PFASs showed lower BAFs than similar PFAAs in above-ground tissues of citrus trees. In the risk assessment of residents consuming contaminated citruses, precursor degradation contributed approximately 36.07% to total PFASs exposure, and therefore should not be ignored.

Chickpea Sprouts as a Potential Dietary Support in Different Prostate Disorders-A Preliminary In Vitro Study

BACKGROUND

Prostate cancer (PC) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) are common health problems in the aging male population. Due to the unexplored and unconfirmed impact of food containing isoflavones, like sprouts, on the development of the management of BPH and prostate cancer, we decided to extend the knowledge in this area.

RESULTS

We have demonstrated for the first time that chickpea sprouts may play an important role in the chemoprevention of prostate disorders. However, attention should be paid to the isoflavone content in the sprouts, as in our study, chickpea sprouts with a moderate concentration of the compounds, harvested in natural light conditions (CA10L) and blue LED light (CA7B), showed the best scores in terms of their potential towards prostate disorders.

METHODS

Chickpea seeds were grown in LED chambers. The methanol extracts from sprouts were quantitatively defined using the HPLC system. Experiments such as the determination of PSA, 5-α-reductase, and dihydrotestosterone were performed on PNT2 and LNCaP cells. For anti-inflammatory assays (determination of NO, IL-6, and TNF-alpha release), murine RAW264.7 macrophages were used.

CONCLUSIONS

The role of legume products as a diet element should be deeply evaluated for the development of future dietary recommendations for prostate cancer and BPH prevention.

Improving red pitaya fruit quality by nano-selenium biofortification to enhance phenylpropanoid and betalain biosynthesis

Red pitaya, the representative tropical and subtropical fruit, is vulnerable to quality deterioration due to climate or agronomic measures. Nano-selenium (Nano-Se) has shown positive effects on crop biofortification in favour of reversing this situation. In this study, Se could be enriched efficiently in red pitayas via root and foliar application by Nano-Se, which induced higher phenolic acids (16.9-94.2%), total phenols (15.7%), total flavonoids (29.5%) and betacyanins (34.1%) accumulation in flesh. Richer antioxidative features including activities of SOD (25.2%), CAT (33.8%), POD (77.2%), and levels of AsA (25.7%) and DPPH (14.7%) were obtained in Nano-Se-treated pitayas as well as in their 4-8 days shelf-life. The non-targeted metabolomics indicated a boost in amino acids, resulting in the stimulation of phenylpropanoid and betalain biosynthesis. In conclusion, the mechanism of Nano-Se biofortification for red pitaya might be fortifying pigment, as well as the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant substances formation by regulating primary and secondary metabolism facilitated by Se accumulation.

Comparison of the Chemical Properties of Vinegar Obtained via One-Step Fermentation and Sequential Fermentation from Dragon Fruit and Pineapple

Dragon fruit has many potential health benefits. It is inexpensive and widely cultivated in Thailand. The addition of dragon fruit to pineapple vinegar may help enhance the total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. This study aimed to study and compare the chemical characteristics of vinegar produced via one-step fermentation of a mixture of pineapple and dragon fruit juice from Krok Phra District of Thailand using Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. burgundy with that obtained using sequential fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. burgundy and Acetobacter aceti. When the two fermentation methods were compared on day 20, the maximum acetic acid concentration obtained from sequential fermentation was 5.79 ± 0.25%, which was higher than that obtained in one-step fermentation (1.93%). The total phenolic compound content in the mixed fruit vinegar obtained from sequential fermentation and one-step fermentation was 228.01 and 242.2 mg/L gallic acid equivalents, respectively. The antioxidant content of the products obtained in sequential and one-step fermentations was 187.91 mg/L GAE and 209.33 µg/g of Trolox equivalents, respectively, which was consistent with the total phenolic compound content. This indicated that the acetic acid content in the mixed pineapple and dragon fruit juice vinegar obtained using sequential fermentation was higher than that obtained using one-step fermentation although its total phenolic content and the antioxidant activities were slightly lower. These observations will be useful for improving vinegar fermentation in the area.

Research Trend and Detailed Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of Food Bioactive Compounds against Cancer: A Comprehensive Review with Special Emphasis on Probiotics

In an attempt to find a potential cure for cancer, scientists have been probing the efficacy of the food we eat and its bioactive components. Over the decades, there has been an exponentially increasing trend of research correlating food and cancer. This review explains the molecular mechanisms by which bioactive food components exhibit anticancer effects in several cancer models. These bioactive compounds are mainly plant based or microbiome based. While plants remain the primary source of these phytochemicals, little is known about probiotics, i.e., microbiome sources, and their relationships with cancer. Thus, the molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer effect of probiotics are discussed in this review. The principal mode of cell death for most food bioactives is found to be apoptosis. Principal oncogenic signaling axes such as Akt/PI3K, JAK/STAT, and NF-κB seem to be modulated due to these bioactives along with certain novel targets that provide a platform for further oncogenic research. It has been observed that probiotics have an immunomodulatory effect leading to their chemopreventive actions. Various foods exhibit better efficacy as complete extracts than their individual phytochemicals, indicating an orchestrated effect of the food components. Combining bioactive agents with available chemotherapies helps synergize the anticancer action of both to overcome drug resistance. Novel techniques to deliver bioactive agents enhance their therapeutic response. Such combinations and novel approaches are also discussed in this review. Notably, most of the food components that have been studied for cancer have shown their efficacy in vivo. This bolsters the claims of these studies and, thus, provides us with hope of discovering anticancer agents in the food that we eat.

Broccoli Sprouts and Their Influence on Thyroid Function in Different In Vitro and In Vivo Models

Broccoli sprouts are a super vegetable; however, they have possible negative effects on thyroid function, which is especially important for patients with hypothyroidism. As the data on this issue are scarce, this study aimed to determine the safety and possible beneficial effect of broccoli sprouts both in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro model comprised the evaluation of the impact of broccoli sprouts on normal and neoplastic thyroid cells and the determination of their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant (IL-6, TNF-alpha, NO, and SOD) potential in macrophages. The in vivo model concerned the histopathological analysis of thyroid glands in healthy rats and rats with hypothyroidism (induced by iodine deficiency or sulfadimethoxine ingestion) fed with broccoli sprouts. The results of our study indicated that broccoli sprouts decreased the viability of thyroid cancer cells and prevented inflammation. The results also confirmed the satisfactory safety profile of the sprouts, both in vitro and in vivo; however, a further in-depth evaluation of this problem is still needed. Information on the influence of brassica vegetables on thyroid function is of great importance in terms of public health, particularly when taking into account that the risk of iodine deficiency, hypothyroidism, and thyroid cancer in the global population is still increasing.

Potential Apoptotic Activities of Hylocereus undatus Peel and Pulp Extracts in MCF-7 and Caco-2 Cancer Cell Lines

There is a huge demand for novel anticancer agents with fewer side effects compared to current therapies. Pitaya, or dragon fruit, is a reservoir of potent anticancer compounds. This research aimed to analyze the phytochemical components of Hylocereus undatus pulp and peel extracts using LC-MS and GC-MS, and to investigate the in vitro effects of both extracts against cancer (breast, MCF-7, and colon, Caco-2) and normal (lung; WI-38 and breast; MCF-10A) cell proliferation using the MTT assay. The apoptosis potential of the anticancer effects was also evaluated using flow cytometry, RT-PCR, and Western blot. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents in the peel extract were significantly higher than those in the pulp extract. Compared to the flavonoid and phenolic acid standards, the LC-MS analysis revealed the presence of nine compounds, which were represented as 84.32 and 5.29 µg/g of the flavonoids and 686.11 and 148.72 µg/g of the phenolic acids in the peel and pulp extracts, respectively. Among the identified compounds, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and rutin were found at the highest concentration in both plant extracts. Both extracts displayed cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 and Caco-2 cancer cells after 48 h of treatment at IC₅₀ values ranging from 14 to 53 μg/mL with high selective indices against normal WI-38 and MCF-10A cell lines. The increase in apoptosis was revealed by the overexpression of p53, BAX, and caspase-9 and the downregulation of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 mRNA and protein expressions. The results indicate that H. undatus extracts can be a plant source for cancer therapy.

Betalain-rich dragon fruit (pitaya) consumption improves vascular function in men and women: a double-blind, randomized controlled crossover trial

BACKGROUND

Betalains are natural red color pigments abundant in red-fleshed dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus). Recent research has shown that dragon fruit consumption may help improve blood glucose and lipid profile. However, investigations of its cardioprotective properties in human trials, especially in nutritionally achievable amounts, remain nonexistent.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of acute and short-term consumption of dragon fruit on vascular function in a healthy population.

METHODS

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial was conducted in 19 young, healthy, nonsmoking men and women assigned to consume 24 g whole dragon fruit powder (33 mg betalains) or a nutrient-matched placebo, daily for 14 d. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD), arterial stiffness, and blood pressure (BP) were measured at 0 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, and 4 h and finally at 14 d after daily consumption.

RESULTS

A total of 18 participants completed the trial. Dragon fruit consumption significantly improved acute FMD at 2 h (+0.8 ± 0.3%, P = 0.01), 3 h (+1.0 ± 0.3%, P = 0.001), and 4 h (+1.3 ± 0.4%, P < 0.001) postconsumption compared with placebo. This effect was sustained up until 14 d (+1.3 ± 0.2%, P < 0.001). Pulse-wave velocity was acutely significantly reduced at 3 h (-0.5 ± 0.2 m/s, P = 0.003), whereas augmentation index (AIx) also improved after 14 d (-7.0 ± 3.3%, P = 0.02) when compared with placebo. No differences were found in either peripheral or central BP across all time points.

CONCLUSIONS

Acute and short-term consumption of dragon fruit in dietary achievable amounts improved endothelial function and arterial stiffness in healthy individuals. This implies that regular dragon fruit consumption may have a meaningful impact on cardiovascular disease risk likely due to the high betalain content. This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT03995602.

A Comparative Survey of Anti-Melanoma and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Usnic Acid Enantiomers-A Comprehensive In Vitro Approach

Usnic acid (UA) is a chiral lichen metabolite with an interesting pharmacological profile. The aim of this study was to compare the anti-melanoma effect of (+)-UA and (−)-UA in an in vitro model by studying their impact on the cells as well as the processes associated with cancer progression. The effect of UA enantiomers on the viability, proliferation, and invasive potential of three melanoma cell lines (HTB140, A375, WM793) was evaluated. Their interaction with a chemotherapeutic drug—doxorubicin was assessed by isobolographic analysis. Anti-inflammatory and anti-tyrosinase properties of (+)-UA and (−)-UA were also examined. Both UA enantiomers dose- and time-dependently decreased the viability of all three melanoma cell lines. Their synergistic effect with doxorubicin was observed on A375 cells. (+)-Usnic acid at a sub-cytotoxic dose strongly inhibited melanoma cells migration. Both UA enantiomers decreased the release of pro-inflammatory mediators. The cytotoxic effect of (+)-UA and (−)-UA depends greatly on the melanoma cell type; however, the overall anti-melanoma potential is perspective. Our results indicate that the strategy of combining usnic acid enantiomers with cytostatic drugs may be an interesting option to consider in combating melanoma; however, further studies are required.

Tropical Fruits and Their Co-Products as Bioactive Compounds and Their Health Effects: A Review

Tropical and subtropical fruits are recognized as a source of a high content of bioactive compounds and health promoting properties due to their nutritional composition. These beneficial health effects are related to the content of several of these bioactive compounds, mainly flavonoids and non-flavonoid phenolics. Many of these compounds are common in different tropical fruits, such as epicatechin in mango, pineapple, and banana, or catechin in pineapple, cocoa or avocado. Many studies of tropical fruits had been carried out, but in this work an examination is made in the current literature of the flavonoids and non-flavonoid phenolics content of some tropical fruits and their coproducts, comparing the content in the same units, as well as examining the role that these compounds play in health benefits.

Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Phytochemicals and Related Stable Paramagnetic Species in Different Parts of Dragon Fruit

In this study, we investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory phytochemicals and paramagnetic species in dragon fruit using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). HPLC analysis demonstrated that dragon fruit is enriched with bioactive phytochemicals, with significant variations between each part of the fruit. Anthocyanins namely, cyanidin 3-glucoside, delphinidin 3-glucoside, and pelargonidin 3-glucoside were detected in the dragon fruit peel and fresh red pulp. Epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, caffeine, and gallic acid were found in the dragon fruit seed. Additionally, 25–100 mg × L⁻¹ of dragon fruit pulp and peel extracts containing enrichment of cyanidin 3-glucoside were found to inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in cell-based studies without exerted cytotoxicity. EPR primarily detected two paramagnetic species in the red samples. These two different radical species were assigned as stable radicals and Mn²⁺ (paramagnetic species) based on the g-values and hyperfine components. In addition, the broad EPR line width of the white peel can be correlated to a unique moiety in dragon fruit. Our EPR and HPLC results provide new insight regarding the phytochemicals and related stable intermediates found in various parts of dragon fruit. Thus, we suggest here that there is the potential to use dragon fruit peel, which contains anthocyanins, as a natural active pharmaceutical ingredient.