Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Plant Extracts as Beneficial Prospect for Cancer Theranostics

Comparative Analysis of Aptamer-Conjugated Chemical and Green Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles for Targeted Therapy in MCF-7 Cancer Cells

Breast cancer remains a challenging health issue, demanding innovative treatment approaches that maximize efficacy while minimizing damage to healthy cells. Targeted therapy offers a promising strategy tailored to the unique characteristics of breast cancer tumors. Gold nanoparticles have been studied in the context of their therapeutic potential towards cancer treatment showing great success. Recently, aptamers were also investigated for their targeting efficiency towards specific receptors allowing their use in targeting delivery systems. In this study, computational analysis was used to confirm the strong binding between AS1411 aptamer and the nucleolin receptor extensively present on the surface of breast cancer cells, highlighting the aptamer's potential for specific targeting. Furthermore, we investigated and compared the use of AS1411 aptamer-conjugated chemically synthesized (GNPs) and flaxseed-green-synthesized (Fs-GNPs) gold nanoparticles as targeting therapeutic systems for breast cancer cells. Our results showed successful conjugation of the AS1411 aptamer with both, the GNPs and Fs-GNPs. Characterization of the nanoparticles and their conjugates validates their size, charge, and morphology, affirming the success of the conjugation process. Cytotoxicity assessments using the MTT assay demonstrated the effectiveness of the conjugates against breast cancer cells, with the AS1411-Fs-GNPs conjugate exhibiting higher inhibitory efficacy, featuring an IC50 value of 11.13 µg/ml. In contrast, they showed minimal effect on normal cells, emphasizing the selectivity and potential safety of these therapies. To our knowledge, this is the first report of conjugating AS1411 aptamer to green-synthesized gold nanoparticles and its use as a targeting therapeutic system.

Green synthesis of gold nano-particles using Madhuca indica flower extract and their anticancer activity on head and neck cancer: Characterization and mechanistic study

Complete eradication of aggressive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) still remains a major challenging problem due to numerous resistance properties of cancer stem cells (CSC) which is crucially responsible for tumor recurrence and metastasis. This challenge causes a high demand for the emergence of novel targeted treatment modalities for improved therapeutic efficacies. Phytochemicals derived from plants proves to be a wide reservoir of important drug candidates which have the potential to impede multiple aspects of malignant growth and progression. In the present study, we aimed to synthesize gold nanoparticles in a rapid and cost-effective manner by utilizing Madhuca indica flower extract and to evaluate its anticancer efficacy on head and neck cancer model via targeting cancer stemness and EMT. The phytochemicals present in the Madhuca indica flower extract acted as an effective reducing agent helping in the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles. The generated AuNPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, TEM, FE-SEM, DLS, EDX. Anti cancer potential of synthesized AuNPs were evaluated by in vitro and ex vivo HNSCC model. In vivo toxicity was assessed in Swiss albino mice model. The gold nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy which revealed unique wavelength maxima at 550 nm and its crystalline nature was confirmed by XRD. AuNPs were observed to be spherical in shape with the mean diameter of 20.34 ± 4.36 nm and zeta potential of nearly -50 mV. The FTIR spectral shift indicated the incorporation of various functional groups. MI-AuNP depicted strong anticancer attributes against HNSCC cell lines SCC154 and FaDu through significant inhibition of cancer stemness and EMT as evident from decreased tumor sphere forming efficiency and CD44+/CD24- subpopulation along with dose dependent downregulated expression of relevant CSC markers and EMT markers both in vitro and ex vivo HNSCC model. Additionally, no evidence of in vivo toxicity has been observed with MI-AuNP administration. In conclusion, this study reported for the first time that the MI-AuNP synthesized by novel green chemistry can efficiently prevent the self-renewal capability of HNSCC by targeting Cancer stemness. The scientific significance of this study lies in the fact that MI-AuNP might be a novel and potential therapeutic candidate against aggressive and metastatic HNSCC. The findings in this study unravels the way for developing a novel therapeutic candidate against aggressive and metastatic HNSCC with a much higher prognostic potential and significantly reduced off target toxicity.

Exploring the Potential of Gold Nanoparticles in Proton Therapy: Mechanisms, Advances, and Clinical Horizons

Proton therapy represents a groundbreaking advancement in cancer radiotherapy, leveraging the unique spatial energy distribution of protons to deliver precise, high-dose radiation to tumors while sparing surrounding healthy tissues. Despite its clinical success, proton therapy faces challenges in optimizing its therapeutic precision and efficacy. Recent research has highlighted the potential of gold nanoparticles to enhance proton therapy outcomes. Due to their high atomic number and favorable biological properties, gold nanoparticles act as radiosensitizers by amplifying the generation of secondary electrons and reactive oxygen species upon proton irradiation. This enhances DNA damage in tumor cells while preserving healthy tissues. Additionally, functionalization of gold nanoparticles with tumor-targeting ligands offers improved precision, making proton therapy more effective against a broader range of cancers. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the mechanisms of gold nanoparticle radiosensitization, preclinical evidence, and the technological hurdles that must be addressed to integrate this promising approach into clinical practice, aiming to advance the efficacy and accessibility of proton therapy in cancer therapy.

Revolutionizing radiotherapy: gold nanoparticles with polyphenol coating as novel enhancers in breast cancer cells-an in vitro study

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women, with over 1 million new cases and around 400,000 deaths annually worldwide. This makes it a significant and costly global health challenge. Standard treatments like chemotherapy and radiotherapy, often used after mastectomy, show varying effectiveness based on the cancer subtype. Combining these treatments can improve outcomes, though radiotherapy faces limitations such as radiation resistance and low selectivity for malignant cells. Nanotechnologies, especially metallic nanoparticles (NPs), hold promise for enhancing radiotherapy. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are particularly notable due to their high atomic number, which enhances radiation damage through the photoelectric effect. Studies shown that AuNPs can act as effective radiosensitizers, improving tumor damage during radiotherapy increasing the local radiation dose delivered. Traditional AuNPs synthesis methods involve harmful chemicals and extreme conditions, posing health risks. Green synthesis methods using plant extracts offer a safer and more environmentally friendly alternative. This study investigates the synthesis of AuNPs using Laurus nobilis leaf extract and their potential as radiosensitizers in breast carcinoma cell lines (MCF-7). These cells were exposed to varying doses of X-ray irradiation, and the study assessed cell viability, morphological changes and DNA damage. The results showed that green-synthesized AuNPs significantly enhanced the therapeutic effects of radiotherapy at lower radiation doses, indicating their potential as a valuable addition to breast cancer treatment.

Toxicity Assessment of Biogenic Gold Nanoparticles on Crop Seeds and Zebrafish Embryos: Implications for Agricultural and Aquatic Ecosystems

The demand for food production has been growing exponentially due to the increase in the global population. Innovative approaches to enhance agricultural productivity have been explored, including the new applications of nanoparticles in agriculture. The nanoparticle application in agriculture can generate environmental and human health risks since nanoparticles can contaminate the soil and inevitably reach groundwater, potentially causing toxicity in aquatic organisms. In this study, we evaluated the benefits and toxicity of gold nanoparticles (GNPs), synthesized via green chemistry, on the growth of cultivated plants and in the zebrafish embryo model. GNPs were synthesized through an economical and environmentally friendly method using Brazilian red propolis (BRP) extract (BRP-GNPs). BRP-GNPs exhibited negative and positive effects on plant germination, depending on the concentration tested and the plant species involved. Moreover, BRP-GNPs induced developmental toxicity in fish embryos in a dose-dependent manner. Our results provide valuable insights for assessing the environmental risks of biogenic GNPs.

Study on the apoptosis of human melanoma cells induced by solanine in vitro and its mechanisms

Melanoma (malignant melanoma, MM) is a highly aggressive tumor, ranking as the third most common cutaneous malignancy and characterized by high metastatic potential, high mortality rates, and poor prognosis. Solanine, a major steroidal alkaloid found in potatoes, has widely reported anticancer benefits, though its inhibitory effects on melanoma cells are less studied. This study aimed to observe the effects of solanine on the proliferation, apoptosis, and related apoptotic proteins in melanoma A375 and A2058 cells and to investigate its possible anti-tumor mechanisms. The morphological changes associated with apoptosis induced by varying concentrations of solanine in melanoma cell lines A375 and A2058 were observed using an inverted microscope. The proliferation inhibition rate of melanoma cells was examined using the CCK-8 assay. DAPI staining was employed to observe cell growth and morphological changes. The apoptosis of melanoma A375 cells induced by solanine was detected using flow cytometry. The expression levels of apoptosis-related genes (Caspase-3, Bcl-2, and Bax) were measured using quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blot analysis. Within a certain concentration and time range, solanine can inhibit the viability of A375 and A2058 cells significantly in a time-dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). Apoptosis induced by solanine was confirmed through DAPI staining. Flow cytometry showed that, the proportion of Annexin V positive cells (the sum of early apoptotic cells and late apoptotic cells) increased gradually with the increasing of solanine dosage (P < 0.01). Notably, there was a marked decrease in the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, alongside a significant increase in the expression of Bax and Caspase-3 at both the mRNA and protein levels (P < 0.05). Our data demonstrated that solanine inhibits the proliferation and induces apoptosis of melanoma A375 and A2058 cells. The findings indicate that these effects may be associated with the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.

Evaluating the Synergistic Antioxidant, Anti-microbial and Adsorbent Potential of Andrographis Paniculata Extract and Gold Nanoparticles

The present study introduces a minimalistic and cost-effective approach to synthesising Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using aqueous leaf extracts of Andrographis paniculata. In this synthesis, bioactive metabolites in the leaf extract act as reducing agents, converting Au³⁺ ions to metallic Au⁰, while proteins in the extract form a stabilising layer around the nanoparticles to prevent agglomeration and maintain particle size stability. The synthesised AuNPs were systematically characterised using a range of analytical techniques. UV-visible spectroscopy verified the presence of surface plasmon resonance, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy identified key functional groups, X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed high crystallinity, and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) indicated particle sizes ranging from approximately 4-15 nm. Additionally, Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis confirmed the elemental composition of the nanoparticles. The biological efficacy of the synthesised AuNPs was rigorously evaluated. Antioxidant activity, assessed via DPPH and ABTS assays, showed notable results, with inhibition rates of 87.35% and 75% at a sample concentration of 100 µg/mL, respectively. In vitro cytotoxicity studies on Vero cells demonstrated a significant reduction in cell viability, reaching a minimum of 18.22% at the highest tested concentration of 100 µg/mL. Antimicrobial assays indicated strong activity against Salmonella typhii and Escherichia coli, with comparatively lower efficacy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus. Furthermore, adsorption studies showed the AuNPs' high efficiency in removing 99% of crystal violet dye (500 mg/L) within 30 min under optimised conditions (pH 4.5, temperature 33 °C, and an AuNP dosage of 200 mg/L). This comprehensive analysis indicates that the synthesised AuNPs from A. paniculata exhibit promising properties for applications in biomedicine and wastewater treatment.

Rapid synthesis of magnetic Fe3O4/Ag nanocomposite based on a plant-mediated approach and its biological activity

The present study described a quick, efficient, and eco-friendly method for producing Fe3O4-Ag nanocomposite (NC) using Mentha pulegium L. plant extract. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) was employed to prepare an aqueous extract due to its speed and effectiveness. During the manufacture of Fe3O4-Ag NC, the prepared plant extracts were utilized as naturally occurring stabilizing precursors. The study also employed several methods for characterizing the synthesized NC, including X-ray diffraction patterns, which estimated the mean particle size to be 52 nm using the Deby-Scherrer equation. The successful synthesis of Fe3O4-Ag NC was approved by a broad absorption band from 400 to 425 nm in the absorption spectrum. Subsequently, the samples' antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant potentials (Fe3O4 NPs, Ag NPs, Fe3O4-Ag NC, and the extract) were investigated. Notably, the NP and NC samples showed higher antibacterial activity than the extract, wherein gram-negative bacteria were more significantly affected than gram-positive bacteria. The Fe3O4-Ag NC had MIC values of 0.062 mg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The Fe3O4-Ag NC was found to have a significant detrimental impact on the bacterial membranes of E. coli and S. aureus, as evidenced by the quick release of cytoplasmic components such as protein, nucleic acid, and potassium. The results also showed that the extract and Fe3O4-Ag NC samples exhibited strong antioxidant activity. The study recommends further investigation on the application of these metal nanoparticles in the water remediation, agriculture, and food industries due to their strong biological activity.

Synthesis and in vitro assessment of gold nanoparticles conjugated with extracts, sterols and pure compounds derived from marine sponges from the Indian and Pacific Oceans

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) exhibit different physical properties compared to small molecules, bulk materials and other nanoparticles. Their synthesis using plant extracts, particularly polyflavonoids as phytoreductants, for the conversion of Au(iii) into Au(0) has been reported. In this study, AuNPs were synthesized with extracts, sterols and pure compounds derived from marine sponges using gold(iii) chloride trihydrate. Extracts, hexane (JDH) and ethyl acetate (JDE), sterols (JC-2) and jaspamide were obtained from Jaspis diastra. Pure compounds, namely, contignasterol, ansellone A, motuporamines A and MN100 (a synthetic analog of pelorol), were also used. JC-2 was characterized using NMR and GC-MS, and the major constituent was determined to be β-sitosterol. β-Sitosterol has shown great promise as an anti-cancer molecule, but its poor aqueous solubility and bioavailability coupled with low targeting efficacy limit its therapeutic efficacy. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed the formation of spherical AuNPs conjugated with JDH, JDE, JC-2, ansellone and contignasterol with average diameters of 21.1 ± 3.0 nm, 20.7 ± 2.1 nm, 26.2 ± 1.2 nm, 33.3 ± 5.1 nm and 30.8 ± 5.5 nm, respectively. No particle formation was seen with motuporamines A and MN100. Zeta potential values indicated that AuNPs-JC-2 was more stable than AuNPs-JDE, AuNPs-JDH and AuNPs-ansellone. Based on IC50 values, the cytotoxicity of AuNPs-JDH increased in A172, TERA, HeLa and HepG2 cells but showed similar activity in HaCaT cells compared to JDH. The cytotoxicity of AuNPs-JDE decreased in A172 and HaCaT cells but increased in TERA1, HeLa and HepG2 cells compared to JDE. AuNPs-JC-2 showed enhanced cytotoxicity with a decrease in IC50 values from 3.37 ± 0.19 μg mL-1 to 0.52 ± 0.09 μg mL-1 in A172 and from 2.28 ± 0.20 μg mL-1 to 0.78 ± 0.28 μg mL-1 in TERA1 compared to JC-2. The synergistic action of sterols in AuNPs-JC-2 seemed to favour enhanced anti-cancer activity. The presence of sterols increased the ability of transforming Au(iii) into Au(0) to form AuNPs and further enhancing cellular uptake and, thus, anti-cancer activity. AuNPs-contignasterol displayed lower activity than contignasterol in the A172 cell line. No significant difference in activity was observed with AuNPs-ansellone A in the A172 and HaCaT cell lines compared to ansellone A.

Biogenic metallic nanoparticles: from green synthesis to clinical translation

Biogenic metallic nanoparticles (NPs) have garnered significant attention in recent years due to their unique properties and various applications in different fields. NPs, including gold, silver, zinc oxide, copper, titanium, and magnesium oxide NPs, have attracted considerable interest. Green synthesis approaches, utilizing natural products, offer advantages such as sustainability and environmental friendliness. The theranostics applications of these NPs hold immense significance in the fields of medicine and diagnostics. The review explores intricate cellular uptake pathways, internalization dynamics, reactive oxygen species generation, and ensuing inflammatory responses, shedding light on the intricate mechanisms governing their behaviour at a molecular level. Intriguingly, biogenic metallic NPs exhibit a wide array of applications in medicine, including but not limited to anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-diabetic, anti-plasmodial, antiviral properties and radical scavenging efficacy. Their potential in personalized medicine stands out, with a focus on tailoring treatments to individual patients based on these NPs' unique attributes and targeted delivery capabilities. The article culminates in emphasizing the role of biogenic metallic NPs in shaping the landscape of personalized medicine. Harnessing their unique properties for tailored therapeutics, diagnostics and targeted interventions, these NPs pave the way for a paradigm shift in healthcare, promising enhanced efficacy and reduced adverse effects.

Targeting superficial cancers with gold nanoparticles: a review of current research

Superficial cancers typically refer to cancers confined to the surface layers of tissue. Low-targeting therapies or side effects prompt exploration of novel therapeutic approaches. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), due to their unique optical properties, serve as effective photosensitizers, enabling tumor ablation through photothermal therapy (PTT). PTT induced by AuNPs can be achieved through light sources externally applied to the skin. Near-infrared radiation is the main light candidate due to its deep tissue penetration capability. This review explores recent advancements in AuNP-based PTT for superficial cancers, specifically breast, head and neck, thyroid, bladder and prostate cancers. Additionally, challenges and future directions in utilizing AuNPs for cancer treatment are discussed, emphasizing the importance of balancing efficacy with safety in clinical applications.

Insights into micro-and nano-zero valent iron materials: synthesis methods and multifaceted applications

The growing threat of environmental pollution to global environmental health necessitates a focus on the search for sustainable wastewater remediation materials coupled with innovative remediation strategies. Nano and micro zero-valent iron materials have attracted substantial researchers' attention due to their distinct physiochemical properties. This review article delves into novel micro- and nano-zero valent iron (ZVI) materials, analysing their synthesis methods, and exploring their multifaceted potential as a powerful tool for environmental remediation. This analysis contributes to the ongoing search of effective solutions for environmental remediation. Synthesis techniques are analysed based on their efficacy, scalability, and environmental impact, providing insights into existing methodologies, current challenges, and future directions for optimisation. Factors influencing ZVI materials' physicochemical properties and multifunctional engineering applications, including their role in wastewater and soil remediation, are highlighted. Environmental concerns, pros and cons, and the potential industrial applications of these materials are also discussed, accenting the importance of understanding the synthesis methods, materials' applications and their impacts on humans and the environment. The review is designed to provide insights into nano-and micro-ZVI materials, and their potential engineering applications, as well as guide researchers in the choice of ZVI materials' synthesis methods from a variety of nanoparticle synthesis strategies fostering nexus between these methods and industrial applications.

A Comprehensive Review on the Importance of Sustainable Synthesized Coinage Metal Nanomaterials and Their Diverse Biomedical Applications

From a historical perspective, coinage metals (CMNMs) are most renowned for their monetary, ornamental, and metallurgical merits; nevertheless, as nanotechnology's potential has only just come to light, their metal nanostructures and uses may be viewed as products of modern science. Notable characteristics of CMNMs include visual, electrical, chemical, and catalytic qualities that depend on shape and size. Due diligence on the creation and synthesis of CMNMs and their possible uses has been greatly promoted by these characteristics. This review focuses on solution-based methods and provides an overview of the latest developments in CMNMs and their bimetallic nanostructures. It discusses a range of synthetic techniques, including conventional procedures and more modern approaches used to enhance functionality by successfully manipulating the CMNMs nanostructure's size, shape, and composition. To help with the design of new nanostructures with improved capabilities in the future, this study offers a brief assessment of the difficulties and potential future directions of these intriguing metal nanostructures. This review focuses on mechanisms and factors influencing the synthesis process, green synthesis, and sustainable synthesis methods. It also discusses the wide range of biological domains in which CMNMs are applied, including antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer. Researchers will therefore find the appropriateness of both synthesizing and using CMNMS keeping in mind the different levels of environmental effects.

Biosynthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles from citrullus colocynthis (L.) schrad pulp ethanolic extract: Their cytotoxic, genotoxic, apoptotic, and antioxidant activities

The age-old discipline of plant therapy has gained renewed importance through the utilization of plants for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles. However, toxicity testing and characterization of the recently synthesized nanomaterials are essential to evaluating their appropriate application. Citrullus colocynthis is a medicinal plant with several health benefits. Herein, we used its ethanolic pulp extract (PE) to manufacture gold nanoparticles (PE-AuNPs). Various approaches were employed to assess the MTT50 and NR50 values of PE and PE-AuNPs at different concentrations in the human hepatocarcinoma cell line (HepG2). The study aimed to assess the genotoxic effects and in vivo toxicity of PE and PE-AuNPs at MTT50 dosages. The quasi-spherical, cubic/triangular prisms, and nail-looking particles exhibited no antioxidant properties. They had an absorbance peak between 540 and 560 nm, diameters of less than 20 nm, hydrodynamic diameters of 177.9 nm, and a negative surface charge (-10.3 mV). The significant role of plant phytochemicals in the formation of metal nanoparticles is confirmed by the diminished antioxidant capacity of extract residues following PE-AuNP synthesis. PE-AuNPs exhibited in vivo and cytotoxic effects at relatively lower concentrations compared to PE. In contrast to PE, PE-AuNPs exhibited lower genotoxic at MTT50 dosages. Despite having MTT50 values of approximately 1.95 ± 0.06 and 0.89 ± 0.03 mg/ml, PE and PE-AuNPs can still be considered biocompatible. Nonetheless, our results suggest that the characteristics of recently produced nanoparticles can differ from those of the matching plant. Further investigation can provide a better understanding of the possible therapeutic and pharmacological impacts of PE-AuNPs.

Advancements in Green Nanoparticle Technology: Focusing on the Treatment of Clinical Phytopathogens

Opportunistic pathogenic microbial infections pose a significant danger to human health, which forces people to use riskier, more expensive, and less effective drugs compared to traditional treatments. These may be attributed to several factors, such as overusing antibiotics in medicine and lack of sanitization in hospital settings. In this context, researchers are looking for new options to combat this worrying condition and find a solution. Nanoparticles are currently being utilized in the pharmaceutical sector; however, there is a persistent worry regarding their potential danger to human health due to the usage of toxic chemicals, which makes the utilization of nanoparticles highly hazardous to eukaryotic cells. Multiple nanoparticle-based techniques are now being developed, offering essential understanding regarding the synthesis of components that play a crucial role in producing anti-microbial nanotherapeutic pharmaceuticals. In this regard, green nanoparticles are considered less hazardous than other forms, providing potential options for avoiding the extensive harm to the human microbiome that is prevalent with existing procedures. This review article aims to comprehensively assess the current state of knowledge on green nanoparticles related to antibiotic activity as well as their potential to assist antibiotics in treating opportunistic clinical phytopathogenic illnesses.

Gold Nanoparticles for Retinal Molecular Optical Imaging

The incorporation of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) into retinal imaging signifies a notable advancement in ophthalmology, offering improved accuracy in diagnosis and patient outcomes. This review explores the synthesis and unique properties of GNPs, highlighting their adjustable surface plasmon resonance, biocompatibility, and excellent optical absorption and scattering abilities. These features make GNPs advantageous contrast agents, enhancing the precision and quality of various imaging modalities, including photoacoustic imaging, optical coherence tomography, and fluorescence imaging. This paper analyzes the unique properties and corresponding mechanisms based on the morphological features of GNPs, highlighting the potential of GNPs in retinal disease diagnosis and management. Given the limitations currently encountered in clinical applications of GNPs, the approaches and strategies to overcome these limitations are also discussed. These findings suggest that the properties and efficacy of GNPs have innovative applications in retinal disease imaging.

Cytotoxic potential of Curcuma caesia rhizome extract and derived gold nanoparticles in targeting breast cancer cell lines

Among all types of cancer, breast cancer is the most aggressive, as it is responsible for most of the cancer related death of women. Though several medical therapies are available, the scenario of curing such disease is not favorable. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find alternatives to deal with it. The knowledge of ethnopharmacy might give some better solution to mitigate such deadly diseases. Here, we are using the rhizome of Curcuma caesia Roxb. (Black turmeric), as well as gold nanoparticles (GNPs) synthesized with it to check their specific cytotoxic potentiality against breast cancer cell lines. In our study, ethanolic extract was used to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of the rhizome. GNPs were synthesized by using the same extract and characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The TEM, XRD, FTIR and TGA results revealed the successful synthesis and capping of GNPs. The UV-Vis Spectrum showed a sharp and narrow absorption peak at 550 nm and HRTEM confirmed both the stability and successful synthesis of the nanoparticles. The MTT assay of the crude extract revealed strong cytotoxicity against breast cancer cell lines viz. MCF-7 (ER+) and MDA MB-231 (Triple Negative Breast Cancer, TNBC) by showing IC50 values as 15.70 ± 0.029 and 21.57 ± 0.031 μg/mL respectively. For extract mediated GNPs, the IC50 values were found to be 6.44 ± 0.045 and 5.87 ± 0.031μg/mL respectively in both breast cancer cell lines. As the IC50 value for GNPs was found to be much lower than that of crude extract, it indicates a higher efficiency of the GNP. However, both the rhizome extract and its mediated GNPs showed more toxicity towards MDA MB-231 (TNBC) cell lines. It was also observed that the GNPs showed more toxicity towards TNBC cell lines compared to the rhizome extract. No toxicity was found in case of other cell lines such as L 929 and HeLa for both crude extract as well as for GNPs. These observations suggests that both the crude rhizome extract and its derived GNPs exhibit selective cytotoxic potential against breast cancer cell lines, which might be exploited for target specific treatment. Moreover, with an understanding of the mechanism behind the GNPs therapeutic efficiency, it can be developed as a personalized therapy to treat such type of cancers.

Biohybrid materials comprising an artificial peroxidase and differently shaped gold nanoparticles

The immobilization of biocatalysts on inorganic supports allows the development of bio-nanohybrid materials with defined functional properties. Gold nanomaterials (AuNMs) are the main players in this field, due to their fascinating shape-dependent properties that account for their versatility. Even though incredible progress has been made in the preparation of AuNMs, few studies have been carried out to analyze the impact of particle morphology on the behavior of immobilized biocatalysts. Herein, the artificial peroxidase Fe(iii)-Mimochrome VI*a (FeMC6*a) was conjugated to two different anisotropic gold nanomaterials, nanorods (AuNRs) and triangular nanoprisms (AuNTs), to investigate how the properties of the nanosupport can affect the functional behavior of FeMC6*a. The conjugation of FeMC6*a to AuNMs was performed by a click-chemistry approach, using FeMC6*a modified with pegylated aza-dibenzocyclooctyne (FeMC6*a-PEG4@DBCO), which was allowed to react with azide-functionalized AuNRs and AuNTs, synthesized from citrate-capped AuNMs. To this end, a literature protocol for depleting CTAB from AuNRs was herein reported for the first time to prepare citrate-AuNTs. The overall results suggest that the nanomaterial shape influences the nanoconjugate functional properties. Besides giving new insights into the effect of the surfaces on the artificial peroxidase properties, these results open up the way for creating novel nanostructures with potential applications in the field of sensing devices.

Nanomaterials in 4D Printing: Expanding the Frontiers of Advanced Manufacturing

As an innovative technology, four-dimentional (4D) printing is built upon the principles of three-dimentional (3D) printing with an additional dimension: time. While traditional 3D printing creates static objects, 4D printing generates "responsive 3D printed structures", enabling them to transform or self-assemble in response to external stimuli. Due to the dynamic nature, 4D printing has demonstrated tremendous potential in a range of industries, encompassing aerospace, healthcare, and intelligent devices. Nanotechnology has gained considerable attention owing to the exceptional properties and functions of nanomaterials. Incorporating nanomaterials into an intelligent matrix enhances the physiochemical properties of 4D printed constructs, introducing novel functions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current applications of nanomaterials in 4D printing, exploring their synergistic potential to create dynamic and responsive structures. Nanomaterials play diverse roles as rheology modifiers, mechanical enhancers, function introducers, and more. The overarching goal of this review is to inspire researchers to delve into the vast potential of nanomaterial-enabled 4D printing, propelling advancements in this rapidly evolving field.

Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Azadirachta indica and Syzygium aromaticum Extract and Its Antibacterial Action Against Enterococcus faecalis: An In Vitro Study

Introduction Nanotechnology is the study of manipulating matter at the atomic scale involving particles smaller than 100 nm. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are gaining popularity across diverse sectors including medical, food, healthcare, consumer goods, and industrial fields due to their distinctive physical and chemical characteristics. The eco-friendly synthesis of AgNPs offers a straightforward, cost-effective, and environmentally benign method devoid of hazardous chemicals. Methodology Eighty milliliters (mL) of silver nitrate mixed with 20 mL of Azadirachta indica and Syzygium aromaticum plant extract underwent two days of magnetic stirring for AgNP synthesis. Characterization was done via ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis)-spectroscopy (300-700 nm), and antimicrobial properties, which were checked with Enterococcus faecalis, were assessed using the agar-well diffusion method. Results The change in color and peak observed in the UV-vis spectrum confirmed the successful synthesis of AgNPs. Both neem and clove extract-mediated synthesis of AgNPs exhibited antibacterial activity against E. faecalis. However, neem extract synthesized AgNPs displayed a larger inhibitory zone diameter and lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values compared to those synthesized using clove extract. Conclusion Incorporating neem and clove extracts in AgNP synthesis offers a practical, eco-friendly, and cost-efficient method with notable efficacy. These AgNPs exhibit antibacterial activity against E. faecalis, suggesting their viability as potent antibacterial agents for addressing oral pathogens. Their sustainable synthesis underscores a promising avenue for developing effective antimicrobial solutions in oral healthcare.

Nanomaterial in controlling biofilms and virulence of microbial pathogens

The escalating threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a grave concern to global public health, exacerbated by the alarming shortage of effective antibiotics in the pipeline. Biofilms, intricate populations of bacteria encased in self-produced matrices, pose a significant challenge to treatment, as they enhance resistance to antibiotics and contribute to the persistence of organisms. Amid these challenges, nanotechnology emerges as a promising domain in the fight against biofilms. Nanomaterials, with their unique properties at the nanoscale, offer innovative antibacterial modalities not present in traditional defensive mechanisms. This comprehensive review focuses on the potential of nanotechnology in combating biofilms, focusing on green-synthesized nanoparticles and their associated anti-biofilm potential. The review encompasses various aspects of nanoparticle-mediated biofilm inhibition, including mechanisms of action. The diverse mechanisms of action of green-synthesized nanoparticles offer valuable insights into their potential applications in addressing AMR and improving treatment outcomes, highlighting novel strategies in the ongoing battle against infectious diseases.

Green titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles assisted biodegradation of anthracene employing Serratia quinivorans HP5

The anthracene biodegradation potential of Serratia quinivorans HP5 was studied under a controlled laboratory environment. The green TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized from Paenibacillus sp. HD1PAH was used to accelerate the biodegradation process. The synergistic application of TiO2 NPs and S. quinivorans HP5 resulted in a reduction of anthracene concentration by 1.2 folds in liquid-medium and 1.5 folds in contaminated soil. Gas-chromatography and mass-spectrometric investigation showed the production of four anthracene derivatives, namely 1,2-anthracene dihydrodiol, 6,7-benzocoumarin, anthrone, and 9,10-anthraquinoneat the termination of experimental periods. Furthermore, bacterial biomass increased by 23.3 folds in the presence of TiO2 NPs, and overall soil enzyme activities were enhanced by 4.2 folds in the treated samples. In addition, there was a negative correlation observed between the biomass of S. quinivorans HP5 and the concentrations of anthracene, suggesting the involvement of bacterium in anthracene biodegradation processes. The degradation pathway of anthracene revealed its transformation into the less toxic compound 9,10-anthraquinone. Overall, this study elucidates a novel biodegradation pathway for anthracene and highlights the potential of nano-assisted bacterial remediation as a promising approach for environmental cleanup.

High Drug Capacity of Nano-Levodopa-Liposomes: Preparation, In Vitro Release and Brain-Targeted Research

In this work, nano-levodopa-liposomes (L-dopa-Lip) suspension was prepared by rotary-evaporated film-ultrasonic method, and freeze-drying powders of L-dopa-Lip were also obtained to improve the stability. The products were characterized by TEM, DLS, and TG-DSC, and the phase-transition temperature (Tm) and encapsulation efficiency were calculated. The brain-targeting and in vitro release of the drug was also studied. The results showed that L-dopa-Lip were well-formed spherical vesicles, and the sizes were about 100 nm, and the encapsulation efficiency was higher than 90%. The drug release temperature of L-dopa-Lip was 68 °C, and the in vitro release property and mathematical model were also studied. The brain targeting of L-dopa-Lip in vivo was explored by injecting the gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) labeled L-dopa-Lip (AuNPs-L-dopa-Lip) through the tail vein. ICP-MS and TEM showed that L-dopa-Lip had brain targeting, suggesting the potential treatment of L-dopa-Lip on brain dysfunction. The results of this work might be helpful for designing drug-loaded liposomes for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases and monitoring their distributions in vivo.

Tackling breast cancer with gold nanoparticles: twinning synthesis and particle engineering with efficacy

The World Health Organization identifies breast cancer as the most prevalent cancer despite predominantly affecting women. Surgery, hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy are the current treatment modalities. Site-directed nanotherapeutics, engineered with multidimensional functionality are now the frontrunners in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment. Gold nanoparticles with their unique colloidal, optical, quantum, magnetic, mechanical, and electrical properties have become the most valuable weapon in this arsenal. Their advantages include facile modulation of shape and size, a high degree of reproducibility and stability, biocompatibility, and ease of particle engineering to induce multifunctionality. Additionally, the surface plasmon oscillation and high atomic number of gold provide distinct advantages for tailor-made diagnosis, therapy or theranostic applications in breast cancer such as photothermal therapy, radiotherapy, molecular labeling, imaging, and sensing. Although pre-clinical and clinical data are promising for nano-dimensional gold, their clinical translation is hampered by toxicity signs in major organs like the liver, kidneys and spleen. This has instigated global scientific brainstorming to explore feasible particle synthesis and engineering techniques to simultaneously improve the efficacy and versatility and widen the safety window of gold nanoparticles. The present work marks the first study on gold nanoparticle design and maneuvering techniques, elucidating their impact on the pharmacodynamics character and providing a clear-cut scientific roadmap for their fast-track entry into clinical practice.

Green biologically synthesized metal nanoparticles: biological applications, optimizations and future prospects

In green biological synthesis, metal nanoparticles are produced by plants or microorganisms. Since it is ecologically friendly, economically viable and sustainable, this method is preferable to other traditional ones. For their continuous groundbreaking advancements and myriad physiochemical and biological benefits, nanotechnologies have influenced various aspects of scientific fields. Metal nanoparticles (MNPs) are the field anchor for their outstanding optical, electrical and chemical capabilities that outperform their regular-sized counterparts. This review discusses the most current biosynthesized metal nanoparticles synthesized by various organisms and their biological applications along with the key elements involved in MNP green synthesis. The review is displayed in a manner that will impart assertiveness, help the researchers to open questions, and highlight many points for conducting future research.

The impact of pH and temperature on the green gold nanoparticles preparation using Jeju Hallabong peel extract for biomedical applications

The utilization of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has garnered significant attention in recent times, particularly in the field of biomedical research. The utilization of AuNPs in chemical synthesis procedures raises apprehensions regarding their potential toxicity in living organisms, which is inconsistent with their purported eco-friendly and cost-effective aspects. In this investigation, AuNPs were synthesized via the green synthesis approach utilizing Jeju Hallabong peel extract (HPE), a typical fruit variety indigenous to South Korea. The visible-range absorption spectrum of gold nanoparticles from green synthesis (HAuNPs) that are red wine in color occurs at a wavelength of λ = 517 nm. The morphology and particle size distribution were analysed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and ImageJ software. The TEM images reveal that the HAuNPs exhibit a high degree of dispersion and uniformity in their spherical shape, with an average size of approximately 7 nm. Moreover, elevating the initial pH level of the mixed solution has an impact on the decrease in particle dimensions, as evidenced by the blue shift observed in the UV-visible spectroscopy absorbance peak. Elevating the reaction temperature may accelerate the synthesis duration. However, it does not exert a substantial impact on the particle dimensions. The outcomes of an avidin-biocytin colorimetric assay provide preliminary analyses of possible sensor tunability using HAuNPs. The cytotoxicity of HAuNPs was evaluated through in vitro studies using the MTT assay on RAW 264.7 cell lines. The results indicated that the HAuNPs exhibited lower cytotoxicity compared to both chemically reduced gold nanoparticles (CAuNPs).

Effects of Salts and Other Contaminants on Ciprofloxacin Removal Efficiency of Green Synthesized Copper Nanoparticles

Ciprofloxacin (CIP), a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic, is commonly used in aquaculture to prevent and treat bacterial infections in aquatic animals. For this reason, aquatic environments contain CIP and its derivatives, which lead to the development of drug-resistant bacteria. In the present study, copper nanoparticles were prepared using Garcinia mangostana extract (GME-CuNPs) as a reducing agent and evaluated for their CIP removal efficiency (CRE). The results demonstrate that within 20 min, GME-CuNPs at 25 mM possess a CRE of 92.02 ± 0.09% from CIP-containing aqueous media with pH 6-7. The CRE is influenced by both monovalent and divalent salts. A high salt concentration significantly reduces the CRE. Contaminants in fish wastewater can reduce the CRE, but phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, and ammonia do not affect the CRE. Our results reveal that the CRE is controlled by electrostatic attraction between the negatively charged GME-CuNPs and the cationic species of CIP. The CRE is reduced by wastewater with a pH higher than 8.0, in which the CIP molecules have a negative charge, resulting in a repulsive force due to the negative charge of GME-CuNPs. In fish wastewater with a pH lower than 7.0, GME-CuNPs show the potential to achieve a CRE above 80%. Therefore, pH adjustment to a range of 6-7 in fish wastewater before treatment is deemed imperative. It is concluded that the newly developed GME-CuNPs possess excellent activity in CIP elimination from actual fish wastewater samples. Our findings suggest that GME-CuNPs can be a promising tool to effectively eliminate antibiotics from the environment.

Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs)-Toxicity, Safety and Green Synthesis: A Critical Review

In recent years, the extensive exploration of Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) has captivated the scientific community due to their versatile applications across various industries. With sizes typically ranging from 1 to 100 nm, AuNPs have emerged as promising entities for innovative technologies. This article comprehensively reviews recent advancements in AuNPs research, encompassing synthesis methodologies, diverse applications, and crucial insights into their toxicological profiles. Synthesis techniques for AuNPs span physical, chemical, and biological routes, focusing on eco-friendly "green synthesis" approaches. A critical examination of physical and chemical methods reveals their limitations, including high costs and the potential toxicity associated with using chemicals. Moreover, this article investigates the biosafety implications of AuNPs, shedding light on their potential toxic effects on cellular, tissue, and organ levels. By synthesizing key findings, this review underscores the pressing need for a thorough understanding of AuNPs toxicities, providing essential insights for safety assessment and advancing green toxicology principles.

Recent Advancements and Unexplored Biomedical Applications of Green Synthesized Ag and Au Nanoparticles: A Review

Green synthesis of silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs) has acquired huge popularity owing to their potential applications in various fields. A large number of research articles exist in the literature describing the green synthesis of Ag and Au NPs for biomedical applications. However, these findings are scattered, making it time-consuming for researchers to locate promising advancements in Ag and Au NPs synthesis and their unexplored biomedical applications. Unlike other review articles, this systematic study not only highlights recent advancements in the green synthesis of Ag and Au NPs but also explores their potential unexplored biomedical applications. The article discusses the various synthesis approaches for the green synthesis of Ag and Au NPs highlighting the emerging developments and novel strategies. Then, the article reviews the important biomedical applications of green synthesized Ag and Au NPs by critically evaluating the expected advantages. To expose future research direction in the field, the article describes the unexplored biomedical applications of the NPs. Finally, the articles discuss the challenges and limitations in the green synthesis of Ag and Au NPs and their biomedical applications. This article will serve as a valuable reference for researchers, working on green synthesis of Ag and Au NPs for biomedical applications.

Etiology of lung carcinoma and treatment through medicinal plants, marine plants and green synthesized nanoparticles: A comprehensive review

Lung cancer, a leading global cause of mortality, poses a significant public health challenge primarily linked to tobacco use. While tobacco contributes to over 90% of cases, factors like dietary choices and radiation exposure also play a role. Despite potential benefits from early detection, cancer patients face hurdles, including drug resistance, chemotherapy side effects, high treatment costs, and limited healthcare access. Traditional medicinal plant knowledge has recently unveiled diverse cancer chemopreventive agents from terrestrial and marine sources. These phytochemicals regulate intricate molecular processes, influencing the immune system, apoptosis, cell cycle, proliferation, carcinogen elimination, and antioxidant levels. In pursuing cutting-edge strategies to combat the diverse forms of cancer, technological advancements have spurred innovative approaches. Researchers have focused on the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plant metabolites. This method offers distinct advantages over conventional physical and chemical synthesis techniques, such as cost-effectiveness, biocompatibility, and energy efficiency. Metallic nanoparticles, through various pathways such as the generation of reactive oxygen species, modulation of enzyme activity, DNA fragmentation, disruption of signaling pathways, perturbation of cell membranes, and interference with mitochondrial function resulting in DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis, exhibit significant potential for preventive applications. Thus, the amalgamation of phytocompounds and metallic nanoparticles holds promise as a novel approach to lung cancer therapy. However, further refinements and advancements are necessary to enhance the environmentally friendly process of metallic nanoparticle synthesis.

Recent Advances in Gold Nanocluster-Based Biosensing and Therapy: A Review

Gold nanoclusters (Au NCs) with bright emission and unique chemical reactivity characters have been widely applied for optical sensing and imaging. With a combination of surface modifications, effective therapeutic treatments of tumors are realized. In this review, we summarize the recently adopted biosensing and therapy events based on Au NCs. Homogeneous and fluorometric biosensing systems toward various targets, including ions, small molecules, reactive oxygen species, biomacromolecules, cancer cells, and bacteria, in vitro and in vivo, are presented by turn-off, turn-on, and ratiometric tactics. The therapy applications are concluded in three aspects: photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, and as a drug carrier. The basic mechanisms and performances of these systems are introduced. Finally, this review highlights the challenges and future trend of Au NC-based biosensing and therapy systems.

Nanotechnology-based delivery systems to overcome drug resistance in cancer

Cancer nanomedicine is defined as the application of nanotechnology and nanomaterials for the formulation of cancer therapeutics that can overcome the impediments and restrictions of traditional chemotherapeutics. Multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer cells can be defined as a decrease or abrogation in the efficacy of anticancer drugs that have different molecular structures and mechanisms of action and is one of the primary causes of therapeutic failure. There have been successes in the development of cancer nanomedicine to overcome MDR; however, relatively few of these formulations have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of cancer. This is primarily due to the paucity of knowledge about nanotechnology and the fundamental biology of cancer cells. Here, we discuss the advances, types of nanomedicines, and the challenges regarding the translation of in vitro to in vivo results and their relevance to effective therapies.

Spotlight on therapeutic efficiency of green synthesis metals and their oxide nanoparticles in periodontitis

Periodontitis, one of the most prevalent dental diseases, causes the loss of bone and gum tissue that hold teeth in place. Several bacteria, commonly present in clinically healthy oral cavities, may induce and perpetuate periodontitis when their concentration rises in the gingival sulcus. Antibacterial effect against various Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, including pathogenic and drug-resistant ones, has been shown for several distinct transient metal and metal oxide NPs. Therefore, NPs may be used in biomedicine to treat periodontal problems and in nanotechnology to inhibit the development of microorganisms. Instead of using harmful chemicals or energy-intensive machinery, biosynthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) has been suggested. To produce metal and metal oxide NPs, the ideal technique is "Green" synthesis because of its low toxicity and safety for human health and the environment. Gold NPs (AuNPs) appear to be less toxic to mammalian cells than other nanometals because their antibacterial activity is not dependent on reactive oxygen species (ROS). AgNPs also possess chemical stability, catalytic activity, and superior electrical and thermal conductivity, to name a few of their other advantageous characteristics. It was observed that zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs and copper (Cu) NPs exhibited discernible inhibitory effects against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains, respectively. ZnO NPs demonstrated bactericidal activity against the microorganisms responsible for periodontitis. Medications containing magnetic NPs are highly effective against multidrug-resistant bacterial and fungal infections. The titanium dioxide (TiO2) NPs are implicated in elevating salivary peroxidase activity in individuals diagnosed with chronic periodontitis. Furthermore, specific metallic NPs have the potential to enhance the antimicrobial efficacy of periodontitis treatments when combined. Therefore, these NPs, as well as their oxide NPs, are only some of the metals and metal oxides that have been synthesized in environmentally friendly ways and shown to have therapeutic benefits against periodontitis.

Biosynthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Quince Seed Water Extract and Investigation of Their Anticancer Effect Against Cancer Cell Lines

In this study, gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) were synthesized using HAuCl4 and quince seed mucilage (QSM) extract, which was characterized by conventional methods including Fourier transforms electron microscopy (FTIR), UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Field emission electron microscopy (FESEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Dynamic light spectroscopy (DLS), and Zeta-potential. The QSM acted as reductant and stabilizing agents simultaneously. The NP's anticancer activity was also investigated against osteosarcoma cell lines (MG-63), which showed an IC50 of [Formula: see text]/mL.

An application of carbohydrate polymers-based surface-modified gold nanoparticles for improved target delivery to liver cancer therapy - A systemic review

Gold nanoparticles have been broadly investigated as cancer diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Gold nanoparticles are a favorable drug delivery vehicle with their unique subcellular size and good biocompatibility. Chitosan, agarose, fucoidan, porphyran, carrageenan, ulvan and alginate are all examples of biologically active macromolecules. Since they are biocompatible, biodegradable, and irritant-free, they find extensive application in biomedical and macromolecules. The versatility of these compounds is enhanced because they are amenable to modification by functional groups like sulfation, acetylation, and carboxylation. In an eco-friendly preparation process, the biocompatibility and targeting of GNPs can be improved by functionalizing them with polysaccharides. This article provides an update on using carbohydrate-based GNPs in liver cancer treatment, imaging, and drug administration. Selective surface modification of several carbohydrate types and further biological uses of GNPs are focused on.

Ligand-based active targeting strategies for cancer theranostics

In the past decades, for the intermediate or advanced cancerous stages, preclinical and clinical applications of nanomedicines in cancer theranostics have been extensively studied. Nevertheless, decreased specificity and poor targeting efficiency with low target concentration of theranostic are the major drawbacks of nanomedicine in employing clinical substitution over conventional systemic therapy. Consequently, ligand decorated nanocarrier-mediated targeted drug delivery system can transcend the obstructions through their enhanced retention activity and increased permeability with effective targeting. The highly efficient and specific nanocarrier-mediated ligand-based active therapy is one of the novel and promising approaches for delivery of the therapeutics for different cancers in recent years to restrict various cancer growth in vivo without harming healthy cells. The article encapsulates the features of nanocarrier-mediated ligands in augmentation of active targeting approaches of various cancers and summarizes ligand-based targeted delivery systems in treatment of cancer as plausible theranostics.

Recent progress in nanotechnology-based drug carriers for resveratrol delivery

Resveratrol is a polyphenol with diverse pharmacological activities, but its clinical efficacy is limited due to low solubility/permeability, light-induced isomerization, auto-oxidation, and rapid metabolism. Nanodelivery systems, such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, lipid nanocarriers, micelles, nanocrystals, inorganic nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, protein-based nanoparticles, exosomes, macrophages, and red blood cells (RBCs) have shown great potential for improving the solubility, biocompatibility, and therapeutic efficacy of resveratrol. This review comprehensively summarizes the recent advances in resveratrol nanoencapsulation and describes potential strategies to improve the pharmacokinetics of existing nanoformulations, enhance targeting, reduce toxicity, and increase drug release and encapsulation efficiency. The article also suggests that in order to avoid potential safety issues, resveratrol nanoformulations must be tested in vivo in a wide range of diseases.

Honey gold nanoparticles attenuate the secretion of IL-6 by LPS-activated macrophages

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine that coordinates host immune responses to infection. Though essential to the acute phase response, prolonged IL-6-mediated recruitment of mononuclear cells has been implicated in chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and Crohn's disease. Accordingly, identifying novel therapeutics that diminish circulating IL-6 levels could benefit individuals suffering from chronic inflammation. In immunocompetent hosts, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) recognition by toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activates the transcription factor NF-κB, driving macrophage production of IL-6. Interestingly, both citrate-stabilized and 'green' synthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been shown to modulate the cytokine responses of LPS-activated macrophages. Here we demonstrate that AuNPs, synthesized with commercial and locally sourced honey, downregulate LPS-induced macrophage secretion of IL-6. Compared to LPS-only controls, inhibition of IL-6 levels was observed for all three types of honey AuNPs. The effect was likely driven by honey AuNP-mediated perturbation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, as evidenced by a reduction in the phosphorylation of IκB. Further investigation into the anti-inflammatory properties of honey AuNPs may yield novel therapeutics for the treatment of chronic inflammation.

The Palliative and Antioxidant Effects of Hesperidin against Lead-Acetate-Induced Testicular Injury in Male Wistar Rats

Lead (Pb)-induced reprotoxicity is a detrimental consequence of Pb exposure, which results in abnormal spermatogenesis, testicular degeneration, and pathogenic sperm changes. The association between impaired male reproductive function and Pb-induced oxidative stress (OS) has been demonstrated, with consequent testicular antioxidant deficiency. The current study investigated the protective role of the natural antioxidant hesperidin (HSD) against lead-acetate (PbAc)-induced testicular toxicity. Male Wistar rats (n = 40) were randomly divided into four experimental groups: Group I (negative control) received 2.0 mL/kg BW 0.9% saline; Group II received 100 mg/kg BW PbAc; Group III received 100 mg/kg BW HSD; and Group IV received HSD two hours before PbAc using the abovementioned doses. The treatments were administered daily for 30 consecutive days. The results showed that HSD treatment significantly restored PbAc-induced decrease in body, epididymal, and testicular weights as well as in semen parameters, reproductive hormones, and testicular markers of OS. Reduced MDA levels and improved testicular histopathological findings were also observed. Collectively, this study sheds light on the preventive role of HSD against PbAc-induced testicular injury, which is mediated via the suppression of OS and the modulation of reproductive hormones as well as the plausibility of HSD being used as a supplementary therapeutic option for recovery.

Biosynthesis of ZnO.Ag2O3 using aqueous extract of Haplophyllum obtusifolium: Characterization and cell toxicity activity against liver carcinoma cells

The zinc oxide‐silver oxide nanocomposite (ZnO.Ag2O3 particles) was prepared by using an aqueous plant extract of Haplophyllum obtusifolium for the first time. Powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transforms spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were applied to analyze the structure, functional groups, morphology, and purity of the prepared nanocomposite. PXRD revealed the formulation of ZnO.Ag2O3 for the particles. The investigation of functional groups has demonstrated the presence of some carbonated impurities along with absorbed water in the composition of the ZnO.Ag2O3 nanocomposite. Morphologically, particles have formed a petal‐like shape with different sizes. The EDX analysis also confirmed the composition of the prepared sample and the presence of 4.78% silver in the formula. Additionally, the TEM analysis revealed spherical and rectangular shapes with a particle size of 80.43 ± 46.73 nm. Moreover, the ZnO.Ag2O3 particles were used against cancer cells, which has shown synthesized NCs have a toxic effect against liver cancer cells in a concentration and time‐dependent manner.

Foldable RF Energy Harvesting System Based on Vertically Layered Metal Electrodes within a Single Sheet of Paper

Radio frequency energy harvesting (RFEH) systems have emerged as a critical component for powering devices and replacing traditional batteries, with paper being one of the most promising substrates for use in flexible RFEH systems. However, previous paper-based electronics with optimized porosity, surface roughness, and hygroscopicity still face limitations in terms of the development of integrated foldable RFEH systems within a single sheet of paper. In the present study, a novel wax-printing control and water-based solution process are used to realize an integrated foldable RFEH system within a single sheet of paper. The proposed paper-based device includes vertically layered foldable metal electrodes, a via-hole, and stable conductive patterns with a sheet resistance of less than 1 Ω sq^-1 . The proposed RFEH system exhibits an RF/DC conversion efficiency of 60% and an operating voltage of 2.1 V in 100 s at a distance of 50 mm and a transmitted power of 50 mW. The integrated RFEH system also demonstrates stable foldability, with RFEH performance maintained up to a folding angle of 150°. The single-sheet paper-based RFEH system thus has the potential for use in practical applications associated with the remote powering of wearable and Internet-of-Things devices and in paper electronics.

Biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Satureja rechingeri Jamzad: a potential anticancer agent against cisplatin-resistant A2780CP ovarian cancer cells

Drug resistance of cancer cells is a major issue in cancer treatment. Plant-mediated nanoparticle synthesis has been applied in recent years to overcome this problem. In this study, the biogenic synthesis of AuNPs was explored using Satureja rechingeri Jamzad aqueous leaf extract, and their anticancer effects were evaluated in cisplatin-resistant A2780CP ovarian cancer cells. The chemical composition of S. rechingeri Jamzad was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The characteristics of green-synthesized AuNPs were confirmed using XRD, FTIR, UV-visible spectroscopy, TEM, SEM, EDX, DLS, and zeta potential. The cytotoxic effects of AuNPs and S. rechingeri Jamzad aqueous extract on cisplatin-resistant A2780CP ovarian cancer cells were evaluated by MTT assay and flow cytometry. Real-time PCR analyzed gene expression. The chemical composition revealed that carvacrol (89%) was the main component of the S. rechingeri Jamzad extract. The average size of the spherical biosynthesized AuNPs was 15.1 ± 3.7 nm. The AuNPs and plant extract inhibited the growth of cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The apoptotic cell death was confirmed by flow cytometry and DAPI staining. The proapoptotic genes were upregulated, while anti-apoptotic and metastatic genes were downregulated. According to the cell cycle analysis, cancer cells were arrested in the G0/G1 phase. Considering the anticancer activity of the synthesized AuNPs using S. rechingeri Jamzad and the low side effects of AuNPs on normal cells, these AuNPs showed strong potential for use as biological agents in drug-resistant cancer cells treatment.

Synergistic antibacterial and mosquitocidal effect of Passiflora foetida synthesized silver nanoparticles

Silver nanoparticles are opted to have various applications in different fields ranging from traditional medicines to culinary items. It is toxic and most effective against bacteria, fungi viruses, parasites, parasite carrying vectors such as mosquitoes and their larvae and other eukaryotic microorganisms at low concentration without any side effects and toxicity to humans. In view of these data, the present research has been investigated by synthesizing silver nanoparticles using 1mM silver nitrate and aqueous extract of Passiflora foetida. The variation of nanoparticles in size and shape concerning the concentration of extract prepared were analysed. The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by colour changing from yellowish green to reddish-brown implicating the surface plasmon resonance. Further, it was concluded by obtaining an absorbance peak at 420 nm using UV-Visible spectrophotometer analysis. FTIR analysis was used to identify the capping ligands, which included alkanes, aromatic groups and nitro compounds. The average grain size of ~12 nm to 14 nm with crystalline phase was revealed by X-ray Diffraction studies. The SEM images depicted the surface morphology with agglomeration; TEM studies showed the shape of nanoparticles as spherical and hexagonal with sizes ranging from 40 nm to 100 nm and EDAX analysis confirmed the presence of elemental silver as the principal constituent. The characterized silver nanoparticles were then tested for synergistic antibacterial effects with tetracycline, and the results show that they are more active against E. coli and S. aureus, but moderately effective against B. cereus and K. pneumoniae . It also had a strong larval and pupal toxic effects on the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti with the highest mortality. As a result, silver nanoparticles could be a viable alternative for a variety of applications.

Plant and Microbial Approaches as Green Methods for the Synthesis of Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Applications, and Future Perspectives

The unique biological and physicochemical characteristics of biogenic (green-synthesized) nanomaterials (NMs) have attracted significant interest in different fields, with applications in the agrochemical, food, medication delivery, cosmetics, cellular imaging, and biomedical industries. To synthesize biogenic nanomaterials, green synthesis techniques use microorganisms, plant extracts, or proteins as bio-capping and bio-reducing agents and their role as bio-nanofactories for material synthesis at the nanoscale size. Green chemistry is environmentally benign, biocompatible, nontoxic, and economically effective. By taking into account the findings from recent investigations, we shed light on the most recent developments in the green synthesis of nanomaterials using different types of microbes and plants. Additionally, we cover different applications of green-synthesized nanomaterials in the food and textile industries, water treatment, and biomedical applications. Furthermore, we discuss the future perspectives of the green synthesis of nanomaterials to advance their production and applications.

Nano-ayurvedic medicine and its potential in cancer treatment

Nano-ayurvedic medicine is an emerging field in which nanoparticles are functionalized with active principles of potent ayurvedic herbs to enhance their efficacy and target-specific delivery. Scientific advances in the past couple of decades have revealed the molecular mechanisms behind the anticancer potential of several ayurvedic herbs, attributed chiefly to their secondary metabolites including polyphenols and other active substances. With the advancement of nanotechnology, it has been established that size-, shape-, and surface-chemistry-optimized nanoparticles can be utilized as synergizing carriers for these phytochemicals. Nano-ayurvedic medicine utilizes herbs that are commonly used in Ayurveda to functionalize different nanoparticles and thereby enhance their potency and target specificity. Studies have shown that the active phytochemicals of such herbs can be coated onto the nanoparticles of different metals, such as gold, and that they work more efficiently than the free herbal extract, for example, in inhibiting cancer cell proliferation. Recently, an Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy (AYUSH)-based clinical trial in humans indicated the anticancer potential of such formulations. Nano-ayurvedic medicine is emerging as a potential treatment option for hyperproliferative diseases.