1
|
Matsuo Y, Inoo A, Inamoto J. Electrochemical intercalation of anions into graphite: Fundamental aspects, material synthesis, and application to the cathode of dual-ion batteries. ChemistryOpen 2024; 13:e202300244. [PMID: 38426688 PMCID: PMC11319239 DOI: 10.1002/open.202300244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
In this review, fundamental aspects of the electrochemical intercalation of anions into graphite have been first summarized, and then described the electrochemical preparation of covalent-type GICs and application of graphite as the cathode of dual-ion battery. Electrochemical overoxidation of anion GICs provides graphite oxide and covalent-fluorine GICs, which are key functional materials for various applications including energy storage devices. The reaction conditions to obtain fully oxidized graphite has been mentioned. Concerning the application of graphite for the cathode of dual-ion battery, it stably delivers about 110 mA h g-1 of reversible capacity in usual organic electrolyte solutions. The combination of anion and solvent as well as the concentration of the anions in the electrolyte solutions greatly affect the performance of graphite cathode such as oxidation potential, rate capability, cycling properties, etc. The interfacial phenomenon is also important, and fundamental studies of charge transfer resistance, anion diffusion coefficient, and surface film formation behavior have also been summarized. The use of smaller anions, such as AlCl4 -, Br- can increase the capacity of graphite cathode. Several efforts on the structural modification of graphite and development of electrolyte solutions in which graphite cathode delivers higher capacity were also described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Akane Inoo
- University of Hyogo13-71 KitaojichoAkashiJapan
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pitiphattharabun S, Auewattanapun K, Htet TL, Thu MM, Panomsuwan G, Techapiesancharoenkij R, Ohta J, Jongprateep O. Reduced graphene oxide/zinc oxide composite as an electrochemical sensor for acetylcholine detection. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14224. [PMID: 38902301 PMCID: PMC11190213 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64238-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) plays a pivotal role as a neurotransmitter, influencing nerve cell communication and overall nervous system health. Imbalances in ACh levels are linked to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This study focused on developing electrochemical sensors for ACh detection, utilizing graphene oxide (GO) and a composite of reduced graphene oxide and zinc oxide (rGO/ZnO). The synthesis involved modified Hummers' and hydrothermal methods, unveiling the formation of rGO through deoxygenation and the integration of nano-sized ZnO particles onto rGO, as demonstrated by XPS and TEM. EIS analysis also revealed the enhancement of electron transfer efficiency in rGO/ZnO. Cyclic voltammograms of the electrode, comprising the rGO/ZnO composite in ACh solutions, demonstrated prominent oxidation and reduction reactions. Notably, the composite exhibited promise for ACh detection due to its sensitivity, low detection threshold, reusability, and selectivity against interfering compounds, specifically glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid. The unique properties of rGO, such as high specific surface area and electron mobility, coupled with ZnO's stability and catalytic efficiency, contributed to the composite's potential in electrochemical sensor applications. This research, emphasizing the synthesis, fabrication, and characterization of the rGO/ZnO composite, established itself as a reliable platform for detecting the acetylcholine neurotransmitter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siraprapa Pitiphattharabun
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Program of Sustainable Energy and Resources Engineering (SERE), Thailand Science Park, TAIST-Tokyo Tech, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Krittin Auewattanapun
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thura Lin Htet
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Myo Myo Thu
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Gasidit Panomsuwan
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- International Collaborative Education Program for Materials Technology, Education, and Research (ICE-Matter), ASEAN University Network/Southeast Asia Engineering Education Development Network (AUN/SEED-Net), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ratchatee Techapiesancharoenkij
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- International Collaborative Education Program for Materials Technology, Education, and Research (ICE-Matter), ASEAN University Network/Southeast Asia Engineering Education Development Network (AUN/SEED-Net), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jun Ohta
- International Collaborative Education Program for Materials Technology, Education, and Research (ICE-Matter), ASEAN University Network/Southeast Asia Engineering Education Development Network (AUN/SEED-Net), Bangkok, Thailand
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Oratai Jongprateep
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- International Collaborative Education Program for Materials Technology, Education, and Research (ICE-Matter), ASEAN University Network/Southeast Asia Engineering Education Development Network (AUN/SEED-Net), Bangkok, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huskić M, Kepić D, Kleut D, Mozetič M, Vesel A, Anžlovar A, Bogdanović DB, Jovanović S. The Influence of Reaction Conditions on the Properties of Graphene Oxide. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:281. [PMID: 38334554 PMCID: PMC10856647 DOI: 10.3390/nano14030281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The present study focuses on correlations between three parameters: (1) graphite particle size, (2) the ratio of graphite to oxidizing agent (KMnO4), and (3) the ratio of graphite to acid (H2SO4 and H3PO4), with the reaction yield, structure, and properties of graphene oxide (GO). The correlations are a challenge, as these three parameters can hardly be separated from each other due to the variations in the viscosity of the system. The larger the graphite particles, the higher the viscosity of GO. Decreasing the ratio of graphite to KMnO4 from 1:4 to 1:6 generally leads to a higher degree of oxidation and a higher reaction yield. However, the differences are very small. Increasing the graphite-to-acid-volume ratio from 1 g/60 mL to 1 g/80 mL, except for the smallest particles, reduced the degree of oxidation and slightly reduced the reaction yield. However, the reaction yield mainly depends on the extent of purification of GO by water, not on the reaction conditions. The large differences in the thermal decomposition of GO are mainly due to the bulk particle size and less to other parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Huskić
- Faculty of Polymer Technology, 2380 Slovenj Gradec, Slovenia
| | - Dejan Kepić
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia (S.J.)
| | - Duška Kleut
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia (S.J.)
| | - Miran Mozetič
- Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Alenka Vesel
- Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Alojz Anžlovar
- National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | | | - Svetlana Jovanović
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia (S.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Castro-Ladino JR, Cuy-Hoyos CA, Prías-Barragán JJ. Basic physical properties and potential application of graphene oxide fibers synthesized from rice husk. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17967. [PMID: 37864095 PMCID: PMC10589357 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45251-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis method and correlation between compositional, vibrational, and electrical properties in graphene oxide fibers (GOF) are presented and discussed here, as well as a potential application through the development of a heater device based on GOF. The GOF samples were synthesized from rice husk (RH), via a thermal decomposition method, employing an automated pyrolysis system with a controlled nitrogen atmosphere, varying carbonization temperature (TCA) from 773 to 1273 K. The compositional analysis shows peaks in the XPS spectrum associated with C1s and O1s, with presence of hydroxyl and epoxy bridges; the oxide concentration (OC) of samples varied from 0.21 to 0.28, influenced by TCA. The GOF samples exhibit fiber morphology, vibrational characteristics which are typical of graphene oxide multilayers, and electrical behavior that scales with OC. The electrical response shows that OC decreases and increases electrical conductivity at the polycrystalline phase, possibly attributed to the desorption of some oxides and organic compounds. In addition, physical correlations between OC and its vibrational response showed that decreasing OC increases edge defect density and decreases crystal size as a result of thermal decomposition processes. The correlation between OC and physical properties suggests that by controlling the OC in GOF, it was possible to modify vibrational and electrical properties of great interest in fabrication of advanced electronics; consequently, we show a potential application of GOF samples by developing an electrically controlled heater device.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Castro-Ladino
- Grupo de Investigación en Tecnologías Emergentes (GITEM), Universidad de los Llanos, Villavicencio, 500001, Colombia
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Sciences, Doctoral Program in Physical Sciences and Electronic Instrumentation Technology Program at Universidad del Quindío, Armenia, 630004, Colombia
| | - C A Cuy-Hoyos
- Grupo de Investigación en Tecnologías Emergentes (GITEM), Universidad de los Llanos, Villavicencio, 500001, Colombia
| | - J J Prías-Barragán
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Sciences, Doctoral Program in Physical Sciences and Electronic Instrumentation Technology Program at Universidad del Quindío, Armenia, 630004, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Champa-Bujaico E, Díez-Pascual AM, Garcia-Diaz P. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) Bionanocomposites with Crystalline Nanocellulose and Graphene Oxide: Experimental Results and Support Vector Machine Modeling. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3746. [PMID: 37765602 PMCID: PMC10537444 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx) is a biodegradable and biocompatible bacterial copolymer used in the biomedical and food industries. However, it displays low stiffness and strength for certain applications. This issue can be solved via reinforcement with nanofillers. In this work, PHBHHx-based bionanocomposites reinforced with different loadings of crystalline nanocellulose (CNC) and graphene oxide (GO) were developed by a green and straightforward solution casting technique. Their crystalline nature and surface topography were explored via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), respectively, their composition was corroborated via Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and their crystallization and melting behavior were determined via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The nanofillers had a nucleating role, raising the crystallization temperature of the polymer, whilst hardly any changes were found in the melting temperature. Further, significant enhancements in the stiffness, strength, and thermal stability of the PHBHHx matrix were observed with the incorporation of both nanofillers, which was attributed to a synergic effect. The mechanical properties for various concentrations of CNC and GO were accurately predicted using a machine learning (ML) model in the form of a support vector machine (SVM). The model performance was evaluated in terms of the mean absolute error (MAE), the mean square error (MSE), and the correlation coefficient (R2). These bio-based nanocomposites are a valuable alternative to conventional petroleum-based synthetic polymeric materials used nowadays for biomedicine and food packaging applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Champa-Bujaico
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Teoría de la Señal y Comunicaciones, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; (E.C.-B.); (P.G.-D.)
| | - Ana M. Díez-Pascual
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Garcia-Diaz
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Teoría de la Señal y Comunicaciones, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; (E.C.-B.); (P.G.-D.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Paniagua-Guerra LE, Terrones M, Ramos-Alvarado B. Effects of Moisture and Synthesis-Derived Contaminants on the Mechanical Properties of Graphene Oxide: A Molecular Dynamics Investigation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:54924-54935. [PMID: 36459097 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on the effects of the chemical composition of graphene oxide (GO) sheets on the mechanical properties of bulk GO. Three key factors were analyzed: (i) the oxygenated functional groups' concentration, (ii) the content of intersheet water (moisture), and (iii) the presence of residual contaminants observed from the synthesis of GO. Molecular dynamics simulations using the reactive force field ReaxFF were conducted to model tensile strength, indentation, and shear stress tests. The structural integrity of the carbon basal plane was the primary variable that determined mechanical behavior of GO slabs. Hydrogen-bond networks played an essential role in the tensile fracture mechanism, delaying the onset of fracture whenever strong hydrogen bonds existed in the intersheet space. The presence of interlayer sulfate ion contaminants negatively impacted the tensile strength, stiffness, and toughness of GO. Moreover, it was observed that intersheet sulfate ions improved the resistance to fracture of GO at low sulfur concentrations, while lower fracture strains were observed beyond a critical concentration. Alike the tensile stress findings, the indentation properties were determined by the integrity of the carbon basal plane. Our findings agree with experimental mechanical property measurements and reveal the importance of considering synthesis-derived contaminants in molecular models of GO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Paniagua-Guerra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States
| | - Mauricio Terrones
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, Department of Material Science and Engineering and Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials, Shinshu University, Nagano380-8553, Japan
| | - Bladimir Ramos-Alvarado
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Experimental and density functional theory studies of laminar double-oxidized graphene oxide nanofiltration membranes. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
8
|
Sainz-Urruela C, Vera-López S, Díez-Pascual AM, San Andrés MP. Fluorescence study of the influence of centrifugation on graphene oxide dispersions in water and in tannic acid. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 278:121302. [PMID: 35525181 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) is acquiring a great interest in biomedicine, biotechnology and biochemistry due to its unique properties. However, GO layers are boundbyvan der Waals forces, which results in aggregation. An efficient dispersion of the aggregated nanostructures is crucial from an application viewpoint, hence eco-friendly procedures are pursued. In this work, the potential of tannic acid (TA) as a GO dispersant in water has been investigated for the first time. Transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) was used to visualize the degree of GO exfoliation in the dispersions. To further assess TA dispersant capability, a fluorescent biomolecule, riboflavin, has been selected. GO and TA cause a quenching effect on riboflavin fluorescence, which depends on the GO and TA concentration, the GO/TA weight ratio and the final centrifugation step that was found to be crucial. Multiple regression analysis has been used to determine the quenching constants for TA and GO simultaneously. The GO-riboflavin interaction weakens upon centrifugation. This step, traditionally used to remove the nanomaterial aggregates, should be avoided to obtain a high GO concentration in the dispersions. This study paves the way towards the use of environmentally friendly dispersant agents instead of conventional organic solvents or synthetic surfactants to attain high-quality dispersions of carbon nanomaterials in water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sainz-Urruela
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Soledad Vera-López
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río (IQAR), Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana María Díez-Pascual
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río (IQAR), Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Paz San Andrés
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río (IQAR), Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Graphene-based electrode materials used for some pesticide’s detection in food samples: A review. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
|
10
|
Champa-Bujaico E, García-Díaz P, Díez-Pascual AM. Machine Learning for Property Prediction and Optimization of Polymeric Nanocomposites: A State-of-the-Art. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10712. [PMID: 36142623 PMCID: PMC9505448 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the field of polymer nanocomposites has been an area of high scientific and industrial attention due to noteworthy improvements attained in these materials, arising from the synergetic combination of properties of a polymeric matrix and an organic or inorganic nanomaterial. The enhanced performance of those materials typically involves superior mechanical strength, toughness and stiffness, electrical and thermal conductivity, better flame retardancy and a higher barrier to moisture and gases. Nanocomposites can also display unique design possibilities, which provide exceptional advantages in developing multifunctional materials with desired properties for specific applications. On the other hand, machine learning (ML) has been recognized as a powerful predictive tool for data-driven multi-physical modelling, leading to unprecedented insights and an exploration of the system's properties beyond the capability of traditional computational and experimental analyses. This article aims to provide a brief overview of the most important findings related to the application of ML for the rational design of polymeric nanocomposites. Prediction, optimization, feature identification and uncertainty quantification are presented along with different ML algorithms used in the field of polymeric nanocomposites for property prediction, and selected examples are discussed. Finally, conclusions and future perspectives are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Champa-Bujaico
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Teoría de la Señal y Comunicaciones, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar García-Díaz
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Teoría de la Señal y Comunicaciones, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M. Díez-Pascual
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Díez-Pascual AM. PMMA-Based Nanocomposites for Odontology Applications: A State-of-the-Art. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10288. [PMID: 36142201 PMCID: PMC9499310 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), a well-known polymer of the methacrylate family, is extensively used in biomedicine, particularly in odontological applications including artificial teeth, dentures and denture bases, obturators, provisional or permanent crowns, and so forth. The exceptional PMMA properties, including aesthetics, inexpensiveness, simple manipulation, low density, and adjustable mechanical properties, make it a perfect candidate in the field of dentistry. However, it presents some deficiencies, including weakness regarding hydrolytic degradation, poor fracture toughness, and a lack of antibacterial activity. To further enhance its properties and solve these drawbacks, different approaches can be performed, including the incorporation of nanofillers. In this regard, different types of metallic nanoparticles, metal oxide nanofillers, and carbon-based nanomaterials have been recently integrated into PMMA matrices with the aim to reduce water absorption and improve their performance, namely their thermal and flexural properties. In this review, recent studies regarding the development of PMMA-based nanocomposites for odontology applications are summarized and future perspectives are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Díez-Pascual
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Díez-Pascual AM, Cruz DL, Redondo AL. Advanced Carbon-Based Polymeric Nanocomposites for Forensic Analysis. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:3598. [PMID: 36080673 PMCID: PMC9460265 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a powerful tool and fast-growing research area in many novel arenas, ranging from biomedicine to engineering and energy storage. Nanotechnology has great potential to make a significant positive contribution in forensic science, which deals with the identification and investigation of crimes, finding relationships between pieces of evidence and perpetrators. Nano-forensics is related to the development of nanosensors for crime investigations and inspection of terrorist activity by analyzing the presence of illicit drugs, explosives, toxic gases, biological agents, and so forth. In this regard, carbon nanomaterials have huge potential for next-generation nanosensors due to their outstanding properties, including strength combined with flexibility, large specific surface area, high electrical conductivity, and little noise. Moreover, their combination with polymers can provide nanocomposites with novel and enhanced performance owed to synergy between the composite components. This review concisely recapitulates up-to-date advances in the development of polymer composites incorporating carbon-based nanomaterials for forensic science. The properties of the different carbon nanomaterials, several methods used to analyze functional polymeric nanocomposites, and their applications in forensic investigation are discussed. Furthermore, present challenges and forthcoming outlooks on the design of new polymer/carbon nanomaterial composites for crime prevention are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Díez-Pascual
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Lechuga Cruz
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Alba Lomas Redondo
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Teoría de la Señal y Comunicaciones, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Díez-Pascual AM, Rahdar A. Graphene-Based Polymer Composites for Flexible Electronic Applications. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1123. [PMID: 35888940 PMCID: PMC9317206 DOI: 10.3390/mi13071123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Graphene-based nanomaterials have gained a lot of interest over the last years in flexible electronics due to their exceptional electrical, mechanical, and optoelectronic properties, as well as their potential of surface modification. Their flexibility and processability make them suitable for electronic devices that require bending, folding, and stretching, which cannot be fulfilled by conventional electronics. These nanomaterials can be assembled with various types of organic materials, including polymers, and biomolecules, to generate a variety of nanocomposites with greater stretchability and healability, higher stiffness, electrical conductivity, and exceptional thermal stability for flexible lighting and display technologies. This article summarizes the main characteristics and synthesis methods of graphene, its oxidized form graphene oxide (GO), and reduced GO derivative, as well as their corresponding polymeric composites, and provides a brief overview about some recent examples of these nanocomposites in flexible electronic applications, including electrodes for solar cells and supercapacitors, electronic textiles, and transistors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Díez-Pascual
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Abbas Rahdar
- Department of Physics, University of Zabol, Zabol P.O. Box 98613-35856, Iran;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fluorine-18 Fluorodeoxyglucose Isolation Using Graphene Oxide for Alternative Radiopharmaceutical Spillage Decontamination in PET Scan. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14084492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Radiopharmaceuticals (RPC) used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in nuclear medicine may contaminate surface areas due to spillage during its preparation or accident during RPC transfer from laboratory to the treatment room. Fluorine-18 Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) is the most common RPC for positron emission tomography (PET) scan in nuclear medicine due to its ideal annihilation converted energy at 511 keV and short half-life at 109.8 min. Ineffective medical waste management of 18F-FDG may pose a risk to the environment or cause unnecessary radiation doses to the personnel and public. Depending on the incident rate of these events, simple decontamination methods such as the use of chemicals and swabs might not be cost-effective and sustainable in the environment. This study aims to propose an alternative method to decontaminate 18F-FDG by using graphene oxide (GO). GO was synthesised using the Hummers method while the physical morphology was analysed using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). 18F-FDG adsorption efficiency rate using GO nanolayers was analysed based on the kinetic study of the GO:18F-FDG mixtures. The chemical adsorbability of the material was analysed via UV–vis spectrophotometer to interlink the microstructures of GO with the sorption affinity interaction. Resultantly, the adsorption rate was effective at a slow decay rate and the optical adsorption of GO with 18F-FDG was dominated by the π → π* plasmon peak, which was near 230 nm. By elucidating the underlining GO special features, an alternative technique to isolate 18F-FDG for the decontamination process was successfully proven.
Collapse
|
15
|
Editorial for “Properties and Applications of Graphene and Its Derivatives”. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12040602. [PMID: 35214931 PMCID: PMC8875504 DOI: 10.3390/nano12040602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
16
|
Hyaluronic Acid and Graphene Oxide-incorporated Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogels for Electrically Stimulated Release of Anticancer Tamoxifen Citrate. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:1633-1641. [PMID: 34756869 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery is the transport of drug across the skin and into the systemic circulation. Patch is a one of transdermal device that is used to attach on skin and contains drug. The drug matrices from hyaluronic acid (HA) and graphene oxide (GO) incorporated HA hydrogel were fabricated for the release of tamoxifen citrate (TMX) as the anticancer drug under applied electrical field. The pristine HA hydrogels as the matrix and GO as the drug encapsulation host were fabricated for transdermal patch by the solution casting using citric acid as the chemical crosslinker. In vitro drug release experiment was investigated by utilizing the modified Franz-diffusion cell under the effects of crosslinking ratio, electric potential, and GO. The TMX release behaviors from the hydrogels were found to be from the three mechanisms: the pure Fickian diffusion; the anomalous or non-Fickian diffusion; and Super case II transport depending on the crosslinking conditions. The TMX diffusion and release amount from the pristine HA hydrogels were increased with smaller crosslinking ratios. With applied electrical potential, the enhanced TMX diffusion and release amount were observed when compared to that without due to the electro-repulsive force. Furthermore, the TMX diffusion from the HA hydrogel with GO as the drug encapsulation host was higher by two orders of magnitude than without GO.
Collapse
|
17
|
Shiyanova KA, Gudkov MV, Rabchinskii MK, Sokura LA, Stolyarova DY, Baidakova MV, Shashkin DP, Trofimuk AD, Smirnov DA, Komarov IA, Timofeeva VA, Melnikov VP. Graphene Oxide Chemistry Management via the Use of KMnO 4/K 2Cr 2O 7 Oxidizing Agents. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:915. [PMID: 33916778 PMCID: PMC8066464 DOI: 10.3390/nano11040915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a facile approach to the management of graphene oxide (GO) chemistry via its synthesis using KMnO4/K2Cr2O7 oxidizing agents at different ratios. Using Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy, we show that the number of basal-plane and edge-located oxygenic groups can be controllably tuned by altering the KMnO4/K2Cr2O7 ratio. The linear two-fold reduction in the number of the hydroxyls and epoxides with the simultaneous three-fold rise in the content of carbonyls and carboxyls is indicated upon the transition from KMnO4 to K2Cr2O7 as a predominant oxidizing agent. The effect of the oxidation mixture's composition on the structure of the synthesized GOs is also comprehensively studied by means of X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic-force microscopy, optical microscopy, and the laser diffraction method. The nanoscale corrugation of the GO platelets with the increase of the K2Cr2O7 content is signified, whereas the 10-100 μm lateral size, lamellar, and defect-free structure is demonstrated for all of the synthesized GOs regardless of the KMnO4/K2Cr2O7 ratio. The proposed method for the synthesis of GO with the desired chemistry opens up new horizons for the development of graphene-based materials with tunable functional properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kseniya A. Shiyanova
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.S.); (M.V.G.); (D.P.S.); (V.A.T.)
| | - Maksim V. Gudkov
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.S.); (M.V.G.); (D.P.S.); (V.A.T.)
| | - Maxim K. Rabchinskii
- Ioffe Institute, 194021 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.K.R.); (L.A.S.); (M.V.B.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Liliia A. Sokura
- Ioffe Institute, 194021 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.K.R.); (L.A.S.); (M.V.B.); (A.D.T.)
| | | | - Marina V. Baidakova
- Ioffe Institute, 194021 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.K.R.); (L.A.S.); (M.V.B.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Dmitriy P. Shashkin
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.S.); (M.V.G.); (D.P.S.); (V.A.T.)
| | - Andrei D. Trofimuk
- Ioffe Institute, 194021 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (M.K.R.); (L.A.S.); (M.V.B.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Dmitry A. Smirnov
- Institut für Festkörper- und Materialphysik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Ivan A. Komarov
- Department of Composite Construction for Space Rockets, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 105005 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Victoria A. Timofeeva
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.S.); (M.V.G.); (D.P.S.); (V.A.T.)
| | - Valery P. Melnikov
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.S.); (M.V.G.); (D.P.S.); (V.A.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sainz-Urruela C, Vera-López S, San Andrés MP, Díez-Pascual AM. Graphene-Based Sensors for the Detection of Bioactive Compounds: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3316. [PMID: 33804997 PMCID: PMC8037795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last years, different nanomaterials have been investigated to design highly selective and sensitive sensors, reaching nano/picomolar concentrations of biomolecules, which is crucial for medical sciences and the healthcare industry in order to assess physiological and metabolic parameters. The discovery of graphene (G) has unexpectedly impulsed research on developing cost-effective electrode materials owed to its unique physical and chemical properties, including high specific surface area, elevated carrier mobility, exceptional electrical and thermal conductivity, strong stiffness and strength combined with flexibility and optical transparency. G and its derivatives, including graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), are becoming an important class of nanomaterials in the area of optical and electrochemical sensors. The presence of oxygenated functional groups makes GO nanosheets amphiphilic, facilitating chemical functionalization. G-based nanomaterials can be easily combined with different types of inorganic nanoparticles, including metals and metal oxides, quantum dots, organic polymers, and biomolecules, to yield a wide range of nanocomposites with enhanced sensitivity for sensor applications. This review provides an overview of recent research on G-based nanocomposites for the detection of bioactive compounds, providing insights on the unique advantages offered by G and its derivatives. Their synthesis process, functionalization routes, and main properties are summarized, and the main challenges are also discussed. The antioxidants selected for this review are melatonin, gallic acid, tannic acid, resveratrol, oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and curcumin. They were chosen owed to their beneficial properties for human health, including antibiotic, antiviral, cardiovascular protector, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, neuroprotective, antiageing, antidegenerative, and antiallergic capacity. The sensitivity and selectivity of G-based electrochemical and fluorescent sensors are also examined. Finally, the future outlook for the development of G-based sensors for this type of biocompounds is outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sainz-Urruela
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid‐Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España (Spain); (C.S.-U.); (S.V.-L.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Soledad Vera-López
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid‐Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España (Spain); (C.S.-U.); (S.V.-L.); (M.P.S.)
- Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río (IQAR), Ctra. Madrid‐Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España (Spain)
| | - María Paz San Andrés
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid‐Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España (Spain); (C.S.-U.); (S.V.-L.); (M.P.S.)
- Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río (IQAR), Ctra. Madrid‐Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España (Spain)
| | - Ana M. Díez-Pascual
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid‐Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España (Spain); (C.S.-U.); (S.V.-L.); (M.P.S.)
- Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río (IQAR), Ctra. Madrid‐Barcelona Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, España (Spain)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Melo BL, Lima-Sousa R, Alves CG, Ferreira P, Moreira AF, Correia IJ, de Melo-Diogo D. Sulfobetaine methacrylate-albumin-coated graphene oxide incorporating IR780 for enhanced breast cancer phototherapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:453-464. [PMID: 33660547 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Enhance the colloidal stability and photothermal capacity of graphene oxide (GO) by functionalizing it with sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA)-grafted bovine serum albumin (BSA; i.e., SBMA-g-BSA) and by loading IR780, respectively. Materials & methods: SBMA-g-BSA coating and IR780 loading into GO was achieved through a simple sonication process. Results: SBMA-g-BSA-functionalized GO (SBMA-BSA/GO) presented an adequate size distribution and cytocompatibility. When in contact with biologically relevant media, the size of the SBMA-BSA/GO only increased by 8%. By loading IR780 into SBMA-BSA/GO, its photothermal capacity increased by twofold. The combination of near infrared light with SBMA-BSA/GO did not induce photocytotoxicity on breast cancer cells. In contrast, the interaction of IR780-loaded SBMA-BSA/GO with near infrared light caused the ablation of cancer cells. Conclusion: IR780-loaded SBMA-BSA/GO displayed an improved colloidal stability and phototherapeutic capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna L Melo
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, Covilhã 6200-506, Portugal
| | - Rita Lima-Sousa
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, Covilhã 6200-506, Portugal
| | - Cátia G Alves
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, Covilhã 6200-506, Portugal
| | - Paula Ferreira
- CIEPQPF - Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Silvio Lima, Coimbra 3030-790, Portugal
| | - André F Moreira
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, Covilhã 6200-506, Portugal
| | - Ilídio J Correia
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, Covilhã 6200-506, Portugal.,CIEPQPF - Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Silvio Lima, Coimbra 3030-790, Portugal
| | - Duarte de Melo-Diogo
- CICS-UBI - Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, Covilhã 6200-506, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Graphene Oxides Derivatives Prepared by an Electrochemical Approach: Correlation between Structure and Properties. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10122532. [PMID: 33348545 PMCID: PMC7766825 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) can be defined as a single monolayer of graphite with oxygen-containing functionalities such as epoxides, alcohols, and carboxylic acids. It is an interesting alternative to graphene for many applications due to its exceptional properties and feasibility of functionalization. In this study, electrochemically exfoliated graphene oxides (EGOs) with different amounts of surface groups, hence level of oxidation, were prepared by an electrochemical two-stage approach using graphite as raw material. A complete characterization of the EGOs was carried out in order to correlate their surface topography, interlayer spacing, defect content, and specific surface area (SSA) with their electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. It has been found that the SSA has a direct relationship with the d-spacing. The EGOs electrical resistance decreases with increasing SSA while rises with increasing the D/G band intensity ratio in the Raman spectra, hence the defect content. Their thermal stability under both nitrogen and dry air atmospheres depends on both their oxidation level and defect content. Their macroscopic mechanical properties, namely the Young’s modulus and tensile strength, are influenced by the defect content, while no correlation was found with their SSA or interlayer spacing. Young moduli values as high as 54 GPa have been measured, which corroborates that the developed method preserves the integrity of the graphene flakes. Understanding the structure-property relationships in these materials is useful for the design of modified GOs with controllable morphologies and properties for a wide range of applications in electrical/electronic devices.
Collapse
|
21
|
Díez-Pascual AM. Antibacterial Action of Nanoparticle Loaded Nanocomposites Based on Graphene and Its Derivatives: A Mini-Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3563. [PMID: 32443558 PMCID: PMC7278957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections constitute a severe problem in various areas of everyday life, causing pain and death, and adding enormous costs to healthcare worldwide. Besides, they cause important concerns in other industries, such as cloth, food packaging, and biomedicine, among others. Despite the intensive efforts of academics and researchers, there is lack of a general solutions to restrict bacterial growth. Among the various approaches, the use of antibacterial nanomaterials is a very promising way to fight the microorganisms due to their high specific surface area and intrinsic or chemically incorporated antibacterial action. Graphene, a 2D carbon-based ultra-thin biocompatible nanomaterial with excellent mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties, and its derivatives, graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), are highly suitable candidates for restricting microbial infections. However, the mechanisms of antimicrobial action, their cytotoxicity, and other issues remain unclear. This mini-review provides select examples on the leading advances in the development of antimicrobial nanocomposites incorporating inorganic nanoparticles and graphene or its derivatives, with the aim of providing a better understanding of the antibacterial properties of graphene-based nanomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Díez-Pascual
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Chemistry Research “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|