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Sarangi PK, Srivastava RK, Vivekanand V, Goksen G, Sahoo UK, Thakur TK, Debeaufort F, Uysal-Unalan I, Pugazhendhi A. Recovery of green phenolic compounds from lignin-based source: Role of ferulic acid esterase towards waste valorization and bioeconomic perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 256:119218. [PMID: 38782335 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The production of chemicals/products so far relies on fossil-based resources with the creation of several environmental problems at the global level. In this situation, a sustainable and circular economy model is necessitated to mitigate global environmental issues. Production of biowaste from various processing industries also creates environmental issues which would be valorized for the production of industrially important reactive and bioactive compounds. Lignin acts as a vital part in biowaste composition which can be converted into a wide range of phenolic compounds. The phenolic compounds have attracted much attention, owing to their influence on diverse not only organoleptic parameters, such as taste or color, but also active agents for active packaging systems. Crop residues of varied groups, which are an affluent source of lignocellulosic biomass could serve as a renewable resource for the biosynthesis of ferulic acid (FA). FA is obtained by the FA esterase enzyme action, and it can be further converted into various tail end phenolic flavor green compounds like vanillin, vanillic acid and hydroxycinnamic acid. Lignin being renewable in nature, processing and management of biowastes towards sustainability is the need as far as the global industrial point is concerned. This review explores all the approaches for conversion of lignin into value-added phenolic compounds that could be included to packaging applications. These valorized products can exhibit the antioxidant, antimicrobial, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties, and due to these features can emerge to incorporate them into production of functional foods and be utilization of them at active food packaging application. These approaches would be an important step for utilization of the recovered bioactive compounds at the nutraceutical and food industrial sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajesh Kumar Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, GST, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management (GITAM), Visakhapatnam, 530045, A.P., India
| | - Vivekanand Vivekanand
- Center for Energy and Environment, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, 302 017, Rajasthan, India
| | - Gulden Goksen
- Department of Food Technology, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Mersin Tarsus Organized Industrial Zone, Tarsus University, 33100, Mersin, Turkey
| | | | | | - Frederic Debeaufort
- Department of BioEngineering, Institute of Technology Dijon Auxerre, University of Burgundy, 7 Blvd Docteur Petitjean, 20178 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Ilke Uysal-Unalan
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark; CiFOOD - Center for Innovative Food Research, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
- School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon; Centre for Herbal Pharmacology and Environmental Sustainability, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam 603103, Tamil Nadu, India.
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2
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Ruwoldt J, Blindheim FH, Chinga-Carrasco G. Functional surfaces, films, and coatings with lignin - a critical review. RSC Adv 2023; 13:12529-12553. [PMID: 37101953 PMCID: PMC10123495 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra08179b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignin is the most abundant polyaromatic biopolymer. Due to its rich and versatile chemistry, many applications have been proposed, which include the formulation of functional coatings and films. In addition to replacing fossil-based polymers, the lignin biopolymer can be part of new material solutions. Functionalities may be added, such as UV-blocking, oxygen scavenging, antimicrobial, and barrier properties, which draw on lignin's intrinsic and unique features. As a result, various applications have been proposed, including polymer coatings, adsorbents, paper-sizing additives, wood veneers, food packaging, biomaterials, fertilizers, corrosion inhibitors, and antifouling membranes. Today, technical lignin is produced in large volumes in the pulp and paper industry, whereas even more diverse products are prospected to be available from future biorefineries. Developing new applications for lignin is hence paramount - both from a technological and economic point of view. This review article is therefore summarizing and discussing the current research-state of functional surfaces, films, and coatings with lignin, where emphasis is put on the formulation and application of such solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jost Ruwoldt
- RISE PFI AS Høgskoleringen 6B Trondheim 7491 Norway
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3
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Österberg M, Henn KA, Farooq M, Valle-Delgado JJ. Biobased Nanomaterials─The Role of Interfacial Interactions for Advanced Materials. Chem Rev 2023; 123:2200-2241. [PMID: 36720130 PMCID: PMC9999428 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This review presents recent advances regarding biomass-based nanomaterials, focusing on their surface interactions. Plant biomass-based nanoparticles, like nanocellulose and lignin from industry side streams, hold great potential for the development of lightweight, functional, biodegradable, or recyclable material solutions for a sustainable circular bioeconomy. However, to obtain optimal properties of the nanoparticles and materials made thereof, it is crucial to control the interactions both during particle production and in applications. Herein we focus on the current understanding of these interactions. Solvent interactions during particle formation and production, as well as interactions with water, polymers, cells and other components in applications, are addressed. We concentrate on cellulose and lignin nanomaterials and their combination. We demonstrate how the surface chemistry of the nanomaterials affects these interactions and how excellent performance is only achieved when the interactions are controlled. We furthermore introduce suitable methods for probing interactions with nanomaterials, describe their advantages and challenges, and introduce some less commonly used methods and discuss their possible applications to gain a deeper understanding of the interfacial chemistry of biobased nanomaterials. Finally, some gaps in current understanding and interesting emerging research lines are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Österberg
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150Espoo, Finland
| | - K Alexander Henn
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150Espoo, Finland
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150Espoo, Finland
| | - Juan José Valle-Delgado
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150Espoo, Finland
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4
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Hararak B, Wanmolee W, Wijaranakul P, Prakymoramas N, Winotapun C, Kraithong W, Nakason K. Physicochemical properties of lignin nanoparticles from softwood and their potential application in sustainable pre-harvest bagging as transparent UV-shielding films. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 229:575-588. [PMID: 36592857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Technical lignin can be mainly obtained as a waste by-product from pulp industry, and it exhibits unique properties including ultraviolet adsorption, biodegradable, antibacterial, and antioxidant which can be utilized for bioplastic applications. However, common limitations of technical lignin for plastic applications are compatibility mainly due to poor interfacial adhesion, relatively large particle size and impurity. In this study lignin nanoparticles from softwood (S-LNPs) were successfully produced through a continuous-green-scalable antisolvent precipitation and the suitability of S-LNPs for fabrication of bio-composite polybutylene succinate (PBS) films using conventional blown film extrusion was examined. The attained S-LNPs showed lower ash content, higher phenolic content and higher lignin content compared to pristine softwood kraft lignin (S-lignin). Rheological property including shear viscosity and melt-flow index was determined. The obtained PBS/S-LNP composite films showed improved tensile modulus, higher water vapor transmission rate and excellent UV-shielding ability compared to neat PBS and PBS/S-lignin films. Accelerated weathering testing was conducted to replicate outdoor conditions. Degradation indices including carbonyl, vinyl and hydroxyl of the weathered PBS/lignin composites were evaluated for photo-oxidative stability. The S-LNPs as multifunctional bio-additives in biodegradable composite film exhibited superior performances of transparency, UV-absorption and stiffness with high photo-oxidative stability suitable for outdoor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongkot Hararak
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong-Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Wanwitoo Wanmolee
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong-Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Pawarisa Wijaranakul
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong-Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Natcha Prakymoramas
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong-Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Charinee Winotapun
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong-Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Wasawat Kraithong
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong-Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kamonwat Nakason
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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5
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de Paula DM, Lomonaco D, Parente da Ponte AM, Cordeiro KE, Magalhães Moreira M, Giovarruscio M, Sauro S, Pinheiro Feitosa V. Collagen Cross-Linking Lignin Improves the Bonding Performance of Etch-and-Rinse Adhesives to Dentin. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15093218. [PMID: 35591547 PMCID: PMC9101521 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the biomodification ability of lignin used as pre-treatment in human dentin before the application of an etch-and-rinse adhesive. Experimental hydroethanolic solutions with different cross-linking agents were used: 6.5% proanthocyanidins (PAC, from grape-seed extract); 2% cardanol (CARD, from cashew-nut shell liquid); lignin (LIG, from eucalyptus) at 1, 2 or 4% concentrations. The negative control (NC) was ethanol 50 v%. Extracted molars were prepared, and dentin microtensile bond strength (μTBS) was evaluated after 24 h water storage or 10,000 thermocycling aging. Further specimens were processed for SEM nanoleakage, micropermeability confocal microscopy evaluation and in situ degree of conversion (DC) through micro-Raman spectroscopy. Demineralized dentin sticks were submitted to a three-point bending test to evaluate the elastic modulus (E) before and after 1 min biomodification using the tested solutions. Moreover, it was also evaluated the mass changes and hydroxyproline (HYP) release after 4-weeks of water storage. Vibrational collagen crosslinking identification was evaluated through micro-Raman spectroscopy. The results were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). A significant reduction in μTBS was observed in groups NC (p < 0.001) and CARD (p = 0.026). LIG-4% showed no significant reduction in μTBS after aging (p = 0.022). Nanoleakage micrographs showed hybrid layer protection with all agents, but reduced micropermeability was attained only with lignin. Polymerization was negatively affected in the presence of all tested cross-linking agents, except LIG-1%. Lignin and cardanol increased the dentin E values, but only lignin reduced the mass loss in dentin specimens. Effective collagen crosslinking (1117 cm−1 and 1235 cm−1) was detected for all agents. HYP release was significantly lower with LIG-1% than NC (p < 0.001). Lignin was able to perform collagen cross-linking and prevent the degradation of unprotected dentin collagen, thereby improving the bonding performance of the composite restorations performed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Martins de Paula
- Paulo Picanço School of Dentistry, R. Joaquim Sá, 900-Dionísio Torres, Fortaleza 60135-218, Brazil; (D.M.d.P.); (A.M.P.d.P.); (K.E.C.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Diego Lomonaco
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60020-181, Brazil;
| | - Antônio Moisés Parente da Ponte
- Paulo Picanço School of Dentistry, R. Joaquim Sá, 900-Dionísio Torres, Fortaleza 60135-218, Brazil; (D.M.d.P.); (A.M.P.d.P.); (K.E.C.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Karen Evellin Cordeiro
- Paulo Picanço School of Dentistry, R. Joaquim Sá, 900-Dionísio Torres, Fortaleza 60135-218, Brazil; (D.M.d.P.); (A.M.P.d.P.); (K.E.C.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Madiana Magalhães Moreira
- Paulo Picanço School of Dentistry, R. Joaquim Sá, 900-Dionísio Torres, Fortaleza 60135-218, Brazil; (D.M.d.P.); (A.M.P.d.P.); (K.E.C.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Massimo Giovarruscio
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119146 Moscow, Russia; (M.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Salvatore Sauro
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119146 Moscow, Russia; (M.G.); (S.S.)
- Dental Biomaterials and Minimally Invasive Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University, CEU Universities, C/Santiago Ramón y Cajal, s/n., Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain
| | - Victor Pinheiro Feitosa
- Paulo Picanço School of Dentistry, R. Joaquim Sá, 900-Dionísio Torres, Fortaleza 60135-218, Brazil; (D.M.d.P.); (A.M.P.d.P.); (K.E.C.); (M.M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-85-3272-3222
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6
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Hu M, Zhang J, Liu Y, Zheng X, Li X, Li X, Yang H. Highly Conformal Polymers for Ambulatory Electrophysiological Sensing. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200047. [PMID: 35419904 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Stable ambulatory electrophysiological sensing is widely utilized for smart e-healthcare monitoring, clinical diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, treatment of neurological diseases, and intelligent human-machine interaction. As the favorable signal interaction platform of electrophysiological sensing, the conformal property of on-skin electrodes is an extremely crucial factor that can affect the stability of long-term ambulatory electrophysiological sensing. From the perspective of materials, to realize conformal contact between electrodes and skin for stable sensing, highly conformal polymers are strongly demanding and attracting ever-growing attention. In this review, we focused on the recent progress of highly conformal polymers for ambulatory electrophysiological sensing, including their synthetic methods, conformal property, and potential applications. Specifically, three main types of highly conformal polymers for stable long-term electrophysiological signals monitoring were proposed, including nature silk fibroin based conformal polymers, marine mussels bio-inspired conformal polymers, and other conformal polymers such as zwitterionic polymers and polyacrylamide. Furthermore, the future challenges and opportunities of preparing highly conformal polymers for on-skin electrodes were also highlighted. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshuang Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, School of Science, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, School of Science, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yixuan Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, School of Science, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xinran Zheng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, School of Science, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xiangxiang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, School of Science, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Ximing Li
- Chest hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, School of Science, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300072, China
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7
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Fakhri LA, Ghanbarzadeh B, Dehghannya J, Dadashi S. Central composite design based statistical modeling for optimization of barrier and thermal properties of polystyrene based nanocomposite sheet for packaging application. Food Packag Shelf Life 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2021.100725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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8
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Tardy BL, Mattos BD, Otoni CG, Beaumont M, Majoinen J, Kämäräinen T, Rojas OJ. Deconstruction and Reassembly of Renewable Polymers and Biocolloids into Next Generation Structured Materials. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14088-14188. [PMID: 34415732 PMCID: PMC8630709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review considers the most recent developments in supramolecular and supraparticle structures obtained from natural, renewable biopolymers as well as their disassembly and reassembly into engineered materials. We introduce the main interactions that control bottom-up synthesis and top-down design at different length scales, highlighting the promise of natural biopolymers and associated building blocks. The latter have become main actors in the recent surge of the scientific and patent literature related to the subject. Such developments make prominent use of multicomponent and hierarchical polymeric assemblies and structures that contain polysaccharides (cellulose, chitin, and others), polyphenols (lignins, tannins), and proteins (soy, whey, silk, and other proteins). We offer a comprehensive discussion about the interactions that exist in their native architectures (including multicomponent and composite forms), the chemical modification of polysaccharides and their deconstruction into high axial aspect nanofibers and nanorods. We reflect on the availability and suitability of the latter types of building blocks to enable superstructures and colloidal associations. As far as processing, we describe the most relevant transitions, from the solution to the gel state and the routes that can be used to arrive to consolidated materials with prescribed properties. We highlight the implementation of supramolecular and superstructures in different technological fields that exploit the synergies exhibited by renewable polymers and biocolloids integrated in structured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise L. Tardy
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Bruno D. Mattos
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Caio G. Otoni
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Department
of Materials Engineering, Federal University
of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís, km 235, São
Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Marco Beaumont
- School
of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University
of Technology, 2 George
Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Johanna Majoinen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Tero Kämäräinen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Bioproducts
Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department
of Chemistry and Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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9
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Figueiredo P, Lahtinen MH, Agustin MB, de Carvalho DM, Hirvonen S, Penttilä PA, Mikkonen KS. Green Fabrication Approaches of Lignin Nanoparticles from Different Technical Lignins: A Comparison Study. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:4718-4730. [PMID: 34398512 PMCID: PMC8596756 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The production of lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) has emerged as a way to overcome the highly variable and complex molecular structure of lignin. It can offer morphological control of the lignin polymer, allowing the formation of stable LNP dispersions in aqueous media, while increasing the potential of lignin for high-value applications. However, the polydispersity and morphology of LNPs varies depending on the lignin grade and preparation method, and a systematic comparison using different technical lignins is lacking. In this study, it was attempted to find a green fabrication method with a distinct solvent fractionation of lignin to prepare LNPs using three different technical lignins as starting polymers: BLN birch lignin (hardwood, BB), alkali Protobind 1000 (grass, PB), and kraft LignoBoost (softwood, LB). For that, three anti-solvent precipitation approaches to prepare LNPs were systematically compared: 70 % aqueous ethanol, acetone/water (3 : 1) and NaOH as the lignin solvent, and water/aqueous HCl as the anti-solvent. Among all these methods, the acetone/water (3 : 1) approach allowed production of homogeneous and monodisperse LNPs with a negative surface charge and also spherical and smooth surfaces. Overall, the results revealed that the acetone/water (3 : 1) method was the most effective approach tested to obtain homogenous, small, and spherical LNPs from the three technical lignins. These LNPs exhibited an improved stability at different ionic strengths and a wider pH range compared to the other preparation methods, which can greatly increase their application in many fields, such as pharmaceutical and food sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Figueiredo
- Department of Food and NutritionFaculty of Agriculture and ForestryUniversity of HelsinkiP.O. Box 6600014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Maarit H. Lahtinen
- Department of Food and NutritionFaculty of Agriculture and ForestryUniversity of HelsinkiP.O. Box 6600014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Melissa B. Agustin
- Department of Food and NutritionFaculty of Agriculture and ForestryUniversity of HelsinkiP.O. Box 6600014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Danila Morais de Carvalho
- Department of Food and NutritionFaculty of Agriculture and ForestryUniversity of HelsinkiP.O. Box 6600014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Sami‐Pekka Hirvonen
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceUniversity of HelsinkiP.O. Box 5500014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Paavo A. Penttilä
- Department of Bioproducts and BiosystemsAalto UniversityP.O. Box 1630000076AaltoFinland
| | - Kirsi S. Mikkonen
- Department of Food and NutritionFaculty of Agriculture and ForestryUniversity of HelsinkiP.O. Box 6600014HelsinkiFinland
- Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS)University of HelsinkiP.O. Box 6500014HelsinkiFinland
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10
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Zhu JY, Agarwal UP, Ciesielski PN, Himmel ME, Gao R, Deng Y, Morits M, Österberg M. Towards sustainable production and utilization of plant-biomass-based nanomaterials: a review and analysis of recent developments. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:114. [PMID: 33957955 PMCID: PMC8101122 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01963-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant-biomass-based nanomaterials have attracted great interest recently for their potential to replace petroleum-sourced polymeric materials for sustained economic development. However, challenges associated with sustainable production of lignocellulosic nanoscale polymeric materials (NPMs) need to be addressed. Producing materials from lignocellulosic biomass is a value-added proposition compared with fuel-centric approach. This report focuses on recent progress made in understanding NPMs-specifically lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) and cellulosic nanomaterials (CNMs)-and their sustainable production. Special attention is focused on understanding key issues in nano-level deconstruction of cell walls and utilization of key properties of the resultant NPMs to allow flexibility in production to promote sustainability. Specifically, suitable processes for producing LNPs and their potential for scaled-up production, along with the resultant LNP properties and prospective applications, are discussed. In the case of CNMs, terminologies such as cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) used in the literature are examined. The term cellulose nano-whiskers (CNWs) is used here to describe a class of CNMs that has a morphology similar to CNCs but without specifying its crystallinity, because most applications of CNCs do not need its crystalline characteristic. Additionally, progress in enzymatic processing and drying of NPMs is also summarized. Finally, the report provides some perspective of future research that is likely to result in commercialization of plant-based NPMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Zhu
- USDA Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Umesh P Agarwal
- USDA Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | - Runan Gao
- Renewable Bioproducts Institute, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yulin Deng
- Renewable Bioproducts Institute, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maria Morits
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Monika Österberg
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
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11
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Ekielski A, Mishra PK. Lignin for Bioeconomy: The Present and Future Role of Technical Lignin. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E63. [PMID: 33374628 PMCID: PMC7793518 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignin, the term commonly used in literature, represents a group of heterogeneous aromatic compounds of plant origin. Protolignin or lignin in the cell wall is entirely different from the commercially available technical lignin due to changes during the delignification process. In this paper, we assess the status of lignin valorization in terms of commercial products. We start with existing knowledge of the lignin/protolignin structure in its native form and move to the technical lignin from various sources. Special attention is given to the patents and lignin-based commercial products. We observed that the technical lignin-based commercial products utilize coarse properties of the technical lignin in marketed formulations. Additionally, the general principles of polymers chemistry and self-assembly are difficult to apply in lignin-based nanotechnology, and lignin-centric investigations must be carried out. The alternate upcoming approach is to develop lignin-centric or lignin first bio-refineries for high-value applications; however, that brings its own technological challenges. The assessment of the gap between lab-scale applications and lignin-based commercial products delineates the challenges lignin nanoparticles-based technologies must meet to be a commercially viable alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Ekielski
- Department of Production Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Pawan Kumar Mishra
- Faculty of Business and Economics, Mendel University in Brno, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic
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Weiss R, Guebitz GM, Pellis A, Nyanhongo GS. Harnessing the Power of Enzymes for Tailoring and Valorizing Lignin. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:1215-1231. [PMID: 32423726 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lignin, a structural component of lignocellulosic plants, is an alternative raw material with enormous potential to replace diminishing fossil-based resources for the sustainable production of many chemicals and materials. Unfortunately, lignin's heterogeneity, low reactivity, and strong intra- and intermolecular hydrogen interactions and modifications introduced during the pulping process present significant technical challenges. However, the increasing ability to tailor lignin biosynthesis pathways by targeting enzymes and the continued discovery of more robust biocatalysts are enabling the synthesis of novel valuable products. This review summarizes how enzymes involved in lignin biosynthesis pathways and microbial enzymes are being harnessed to produce chemicals and materials and to upgrade lignin properties for the synthesis of a variety of value-added lignin industrial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Weiss
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Konrad Lorenz Straße 20, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Georg M Guebitz
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Konrad Lorenz Straße 20, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria; Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Alessandro Pellis
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Konrad Lorenz Straße 20, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Gibson S Nyanhongo
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Konrad Lorenz Straße 20, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria; Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
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Zhang X, Morits M, Jonkergouw C, Ora A, Valle-Delgado JJ, Farooq M, Ajdary R, Huan S, Linder M, Rojas O, Sipponen MH, Österberg M. Three-Dimensional Printed Cell Culture Model Based on Spherical Colloidal Lignin Particles and Cellulose Nanofibril-Alginate Hydrogel. Biomacromolecules 2020. [PMID: 31992046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1879b01745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing has been an emerging technique to fabricate precise scaffolds for biomedical applications. Cellulose nanofibril (CNF) hydrogels have attracted considerable attention as a material for 3D printing because of their shear-thinning properties. Combining cellulose nanofibril hydrogels with alginate is an effective method to enable cross-linking of the printed scaffolds in the presence of Ca2+ ions. In this work, spherical colloidal lignin particles (CLPs, also known as spherical lignin nanoparticles) were used to prepare CNF-alginate-CLP nanocomposite scaffolds. High-resolution images obtained by atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed that CLPs were homogeneously mixed with the CNF hydrogel. CLPs brought antioxidant properties to the CNF-alginate-CLP scaffolds in a concentration-dependent manner and increased the viscosity of the hydrogels at a low shear rate, which correspondingly provide better shape fidelity and printing resolution to the scaffolds. Interestingly, the CLPs did not affect the viscosity at high shear rates, showing that the shear thinning behavior typical for CNF hydrogels was retained, enabling easy printing. The CNF-alginate-CLP scaffolds demonstrated shape stability after printing, cross-linking, and storage in Dulbecco's phosphate buffer solution (DPBS +) containing Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions, up to 7 days. The 3D-printed scaffolds showed relative rehydration ratio values above 80% after freeze-drying, demonstrating a high water-retaining capability. Cell viability tests using hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 showed no negative effect of CLPs on cell proliferation. Fluorescence microscopy indicated that HepG2 cells grew not only on the surfaces but also inside the porous scaffolds. Overall, our results demonstrate that nanocomposite CNF-alginate-CLP scaffolds have high potential in soft-tissue engineering and regenerative-medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Maria Morits
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Christopher Jonkergouw
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Ari Ora
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, FIN-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Juan José Valle-Delgado
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Rubina Ajdary
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Siqi Huan
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Markus Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Orlando Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Mika Henrikki Sipponen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Monika Österberg
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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Zhang X, Morits M, Jonkergouw C, Ora A, Valle-Delgado JJ, Farooq M, Ajdary R, Huan S, Linder M, Rojas O, Sipponen MH, Österberg M. Three-Dimensional Printed Cell Culture Model Based on Spherical Colloidal Lignin Particles and Cellulose Nanofibril-Alginate Hydrogel. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:1875-1885. [PMID: 31992046 PMCID: PMC7218745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing has been an emerging technique to fabricate precise scaffolds for biomedical applications. Cellulose nanofibril (CNF) hydrogels have attracted considerable attention as a material for 3D printing because of their shear-thinning properties. Combining cellulose nanofibril hydrogels with alginate is an effective method to enable cross-linking of the printed scaffolds in the presence of Ca2+ ions. In this work, spherical colloidal lignin particles (CLPs, also known as spherical lignin nanoparticles) were used to prepare CNF-alginate-CLP nanocomposite scaffolds. High-resolution images obtained by atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed that CLPs were homogeneously mixed with the CNF hydrogel. CLPs brought antioxidant properties to the CNF-alginate-CLP scaffolds in a concentration-dependent manner and increased the viscosity of the hydrogels at a low shear rate, which correspondingly provide better shape fidelity and printing resolution to the scaffolds. Interestingly, the CLPs did not affect the viscosity at high shear rates, showing that the shear thinning behavior typical for CNF hydrogels was retained, enabling easy printing. The CNF-alginate-CLP scaffolds demonstrated shape stability after printing, cross-linking, and storage in Dulbecco's phosphate buffer solution (DPBS +) containing Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions, up to 7 days. The 3D-printed scaffolds showed relative rehydration ratio values above 80% after freeze-drying, demonstrating a high water-retaining capability. Cell viability tests using hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 showed no negative effect of CLPs on cell proliferation. Fluorescence microscopy indicated that HepG2 cells grew not only on the surfaces but also inside the porous scaffolds. Overall, our results demonstrate that nanocomposite CNF-alginate-CLP scaffolds have high potential in soft-tissue engineering and regenerative-medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Maria Morits
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Christopher Jonkergouw
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Ari Ora
- Department
of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto
University, FIN-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Juan José Valle-Delgado
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Rubina Ajdary
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Siqi Huan
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Markus Linder
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Orlando Rojas
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Mika Henrikki Sipponen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Monika Österberg
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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Bangalore Ashok RP, Xiao Y, Lintinen K, Oinas P, Kostiainen MA, Österberg M. Self-assembly of colloidal lignin particles in a continuous flow tubular reactor. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.124228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Henn A, Mattinen ML. Chemo-enzymatically prepared lignin nanoparticles for value-added applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:125. [PMID: 31363859 PMCID: PMC6667416 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2697-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The global need to develop sustainable materials and products from non-fossil raw material is pushing industry to utilize side-streams more efficiently using green processes. Aromatic lignin, the world’s second most abundant biopolymer, has multiple attractive properties which can be exploited in various ways instead of being burnt or used as animal feed. Lignin’s poor water solubility and its highly branched and random structure make it a challenging biopolymer to exploit when developing novel technologies for the preparation of tailored nanobiomaterials for value-added applications. The notable number of scientific publications focusing on the formation and modification of technical lignin in nanoparticulate morphology show that these bottlenecks could be solved using lignin in the form of colloidal particles (CLPs). These particles are very stable at wide pH range (4–11) and easily dispersible in organic solvents after stabilized via cross-linking. Negative hydroxyl groups on the CLP surface enable multiple enzymatic and chemical modifications e.g. via polymerization reactions and surface-coating with positive polymers. This contribution highlights how tailored CLPs could be innovatively exploited in different the state-of-the-art applications such as medicine, foods, and cosmetics. Graphic abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Henn
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Bioproduct Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, Aalto, 00076, Espoo, Finland
| | - Maija-Liisa Mattinen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Bioproduct Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, Aalto, 00076, Espoo, Finland.
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Abstract
Lignin has great potential for utilization as a green raw material or as an additive in various industrial applications, such as energy, valuable chemicals, or cost-effective materials. In this study, we assessed a commercial form of lignin isolated using LignoBoost technology (LB lignin) as well as three other types of lignin (two samples of non-wood lignins and one hardwood kraft lignin) isolated from the waste liquors produced during the pulping process. Measurements were taken for elemental analysis, methoxyl and ash content, higher heating values, thermogravimetric analysis, and molecular weight determination. We found that the elemental composition of the isolated lignins affected their thermal stability, activation energies, and higher heating values. The lignin samples examined showed varying amounts of functional groups, inorganic component compositions, and molecular weight distributions. Mean activation energies ranged from 93 to 281 kJ/mol. Lignins with bimodal molecular weight distribution were thermally decomposed in two stages, whereas the LB lignin showing a unimodal molecular weight distribution was decomposed in a single thermal stage. Based on its thermal properties, the LB lignin may find direct applications in biocomposites where a higher thermal resistance is required.
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