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Charlton-Sevcik AK, Collom C, Liu JY, Hsieh YL, Stark N, Ede JD, Shatkin JA, Sayes CM. The impact of surface functionalization of cellulose following simulated digestion and gastrointestinal cell-based model exposure. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132603. [PMID: 38788877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Surface-functionalized cellulose materials are developed for various purposes, including food additives and food contact materials. A new biologically relevant testing strategy has been developed based on guidance from the European Food Safety Authority to demonstrate the safety of several next-generation surface-functionalized cellulose materials. This strategy involves a complex three-stage simulated digestion to compare the health effects of thirteen novel different types of cellulose. The physical and chemical properties of surface-functionalized fibrillated celluloses differed depending on the type, amount, and location of functional groups such as sulfonate, TEMPO-oxidized carboxy, and periodate-chlorite oxidized dicarboxylic acid celluloses. Despite exposure to gastrointestinal fluids, the celluloses maintained their physicochemical properties, such as negative surface charges and high length-to-width/thickness aspect ratios. An established intestinal co-culture model was used to measure cytotoxicity, barrier integrity, oxidative stress, and pro-inflammatory response to create a toxicological profile for these unique materials. We conclude that the C6 carboxylated cellulose nanofibrils by TEMPO-oxidation induced the most toxicity in the biological model used in this study and that the observed effects were most prominent at the 4-hour post-exposure time point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Charlton-Sevcik
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798-7266, USA
| | - Clancy Collom
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798-7266, USA
| | - James Y Liu
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798-7266, USA
| | | | | | - James D Ede
- Vireo Advisors, LLC, Boston, MA 02130-4323, USA
| | | | - Christie M Sayes
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798-7266, USA.
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2
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Yamashita Y, Tokunaga A, Aoki K, Ishizuka T, Uematsu H, Sakamoto H, Fujita S, Tanoue S. Assessing the Safety of Mechanically Fibrillated Cellulose Nanofibers (fib-CNF) via Toxicity Tests on Mice: Single Intratracheal Administration and 28 Days' Oral Intake. TOXICS 2024; 12:121. [PMID: 38393216 PMCID: PMC10893282 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12020121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Mechanically fibrillated cellulose nanofibers, known as fib-CNF (fiber length: 500 nm; diameter: 45 nm), are used in composites and as a natural thickener in foods. To evaluate their safety, we conducted a 28-day study in mice with inhalation exposure at 0.2 mg/body and oral administration of 400 mg/kg/day. Inhalation exposure to fib-CNF caused transient weight loss, changes in blood cell counts, and increased lung weights. These changes were attributed to adaptive responses. The oral administration of fib-CNF for 28 days resulted in no apparent toxic effects except for a slight decrease in platelet counts. The fib-CNF administration using the protocols studied appears to be safe in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Yamashita
- Research Center for Fibers and Materials, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan;
| | - Akinori Tokunaga
- Life Science Research Laboratory, University of Fukui, 23-3, Matsuoka Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui 910-1193, Japan;
- Organization for Life Science Advancement Programs, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan; (K.A.); (T.I.); (H.U.); (H.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Koji Aoki
- Organization for Life Science Advancement Programs, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan; (K.A.); (T.I.); (H.U.); (H.S.); (S.F.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Fukui, 23-3, Matsuoka Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Ishizuka
- Organization for Life Science Advancement Programs, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan; (K.A.); (T.I.); (H.U.); (H.S.); (S.F.)
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Fukui, 23-3, Matsuoka Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Uematsu
- Organization for Life Science Advancement Programs, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan; (K.A.); (T.I.); (H.U.); (H.S.); (S.F.)
- Department of Frontier Fiber Technology and Science, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sakamoto
- Organization for Life Science Advancement Programs, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan; (K.A.); (T.I.); (H.U.); (H.S.); (S.F.)
- Department of Frontier Fiber Technology and Science, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Organization for Life Science Advancement Programs, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan; (K.A.); (T.I.); (H.U.); (H.S.); (S.F.)
- Department of Frontier Fiber Technology and Science, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan
| | - Shuichi Tanoue
- Research Center for Fibers and Materials, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan;
- Organization for Life Science Advancement Programs, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 910-8507, Japan; (K.A.); (T.I.); (H.U.); (H.S.); (S.F.)
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3
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Ede JD, Diges AS, Zhang Y, Shatkin JA. Life-cycle risk assessment of graphene-enabled textiles in fire protection gear. NANOIMPACT 2024; 33:100488. [PMID: 37940075 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2023.100488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
A nanomaterial life-cycle risk assessment (Nano LCRA) of a graphene-enabled textile used in the construction of heat and fire-resistant personal protective equipment (PPE) was conducted to develop, analyze, and prioritize potential occupational, health and environmental risks. The analysis identifies potential receptors and exposure pathways at each product life-cycle stage and makes a qualitative evaluation of the potential significance of each scenario. A literature review, quality evaluation, and database were developed as part of the LCRA to identify potential hazards associated with graphene-based materials (GBMs) throughout the product life-cycle. Generally, risks identified from graphene-enabled textiles were low. Of the developed exposure scenarios, occupational inhalation exposures during raw material and product manufacturing ranked highest. The analysis identifies the key potential human and environmental hazards and exposures of the products across the product life-cycle of graphene enabled textiles. Priority research gaps to reduce uncertainty include evaluating long-term, low dose graphene exposures typical of the workplace, as well as the potential release and hazard characterization of graphene-acrylic nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yueyang Zhang
- Vireo Advisors LLC, Boston, MA 02205, USA; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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4
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Frka-Petesic B, Parton TG, Honorato-Rios C, Narkevicius A, Ballu K, Shen Q, Lu Z, Ogawa Y, Haataja JS, Droguet BE, Parker RM, Vignolini S. Structural Color from Cellulose Nanocrystals or Chitin Nanocrystals: Self-Assembly, Optics, and Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:12595-12756. [PMID: 38011110 PMCID: PMC10729353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Widespread concerns over the impact of human activity on the environment have resulted in a desire to replace artificial functional materials with naturally derived alternatives. As such, polysaccharides are drawing increasing attention due to offering a renewable, biodegradable, and biocompatible feedstock for functional nanomaterials. In particular, nanocrystals of cellulose and chitin have emerged as versatile and sustainable building blocks for diverse applications, ranging from mechanical reinforcement to structural coloration. Much of this interest arises from the tendency of these colloidally stable nanoparticles to self-organize in water into a lyotropic cholesteric liquid crystal, which can be readily manipulated in terms of its periodicity, structure, and geometry. Importantly, this helicoidal ordering can be retained into the solid-state, offering an accessible route to complex nanostructured films, coatings, and particles. In this review, the process of forming iridescent, structurally colored films from suspensions of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) is summarized and the mechanisms underlying the chemical and physical phenomena at each stage in the process explored. Analogy is then drawn with chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs), allowing for key differences to be critically assessed and strategies toward structural coloration to be presented. Importantly, the progress toward translating this technology from academia to industry is summarized, with unresolved scientific and technical questions put forward as challenges to the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Frka-Petesic
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- International
Institute for Sustainability with Knotted Chiral Meta Matter (WPI-SKCM), Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Thomas G. Parton
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Camila Honorato-Rios
- Department
of Sustainable and Bio-inspired Materials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Aurimas Narkevicius
- B
CUBE − Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kevin Ballu
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Qingchen Shen
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Zihao Lu
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Yu Ogawa
- CERMAV-CNRS,
CS40700, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Johannes S. Haataja
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University School
of Science, P.O. Box
15100, Aalto, Espoo FI-00076, Finland
| | - Benjamin E. Droguet
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M. Parker
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Vignolini
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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5
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Zhang F, Shen R, Li N, Yang X, Lin D. Nanocellulose: An amazing nanomaterial with diverse applications in food science. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 304:120497. [PMID: 36641166 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recently, nanocellulose has gained growing interests in food science due to its many advantages including its broad resource of raw materials, renewability, interface stability, high surface area, mechanical strength, prebiotic characteristics, surface chemistry versatility and easy modification. Since then, this review summarized the sources, morphology, and structure characteristics of nanocellulose. Meanwhile, the mechanical, chemical, and combined treatment methods for the preparation of nanocellulose with desired properties were elaborated. Furthermore, the application of nanocellulose in Pickering emulsions, reinforced food packaging, functional food ingredient, food-grade hydrogels, and biosensors were emphasized. Finally, the safety, challenges, and future perspectives of nanocellulose were discussed. This work provided key developments and effective benefits of nanocellulose for future research opportunities in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengrui Zhang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Rui Shen
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Nan Li
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Xingbin Yang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Dehui Lin
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Hazard Factors Assessment in Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
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6
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Review on Hybrid Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites with Nanocellulose, Nanomaterials, and Other Fibers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040984. [PMID: 36850267 PMCID: PMC9959991 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of composite materials has seen many new innovations for a large variety of applications. The area of reinforcement in composites is also rapidly evolving with many new discoveries, including the use of hybrid fibers, sustainable materials, and nanocellulose. In this review, studies on hybrid fiber reinforcement, the use of nanocellulose, the use of nanocellulose in hybrid forms, the use of nanocellulose with other nanomaterials, the applications of these materials, and finally, the challenges and opportunities (including safety issues) of their use are thoroughly discussed. This review will point out new prospects for the composite materials world, enabling the use of nano- and micron-sized materials together and creating value-added products at the industrial scale. Furthermore, the use of hybrid structures consisting of two different nano-materials creates many novel solutions for applications in electronics and sensors.
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7
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Kokol V, Novak S, Kononenko V, Kos M, Vivod V, Gunde-Cimerman N, Drobne D. Antibacterial and degradation properties of dialdehyded and aminohexamethylated nanocelluloses. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 311:120603. [PMID: 37028864 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Dialdehyde cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and nanocrystals (CNC) were prepared via periodate oxidation (CNF/CNC-ox) and subsequently functionalized with hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) via a Schiff-base reaction, resulting in partially crosslinked micro-sized (0.5-10 μm) particles (CNF/CNC-ox-HMDA) with an aggregation and sedimentation tendency in an aqueous media, as assessed by Dynamic Light Scattering and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The antibacterial efficacy, aquatic in vivo (to Daphnia magna) and human in vitro (to A594 lung cells) toxicities, and degradation profiles in composting soil of all forms of CNF/CNC were assessed to define their safety profile. CNF/CNC-ox-HMDA exhibited higher antibacterial activity than CNF/CNC-ox and higher against Gram-positive S. aureus than Gram-negative E. coli, yielding a bacteria reduction of >90 % after 24 h of exposure at the minimum (≤2 mg/mL), but potentially moderately/aquatic and low/human toxic concentrations (≥50 mg/L). The presence of anionic, un/protonated amino-hydrophobized groups in addition to unconjugated aldehydes of hydrodynamically smaller (<1 μm) CNC-ox-HMDA increased the reduction of both bacteria to log 9 at ≥4 mg/mL and their bactericidal activity. While only CNF/CNC-ox can be considered as biosafe and up to >80 % biodegradable within 24 weeks, this process was inhibited for the CNF/CNC-ox-HMDA. This indicated their different stability, application and disposal after use (composting vs. recycling).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Kokol
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering Materials and Design, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
| | - Sara Novak
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Veno Kononenko
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Monika Kos
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Vera Vivod
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering Materials and Design, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
| | - Nina Gunde-Cimerman
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Damjana Drobne
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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8
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Vital N, Ventura C, Kranendonk M, Silva MJ, Louro H. Toxicological Assessment of Cellulose Nanomaterials: Oral Exposure. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3375. [PMID: 36234501 PMCID: PMC9565252 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs) have emerged recently as an important group of sustainable bio-based nanomaterials (NMs) with potential applications in multiple sectors, including the food, food packaging, and biomedical fields. The widening of these applications leads to increased human oral exposure to these NMs and, potentially, to adverse health outcomes. Presently, the potential hazards regarding oral exposure to CNMs are insufficiently characterised. There is a need to understand and manage the potential adverse effects that might result from the ingestion of CNMs before products using CNMs reach commercialisation. This work reviews the potential applications of CNMs in the food and biomedical sectors along with the existing toxicological in vitro and in vivo studies, while also identifying current knowledge gaps. Relevant considerations when performing toxicological studies following oral exposure to CNMs are highlighted. An increasing number of studies have been published in the last years, overall showing that ingested CNMs are not toxic to the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), suggestive of the biocompatibility of the majority of the tested CNMs. However, in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity studies, as well as long-term carcinogenic or reproductive toxicity studies, are not yet available. These studies are needed to support a wider use of CNMs in applications that can lead to human oral ingestion, thereby promoting a safe and sustainable-by-design approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia Vital
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Department of Human Genetics, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Célia Ventura
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Department of Human Genetics, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Michel Kranendonk
- NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria João Silva
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Department of Human Genetics, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Henriqueta Louro
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Department of Human Genetics, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
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Nanocellulose-based nanogels for sustained drug delivery: Preparation, characterization and in vitro evaluation. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Aimonen K, Hartikainen M, Imani M, Suhonen S, Vales G, Moreno C, Saarelainen H, Siivola K, Vanhala E, Wolff H, Rojas OJ, Norppa H, Catalán J. Effect of Surface Modification on the Pulmonary and Systemic Toxicity of Cellulose Nanofibrils. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:2752-2766. [PMID: 35680128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) have emerged as sustainable options for a wide range of applications. However, the high aspect ratio and biopersistence of CNFs raise concerns about potential health effects. Here, we evaluated the in vivo pulmonary and systemic toxicity of unmodified (U-CNF), carboxymethylated (C-CNF), and TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl)-oxidized (T-CNF) CNFs, fibrillated in the same way and administered to mice by repeated (3×) pharyngeal aspiration (14, 28, and 56 μg/mouse/aspiration). Toxic effects were assessed up to 90 days after the last administration. Some mice were treated with T-CNF samples spiked with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 0.02-50 ng/mouse/aspiration) to assess the role of endotoxin contamination. The CNFs induced an acute inflammatory reaction that subsided within 90 days, except for T-CNF. At 90 days post-administration, an increased DNA damage was observed in bronchoalveolar lavage and hepatic cells after exposure to T-CNF and C-CNF, respectively. Besides, LPS contamination dose-dependently increased the hepatic genotoxic effects of T-CNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kukka Aimonen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 40, 00032 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mira Hartikainen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 40, 00032 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Monireh Imani
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Satu Suhonen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 40, 00032 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gerard Vales
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 40, 00032 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carlos Moreno
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Genetics, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Hanna Saarelainen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 40, 00032 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi Siivola
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 40, 00032 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Esa Vanhala
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 40, 00032 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henrik Wolff
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 40, 00032 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland.,Bioproducts Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Hannu Norppa
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 40, 00032 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julia Catalán
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 40, 00032 Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Genetics, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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11
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Chinga-Carrasco G, Rosendahl J, Catalán J. Nanocelluloses - Nanotoxicology, Safety Aspects and 3D Bioprinting. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1357:155-177. [PMID: 35583644 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-88071-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanocelluloses have good rheological properties that facilitate the extrusion of nanocellulose gels in micro-extrusion systems. It is considered a highly relevant characteristic that makes it possible to use nanocellulose as an ink component for 3D bioprinting purposes. The nanocelluloses assessed in this book chapter include wood nanocellulose (WNC), bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), and tunicate nanocellulose (TNC), which are often assumed to be non-toxic. Depending on various chemical and mechanical processes, both cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) can be obtained from the three mentioned nanocelluloses (WNC, BNC, and TNC). Pre/post-treatment processes (chemical and mechanical) cause modifications regarding surface chemistry and nano-morphology. Hence, it is essential to understand whether physicochemical properties may affect the toxicological profile of nanocelluloses. In this book chapter, we provide an overview of nanotoxicology and safety aspects associated with nanocelluloses. Relevant regulatory requirements are considered. We also discuss hazard assessment strategies based on tiered approaches for safety testing, which can be applied in the early stages of the innovation process. Ensuring the safe development of nanocellulose-based 3D bioprinting products will enable full market use of these sustainable resources throughout their life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Rosendahl
- RISE, Division Materials and Production, Department Chemistry, Biomaterials and Textiles, Section Biological Function, Borås, Sweden
| | - Julia Catalán
- Occupational Safety, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Genetics, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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12
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Aimonen K, Imani M, Hartikainen M, Suhonen S, Vanhala E, Moreno C, Rojas OJ, Norppa H, Catalán J. Surface functionalization and size modulate the formation of reactive oxygen species and genotoxic effects of cellulose nanofibrils. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:19. [PMID: 35296350 PMCID: PMC8925132 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00460-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) have emerged as a sustainable and environmentally friendly option for a broad range of applications. The fibrous nature and high biopersistence of CNFs call for a thorough toxicity assessment, but it is presently unclear which physico-chemical properties could play a role in determining the potential toxic response to CNF. Here, we assessed whether surface composition and size could modulate the genotoxicity of CNFs in human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells. We examined three size fractions (fine, medium and coarse) of four CNFs with different surface chemistry: unmodified (U-CNF) and functionalized with 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl (TEMPO) (T-CNF), carboxymethyl (C-CNF) and epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (EPTMAC) (E-CNF). In addition, the source fibre was also evaluated as a non-nanosized material. RESULTS The presence of the surface charged groups in the functionalized CNF samples resulted in higher amounts of individual nanofibrils and less aggregation compared with the U-CNF. T-CNF was the most homogenous, in agreement with its high surface group density. However, the colloidal stability of all the CNF samples dropped when dispersed in cell culture medium, especially in the case of T-CNF. CNF was internalized by a minority of BEAS-2B cells. No remarkable cytotoxic effects were induced by any of the cellulosic materials. All cellulosic materials, except the medium fraction of U-CNF, induced a dose-dependent intracellular formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The fine fraction of E-CNF, which induced DNA damage (measured by the comet assay) and chromosome damage (measured by the micronucleus assay), and the coarse fraction of C-CNF, which produced chromosome damage, also showed the most effective induction of ROS in their respective size fractions. CONCLUSIONS Surface chemistry and size modulate the in vitro intracellular ROS formation and the induction of genotoxic effects by fibrillated celluloses. One cationic (fine E-CNF) and one anionic (coarse C-CNF) CNF showed primary genotoxic effects, possibly partly through ROS generation. However, the conclusions cannot be generalized to all types of CNFs, as the synthesis process and the dispersion method used for testing affect their physico-chemical properties and, hence, their toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kukka Aimonen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Työterveyslaitos, Box 40, 00032, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Monireh Imani
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Mira Hartikainen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Työterveyslaitos, Box 40, 00032, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Suhonen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Työterveyslaitos, Box 40, 00032, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Esa Vanhala
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Työterveyslaitos, Box 40, 00032, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carlos Moreno
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Genetics, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.,Bioproducts Institute, Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry and Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hannu Norppa
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Työterveyslaitos, Box 40, 00032, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julia Catalán
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Työterveyslaitos, Box 40, 00032, Helsinki, Finland. .,Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Genetics, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
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Fujita K, Obara S, Maru J, Endoh S. Genotoxicity assessment of cellulose nanofibrils using a standard battery of in vitro and in vivo assays. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:68-77. [PMID: 35004184 PMCID: PMC8718569 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CNFs did not induce bacterial reverse and in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation. CNFs did not induce chromosomal aberration in CHL/IU cells. CNFs did not increase the proportion of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in rat bone marrow. Three types of CNFs with different manufacturing methods exhibited no genotoxicity.
Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) are identified as novel nanomaterials with many potential applications. Since CNFs are fibrous manufactured nanomaterials, their potential carcinogenic effects and mesothelial toxicity raise some concerns. In this study, we conducted a standard battery of in vitro and in vivo assays to evaluate the genotoxicity of two CNF types using different manufacturing methods and physicochemical properties. Namely, one was CNF produced via chemical modification by TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical)-mediated oxidation, while the other was CNF produced via mechanical defibrillation using needle bleached kraft pulp. A bacterial reverse mutation test and a mouse lymphoma TK assay revealed that CNFs at 100 μg/mL did not induce bacterial reverse mutations and in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation. Further, in vitro chromosomal aberration tests demonstrated that CNFs at 100 μg/mL did not induce chromosomal aberration in Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts. From the mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test, no statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in the bone marrow cells of rats intratracheally instilled with any concentration of CNFs (0.25–1.0 mg/kg) compared with values from respective negative control groups. Therefore, this battery of in vitro and in vivo assays illustrated that the CNFs examined in this study did not induce genotoxicity, suggesting our results provide valuable insight on the future use of these materials in various industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhide Fujita
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability (RISS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Sawae Obara
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability (RISS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Junko Maru
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability (RISS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Shigehisa Endoh
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability (RISS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
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Vasile C, Baican M. Progresses in Food Packaging, Food Quality, and Safety-Controlled-Release Antioxidant and/or Antimicrobial Packaging. Molecules 2021; 26:1263. [PMID: 33652755 PMCID: PMC7956554 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Food packaging is designed to protect foods, to provide required information about the food, and to make food handling convenient for distribution to consumers. Packaging has a crucial role in the process of food quality, safety, and shelf-life extension. Possible interactions between food and packaging are important in what is concerning food quality and safety. This review tries to offer a picture of the most important types of active packaging emphasizing the controlled/target release antimicrobial and/or antioxidant packaging including system design, different methods of polymer matrix modification, and processing. The testing methods for the appreciation of the performance of active food packaging, as well as mechanisms and kinetics implied in active compounds release, are summarized. During the last years, many fast advancements in packaging technology appeared, including intelligent or smart packaging (IOSP), (i.e., time-temperature indicators (TTIs), gas indicators, radiofrequency identification (RFID), and others). Legislation is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Vasile
- “P. Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41 A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 70487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihaela Baican
- “Grigore T. Popa” Medicine and Pharmacy University, 16 University Street, 700115 Iaşi, Romania;
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15
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Chinta ML, Velidandi A, Pabbathi NPP, Dahariya S, Parcha SR. Assessment of properties, applications and limitations of scaffolds based on cellulose and its derivatives for cartilage tissue engineering: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 175:495-515. [PMID: 33539959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage is a connective tissue, which is made up of ~80% of water. It is alymphatic, aneural and avascular with only one type of cells present, chondrocytes. They constitute about 1-5% of the entire cartilage tissue. It has a very limited capacity for spontaneous repair. Articular cartilage defects are quite common due to trauma, injury or aging and these defects eventually lead to osteoarthritis, affecting the daily activities. Tissue engineering (TE) is a promising strategy for the regeneration of articular cartilage when compared to the existing invasive treatment strategies. Cellulose is the most abundant natural polymer and has desirable properties for the development of a scaffold, which can be used for the regeneration of cartilage. This review discusses about (i) the basic science behind cartilage TE and the study of cellulose properties that can be exploited for the construction of the engineered scaffold with desired properties for cartilage tissue regeneration, (ii) about the requirement of scaffolds properties, fabrication mechanisms and assessment of cellulose based scaffolds, (iii) details about the modification of cellulose surface by employing various chemical approaches for the production of cellulose derivatives with enhanced characteristics and (iv) limitations and future research prospects of cartilage TE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi Latha Chinta
- Stem Cell Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, Telangana, India
| | - Aditya Velidandi
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, Telangana, India
| | | | - Swati Dahariya
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sreenivasa Rao Parcha
- Stem Cell Research Lab, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, Telangana, India.
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16
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Joseph P, Umbright CM, Roberts JR, Cumpston JL, Orandle MS, McKinney WG, Sager TM. Lung toxicity and gene expression changes in response to whole-body inhalation exposure to cellulose nanocrystal in rats. Inhal Toxicol 2021; 33:66-80. [PMID: 33602020 PMCID: PMC10442725 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2021.1884320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human exposure to cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) is possible during the production and/or use of products containing CNC. The objectives of the current study were to determine the lung toxicity of CNC and the underlying molecular mechanisms of the toxicity. METHODS Rats were exposed to air or CNC (20 mg/m3, six hours/day, 14 d) by whole-body inhalation and lung toxicity and global gene expression profile were determined. RESULTS Significant increases in lactate dehydrogenase activity, pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, phagocyte oxidant production, and macrophage and neutrophil counts were detected in the bronchoalveolar lavage cells or fluid from the CNC exposed rats. Mild lung histological changes, such as the accumulation of macrophages and neutrophils, were detected in the CNC exposed rats. Gene expression profiling by next generation sequencing identified 531 genes whose expressions were significantly different in the lungs of the CNC exposed rats, compared with the controls. Bioinformatic analysis of the lung gene expression data identified significant enrichment in several biological functions and canonical pathways including those related to inflammation (cellular movement, immune cell trafficking, inflammatory diseases and response, respiratory disease, complement system, acute phase response, leukocyte extravasation signaling, granulocyte and agranulocyte adhesion and diapedesis, IL-10 signaling, and phagosome formation and maturation) and oxidative stress (NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response, production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species in macrophages, and free radical scavenging). CONCLUSION Our data demonstrated that inhalation exposure of rats to CNC resulted in lung toxicity mediated mainly through the induction of inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pius Joseph
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Christina M Umbright
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jenny R Roberts
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jared L Cumpston
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Marlene S Orandle
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Walter G McKinney
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Tina M Sager
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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17
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Adewuyi A, Otuechere CA, Adebayo OL, Ajisodun I. Synthesis and toxicity profiling of sebacic acid-modified cellulose from unexploited watermelon exocarp. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Taylor AA, Freeman EL, van der Ploeg MJC. Regulatory developments and their impacts to the nano-industry: A case study for nano-additives in 3D printing. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 207:111458. [PMID: 33254383 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has increasing applications in numerous markets, particularly in additive processing (3D printing) and manufacturing, which is important for consumer products, medical devices, construction, and general research and development across many other industries. Nanomaterials are desirable in many products due to their unique properties, but those same properties have made evaluating the risk and regulation of these materials challenging. For risk-based regulations, new applications and nanomaterials should be assessed for both human and environmental hazards and exposure to ensure protection. In general, many risk assessments to date have focused on the non-nano versions of chemicals. The lack of guidance on assessing the hazard and exposure of nanomaterials in 3D printing is apparent, and these areas of assessment are actively being evaluated. Industry in most cases will now need to provide specific additional information for assessing the risk of nanomaterials in 3D printing. This review paper focuses on the use of nanomaterials in 3D printing for industrial and manufacturing applications, summarizes the current literature on human health and safety related to 3D printing and inhalation exposure, and the regulations relating to 3D printing in the U.S., Canada, and Europe for this industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia A Taylor
- Exponent, Inc., 475 14th Street, Suite 400, Oakland, CA 94612, USA.
| | - Elaine L Freeman
- Exponent, Inc., 1150 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 1100, Washington, District of Columbia 20036, USA.
| | - Merel J C van der Ploeg
- Exponent International Ltd., The Lenz, 1st Floor Hornbeam Park, Harrogate, North Yorkshire HG2 8RE, UK.
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19
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Reid MS, Karlsson M, Abitbol T. Fluorescently labeled cellulose nanofibrils for detection and loss analysis. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 250:116943. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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20
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Biomass-derived cellulose nanoparticles display considerable neurotoxicity in zebrafish. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:1783-1792. [PMID: 33045296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The widespread use of nanomaterials poses a great threat to human living environments. Among them, biomass-derived cellulose nanoparticle (CN) is one of the widely used nanomaterials. To date, the toxicity of CNs during embryonic development remains undetermined. In this study, we exposed zebrafish embryos to cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) to evaluate the toxicity of these CNs. Exposure to CNFs or CNCs below 30 mg/ml exhibited no dose-dependent increases in malformation and mortality in zebrafish embryos. Then we demonstrated that CNs were highly enriched in zebrafish embryo via imaging analyses of embryos treated with FITC-coupled CNCs. In addition, we found that CNF or CNC exposure resulted in compromised motor ability of zebrafish larva. Furthermore, it was revealed that the differentiation and the morphogenesis of motor neurons were significantly interrupted. While, blood vessels were normally patterned, suggesting the specific neurotoxicity of these nanomaterials. Transcriptome sequencing assay showed that the neurotoxicity of CNs in the motor neurons might be attributed to the expression alteration of neural genes. In summary, we discovered the neurotoxicity of CNs for the first time.
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21
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Thomas P, Duolikun T, Rumjit NP, Moosavi S, Lai CW, Bin Johan MR, Fen LB. Comprehensive review on nanocellulose: Recent developments, challenges and future prospects. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 110:103884. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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22
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Stoudmann N, Schmutz M, Hirsch C, Nowack B, Som C. Human hazard potential of nanocellulose: quantitative insights from the literature. Nanotoxicology 2020; 14:1241-1257. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2020.1814440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Stoudmann
- Technology and Society, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), St.Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Mélanie Schmutz
- Technology and Society, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), St.Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Cordula Hirsch
- Particles-Biology Interations, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), St.Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Nowack
- Technology and Society, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), St.Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Som
- Technology and Society, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), St.Gallen, Switzerland
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23
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Kisin ER, Yanamala N, Rodin D, Menas A, Farcas M, Russo M, Guppi S, Khaliullin TO, Iavicoli I, Harper M, Star A, Kagan VE, Shvedova AA. Enhanced morphological transformation of human lung epithelial cells by continuous exposure to cellulose nanocrystals. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 250:126170. [PMID: 32114335 PMCID: PMC7750788 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), also known as nanowhiskers, have recently gained much attention due to their biodegradable nature, advantageous chemical and mechanical properties, economic value and renewability thus making them attractive for a wide range of applications. However, before these materials can be considered for potential uses, investigation of their toxicity is prudent. Although CNC exposures are associated with pulmonary inflammation and damage as well as oxidative stress responses and genotoxicity in vivo, studies evaluating cell transformation or tumorigenic potential of CNC's were not previously conducted. In this study, we aimed to assess the neoplastic-like transformation potential of two forms of CNC derived from wood (powder and gel) in human pulmonary epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) in comparison to fibrous tremolite (TF), known to induce lung cancer. Short-term exposure to CNC or TF induced intracellular ROS increase and DNA damage while long-term exposure resulted in neoplastic-like transformation demonstrated by increased cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, migration and invasion. The increased proliferative responses were also in-agreement with observed levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Based on the hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) of the inflammatory cytokine responses, CNC powder was segregated from the control and CNC-gel samples. This suggests that CNC may have the ability to influence neoplastic-like transformation events in pulmonary epithelial cells and that such effects are dependent on the type/form of CNC. Further studies focusing on determining and understanding molecular mechanisms underlying potential CNC cell transformation events and their likelihood to induce tumorigenic effects in vivo are highly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Kisin
- EAB, HELD, NIOSH, CDC, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - N Yanamala
- EAB, HELD, NIOSH, CDC, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - D Rodin
- Institute for Personalized and Translational Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - A Menas
- EAB, HELD, NIOSH, CDC, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - M Farcas
- EAB, HELD, NIOSH, CDC, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - M Russo
- EAB, HELD, NIOSH, CDC, Morgantown, WV, USA; Institute of Public Health, Section of Occupational Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - S Guppi
- EAB, HELD, NIOSH, CDC, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - T O Khaliullin
- EAB, HELD, NIOSH, CDC, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, WVU, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - I Iavicoli
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - M Harper
- Zefon International, Ocala, FL, USA
| | - A Star
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - V E Kagan
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Laboratory of Navigational Redox Lipidomics, IM Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - A A Shvedova
- EAB, HELD, NIOSH, CDC, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, WVU, Morgantown, WV, USA.
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Ede JD, Lobaskin V, Vogel U, Lynch I, Halappanavar S, Doak SH, Roberts MG, Shatkin JA. Translating Scientific Advances in the AOP Framework to Decision Making for Nanomaterials. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1229. [PMID: 32599945 PMCID: PMC7353114 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Much of the current innovation in advanced materials is occurring at the nanoscale, specifically in manufactured nanomaterials (MNs). MNs display unique attributes and behaviors, and may be biologically and physically unique, making them valuable across a wide range of applications. However, as the number, diversity and complexity of MNs coming to market continue to grow, assessing their health and environmental risks with traditional animal testing approaches is too time- and cost-intensive to be practical, and is undesirable for ethical reasons. New approaches are needed that meet current requirements for regulatory risk assessment while reducing reliance on animal testing and enabling safer-by-design product development strategies to be implemented. The adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework presents a sound model for the advancement of MN decision making. Yet, there are currently gaps in technical and policy aspects of AOPs that hinder the adoption and use for MN risk assessment and regulatory decision making. This review outlines the current status and next steps for the development and use of the AOP framework in decision making regarding the safety of MNs. Opportunities and challenges are identified concerning the advancement and adoption of AOPs as part of an integrated approach to testing and assessing (IATA) MNs, as are specific actions proposed to advance the development, use and acceptance of the AOP framework and associated testing strategies for MN risk assessment and decision making. The intention of this review is to reflect the views of a diversity of stakeholders including experts, researchers, policymakers, regulators, risk assessors and industry representatives on the current status, needs and requirements to facilitate the future use of AOPs in MN risk assessment. It incorporates the views and feedback of experts that participated in two workshops hosted as part of an Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials (WPMN) project titled, "Advancing AOP Development for Nanomaterial Risk Assessment and Categorization", as well as input from several EU-funded nanosafety research consortia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vladimir Lobaskin
- School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland;
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Sabina Halappanavar
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada;
| | - Shareen H. Doak
- Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK;
| | - Megan G. Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada;
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25
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Torres-Giner S, Prieto C, Lagaron JM. Nanomaterials to Enhance Food Quality, Safety, and Health Impact. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10050941. [PMID: 32423037 PMCID: PMC7279334 DOI: 10.3390/nano10050941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Food quality and safety are key aspects to guarantee that foods reach consumers in optimal conditions from the point of view of freshness and microbiology. Nanotechnology offers significant potential to secure or even enhance these aspects. Novel technologies, such as nanofabrication and nanoencapsulation, can provide new added value solutions for the fortification of foods with bioactives and targeted controlled release in the gut. Nanomaterials can also support food preservation aspects by being added directly into a food matrix or into food contact materials such as packaging. Thus, nanomaterials can be leveraged in the form of nanocomposites in food packaging design by melt compounding, solvent casting, lamination or electrohydrodynamic processing (EHDP) to promote passive, active, and even bioactive properties such as barrier, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and oxygen scavenging roles and the controlled release of functional ingredients. These attributes can be exerted either by the intended or non-intended migration of the nanomaterials or by the active substances they may carry. Lastly, nanomaterials can be advantageously applied to provide unique opportunities in Circular Bioeconomy strategies in relation to the valorization of, for instance, agro-industrial wastes and food processing by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Torres-Giner
- Correspondence: (S.T.-G.); (J.M.L.); Tel.: +34-963-900-022 (S.T.-G. & J.M.L.)
| | | | - Jose M. Lagaron
- Correspondence: (S.T.-G.); (J.M.L.); Tel.: +34-963-900-022 (S.T.-G. & J.M.L.)
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Applications of Nanocellulose/Nanocarbon Composites: Focus on Biotechnology and Medicine. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10020196. [PMID: 31979245 PMCID: PMC7074939 DOI: 10.3390/nano10020196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanocellulose/nanocarbon composites are newly emerging smart hybrid materials containing cellulose nanoparticles, such as nanofibrils and nanocrystals, and carbon nanoparticles, such as "classical" carbon allotropes (fullerenes, graphene, nanotubes and nanodiamonds), or other carbon nanostructures (carbon nanofibers, carbon quantum dots, activated carbon and carbon black). The nanocellulose component acts as a dispersing agent and homogeneously distributes the carbon nanoparticles in an aqueous environment. Nanocellulose/nanocarbon composites can be prepared with many advantageous properties, such as high mechanical strength, flexibility, stretchability, tunable thermal and electrical conductivity, tunable optical transparency, photodynamic and photothermal activity, nanoporous character and high adsorption capacity. They are therefore promising for a wide range of industrial applications, such as energy generation, storage and conversion, water purification, food packaging, construction of fire retardants and shape memory devices. They also hold great promise for biomedical applications, such as radical scavenging, photodynamic and photothermal therapy of tumors and microbial infections, drug delivery, biosensorics, isolation of various biomolecules, electrical stimulation of damaged tissues (e.g., cardiac, neural), neural and bone tissue engineering, engineering of blood vessels and advanced wound dressing, e.g., with antimicrobial and antitumor activity. However, the potential cytotoxicity and immunogenicity of the composites and their components must also be taken into account.
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