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Sanchez AD, Reynolds JC, Marinik EL, Kolb RD, Lozano AJ, Davy BM, Hunter GR, Larson-Meyer DE. A Randomized Trial of Healthy Weight Gain in Athletic Individuals. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:1454-1466. [PMID: 38537251 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to evaluate the outcomes of a 10-wk diet and exercise regimen designed to promote healthy weight gain with excess energy from peanut-containing or high-carbohydrate foods. METHODS Nineteen male and 13 female athletes were randomly assigned to receive an additional 500 kcal·d -1 above typical intake through provision of either peanut-based whole foods/snacks (PNT group) or a similar, high-carbohydrate, peanut-free snack (CHO group) along with supervised, whole-body RT (3 d·wk -1 for 60-120 min). Body composition was assessed by dual-energyx-ray absorptiometry at baseline and postintervention. RESULTS Total body mass (TBM) increased 2.2 ± 1.3 kg with 1.5 ± 1.1 kg as LBM after week 10. The PNT group ( n = 16; 27 ± 7 yr; 10 men, 6 women) gained less TBM than the CHO group ( n = 16; 23 ± 3 yr; 9 men, 7 women) (1.6 ± 1.1 kg vs 2.7 ± 1.2 kg, respectively, P = 0.007) with no differences in LBM (1.2 ± 1.1 kg vs 1.9 ± 1.0 kg, P = 0.136). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the addition of 500 kcal·d -1 from whole foods/snacks in combination with a rigorous RT program promotes a similar weight gain of ~0.22 kg·wk -1 , primarily as LBM, over 10 wk in both male and female athletes. However, snack macronutrient content may impact the effectiveness of this regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison D Sanchez
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Jake C Reynolds
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Elaina L Marinik
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Ryann D Kolb
- Center for Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA
| | - Alicia J Lozano
- Center for Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA
| | - Brenda M Davy
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Gary R Hunter
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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2
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Tamayo-Torres E, Garrido A, de Cabo R, Carretero J, Gómez-Cabrera MC. Molecular mechanisms of cancer cachexia. Role of exercise training. Mol Aspects Med 2024; 99:101293. [PMID: 39059039 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2024.101293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Cancer-associated cachexia represents a multifactorial syndrome mainly characterized by muscle mass loss, which causes both a decrease in quality of life and anti-cancer therapy failure, among other consequences. The definition and diagnostic criteria of cachexia have changed and improved over time, including three different stages (pre-cachexia, cachexia, and refractory cachexia) and objective diagnostic markers. This metabolic wasting syndrome is characterized by a negative protein balance, and anti-cancer drugs like chemotherapy or immunotherapy exacerbate it through relatively unknown mechanisms. Due to its complexity, cachexia management involves a multidisciplinary strategy including not only nutritional and pharmacological interventions. Physical exercise has been proposed as a strategy to counteract the effects of cachexia on skeletal muscle, as it influences the mechanisms involved in the disease such as protein turnover, inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. This review will summarize the experimental and clinical evidence of the impact of physical exercise on cancer-associated cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Tamayo-Torres
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain; Freshage Research Group. Department of Physiology. Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia and CIBERFES, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Amanda Garrido
- Experimental Gerontology Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Experimental Gerontology Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Julián Carretero
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Spain.
| | - María Carmen Gómez-Cabrera
- Freshage Research Group. Department of Physiology. Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia and CIBERFES, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario/INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
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3
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Witard OC, Mettler S. The Anabolic Response to Protein Ingestion During Recovery From Exercise Has No Upper Limit in Magnitude and Duration In Vivo in Humans: A Commentary. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2024:1-3. [PMID: 38991545 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2024-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
A comprehensive recent study by Trommelen et al. demonstrated that muscle tissue exhibits a greater capacity to incorporate exogenous exogenous protein-derived amino acids into bound muscle protein than was previously appreciated, at least when measured in "anabolically sensitive," recreationally active (but not resistance-trained), young men following resistance exercise. Moreover, this study demonstrated that the duration of the postprandial period is modulated by the dose of ingested protein contained within a meal, that is, the postexercise muscle protein synthesis response to protein ingestion was more prolonged in 100PRO than 25PRO. Both observations represent important scientific advances in the field of protein metabolism. However, we respectfully caution that the practical implications of these findings may have been misinterpreted, at least in terms of dismissing the concept of protein meal distribution as an important factor in optimizing muscle tissue anabolism and/or metabolic health. Moreover, based on emerging evidence, this idea that the anabolic response to protein ingestion has no upper limit does not appear to translate to resistance-trained young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver C Witard
- Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Mettler
- Department of Health, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
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Holway FE, Campa F, Petri C, Spena LR, Szydlowski NY. Kinanthropometry and dietary habits of non-professional rugby players. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1439358. [PMID: 39040662 PMCID: PMC11260719 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1439358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Evaluating the body composition and dietary habits of non-professional athletes can help identify areas for improvement to enhance sports performance. The present study aimed to describe the anthropometric and body composition features, as well as the dietary habits, of non-professional rugby players in Argentina. Methods Fifty-seven rugby players from a Group III Club of the Unión de Rugby de Buenos Aires (URBA) were assessed using extensive anthropometric measurements according to the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) protocol. Reference data from professional rugby players in Group I clubs were used as a control for body composition comparisons. Dietary intake was evaluated using the 24-h recall method, and nutrient analysis was performed with SARA software. Results Non-professional rugby players were shorter (Forwards: 175.9 vs. 181.5 cm; Backs: 172.5 vs. 175.7 cm), had higher body fat percentages (Forwards: 16.4 vs. 12.3%; Backs: 11.0 vs. 9.3%), and were less muscular (Forwards: 46.0 vs. 48.8%; Backs: 48.4 vs. 50.2%) compared to professional rugby players. The average dietary intake was 3,363 Kcal, with protein and carbohydrate intakes of 1.4 g kg-1 day-1 and 4.1 g kg-1 day-1, respectively, and 35% of energy intake from fat. Backs reported a higher caloric intake than forwards (3,682 vs. 2,827 Kcal). There was a high prevalence of insufficient intake of calcium (58%), vitamin A (49%), and vitamin C (65%), the latter two corresponding with a low intake of fruits and vegetables (6% of total energy intake). Meal pattern analysis showed that 46% of total energy was ingested at dinner. Conclusions The body composition of non-professional rugby players from low-income clubs could be improved to enhance rugby performance, as compared to players in more competitive tiers. Economic constraints might contribute to a sub-optimal nutritional profile, potentially affecting body composition and on-field performance negatively. Recommendations to improve dietary intake should be made considering the budget constraints of these players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis E. Holway
- Departamento de Medicina Aplicada a los Deportes, Club Atlético River Plate, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francesco Campa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Cristian Petri
- Department of Sport and Informatics, Section of Physical Education and Sport, Pablo de Olavide University, Sevilla, Spain
- Medical Department of A.C.F. Fiorentina S.r.l., Florence, Italy
| | - Luciano R. Spena
- Departamento de Nutrición, Universidad de Morón, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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5
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Kan A, Page K, Devine N, Rabajoli A, Sattler L. Preoperative lifestyle modifications combined with a structured exercise protocol on patient outcomes following total knee replacement surgery: A systematic review. Musculoskeletal Care 2024; 22:e1899. [PMID: 38831384 DOI: 10.1002/msc.1899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical guidelines recommend structured prehabilitation protocols consisting of lifestyle modifications and exercise to enhance post-operative outcomes for patients undergoing a total knee replacement (TKR). However, current research showing effectiveness is limited and has primarily focused on outcomes of exercise-based prehabilitation. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether a structured prehabilitation protocol consisting of exercise and lifestyle modifications improves physical function and patient-reported outcomes following TKR surgery compared with usual care. DESIGN Systematic review. METHODS Five databases were searched to identify randomised controlled trials comparing structured prehabilitation programs consisting of lifestyle modifications and exercise, with usual care, for those undergoing a TKR. Methodological quality of included studies was assessed via the RoB 2.0 tool and results synthesis via a Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach was performed to determine the certainty evidence for each outcome. RESULTS/FINDINGS Four studies were included in this review. Despite a positive trend supporting the inclusion of a structured prehabilitation protocol, additional improvements in post-operative pain, physical function and self-reported function were only seen in one study. Reductions in hospital length of stay were also seen in one study. No additional improvements in post-operative quality of life following prehabilitation were reported. CONCLUSION Limited evidence supporting prehabilitation reported in our review is likely attributed to the intervention type, intensity, and delivery model of included studies. However, there remains to be strong evidence supporting the use of a structured prehabilitation protocol consisting of lifestyle modifications and exercise to improve post-operative outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kan
- Physiotherapy Department, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - K Page
- Doctor of Physiotherapy Student, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - N Devine
- Doctor of Physiotherapy Student, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - A Rabajoli
- Doctor of Physiotherapy Student, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - L Sattler
- Physiotherapy Department, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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6
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Calvez J, Azzout-Marniche D, Tomé D. Protein quality, nutrition and health. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1406618. [PMID: 38863590 PMCID: PMC11165183 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1406618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Dietary proteins are energy macronutrients providing nitrogen, amino acids (AA), and energy. AAs are the main nitrogen-containing compounds in the body and are the precursors for the synthesis of body proteins and of several other AA-derived molecules. Among the 20 AAs included in protein sequence, 9 are classified as "nutritionally essential" or "indispensable" AA (IAA) because they cannot be synthesized in the body and must be provided by the diet. IAAs are limiting components for protein synthesis. An adequate intake of protein is required to support growth, maintenance, body functions, health and survival. Official definition of protein requirement is based on nitrogen balance. Protein quality is related to the capacity of protein to provide an adequate quantity of nitrogen and of each of the 9 IAAs for the different physiological situations in humans. Protein source is considered high quality for humans when the protein is readily digested, simultaneously providing an adequate quantity of nitrogen and of each of the 9 IAAs to maintain an adequate metabolic AA pool. The most accurate assessment of protein quality of foods for humans is through metabolic studies that measure nitrogen balance. The protein quality score is the ratio of the content of each IAA in the food and in a reference profile. This score corresponds to the calculated composition of a protein which, when meeting protein requirements, simultaneously meets the requirements of each of the 9 IAAs. AA scores as predictors of protein quality must be adjusted for protein and AA availability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Tomé
- AgroParisTech, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
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7
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Paoli A, Campa F. Problems and Opportunities in the use of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis for Assessing Body Composition During Ketogenic Diets: A Scoping Review. Curr Obes Rep 2024:10.1007/s13679-024-00573-0. [PMID: 38802722 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-024-00573-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW The use of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) for monitoring body composition during the ketogenic diet has experienced a rapid surge. This scoping review aimed to assess the validity of procedures applying BIA in the ketogenic diet and to suggest best practices for optimizing its utilization. RECENT FINDINGS We conducted a systematic scoping review of peer-reviewed literature involving BIA for assessing body composition in individuals adhering to a ketogenic diet. Searches of international databases yielded 1609 unique records, 72 of which met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Thirty-five studies used foot-to-hand technology, 34 used standing position technology, while 3 did not declare the technology used. Raw bioelectrical parameters were reported in 21 studies. A total of 196 body mass components were estimated, but predictive equations were reported in only four cases. Most research on BIA during ketogenic diets did not report the equations used for predicting body composition, making it impossible to assess the validity of BIA outputs. Furthermore, the exceedingly low percentage of studies reporting and analyzing raw data makes it challenging to replicate methodologies in future studies, highlighting that BIA is not being utilized to its full potential. There is a need for more precise technology and device characteristics descriptions, full report of raw bioelectrical data, and predictive equations utilized. Moreover, evaluating raw data through vectorial analysis is strongly recommended. Eventually, we suggest best practices to enhance BIA outcomes during ketogenic diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Francesco Campa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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8
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Furtado ETF, Oliveira JPLDE, Pereira ISB, Veiga EP, Silva SFDA, Abreu WCDE. Short term creatine loading improves strength endurance even without changing maximal strength, RPE, fatigue index, blood lactate, and mode state. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2024; 96:e20230559. [PMID: 38747788 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202420230559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Creatine is consumed by athletes to increase strength and gain muscle. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of creatine supplementation on maximal strength and strength endurance. Twelve strength-trained men (25.2 ± 3.4 years) supplemented with 20 g Creatina + 10g maltodextrin or placebo (20g starch + 10g maltodextrin) for five days in randomized order. Maximal strength and strength endurance (4 sets 70% 1RM until concentric failure) were determined in the bench press. In addition, blood lactate, rate of perceived effort, fatigue index, and mood state were evaluated. All measurements were performed before and after the supplementation period. There were no significant changing in maximal strength, blood lactate, RPE, fatigue index, and mood state in either treatment. However, the creatine group performed more repetitions after the supplementation (Cr: Δ = +3.4 reps, p = 0.036, g = 0.53; PLA: Δ = +0.3reps, p = 0.414, g = 0.06), and higher total work (Cr: Δ = +199.5au, p = 0.038, g = 0.52; PLA: Δ = +26.7au, p = 0.402, g = 0.07). Creatine loading for five days allowed the subjects to perform more repetitions, resulting in greater total work, but failed to change the maximum strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edilson Tadeu F Furtado
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Departamento de Nutrição, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Trevo Rotatório Professor Edmir Sá Santos, s/n, 37203-202 Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - João Paulo L DE Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Departamento de Nutrição, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Trevo Rotatório Professor Edmir Sá Santos, s/n, 37203-202 Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Isabela S B Pereira
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Departamento de Nutrição, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Trevo Rotatório Professor Edmir Sá Santos, s/n, 37203-202 Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Elayne P Veiga
- Faculdade Presbiteriana Gammon, Educação Física, Praça Dr. Augusto Silva, 616, 37200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Sandro F DA Silva
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Educação Física, Trevo Rotatório Professor Edmir Sá Santos, s/n, 37203-202 Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Wilson César DE Abreu
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Departamento de Nutrição, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Trevo Rotatório Professor Edmir Sá Santos, s/n, 37203-202 Lavras, MG, Brazil
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9
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Vanzant E, Thompson A, Mendoza A, Yeh D. Current fistula management. Curr Opin Crit Care 2024; 30:172-177. [PMID: 38441138 DOI: 10.1097/mcc.0000000000001147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Enterocutaneous fistulas (ECFs) pose a significant impact in the healthcare system, both financially and in resource utilization. Delivery of optimal care is complex and involves intensive wound care, complex nutritional delivery and multidisciplinary care teams for optimization. Recently, there have been pushes to modernize the traditional approach to ECF care to a new paradigm of protocol-based individualized delivery of care. RECENT FINDINGS There is an increased trend towards pushing enteral nutrition for the management of ECF patients. Adjuncts, including improved fistuloclysis devices, supplements and absorptive aides have challenged the conventional dogma of ECF treatment. There has also been increased focus on surgical prehabilitation and the ability to improve patient outcomes. SUMMARY ECF care is complex and requires a multidisciplinary approach focused on source control, nutritional optimization with focus on enteral nutrition, wound care and prehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Vanzant
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - April Mendoza
- University of California San Francisco-East Bay, Oakland, California
| | - Dante Yeh
- Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, Colorado
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Cruz C, Prado CM, Gillis C, Martindale R, Bémeur C, Lai JC, Tandon P. Nutritional aspects of prehabilitation in adults with cirrhosis awaiting liver transplant. Hepatology 2024:01515467-990000000-00825. [PMID: 38546288 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Malnutrition, sarcopenia (low muscle mass), and physical frailty have gained increasing recognition in candidates for liver transplant (LT) as these conditions can impact postoperative functional capacity. Multidimensional prehabilitation programs have been proposed as a safe intervention in adults awaiting LT but the nutritional pillar of prehabilitation has been understudied. This review summarizes the nutritional recommendations for prehabilitation for individuals with cirrhosis awaiting LT. Three major aspects of nutritional prehabilitation are discussed: (1) Assess: Evaluate nutritional status and assess for malnutrition, sarcopenia, and frailty to guide the nutritional prehabilitation intervention intensity, increasing across universal, targeted, and specialist levels; (2) Intervene: Prescribe a nutritional prehabilitation intervention to meet established nutrition guidelines in cirrhosis with a targeted focus on improving nutritional status and muscle health; (3) Reassess: Follow-up based on the required intensity of nutritional care with as needed intervention adjustment. Topics covered in the review include nutritional care levels for prehabilitation, energy prescriptions across body mass index strata, detailed considerations around protein intake (amount, distribution, and quality), carbohydrate and fat intake, other nutritional considerations, and the potential role of dietary supplements and nutraceuticals. Future research is warranted to more accurately evaluate energy needs, evaluate emerging dietary supplementation strategies, and establish the role of nutraceuticals alongside food-based interventions. While the general principles of nutritional prehabilitation are ready for immediate application, future large-scale randomized controlled trials in this space will help to quantify the benefit that can be gained by transitioning the LT approach from passive "transplant waitlist time" to active "transplant preparation time."
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Affiliation(s)
- Christofer Cruz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology (Liver Unit), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carla M Prado
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chelsia Gillis
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert Martindale
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Chantal Bémeur
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jennifer C Lai
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Puneeta Tandon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology (Liver Unit), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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11
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Elbira A, Hafiz M, Hernández-Álvarez AJ, Zulyniak MA, Boesch C. Protein Hydrolysates and Bioactive Peptides as Mediators of Blood Glucose-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Acute and Long-Term Studies. Nutrients 2024; 16:323. [PMID: 38276562 PMCID: PMC10818427 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major public health concern associated with high mortality and reduced life expectancy. Since diabetes is closely linked with lifestyle, not surprisingly, nutritional intervention and increased physical activity could play a vital role in attenuating the problems related to diabetes. Protein hydrolysates (PHs) and their bioactive peptides (BP) have been shown to exert a wide range of biological effects, including antioxidative, antihypertensive, and in particular, hypoglycaemic activities. To better understand the efficacy of such interventions, a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were performed concerning the influence of protein hydrolysates on glycaemic biomarkers in subjects with and without hyperglycaemia. Five different databases were used to search for RCTs. In total, 37 RCTs were included in the systematic review and 29 RCTs in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed a significant reduction in postprandial blood glucose response (PPGR) in normoglycaemic (-0.22 mmol/L; 95% CI -0.43, -0.01; p ≤ 0.05) and in hyperglycaemic adults (-0.88 mmol/L; 95% CI -1.37, -0.39; p ≤ 0.001) compared with the respective control groups. A meta-regression analysis revealed a dose-dependent response for PPGR following PH consumption in normoglycaemic adults, specifically for doses ≤ 30 g. The postprandial blood insulin responses (PPIR) were significantly higher after the ingestion of PHs in both the group with and the group without hyperglycaemia, respectively (23.05 mIU/L; 95% CI 7.53, 38.57; p ≤ 0.01 and 12.57 mIU/L; 95% CI 2.72, 22.41; p ≤ 0.01), compared with controls. In terms of long-term responses, there was a small but significant reduction in both fasting blood glucose (FBG) and fasting glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in response to PH compared with the control group (p < 0.05). The PHs significantly improved the parameters of glycaemia in adults and, hence, it may contribute to the management and regulation of the future risk of developing T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arig Elbira
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (A.E.); (M.H.); (A.J.H.-Á.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Maryam Hafiz
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (A.E.); (M.H.); (A.J.H.-Á.); (M.A.Z.)
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdul-Aziz University, P.O. Box 80215, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alan Javier Hernández-Álvarez
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (A.E.); (M.H.); (A.J.H.-Á.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Michael A. Zulyniak
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (A.E.); (M.H.); (A.J.H.-Á.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Christine Boesch
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (A.E.); (M.H.); (A.J.H.-Á.); (M.A.Z.)
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12
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Amawi A, AlKasasbeh W, Jaradat M, Almasri A, Alobaidi S, Hammad AA, Bishtawi T, Fataftah B, Turk N, Saoud HA, Jarrar A, Ghazzawi H. Athletes' nutritional demands: a narrative review of nutritional requirements. Front Nutr 2024; 10:1331854. [PMID: 38328685 PMCID: PMC10848936 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1331854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Nutrition serves as the cornerstone of an athlete's life, exerting a profound impact on their performance and overall well-being. To unlock their full potential, athletes must adhere to a well-balanced diet tailored to their specific nutritional needs. This approach not only enables them to achieve optimal performance levels but also facilitates efficient recovery and reduces the risk of injuries. In addition to maintaining a balanced diet, many athletes also embrace the use of nutritional supplements to complement their dietary intake and support their training goals. These supplements cover a wide range of options, addressing nutrient deficiencies, enhancing recovery, promoting muscle synthesis, boosting energy levels, and optimizing performance in their respective sports or activities. The primary objective of this narrative review is to comprehensively explore the diverse nutritional requirements that athletes face to optimize their performance, recovery, and overall well-being. Through a thorough literature search across databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus, we aim to provide evidence-based recommendations and shed light on the optimal daily intakes of carbohydrates, protein, fats, micronutrients, hydration strategies, ergogenic aids, nutritional supplements, and nutrient timing. Furthermore, our aim is to dispel common misconceptions regarding sports nutrition, providing athletes with accurate information and empowering them in their nutritional choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Amawi
- Department of Exercise Science and Kinesiology, School of Sport Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Walaa AlKasasbeh
- Department of Physical and Health Education, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Manar Jaradat
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Amani Almasri
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Sondos Alobaidi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Aya Abu Hammad
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Taqwa Bishtawi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Batoul Fataftah
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Nataly Turk
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Hassan Al Saoud
- Department of Exercise Science and Kinesiology, School of Sport Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Amjad Jarrar
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Oxford Brookes Center for Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hadeel Ghazzawi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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13
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Zhao Z, Yan K, Guan Q, Guo Q, Zhao C. Mechanism and physical activities in bone-skeletal muscle crosstalk. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1287972. [PMID: 38239981 PMCID: PMC10795164 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1287972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone and skeletal muscle work in coordination to maintain the function of the musculoskeletal system, in which skeletal muscle contraction drives the movement of the bone lever system while bone provides insert sites for skeletal muscle through the bone-muscle junction. Existing evidence suggests that factors secreted by skeletal muscle and bone mediate the interaction between the two tissues. Herein, we focused on the relationship between skeletal muscle and bone and the underlying mechanism of the interaction. Exercise can promote bone strength and secrete osteocalcin and insulin-like growth factor I into the blood, thus improving muscle quality. In addition, exercise can also promote myostatin, interleukin-6, Irisin, and apelin in muscles to enter the blood so that they can act on bones to maintain the balance between bone absorption and bone formation. There is a special regulatory axis interleukin-6/osteocalcin between myokines and osteokines, which is mainly influenced by exercise. Therefore, we pay attention to the important factors in the bone-muscle intersection that are affected by exercise, which were found or their functions were expanded, which strengthened the connection between organs of the whole body, highlighting the importance of exercise and contributing to the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of osteoporosis and sarcopenia in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghan Zhao
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Yan
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiao Guan
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Can Zhao
- College of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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14
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Alghannam AF, Alharbi DS, Al-Hazzaa HM. Sarcopenia of Ageing: Does a Healthier Lifestyle Matter in Reversing the Trajectory? A Brief Narrative Review and a Call for Action in Saudi Arabia. SAUDI JOURNAL OF MEDICINE & MEDICAL SCIENCES 2024; 12:10-16. [PMID: 38362094 PMCID: PMC10866379 DOI: 10.4103/sjmms.sjmms_54_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The concept of health span is an emerging topic in recent years, with a truly palpable relevance to public health. With ageing comes a loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and performance, which is termed as sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is a major public health concern and poses a challenge to health-care systems. Modifiable lifestyle factors may be linked to the course of sarcopenia progression. Many countries developed diagnostic tools to accurately detect sarcopenia for its prevention, delay, or treatment. However, to date, there is no sufficient information regarding the status of sarcopenia in Saudi Arabia. The review aims to discuss sarcopenia and relevant updates in research and literature, the association with modifiable lifestyle factors, the implications of sarcopenia in a rapidly developing country such as Saudi Arabia, and the current state and need for research in Saudi Arabia in this domain along with future directions in combating this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah F. Alghannam
- Lifestyle and Health Research Center, Health Sciences Research Center, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalal S. Alharbi
- Lifestyle and Health Research Center, Health Sciences Research Center, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hazzaa M. Al-Hazzaa
- Lifestyle and Health Research Center, Health Sciences Research Center, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Kataoka R, Hammert WB, Yamada Y, Song JS, Seffrin A, Kang A, Spitz RW, Wong V, Loenneke JP. The Plateau in Muscle Growth with Resistance Training: An Exploration of Possible Mechanisms. Sports Med 2024; 54:31-48. [PMID: 37787845 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01932-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
It is hypothesized that there is likely a finite ability for muscular adaptation. While it is difficult to distinguish between a true plateau following a long-term training period and short-term stalling in muscle growth, a plateau in muscle growth has been attributed to reaching a genetic potential, with limited discussion on what might physiologically contribute to this muscle growth plateau. The present paper explores potential physiological factors that may drive the decline in muscle growth after prolonged resistance training. Overall, with chronic training, the anabolic signaling pathways may become more refractory to loading. While measures of anabolic markers may have some predictive capabilities regarding muscle growth adaptation, they do not always demonstrate a clear connection. Catabolic processes may also constrain the ability to achieve further muscle growth, which is influenced by energy balance. Although speculative, muscle cells may also possess cell scaling mechanisms that sense and regulate their own size, along with molecular brakes that hinder growth rate over time. When considering muscle growth over the lifespan, there comes a point when the anabolic response is attenuated by aging, regardless of whether or not individuals approach their muscle growth potential. Our goal is that the current review opens avenues for future experimental studies to further elucidate potential mechanisms to explain why muscle growth may plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kataoka
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - William B Hammert
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Yujiro Yamada
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Jun Seob Song
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Aldo Seffrin
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Anna Kang
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Robert W Spitz
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Vickie Wong
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, University, MS, 38677, USA.
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16
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Peeters WM, Gram M, Dias GJ, Vissers MCM, Hampton MB, Dickerhof N, Bekhit AE, Black MJ, Oxbøll J, Bayer S, Dickens M, Vitzel K, Sheard PW, Danielson KM, Hodges LD, Brønd JC, Bond J, Perry BG, Stoner L, Cornwall J, Rowlands DS. Changes to insulin sensitivity in glucose clearance systems and redox following dietary supplementation with a novel cysteine-rich protein: A pilot randomized controlled trial in humans with type-2 diabetes. Redox Biol 2023; 67:102918. [PMID: 37812879 PMCID: PMC10570009 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently developed a novel keratin-derived protein (KDP) rich in cysteine, glycine, and arginine, with the potential to alter tissue redox status and insulin sensitivity. The KDP was tested in 35 human adults with type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a 14-wk randomised controlled pilot trial comprising three 2×20 g supplemental protein/day arms: KDP-whey (KDPWHE), whey (WHEY), non-protein isocaloric control (CON), with standardised exercise. Outcomes were measured morning fasted and following insulin-stimulation (80 mU/m2/min hyperinsulinaemic-isoglycaemic clamp). With KDPWHE supplementation there was good and very-good evidence for moderate-sized increases in insulin-stimulated glucose clearance rate (GCR; 26%; 90% confidence limits, CL 2%, 49%) and skeletal-muscle microvascular blood flow (46%; 16%, 83%), respectively, and good evidence for increased insulin-stimulated sarcoplasmic GLUT4 translocation (18%; 0%, 39%) vs CON. In contrast, WHEY did not effect GCR (-2%; -25%, 21%) and attenuated HbA1c lowering (14%; 5%, 24%) vs CON. KDPWHE effects on basal glutathione in erythrocytes and skeletal muscle were unclear, but in muscle there was very-good evidence for large increases in oxidised peroxiredoxin isoform 2 (oxiPRX2) (19%; 2.2%, 35%) and good evidence for lower GPx1 concentrations (-40%; -4.3%, -63%) vs CON; insulin stimulation, however, attenuated the basal oxiPRX2 response (4%; -16%, 24%), and increased GPx1 (39%; -5%, 101%) and SOD1 (26%; -3%, 60%) protein expression. Effects of KDPWHE on oxiPRX3 and NRF2 content, phosphorylation of capillary eNOS and insulin-signalling proteins upstream of GLUT4 translocation AktSer437 and AS160Thr642 were inconclusive, but there was good evidence for increased IRSSer312 (41%; 3%, 95%), insulin-stimulated NFκB-DNA binding (46%; 3.4%, 105%), and basal PAK-1Thr423/2Thr402 phosphorylation (143%; 66%, 257%) vs WHEY. Our findings provide good evidence to suggest that dietary supplementation with a novel edible keratin protein in humans with T2DM may increase glucose clearance and modify skeletal-muscle tissue redox and insulin sensitivity within systems involving peroxiredoxins, antioxidant expression, and glucose uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Peeters
- Metabolic and Microvascular Laboratory, School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Wellington, Auckland, New Zealand; School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Science, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
| | - M Gram
- Metabolic and Microvascular Laboratory, School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Wellington, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - G J Dias
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - M C M Vissers
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - M B Hampton
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - N Dickerhof
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - A E Bekhit
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - M J Black
- Metabolic and Microvascular Laboratory, School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Wellington, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - J Oxbøll
- Metabolic and Microvascular Laboratory, School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Wellington, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - S Bayer
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - M Dickens
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Wellington, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - K Vitzel
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Wellington, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - P W Sheard
- Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - K M Danielson
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Surgery, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - L D Hodges
- Metabolic and Microvascular Laboratory, School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Wellington, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - J C Brønd
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - J Bond
- Metabolic and Microvascular Laboratory, School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Wellington, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - B G Perry
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Wellington, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - L Stoner
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - J Cornwall
- Centre for Early Learning in Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - D S Rowlands
- Metabolic and Microvascular Laboratory, School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Wellington, Auckland, New Zealand.
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17
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Rizzuti A, Alvarenga C, Stocker G, Fraga L, Santos HO. Early Pharmacologic Approaches to Avert Anabolic Steroid-induced Male Infertility: A Narrative Review. Clin Ther 2023; 45:e234-e241. [PMID: 37806813 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To review the impact of testosterone and other androgenic-anabolic steroids (AASs) on male fertility, exploring potential drugs that can be used to preserve or restore male fertility upon AAS use or prior contact. METHODS A review was performed to provide a unifying clinical link between drugs used to preserve or restore male fertility (ie, clomiphene citrate, human chorionic gonadotropin, selective estrogen receptor modulators, recombinant luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones, and human menopausal gonadotrophin) in the context of AAS-induced infertility and related aspects. FINDINGS Human chorionic gonadotropin (125-500 IU every other day), clomiphene citrate (12.5-50 mg/d), recombinant luteinizing hormone (125-500 IU every other day), recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (75-150 IU 1-3×/wk), and human menopausal gonadotrophin (75-150 IU 1-3×/wk) are promising early pharmacologic approaches to avert AAS-induced male infertility. Additionally, a full partner assessment is crucial to the success of a couple planning to have children. The partner's age and gynecopathies must be considered. Egg or sperm cryopreservation can also be alternatives for future fertility. Reinforcing AAS cessation is imperative to achieving better success in misusers. IMPLICATIONS The exponential increase in AAS misuse raises concerns about the impact on male fertility. This review suggests that gonadotropin analogs and selective androgen receptor modulators (clomiphene citrate) are viable approaches to early preserve or restore fertility in men on AAS use or with previous contact. However, proper standardization of doses and combinations is required and hence physicians should also be aware of patients' and partners' fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Rizzuti
- School of Medicine, Estácio de Sá University (UNESA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Conrado Alvarenga
- School of Medicine, Department of Urology, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Stocker
- School of Medicine, University Center Assis Gurgacz Foundation (FAG), Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | - Lucas Fraga
- School of medicine, Santa Casa da misericordia de Vitorica (EMESCAM), Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Heitor O Santos
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, MG, Brazil.
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18
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Janssen TAH, Van Every DW, Phillips SM. The impact and utility of very low-calorie diets: the role of exercise and protein in preserving skeletal muscle mass. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2023; 26:521-527. [PMID: 37724991 PMCID: PMC10552824 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Very low-calorie diets (VLCD) are used as a weight loss intervention, but concerns have been raised about their potential negative impact on lean mass. Here, we review the available evidence regarding the effects of VLCD on lean mass and explore their utility and strategies to mitigate reductions in skeletal muscle. RECENT FINDINGS We observed that VLCD, despite their effects on lean mass, may be suitable in certain populations but have a risk in reducing lean mass. The extent of the reduction in lean mass may depend on various factors, such as the duration and degree of energy deficit of the diet, as well as the individual's starting weight and overall health. SUMMARY VLCD may be a viable option in certain populations; however, priority needs to be given to resistance exercise training, and secondarily to adequate protein intake should be part of this dietary regime to mitigate losing muscle mass.
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19
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Morgan PT, Witard OC, Højfeldt G, Church DD, Breen L. Dietary protein recommendations to support healthy muscle ageing in the 21st century and beyond: considerations and future directions. Proc Nutr Soc 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37818636 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665123003750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
This review explores the evolution of dietary protein intake requirements and recommendations, with a focus on skeletal muscle remodelling to support healthy ageing based on presentations at the 2023 Nutrition Society summer conference. In this review, we describe the role of dietary protein for metabolic health and ageing muscle, explain the origins of protein and amino acid (AA) requirements and discuss current recommendations for dietary protein intake, which currently sits at about 0⋅8 g/kg/d. We also critique existing (e.g. nitrogen balance) and contemporary (e.g. indicator AA oxidation) methods to determine protein/AA intake requirements and suggest that existing methods may underestimate requirements, with more contemporary assessments indicating protein recommendations may need to be increased to >1⋅0 g/kg/d. One example of evolution in dietary protein guidance is the transition from protein requirements to recommendations. Hence, we discuss the refinement of protein/AA requirements for skeletal muscle maintenance with advanced age beyond simply the dose (e.g. source, type, quality, timing, pattern, nutrient co-ingestion) and explore the efficacy and sustainability of alternative protein sources beyond animal-based proteins to facilitate skeletal muscle remodelling in older age. We conclude that, whilst a growing body of research has demonstrated that animal-free protein sources can effectively stimulate and support muscle remodelling in a manner that is comparable to animal-based proteins, food systems need to sustainably provide a diversity of both plant and animal source foods, not least for their protein content but other vital nutrients. Finally, we propose some priority research directions for the field of protein nutrition and healthy ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Morgan
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, 99 Oxford Road, Manchester M1 7EL, UK
| | - Oliver C Witard
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Grith Højfeldt
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David D Church
- Department of Geriatrics, Donald W. Reynolds Institute on Aging, Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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20
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Tirla A, Timar AV, Becze A, Memete AR, Vicas SI, Popoviciu MS, Cavalu S. Designing New Sport Supplements Based on Aronia melanocarpa and Bee Pollen to Enhance Antioxidant Capacity and Nutritional Value. Molecules 2023; 28:6944. [PMID: 37836785 PMCID: PMC10574696 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
With a high number of athletes using sport supplements targeting different results, the need for complex, natural and effective formulations represents an actual reality, while nutrition dosing regimens aiming to sustain the health and performance of athletes are always challenging. In this context, the main goal of this study was to elaborate a novel and complex nutraceutical supplement based on multiple bioactive compounds extracted from Aronia melanocarpa and bee pollen, aiming to support physiological adaptations and to minimize the stress generated by intense physical activity in the case of professional or amateur athletes. Our proposed formulations are based on different combinations of Aronia and bee pollen (A1:P1, A1:P2 and A2:P1), offering personalized supplements designed to fulfill the individual requirements of different categories of athletes. The approximate composition, fatty acid profile, identification and quantification of individual polyphenols, along with the antioxidant capacity of raw biological materials and different formulations, was performed using spectrophotometric methods, GS-MS and HPLC-DAD-MS-ESI+. In terms of antioxidant capacity, our formulations based on different ratios of bee pollen and Aronia were able to act as complex and powerful antioxidant products, highlighted by the synergic or additional effect of the combinations. Overall, the most powerful synergism was obtained for the A1:P2 formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Tirla
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P-ta 1 Decembrie 10, 410087 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Adrian Vasile Timar
- Faculty of Environmental Protection, University of Oradea, 26 Gen. Magheru Street, 410048 Oradea, Romania; (A.V.T.); (A.R.M.)
| | - Anca Becze
- INCDO-INOE 2000 Subsidiary Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation ICIA, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Adriana Ramona Memete
- Faculty of Environmental Protection, University of Oradea, 26 Gen. Magheru Street, 410048 Oradea, Romania; (A.V.T.); (A.R.M.)
| | - Simona Ioana Vicas
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P-ta 1 Decembrie 10, 410087 Oradea, Romania;
- Faculty of Environmental Protection, University of Oradea, 26 Gen. Magheru Street, 410048 Oradea, Romania; (A.V.T.); (A.R.M.)
| | - Mihaela Simona Popoviciu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P-ta 1 Decembrie 10, 410087 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Simona Cavalu
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P-ta 1 Decembrie 10, 410087 Oradea, Romania;
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P-ta 1 Decembrie 10, 410087 Oradea, Romania;
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21
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Ely IA, Phillips BE, Smith K, Wilkinson DJ, Piasecki M, Breen L, Larsen MS, Atherton PJ. A focus on leucine in the nutritional regulation of human skeletal muscle metabolism in ageing, exercise and unloading states. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:1849-1865. [PMID: 37625315 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown (MPB) are influenced through dietary protein intake and physical (in)activity, which it follows, regulate skeletal muscle (SKM) mass across the lifespan. Following consumption of dietary protein, the bio-availability of essential amino acids (EAA), and primarily leucine (LEU), drive a transient increase in MPS with an ensuing refractory period before the next MPS stimulation is possible (due to the "muscle full" state). At the same time, MPB is periodically constrained via reflex insulin actions. Layering exercise on top of protein intake increases the sensitivity of SKM to EAA, therefore extending the muscle full set-point (∼48 h), to permit long-term remodelling (e.g., hypertrophy). In contrast, ageing and physical inactivity are associated with a premature muscle full set-point in response to dietary protein/EAA and contractile activity. Of all the EAA, LEU is the most potent stimulator of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)-signalling pathway, with the phosphorylation of mTORC1 substrates increasing ∼3-fold more than with all other EAA. Furthermore, maximal MPS stimulation is also achieved following low doses of LEU-enriched protein/EAA, negating the need for larger protein doses. As a result, LEU supplementation has been of long term interest to maximise muscle anabolism and subsequent net protein accretion, especially when in tandem with resistance exercise. This review highlights current knowledge vis-à-vis the anabolic effects of LEU supplementation in isolation, and in enriched protein/EAA sources (i.e., EAA and/or protein sources with added LEU), in the context of ageing, exercise and unloading states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel A Ely
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Bethan E Phillips
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Daniel J Wilkinson
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Mathew Piasecki
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Philip J Atherton
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK.
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22
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He Z, Qiang L, Liu Y, Gao W, Feng T, Li Y, Yan B, Girard O. Effect of Hypoxia Conditioning on Body Composition in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:89. [PMID: 37747653 PMCID: PMC10519915 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00635-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of hypoxia conditioning, which involves recurrent exposure to hypoxia combined with exercise training, on improving body composition in the ageing population have not been extensively investigated. OBJECTIVE This meta-analysis aimed to determine if hypoxia conditioning, compared to similar training near sea level, maximizes body composition benefits in middle-aged and older adults. METHODS A literature search of PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus and CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) databases (up to 27th November 2022) was performed, including the reference lists of relevant papers. Three independent reviewers extracted study characteristics and health outcome measures. Search results were limited to original studies of the effects of hypoxia conditioning on body composition in middle-aged and older adults. RESULTS Twelve studies with a total of 335 participants were included. Hypoxia conditioning induced greater reductions in body mass index (MD = -0.92, 95%CI: -1.28 to -0.55, I2 = 0%, p < 0.00001) and body fat (SMD = -0.38, 95%CI: -0.68 to -0.07, I2 = 49%, p = 0.01) in middle-aged and older adults compared with normoxic conditioning. Hypoxia conditioning improved lean mass with this effect not being larger than equivalent normoxic interventions in either middle-aged or older adults (SMD = 0.07, 95%CI -0.12 to 0.25, I2 = 0%, p = 0.48). Subgroup analysis showed that exercise in moderate hypoxia (FiO2 > 15%) had larger effects than more severe hypoxia (FiO2 ≤ 15%) for improving body mass index in middle-aged and older adults. Hypoxia exposure of at least 60 min per session resulted in larger benefits for both body mass index and body fat. CONCLUSION Hypoxia conditioning, compared to equivalent training in normoxia, induced greater body fat and body mass index improvements in middle-aged and older adults. Adding hypoxia exposure to exercise interventions is a viable therapeutic solution to effectively manage body composition in ageing population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian He
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, No. 48 Xinxi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
- Department of Sports Teaching and Research, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lijun Qiang
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, No. 48 Xinxi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
- Ningxia Vocational College of Sports, Ningxia, China
| | - Yusheng Liu
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, No. 48 Xinxi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
- Tsinghua University High School (Guanghua), Beijing, China
| | - Wenfeng Gao
- Department of Sports Teaching and Research, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tao Feng
- Department of Sports Teaching and Research, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Sports Teaching and Research, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bing Yan
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, No. 48 Xinxi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Ho C, Samwil SNM, Kahairudin Z, Jamhuri N, Abd Aziz A. Exercise and pre-habilitation with high whey-protein-based meal replacement therapy promote weight loss and preserve muscle mass before bariatric surgery. Asian J Surg 2023; 46:3716-3721. [PMID: 36931924 DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2023.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bariatric surgery is considered as an effective therapy for those with morbid obesity. Preoperative weight loss with a very low-calorie diet is commonly used to ease the bariatric surgery. Pre-habilitation increases functional and physiological capacity. The study demonstrated the changes of body composition and functional status following short term pre-habilitation before bariatric surgery. METHOD This prospective study targeted those admitted for bariatric surgery. Participants underwent the biweekly pre-habilitation program included an individualized high whey-based protein very low-calorie (VLCHP) enteral regime (600-900 kcal/day) and moderate intensive exercise before bariatric surgery. Body composition and waist circumference were assessed after fortnight. Participants were segregated into morbid obese (MOG) (BMI <49 kg/m2) and super morbid obese group (SMOG) (BMI ≥50 kg/m2) for analysis. RESULT Majority of participants were female (71%) with median age 36.0 years old (MOG) and 34.3 years old (SMOG) respectively. SMOG achieved significant greater loss in weight (-7.4 kg vs -4.0 kg), fat percentage (-4.4% vs -1.7%) and fat mass (-9.9 kg vs -3.8 kg); but MOG had a significant increment in muscle mass (3.2 kg vs 2.8 kg) as compared to SOG (p < 0.001). DISCUSSION Body composition measurement and changes remain critical in nutritional assessment to achieve successful surgery and minimize nutritional complication. Whey-based VLCHP attenuates muscle loss and preserves myofibrillar protein synthesis; promotes a better muscle strength and mass growth during periods of negative energy balance combined with moderately intense aerobic activity. CONCLUSION Individualized whey-based VLCHP enteral regime and moderate intensive exercise encourage weight loss; increases muscle mass and strength; improve function status prior to bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChiouYi Ho
- Department of Dietetics and Food Services, Institut Kanser Negara, Ministry of Health, 4, Jalan P7, Presint 7, 62250, Putrajaya, Malaysia.
| | - Siti Nuraini Mohd Samwil
- Department of Dietetics and Food Services, Institut Kanser Negara, Ministry of Health, 4, Jalan P7, Presint 7, 62250, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Zuliehaiza Kahairudin
- Department of Dietetics and Food Services, Institut Kanser Negara, Ministry of Health, 4, Jalan P7, Presint 7, 62250, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Norshariza Jamhuri
- Department of Dietetics and Food Services, Institut Kanser Negara, Ministry of Health, 4, Jalan P7, Presint 7, 62250, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Adibah Abd Aziz
- Unit of Physiotherapy, Institut Kanser Negara, Ministry of Health, 4, Jalan P7, Presint 7, 62250, Putrajaya, Malaysia
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24
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Jenkins AR, Gaynor-Sodeifi K, Lewthwaite H, Triandafilou J, Belo LF, de Oliveira MF, Jensen D. Efficacy of interventions to alter measures of fat-free mass in people with COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ERJ Open Res 2023; 9:00102-2023. [PMID: 37529637 PMCID: PMC10388177 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00102-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Low fat-free mass (FFM) is linked to poor health outcomes in COPD, including impaired exercise tolerance and premature death. The aim of this systematic review was to synthesise evidence on the effectiveness of interventions for increasing FFM in COPD. Methods Searches of electronic databases (MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus) and trial registers (ClinicalTrials.gov) were undertaken from inception to August 2022 for randomised studies of interventions assessing measures of FFM in COPD. The primary outcome was change in FFM (including derivatives). Secondary outcomes were adverse events, compliance and attrition. Results 99 studies (n=5138 people with COPD) of 11 intervention components, used alone or in combination, were included. Exercise training increased mid-thigh cross-sectional area (k=3, standardised mean difference (SMD) 1.04, 95% CI 0.02-2.06; p=0.04), but not FFM (k=4, SMD 0.03, 95% CI -0.18-0.24; p=0.75). Nutritional supplementation significantly increased FFM index (k=11, SMD 0.31, 95% CI 0.13-0.50; p<0.001), but not FFM (k=19, SMD 0.16, 95% CI -0.06-0.39; p=0.16). Combined exercise training and nutritional supplementation increased measures related to FFM in 67% of studies. Anabolic steroids increased FFM (k=4, SMD 0.98, 95% CI 0.24-1.72; p=0.009). Neuromuscular electrical stimulation increased measures related to FFM in 50% of studies. No interventions were more at risk of serious adverse events, low compliance or attrition. Discussion Exercise training and nutritional supplementation were not effective in isolation to increase FFM, but were for localised muscle and index measures, respectively. Combined, exercise and nutritional supplementation shows promise as a strategy to increase FFM in COPD. Anabolic steroids are efficacious for increasing FFM in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex R. Jenkins
- Clinical Exercise and Respiratory Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Education, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Kaveh Gaynor-Sodeifi
- Clinical Exercise and Respiratory Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Education, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Hayley Lewthwaite
- Clinical Exercise and Respiratory Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Education, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre of Research Excellence in Treatable Traits, College of Health, Medicine, and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Asthma and Breathing Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Jaycie Triandafilou
- Clinical Exercise and Respiratory Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Education, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Letícia F. Belo
- Clinical Exercise and Respiratory Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Education, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Laboratory of Research in Respiratory Physiotherapy, Physiotherapy Department, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Mayron Faria de Oliveira
- Clinical Exercise and Respiratory Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Education, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Science Division, Exercise Science, Lyon College, Batesville, AR, USA
| | - Dennis Jensen
- Clinical Exercise and Respiratory Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Education, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Damluji AA, Alfaraidhy M, AlHajri N, Rohant NN, Kumar M, Al Malouf C, Bahrainy S, Ji Kwak M, Batchelor WB, Forman DE, Rich MW, Kirkpatrick J, Krishnaswami A, Alexander KP, Gerstenblith G, Cawthon P, deFilippi CR, Goyal P. Sarcopenia and Cardiovascular Diseases. Circulation 2023; 147:1534-1553. [PMID: 37186680 PMCID: PMC10180053 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.123.064071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is the loss of muscle strength, mass, and function, which is often exacerbated by chronic comorbidities including cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and cancer. Sarcopenia is associated with faster progression of cardiovascular diseases and higher risk of mortality, falls, and reduced quality of life, particularly among older adults. Although the pathophysiologic mechanisms are complex, the broad underlying cause of sarcopenia includes an imbalance between anabolic and catabolic muscle homeostasis with or without neuronal degeneration. The intrinsic molecular mechanisms of aging, chronic illness, malnutrition, and immobility are associated with the development of sarcopenia. Screening and testing for sarcopenia may be particularly important among those with chronic disease states. Early recognition of sarcopenia is important because it can provide an opportunity for interventions to reverse or delay the progression of muscle disorder, which may ultimately impact cardiovascular outcomes. Relying on body mass index is not useful for screening because many patients will have sarcopenic obesity, a particularly important phenotype among older cardiac patients. In this review, we aimed to: (1) provide a definition of sarcopenia within the context of muscle wasting disorders; (2) summarize the associations between sarcopenia and different cardiovascular diseases; (3) highlight an approach for a diagnostic evaluation; (4) discuss management strategies for sarcopenia; and (5) outline key gaps in knowledge with implications for the future of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulla A Damluji
- Inova Center of Outcomes Research, Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (A.A.D., W.B.B., C.R.D.)
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (A.A.D., M.A., G.G.)
| | - Maha Alfaraidhy
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (A.A.D., M.A., G.G.)
| | - Noora AlHajri
- Cleveland Clinic, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (N.A.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Wayne B Batchelor
- Inova Center of Outcomes Research, Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (A.A.D., W.B.B., C.R.D.)
| | - Daniel E Forman
- University of Pittsburgh and the Pittsburgh Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, PA (D.E.F.)
| | | | | | | | - Karen P Alexander
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC (K.P.A.)
| | - Gary Gerstenblith
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (A.A.D., M.A., G.G.)
| | | | - Christopher R deFilippi
- Inova Center of Outcomes Research, Inova Heart and Vascular Institute, Falls Church, VA (A.A.D., W.B.B., C.R.D.)
| | - Parag Goyal
- University of Arizona, Tucson (N.N.R., P.G.)
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McGuire A, Warrington G, Doyle L. Energy availability and macronutrient intake in elite male Gaelic football players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2023; 7:1-7. [PMID: 35045802 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2029551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that Gaelic football (GF) players do not meet the recommended energy intake (EI) levels and therefore may be at risk of low energy availability (LEA). This study examined energy availability (EA) in 20 elite male GF players. At two stages during a season (2019-2020), repeated measures of EI, exercise energy expenditure (EEE), EA and body composition were performed. Sixty-five percent reported with LEA [<30 kcal.kg Lean Body Mass (LBM)-1.day-1] at pre-season (PRE), with 70% at in-season (IN). Mean daily carbohydrate intake (PRE 3.2 ± 0.82 g.kg; IN 3.4 ± 0.79 g.kg) was below the recommended intake (5-7 g.kg) in 95% at PRE and 100% at IN. All consumed the recommended daily amount of protein (PRE 1.85 ± 0.57 g.kg; IN 1.87 ± 0.48 g.kg) and fat (PRE 1.23 ± 0.4 g.kg; IN 1.02 ± 0.3 g.kg). Significant correlations (P = 0.001) were reported between EA and carbohydrates (PRE r = 0.801; IN r = 0.714); protein (PRE r = 0.675; IN r = 0.769); fat (PRE r = 0.805; IN r = 0.733) and energy intake (PRE r = 0.960; IN r = 0.949). Twenty percent were at risk of disordered eating. This study suggests male elite GF players require education and interventions surrounding nutrition, in particular EA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy McGuire
- Department of Sport and Early Childhood Studies, Technological University of the Shannon Midlands Midwest, Thurles, Ireland.,Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Giles Warrington
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Lorna Doyle
- Department of Physical Education and Social Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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27
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Rokkam MP, Gora O, Konda MR, Koushik A. A proprietary blend of Sphaeranthus indicus flower head and Mangifera indica bark extracts increases muscle strength and enhances endurance in young male volunteers: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Food Nutr Res 2023; 67:8972. [PMID: 36794013 PMCID: PMC9899043 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v67.8972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The demand for safe and efficacious botanical formulations to increase muscle mass, strength, and stamina is increasing among athletes and the general population. The nutraceutical supplements of medicinal plant origin exert minimal health concern. Objective This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was aimed to evaluate the ergogenic potential of a proprietary, standardized formulation (LI12542F6) of Sphaeranthus indicus flower head and Mangifera indica stem bark extracts. Methods Forty male participants 18-40 years of age were assigned to receive either a placebo (n = 20) or 650 mg/day LI12542F6 (n = 20) for 56 days. All participants performed a fixed set of resistance exercises during the intervention. The primary endpoint was the change from baseline muscle strength, assessed by one-repetition maximum (1-RM) bench and leg presses, and handgrip strength. The secondary endpoints included cable pull-down repetitions, time to exhaustion on a treadmill, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), body composition using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), and free testosterone and cortisol levels in serum. Results Fifty-six days supplementation of LI12542F6 significantly improved baseline bench press (P < 0.0001), leg press (P < 0.0001), handgrip strength (P < 0.0006), number of repetitions (P < 0.0001), and time to exhaustion (P < 0.0008), compared to placebo. Post-trial, the LI12542F6 group also showed significantly increased MUAC and improved body composition and serum hormone levels. The participants' hematology, clinical chemistry, and vital signs were within the normal range. No adverse events were observed. Conclusion This study demonstrates that LI12542F6 supplementation significantly increases muscle strength and size and improves endurance in healthy men. Also, LI12542F6 is well-tolerated by the participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meher Prasanna Rokkam
- Department of Orthopedics, Meher Hospital, Vijayawada, India;,Meher Prasanna Rokkam Department of Orthopedics, Meher Hospital, Gandhinagar, Vijayawada-520003, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Olos Gora
- Department of Physiotherapy, Vijaya Institute Medical Sciences College of Physiotherapy, NTR University of Health Sciences, Vijayawada, India
| | | | - Ajay Koushik
- Department of Orthopedics, Mysore Medical College & Research Institute, Mysuru, India
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28
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Yanagisawa Y. How dietary amino acids and high protein diets influence insulin secretion. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15577. [PMID: 36695783 PMCID: PMC9875820 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose homeostasis is the maintenance and regulation of blood glucose concentration within a tight physiological range, essential for the functioning of most tissues and organs. This is primarily achieved by pancreatic secretion of insulin and glucagon. Deficient pancreatic endocrine function, coupled with or without peripheral insulin resistance leads to prolonged hyperglycemia with chronic impairment of glucose homeostasis, most commonly seen in diabetes mellitus. High protein diets (HPDs) are thought to modulate glucose homeostasis through various metabolic pathways. Insulin secretion can be directly modulated by the amino acid products of protein digestion, which activate nutrient receptors and nutrient transporters expressed by the endocrine pancreas. Insulin secretion can also be modulated indirectly, through incretin release from enteroendocrine cells, and via vagal neuronal pathways. Additionally, glucose homeostasis can be promoted by the satiating effects of anorectic hormones released following HPD consumption. This review summarizes the insulinotropic mechanisms by which amino acids and HPDs may influence glucose homeostasis, with a particular focus on their applicability in the management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Yanagisawa
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and ReproductionImperial College LondonLondonUK
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29
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Posthumus L, Driller M, Darry K, Winwood P, Rollo I, Gill N. Dietary Intakes of Elite Male Professional Rugby Union Players in Catered and Non-Catered Environments. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16242. [PMID: 36498314 PMCID: PMC9737971 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In professional rugby union, it is common for players to switch between catered and non-catered dietary environments throughout a season. However, little is known about the difference in dietary intake between these two settings. Twelve elite male professional rugby union players (28.3 ± 2.9 y, 188.9 ± 9.5 cm, 104.1 ± 13.3 kg) from the New Zealand Super Rugby Championship completed seven-day photographic food diaries with two-way communication during two seven-day competition weeks in both catered and non-catered environments. While no significant differences were observed in relative carbohydrate intake, mean seven-day absolute energy intakes (5210 ± 674 vs. 4341 ± 654 kcal·day-1), relative protein (2.8 ± 0.3 vs. 2.3 ± 0.3 g·kgBM·day-1) and relative fat (2.1 ± 0.3 vs. 1.5 ± 0.3 g·kgBM·day-1) intakes were significantly higher in the catered compared to the non-catered environment (respectively) among forwards (n = 6). Backs (n = 6) presented non-significantly higher energy and macronutrient intakes within a catered compared to a non-catered environment. More similar dietary intakes were observed among backs regardless of the catering environment. Forwards may require more support and/or attention when transitioning between catered and non-catered environments to ensure that recommended dietary intakes are being achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Posthumus
- Faculty of Health, Education and Environment, Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology, Tauranga 3112, New Zealand
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, The University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand
- New Zealand Rugby, Wellington 6011, New Zealand
| | - Matthew Driller
- School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, Sport and Exercise Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
| | | | - Paul Winwood
- Faculty of Health, Education and Environment, Toi Ohomai Institute of Technology, Tauranga 3112, New Zealand
- Department of Sport and Recreation, Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0627, New Zealand
| | - Ian Rollo
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Leicestershire LE4 1ET, UK
| | - Nicholas Gill
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, The University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand
- New Zealand Rugby, Wellington 6011, New Zealand
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30
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Bays HE, Gonsahn-Bollie S, Younglove C, Wharton S. Obesity Pillars Roundtable: Body mass index and body composition in Black and Female individuals. Race-relevant or racist? Sex-relevant or sexist? OBESITY PILLARS 2022; 4:100044. [PMID: 37990673 PMCID: PMC10662008 DOI: 10.1016/j.obpill.2022.100044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Background Body mass index (BMI or weight in kilograms/height in meters2) is the most common metric to diagnose overweight and obesity. However, a body composition analysis more thoroughly assesses adiposity, percent body fat, lean body mass (i.e., including skeletal muscle), and sometimes bone mineral density. BMI is not an accurate assessment of body fat in individuals with increased or decreased muscle mass; the diagnostic utility of BMI in individuals is also influenced by race and sex. Methods Previous Obesity Pillars Roundtables addressed the diagnostic limitations of BMI, the importance of android and visceral fat (especially among those with South and East Asian ancestry), and considerations of obesity among individuals who identify as Hispanic, diverse in sexual-orientation, Black, Native American, and having ancestry from the Mediterranean and Middle East regions. This roundtable examines considerations of BMI in Black and female individuals. Results The panelists agreed that body composition assessment was a more accurate measure of adiposity and muscle mass than BMI. When it came to matters of race and sex, one panelist felt: "race is a social construct and not a defining biology." Another felt that: "BMI should be a screening tool to prompt further evaluation of adiposity that utilizes better diagnostic tools for body composition." Regarding bias and misperceptions of resistance training in female individuals, another panelist stated: "I have spent my entire medical career taking care of women and have never seen a woman unintentionally gain 'too much' muscle mass and bulk up from moderate strength training." Conclusions Conveying the importance of race and sex regarding body composition has proven challenging, with the discussion sometimes devolving into misunderstandings or misinformation that may be perceived as racist or sexist. Body composition analysis is the ultimate diagnostic equalizer in addressing the inaccuracies and biases inherent in the exclusive use of BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold Edward Bays
- American Board of Obesity Medicine, Medical Director / President Louisville Metabolic and Atherosclerosis Research Center Clinical Associate Professor / University of Louisville Medical School, 3288 Illinois Avenue Louisville KY, 40213, USA
| | - Sylvia Gonsahn-Bollie
- American Board of Obesity Medicine, Embrace You Weight & Wellness Founder, Black Physicians Healthcare Network, Council of Black Obesity Physicians Founding Member, 8705 Colesville Rd Suite 103, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA
| | - Courtney Younglove
- American Board of Obesity Medicine, Founder/Medical Director: Heartland Weight Loss, 14205 Metcalf Avenue Overland Park, KS, 66223, USA
| | - Sean Wharton
- McMaster University, York University, University of Toronto Wharton Medical Clinic 2951 Walker’s Line, Burlington,Ontario, Canada
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Huang Y, Gong Y, Liu Y, Lu J. Global trends and hot topics in electrical stimulation of skeletal muscle research over the past decade: A bibliometric analysis. Front Neurol 2022; 13:991099. [PMID: 36277916 PMCID: PMC9581161 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.991099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Over the past decade, numerous advances have been made in the research on electrical stimulation of skeletal muscle. However, the developing status and future direction of this field remain unclear. This study aims to visualize the evolution and summarize global research hot topics and trends based on quantitative and qualitative evidence from bibliometrics. Methods Literature search was based on the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database from 2011 to 2021. CiteSpace and VOSviewer, typical bibliometric tools, were used to perform analysis and visualization. Results A total of 3,059 documents were identified. The number of literature is on the rise in general. Worldwide, researchers come primarily from North America and Europe, represented by the USA, France, Switzerland, and Canada. The Udice French Research Universities is the most published affiliation. Millet GY and Maffiuletti NA are the most prolific and the most co-cited authors, respectively. Plos One is the most popular journal, and the Journal of Applied Physiology is the top co-cited journal. The main keywords are muscle fatigue, neuromuscular electrical stimulation, spinal cord injury, tissue engineering, and atrophy. Moreover, this study systematically described the hotspots in this field. Conclusion As the first bibliometric analysis of electrical stimulation of skeletal muscle research over the past decade, this study can help scholars recognize hot topics and trends and provide a reference for further exploration in this field.
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DiFrancisco-Donoghue J, Southard V, Margulies M, Jung MK, Allera A, Riley B. Assessment of gastrointestinal function and its' effect on bone mineral density and body composition in hypermobility spectrum disorder and hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. J Clin Densitom 2022; 25:536-543. [PMID: 35945116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (hEDS) and Hypermobility Spectrum Disorders (HSD) are associated with hypermobility, musculoskeletal pain, a decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and gastrointestinal (GI) complications. The role of GI symptoms and diet in BMD has not been established in this population. The GI complications can lead to an energy deficit due to lack of essential macronutrients. The primary objective of this study was to determine the severity of GI symptoms compared to body composition and BMD in individuals with hEDS/HSD. The secondary objective is to examine GI symptoms on energy balance, body composition and strength. METHODOLOGY This study was IRB approved. Eighteen female participants (aged 28.2 ± 4.9; BMI 22.5 ± 4.9) with a diagnosis of hEDS or HSD and 18 female healthy control participants (aged 28.1 ± 3.8; BMI 22.8 ±3.9) signed consent to participate. Participants were matched by sex, age, and BMI. The Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) was used to investigate severity of GI symptoms. Dual X-ray absorptiometry was used to determine body composition (body fat%, lean body mass (LBM). BMD was measured by Z- scores of both femurs and lumbar spine. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured using indirect calorimetry and strength was determined using a hand grip dynamometer. RESULTS All hEDS/HSD participants reported GI symptoms. There was no difference in body composition between hEDS/HSD and controls. Participants with hEDS/HSD had lower BMD both femoral z scores (p=0.02,0.004) and spine z scores (p= 0.04). There was no difference in caloric intake between groups; yet both groups demonstrated caloric deficits. Additionally, hEDS/HSD consumed less protein and more carbohydrates (p=0.03, p=0.03). There were no differences in grip strength. CONCLUSIONS This study identified that pre-menopausal women with hEDS/HSD presented with significant GI complications and lower BMD than age matched controls. The GI complications and the reduced protein intake long-term may have a lasting impact on bone health. This study found that the GSRS identified and quantified GI symptoms in persons with hEDS/HSD. Future studies are needed for the longitudinal effects of a caloric/protein deficit in this population and to help guide future preventive and nutritional treatment approaches in individuals with hEDS/HSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne DiFrancisco-Donoghue
- New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine (NYIT-COM), Department of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Arline Allera
- NYIT-COM, Department of Research, Old Westbury, NY, USA
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Bartholomae E, Knurick J, Johnston CS. Serum creatinine as an indicator of lean body mass in vegetarians and omnivores. Front Nutr 2022; 9:996541. [PMID: 36185683 PMCID: PMC9525150 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.996541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing numbers of Americans are adopting vegetarian or vegan diets. While risk for some chronic conditions may be lower when following these diets, concern remains over the ability to consume adequate amounts of various nutrients, notably, protein. Knowing that serum creatinine is a reliable marker of muscle mass, this study examined the relationships between serum creatinine, lean body mass (LBM), handgrip strength, and protein intake in healthy vegetarian (n = 55) and omnivorous (n = 27) adults. Significantly higher protein intakes (+31%), LBM (+7%), serum creatinine (+12%) and handgrip strength (+14%) were observed for the omnivore participants compared to vegetarian participants. Positive correlations (p < 0.001) were noted between creatinine and LBM (R2 = 0.42), creatinine and handgrip strength (R2 = 0.41), protein intake and LBM (R2 = 0.29), and handgrip strength and LBM (R2 = 0.69). These data show that serum creatinine concentrations were lower in vegetarian women and men in comparison to their omnivorous counterparts and that serum creatinine concentrations correlate with LBM and strength in healthy adults, regardless of diet.
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Garrido-Miguel M, Mesas AE, Fernández-Rodríguez R, Fernández-Franco S, Pozuelo-Carrascosa DP, López-Gil JF, Martínez-Vizcaíno V. The role of protein intake in the relationship between egg consumption and body composition in young adults. A mediation analysis. Clin Nutr 2022; 41:2356-2363. [PMID: 36122498 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS To date, the literature examining the effects of whole-egg consumption on health outcomes focuses primarily on cardiovascular health markers; however, a significant gap exists in the literature about how egg consumption may influence body composition indicators. The aim of this study was to estimate the association between egg consumption and body composition indicators and to examine whether this relationship is mediated by protein intake in young adults. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 355 first-year university students (aged 18-30 years) from a Spanish public university. Body composition was measured using bioimpedance and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and fitness components were determined using the course-navette test. Egg consumption and protein intake (both in g/day/kg of body weight) were determined using a 137-item Food-Frequency Questionnaire. ANCOVA models were used to test the mean differences in body composition indicators (body mass index [BMI], ratio waist circumference/height [WC/height], body fat mass percentage, and body lean mass percentage) by egg consumption categories (<1 egg/week, 1-4 eggs/week, ≥5 eggs/week). Hayes's PROCESS macro was used for mediation analyses. RESULTS Participants reporting high egg consumption (≥5 eggs/week) showed significantly lower BMI, WC/height and body fat mass percentage values and higher body lean mass percentage values than those reporting low egg consumption (<1 egg/week) (p < 0.05). However, these relationships were not maintained after adjusting for protein intake. Protein intake acted as a full mediator of the relationships of egg consumption with BMI (indirect effect [IE] = -1.19; 95% CI [-3.33; -0.36]), WC/height (IE = -0.01; 95% CI [-0.04; -0.01]) and body lean mass percentage (IE = 2.99; 95% CI [1.26; 5.73]) as a partial mediator of the relationship be-tween egg consumption and body fat mass percentage (IE = -2.19; 95% CI [-4.92; -0.46]). CONCLUSIONS The association between egg consumption and body composition is mediated by protein intake. This finding is important from a public health perspective, suggesting that higher egg consumption (≥5 eggs/week) may lead to a healthier body composition, especially due to higher protein intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Garrido-Miguel
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, 16071, Spain; Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Faculty of Nursing, Albacete, 02071, Spain
| | - Arthur Eumann Mesas
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, 16071, Spain; Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | - Vicente Martínez-Vizcaíno
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Health and Social Research Center, Cuenca, 16071, Spain; Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Talca, 1101, Chile
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Lv X, Zhou C, Yan Q, Tan Z, Kang J, Tang S. Elucidating the underlying mechanism of amino acids to regulate muscle protein synthesis: impact on human health. Nutrition 2022; 103-104:111797. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Cooke MB, Deasy W, Ritenis EJ, Wilson RA, Stathis CG. Effects of Intermittent Energy Restriction Alone and in Combination with Sprint Interval Training on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Biomarkers in Individuals with Overweight and Obesity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137969. [PMID: 35805627 PMCID: PMC9265557 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The popularity of intermittent fasting (IF) and high intensity (sprint) interval training (SIT) has increased in recent years amongst the general public due to their purported health benefits and feasibility of incorporation into daily life. The number of scientific studies investigating these strategies has also increased, however, very few have examined the combined effects, especially on body composition and cardiometabolic biomarkers, which is the primary aim of this investigation. A total of thirty-four male and female participants (age: 35.4 ± 8.4 y, body mass index (BMI): 31.3 ± 3.5 kg/m2, aerobic capacity (VO2peak) 27.7 ± 7.0 mL·kg−1·min−1) were randomized into one of three 16-week interventions: (1) 5:2 IF (2 non-consecutive days of fasting per week, 5 days on ad libitum eating), (2) supervised SIT (3 bouts per week of 20s cycling at 150% VO2peak followed by 40 s of active rest, total 10 min duration), and (3) a combination of both interventions. Body composition, haemodynamic and VO2peak were measured at 0, 8 and 16 weeks. Blood samples were also taken and analysed for lipid profiles and markers of glucose regulation. Both IF and IF/SIT significantly decreased body weight, fat mass and visceral fat compared to SIT only (p < 0.05), with no significant differences between diet and diet + exercise combined. The effects of diet and/or exercise on cardiometabolic biomarkers were mixed. Only exercise alone or with IF significantly increased cardiorespiratory fitness. The results suggest that energy restriction was the main driver of body composition enhancement, with little effect from the low volume SIT. Conversely, to achieve benefits in cardiorespiratory fitness, exercise is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. Cooke
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (W.D.); (R.A.W.)
- Department of Health Sciences and Biostatistics, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia;
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Western Health, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
- Correspondence: (M.B.C.); (C.G.S.); Tel.: +61-(3)-9214-5560 (M.B.C.); +61-(3)-9919-4293 (C.G.S.)
| | - William Deasy
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (W.D.); (R.A.W.)
- College of Clinical Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4701, Australia
| | - Elya J. Ritenis
- Department of Health Sciences and Biostatistics, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia;
| | - Robin A. Wilson
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (W.D.); (R.A.W.)
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Western Health, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Christos G. Stathis
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (W.D.); (R.A.W.)
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
- Correspondence: (M.B.C.); (C.G.S.); Tel.: +61-(3)-9214-5560 (M.B.C.); +61-(3)-9919-4293 (C.G.S.)
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Qin Y, He C, Geng H, Wang W, Yang P, Mai K, Song F. Muscle Nutritive Metabolism Changes after Dietary Fishmeal Replaced by Cottonseed Meal in Golden Pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12070576. [PMID: 35888699 PMCID: PMC9315803 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12070576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that based on growth performance and feed utilization, cottonseed meal (CSM) could substitute 20% fishmeal (FM) without adverse effect on golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus). Muscle deposition was also an important indicator to evaluate the efficiency of alternative protein sources. Therefore, the present study was conducted to explore the changes of physiobiochemical and nutrient metabolism in muscle after FM replaced by CSM. Four isonitrogenous and isolipidic experimental diets (42.5% crude protein, 14.0% crude lipid) were formulated to replace 0% (CSM0 diet), 20% (CSM20 diet), 40% (CSM40 diet), and 60% (CSM60 diet) of FM with CSM. Juvenile fish (24.8 ± 0.02 g) were fed each diet for 6 weeks. The results presented, which, compared with the CSM0 diet, CSM20 and CSM40 diets, had no effect on changing the muscle proximate composition and free essential amino acid (EAA) concentration. For glycolipid metabolism, the CSM20 diet did not change the mRNA expression of hexokinase (hk), glucose transport protein 4 (glut4), glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (glp-1r), while over 20% replacement impaired glucose metabolism. However, CSM20 and CSM40 diets had no effect on altering lipid metabolism. Mechanistically, compared with the CSM0 diet, the CSM20 diet did not change muscle nutritive metabolism through keeping the activities of the nutrient sensing signaling pathways stable. Higher replacement would break this balance and lead to muscle nutritive metabolism disorders. Based on the results, CSM could substitute 20–40% FM without affecting the muscle nutritive deposition. All data supplemented the powerful support for our previous conclusion that CSM could successfully replace 20% FM based on growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Qin
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering (IMASE), College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (Y.Q.); (C.H.); (H.G.); (W.W.); (P.Y.); (K.M.)
| | - Chaoqun He
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering (IMASE), College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (Y.Q.); (C.H.); (H.G.); (W.W.); (P.Y.); (K.M.)
| | - Haoyu Geng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering (IMASE), College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (Y.Q.); (C.H.); (H.G.); (W.W.); (P.Y.); (K.M.)
| | - Wenqiang Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering (IMASE), College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (Y.Q.); (C.H.); (H.G.); (W.W.); (P.Y.); (K.M.)
| | - Peng Yang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering (IMASE), College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (Y.Q.); (C.H.); (H.G.); (W.W.); (P.Y.); (K.M.)
| | - Kangsen Mai
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering (IMASE), College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (Y.Q.); (C.H.); (H.G.); (W.W.); (P.Y.); (K.M.)
| | - Fei Song
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering (IMASE), College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (Y.Q.); (C.H.); (H.G.); (W.W.); (P.Y.); (K.M.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang 524025, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-020-85211375
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Lee MC, Hsu YJ, Wu FY, Huang CC, Li HY, Chen WC. Isolated Soy Protein Supplementation Combined With Resistance Training Improves Muscle Strength, Mass, and Physical Performance of Aging Female Mice. Front Physiol 2022; 13:893352. [PMID: 35721547 PMCID: PMC9204525 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.893352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Purpose: In recent years, the aging population has gradually increased, and the aging process is accompanied by health-associated problems, such as loss of muscle mass and weakness. Therefore, it is important to explore alternative strategies for improving the health status and physical fitness of the aged population. In this study, we investigated the effect of soy protein supplementation combined with resistance training on changes in the muscle mass, muscle strength, and functional activity performance of aging mice. Methods: Female Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were divided into four groups (n = 8 per group): sedentary control (SC), isolated soy protein (ISP) supplementation, resistance training (RT), and a combination of ISP and RT (ISP + RT). The mice in designated groups received oral ISP supplementation (0.123 g/kg/day), RT (5 days/week for a period of 4 weeks), or a combination of both ISP plus RT for 4 weeks. Afterward, we assessed muscle strength, endurance, and anaerobic endurance performance and analyzed blood biochemical and pathological tissue sections to investigate whether there were adverse effects or not in mice. Results: ISP supplementation effectively improved the muscle mass, muscle endurance, and endurance performance of aging female mice. The RT group not only showed similar results with ISP but also increased muscle strength and glycogen content. Nevertheless, the combination of ISP supplementation and RT had greater beneficial effects on muscle strength, physical performance, and glycogen levels (p < 0.05). In addition, the combination of ISP supplementation and RT had significantly increased type II muscle percentage and cross-sectional area (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Although ISP or RT alone improved muscle mass and performance, the combination of ISP with RT showed greater beneficial effects in aging mice. Our findings suggest that regular exercise along with protein supplementation could be an effective strategy to improve overall health and physical fitness among the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mon-Chien Lee
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yu Wu
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Yu Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sleep Center, Linkou-Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chyuan Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sleep Center, Linkou-Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Center for General Education, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Duan M, Gao P, Chen SX, Novák P, Yin K, Zhu X. Sphingosine-1-phosphate in mitochondrial function and metabolic diseases. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13426. [PMID: 35122459 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid metabolite. The past decade has witnessed exponential growth in the field of S1P research, partly attributed to drugs targeting its receptors or kinases. Accumulating evidence indicates that changes in the S1P axis (i.e., S1P production, transport, and receptors) may modify metabolism and eventually mediate metabolic diseases. Dysfunction of the mitochondria on a master monitor of cellular metabolism is considered the leading cause of metabolic diseases, with aberrations typically induced by abnormal biogenesis, respiratory chain complex disorders, reactive oxygen species overproduction, calcium deposition, and mitophagy impairment. Accordingly, we discuss decades of investigation into changes in the S1P axis and how it controls mitochondrial function. Furthermore, we summarize recent scientific advances in disorders associated with the S1P axis and their involvement in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases in humans, including type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, from the perspective of mitochondrial function. Finally, we review potential challenges and prospects for S1P axis application to the regulation of mitochondrial function and metabolic diseases; these data may provide theoretical guidance for the treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Duan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Pan Gao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Sheng-Xi Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Petr Novák
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Kai Yin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China.,Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
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Du Y, Xu T, Yin Z, Espinoza S, Xie Y, Gentry C, Tian Q, Zhao LJ, Shen H, Luo Z, Deng HW. Associations of physical activity with sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in middle-aged and older adults: the Louisiana osteoporosis study. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:896. [PMID: 35513868 PMCID: PMC9074188 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13288-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the associations between physical activity, obesity, and sarcopenia in middle-aged and older adults. METHODS We analyzed the data of 8, 919 study participants aged between 45 to 97 (mean age = 57.2 ± 8.8) from a Southern state in the United States. Self-reported physical activity was classified to regular exercise ≥ 3 times/week, < 3 times/week, and no regular exercise. Associations between physical activity, obesity and sarcopenia were explored with generalized linear models and ordinal logistic regressions stratified by age (middle-aged and older adults) and gender adjusting for covariates. RESULTS In middle-aged and older adults, all examined obesity related traits (e.g., body mass index, waist circumference) were inversely associated with physical activity levels (p < 0.01) in both genders. Exercising ≥ 3 times/week was negatively associated with lean mass indicators (e.g., appendicular lean mass) in middle-aged and older females (p < 0.01), while the negative associations become positive after adjusting for weight. Positive associations between physical activity and grip strength were only found in middle-aged males (p < 0.05). Ordinal logistic regression revealed that those exercising ≥ 3 times/week were less likely to have obesity, sarcopenia, and sarcopenia obesity in all groups (p < 0.01), except for sarcopenia in older males and females (p > 0.05). Positive associations of exercising < 3 times/week with sarcopenia and sarcopenia obesity were only found in middled adults. CONCLUSION The associations of exercise frequency with obesity and sarcopenia vary considerably across gender and age groups. Exercise programs need to be individualized to optimize health benefits. Future research exploring physical activity strategies to balance weight reduction and lean mass maintaining is warranted in middle-aged and especially older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Du
- School of Nursing, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Tao Xu
- College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Zenong Yin
- Department of Public Health, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Sara Espinoza
- San Antonio Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology & Palliative Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Yiqiong Xie
- Real World Research, Ontada, The Woodlands, Houston, USA
| | - Caleb Gentry
- Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
| | - Qing Tian
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Tulane University; New Orleans, LA, New Orleans, United States of America
| | - Lan-Juan Zhao
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Tulane University; New Orleans, LA, New Orleans, United States of America
| | - Hui Shen
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Tulane University; New Orleans, LA, New Orleans, United States of America
| | - Zhe Luo
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Tulane University; New Orleans, LA, New Orleans, United States of America
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Tulane University; New Orleans, LA, New Orleans, United States of America.
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Bell L, Wallen M, Talpey S, Myers M, O'Brien B. Can exhaled volatile organic compounds differentiate high and low responders to resistance exercise? Med Hypotheses 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2022.110837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lavin KM, Coen PM, Baptista LC, Bell MB, Drummer D, Harper SA, Lixandrão ME, McAdam JS, O’Bryan SM, Ramos S, Roberts LM, Vega RB, Goodpaster BH, Bamman MM, Buford TW. State of Knowledge on Molecular Adaptations to Exercise in Humans: Historical Perspectives and Future Directions. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3193-3279. [PMID: 35578962 PMCID: PMC9186317 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
For centuries, regular exercise has been acknowledged as a potent stimulus to promote, maintain, and restore healthy functioning of nearly every physiological system of the human body. With advancing understanding of the complexity of human physiology, continually evolving methodological possibilities, and an increasingly dire public health situation, the study of exercise as a preventative or therapeutic treatment has never been more interdisciplinary, or more impactful. During the early stages of the NIH Common Fund Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC) Initiative, the field is well-positioned to build substantially upon the existing understanding of the mechanisms underlying benefits associated with exercise. Thus, we present a comprehensive body of the knowledge detailing the current literature basis surrounding the molecular adaptations to exercise in humans to provide a view of the state of the field at this critical juncture, as well as a resource for scientists bringing external expertise to the field of exercise physiology. In reviewing current literature related to molecular and cellular processes underlying exercise-induced benefits and adaptations, we also draw attention to existing knowledge gaps warranting continued research effort. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:3193-3279, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleen M. Lavin
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Center for Human Health, Resilience, and Performance, Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, USA
| | - Paul M. Coen
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Liliana C. Baptista
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Margaret B. Bell
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Devin Drummer
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sara A. Harper
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Manoel E. Lixandrão
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jeremy S. McAdam
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Samia M. O’Bryan
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Sofhia Ramos
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Lisa M. Roberts
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Rick B. Vega
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Bret H. Goodpaster
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Advent Health, Orlando, Florida, USA
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Marcas M. Bamman
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Center for Human Health, Resilience, and Performance, Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas W. Buford
- Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Katagiri R, Yamaji T, Sawada N, Iwasaki M, Inoue M, Tsugane S. Total, animal, and plant protein intake and pneumonia mortality in the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 115:781-789. [PMID: 34918031 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between total protein intake and all-cause mortality is inconsistent. Pneumonia is a major cause of death among the elderly, and the association between protein intake and pneumonia mortality warrants clarification. OBJECTIVES We aimed to examine the association between total, plant, and animal protein intake and pneumonia mortality in a prospective design. METHODS The Japan Public Health Center (JPHC)-based Prospective Study prospectively follows 83,351 participants (37,652 men and 45,699 women). Total, plant, and animal protein intakes were calculated from a validated food-frequency questionnaire. A Cox hazards model was used to calculate HRs and 95% CIs, with adjustment for confounding factors. RESULTS During ∼18.4 y of follow-up, 990 pneumonia deaths (634 men and 356 women) were observed. In the multivariable-adjusted model and in the model further adjusted for fatty acid intake, increase in total protein intake was marginally significantly associated with lower pneumonia mortality in women [lowest vs. highest quartile, HR (95% CI): 0.71 (0.53, 0.97), P-trend = 0.01 in the multivariable-adjusted model, and 0.70 (0.45, 1.06), P-trend = 0.05 in the fatty acid intake-adjusted model]. Total protein intake in men and animal and plant protein intake in both men and women were not significantly associated with pneumonia mortality in the fatty acid-adjusted model. CONCLUSIONS Although the HR in the highest quartile was not significant and further research to determine the upper limit of recommended protein intake is required, higher total protein intake was associated with lower pneumonia mortality in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Katagiri
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Institute for Cancer Control, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taiki Yamaji
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Institute for Cancer Control, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norie Sawada
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Institute for Cancer Control, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoki Iwasaki
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Institute for Cancer Control, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manami Inoue
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Institute for Cancer Control, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Tsugane
- Epidemiology and Prevention Group, Institute for Cancer Control, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
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Larson-Meyer DE, Krason RK, Meyer LM. Weight Gain Recommendations for Athletes and Military Personnel: a Critical Review of the Evidence. Curr Nutr Rep 2022; 11:225-239. [DOI: 10.1007/s13668-022-00395-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Protein Supplement Perceptions, Use, and Associated Performance in Young Lebanese Resistance-Training Athletes. J Nutr Metab 2022; 2022:4150620. [PMID: 35223095 PMCID: PMC8881173 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4150620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were first to evaluate the nutritional knowledge, perception, and source of nutrition information among resistance-trained individuals consuming protein supplements (PS), to determine whether a correlation exists between nutrition-related knowledge and the use of PS, and finally to compare the impact of PS use among participants classified as nonprotein supplement users (NPSUs) and protein supplement users (PSUs). A cross-sectional study was conducted among a highly selected group of resistance-specialized trainees (RSTs). Among the 100 RST participants recruited, the Internet and coaches were the most common source of nutritional information. About one-third of participants believed that there were no health risks after consuming PS. Both NPSU and PSU exhibit performance improvement that was significantly lessened in PSU compared to NPSU. This study demonstrated that RST may have misconceptions regarding the benefits of PS usage to increase strength. Our data also suggest a shortage of knowledge about PS and confirm that PSUs lack proper professional guidance. These findings highlight the need for proper monitoring to ensure adequate perception, awareness, and safety in the Lebanese sports sector.
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Stokes T, Mei Y, Seo F, McKendry J, McGlory C, Phillips SM. Dairy and Dairy Alternative Supplementation Increase Integrated Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis Rates, and Are Further Increased when Combined with Walking in Healthy Older Women. J Nutr 2022; 152:68-77. [PMID: 34610129 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The stimulation of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) by dietary protein is reduced with age. We hypothesized that twice-daily milk consumption would increase daily rates of MPS in older women relative to a nondairy milk alternative and that MPS would be enhanced by increased physical activity (PA). METHODS Twenty-two older women were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 experimental groups: whole milk (WM; n = 7, 69 ± 3 y), skim milk (SM; n = 7, 68 ± 3 y), or an almond beverage (AB; n = 8, 63 ± 3 y). From days 1 to 3, participants consumed a standardized diet (0.8 g protein⋅kg-1 ⋅d-1) and performed their habitual PA (Phase 1, Baseline). From days 4 to 6, participants continued to perform habitual PA, but consumed an intervention diet consisting of the standardized diet plus twice-daily beverages (250 mL each) of either WM, SM, or AB (Phase 2, Diet Intervention). Finally, from days 7 to 9, the intervention diet was consumed, and PA via daily steps was increased to ∼150% of habitual daily steps (Phase 3, Intervention Diet + PA). Deuterated water was ingested throughout the study, and muscle biopsies were taken on days 1, 4, 7, and 10 to measure MPS. RESULTS Daily MPS rates were not differentially affected by the addition of WM, SM, or AB to a standardized diet. There was, however, a significant effect of study phase such that, when collapsed across conditions, MPS was significantly increased from Phase 1 to Phase 2 (+0.133%⋅d-1; 95% CI: 0.035-0.231; P < 0.01) and further increased from Phase 2 to Phase 3 (+0.156%⋅d-1; 95% CI: 0.063-0.250; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Increasing PA through walking was sufficient to increase daily MPS rates in older women, irrespective of whether dietary protein intake is increased beyond the recommended intake of 0.8 g⋅kg-1 ⋅d-1. The trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04981652.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner Stokes
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yixue Mei
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Freddie Seo
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - James McKendry
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris McGlory
- School of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Queen's University, Ontario, Canada
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Zulfarina MS, Sharif R, Mokhtar SA, Shuid AN, Naina-Mohamed I. Lifestyle indices of body composition and obesity risk and prevalence among multi-ethnic adolescents in Malaysia. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:899014. [PMID: 36389377 PMCID: PMC9663460 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.899014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of childhood obesity in Malaysia has doubled in less than a decade. Moreover, being overweight and obese have been associated with immediate and later comorbidities, thus emphasizing the need to prevent obesity from an early age. This cross-sectional study involved 923 multi-ethnic Malaysian adolescents aged between 15 and 17 years old. Body composition was estimated using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Body mass index (BMI) classification was based on the World Health Organization (WHO) growth reference and the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) cut-off. Meanwhile, the Child Growth Foundation (CGF) body fat reference was used to classify adolescents' adiposity. Lifestyle indices including physical activity, sedentary behavior, supplement intake, smoking and alcohol status were assessed via questionnaires. A high prevalence of overweight/obesity among the adolescents was observed according to the CGF (26%), followed by that of the WHO (24%) and then the IOTF (23%) cut-off, with high concordance values between each pair. After adjustment, a significant association was found between physical activity (PAQ score) and lean mass (p = 0.027). No lifestyle determinant was found to be a significant predictor of fat percentage. A high sedentary level increased the likelihood of obesity (OR 3.0, p < 0.01), while antioxidant-rich supplements were found to protect against obesity (OR 0.4, p < 0.05). The lifestyle predictors identified in this study may be considered when designing interventions that integrate lifestyle modifications targeting adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Zulfarina
- Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Malaysia
| | - Razinah Sharif
- Nutritional Science Program and Centre for Healthy Ageing and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Ahmad Nazrun Shuid
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh, Malaysia
| | - Isa Naina-Mohamed
- Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Malaysia
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Cramon MØ, Raben I, Beck AM, Andersen JR. Individual nutritional intervention for prevention of readmission among geriatric patients-a randomized controlled pilot trial. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2021; 7:206. [PMID: 34782015 PMCID: PMC8591855 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-021-00926-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Approximately 20% of older people are readmitted to the hospital within 30 days of discharge. Even a short hospital stay decreases the ability to cope with the activities of daily living. The aims of this study were to (1) assess the feasibility of recruitment, (2) assess the acceptability of the intervention, and (3) investigate if an individual nutritional intervention could reduce the readmission rate of geriatric patients within 30 days of being discharged to their own homes. Methods The unblinded, randomized, controlled pilot trial includes geriatric patients discharged to their own homes. Forty patients were recruited from a medical ward and randomized to standard treatment (n = 19) or individualized nutritional intervention (n = 21). The intervention was dietary counseling and a nutrition plan before discharge, combined with two home visits performed by an educated nutritionist over a period of 4 weeks. Outcomes were readmission (primary), mortality, protein and energy intake, body weight, activity of daily living, handgrip strength, number of chair stands, and quality of life. Intention-to-treat analysis, per-protocol analysis, and post hoc analysis of readmissions were carried out. Results Recruitment was feasible, and there was high compliance to the intervention. There was no difference in readmission between the intervention group and control group 30 days after discharge (29% vs 11%). The individual nutritional intervention had a positive impact on achieving 75% of energy requirements at 30 days for the intervention group compared to the control group (93% vs 47%, p = 0.01). No other differences were found between the groups. Conclusion The individual nutritional intervention did not prevent readmission among geriatric patients in this trial. Recruitment procedures functioned well, and the intervention was well accepted by the patients. Trial registration ClinicalTrial.gov, NCT03519139. Retrospectively registered on 8 May 2018 Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40814-021-00926-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Østerø Cramon
- Department of Medicine, Zealand University Hospital, Lykkebækvej 1, 4600, Køge, Denmark. .,Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Ines Raben
- Department of Medicine, Zealand University Hospital, Lykkebækvej 1, 4600, Køge, Denmark.,Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Anne Marie Beck
- Institute for Nursing and Nutrition, Faculty of Health, University College Copenhagen, Sigurdsgade 26, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Nutrition Research Unit, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jens Rikardt Andersen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Gillis C, Phillips SM. Protein for the Pre-Surgical Cancer Patient: a Narrative Review. CURRENT ANESTHESIOLOGY REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40140-021-00494-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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50
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Zamir A, Ben-Zeev T, Hoffman JR. Manipulation of Dietary Intake on Changes in Circulating Testosterone Concentrations. Nutrients 2021; 13:3375. [PMID: 34684376 PMCID: PMC8538516 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevations in the circulating concentration of androgens are thought to have a positive effect on the anabolic processes leading to improved athletic performance. Anabolic-androgenic steroids have often been used by competitive athletes to augment this effect. Although there has been concerted effort on examining how manipulating training variables (e.g., intensity and volume of training) can influence the androgen response to exercise, there has been much less effort directed at understanding how changes in both macronutrient and micronutrient intake can impact the androgen response. Thus, the focus of this review is to examine the effect that manipulating energy and nutrient intake has on circulating concentrations of testosterone and what the potential mechanism is governing these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jay R. Hoffman
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, 40700 Ariel, Israel; (A.Z.); (T.B.-Z.)
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