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Kiani S, Naghshi S, Saghafi-Asl M. Effects of chia (Salvia hispanica. L) on anthropometric measures and other cardiometabolic risk factors: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med 2024; 86:103086. [PMID: 39299654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2024.103086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Findings of available randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effects of chia are inconsistent. Although previous meta-analyses summarized available findings in this regard, some limitations may distort their findings. Moreover, none of these meta-analyses examined the dose-response association of chia on cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs). Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of chia consumption on CMRFs. METHODS Relevant RCTs were included by searching the ISI Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases up to June 2, 2023. Mean differences (MD) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were pooled using random-effects model. RESULTS Ten publications were included in this systematic review and the meta-analysis. The results showed a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP) (MD = -7.87 mmHg; 95 % CI: - 12.92 to - 2.82; I2 = 71.3 %, P heterogeneity = 0.004), diastolic blood pressure (MD = -6.33 mmHg; 95 %CI: - 7.33 to - 5.34, I2 = 0 %, P heterogeneity = 0.42) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) (MD = -4.09 mg/dl; 95 %CI: - 6.76 to - 1.43, I2 = 12.4 %, P heterogeneity = 0.33). However, the effects of chia on the other risk factors were not significant. Based on the dose-response analysis, a 10-g/d increase in chia consumption significantly reduced SBP (MD = -2.20 mmHg; 95 %CI: - 3.75 to - 0.66, I2 = 78.9 %, P heterogeneity < 0.001) and HDL-c (MD = -1.10 mg/dl; 95 %CI: - 1.72 to - 0.49, I2 = 0 %, P heterogeneity = 0.52). CONCLUSION Chia consumption might have a beneficial effect on lowering blood pressure. Chia consumption can also lead to a slight reduction in HDL-c levels. As the quality of the included studies was mostly low, the findings should be interpreted with caution. Well-designed trials with larger sample sizes and longer duration of follow-up are needed to provide additional insight into the dose-dependent effects of chia consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevil Kiani
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Sina Naghshi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Maryam Saghafi-Asl
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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Abdollahi S, Soltani S, Ramezani-Jolfaie N, Mohammadi M, Sherafatmanesh S, Lorzadeh E, Salehi-Abargouei A. The effect of different edible oils on body weight: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Nutr 2024; 10:107. [PMID: 39080785 PMCID: PMC11290154 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-024-00907-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a major public health issue with no definitive treatment. The first-line approach for obesity is lifestyle modification, including a healthy diet. Although the amount of fat has been considered, there is no network meta-analysis (NMA) study investigating the effect of edible oils on body weight. Therefore, we sought to investigate the effect of different edible oils on body weight using a systematic review and NMA study of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). METHOD PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to April 2019. RCTs of different edible oils for body weight were included. A frequentist network meta-analysis was conducted to appraise the efficacy of different types of edible oils, and the Surface Under the Cumulative Ranking Curve (SUCRA) was estimated. The GRADE framework was used to assess the certainty of evidence. RESULTS Forty-two eligible studies were included. Most of the included trials examined the effect of olive oil compared to canola oil (n = 7 studies), followed by canola oil compared to sunflower oil (n = 6 studies), and olive oil compared to sunflower oil (n = 4 studies). Sesame oil had the highest SUCRA value for reducing weight (SUCRA value = 0.9), followed by the mixture of canola and sesame oil (0.8). Palm oil and soy oil were ranked the lowest (SUCRA value = 0.2). CONCLUSION There is low to moderate certainty of evidence showing that soybean, palm, and sunflower oils were associated with weight gain, while sesame oil produced beneficial anti-obesity effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Abdollahi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Health, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Sepideh Soltani
- Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Noncommunicable Diseases Research Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Nahid Ramezani-Jolfaie
- Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sci- Ences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mohammadi
- Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sci- Ences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Saeed Sherafatmanesh
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Elnaz Lorzadeh
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Amin Salehi-Abargouei
- Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Noncommunicable Diseases Research Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
- Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
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Pam P, El Sayed I, Asemani S, Jamilian P, Zarezadeh M, Ghoreishy Z. The effectiveness of chia seed in improving glycemic status: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2024; 18:103065. [PMID: 38917708 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2024.103065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
AIMS This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the effectiveness of chia seeds in improving glycemic status, including fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and insulin. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Google Scholar up to January 2024. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effect of chia seeds on FBG, HbA1c, and/or insulin that meet our eligibility criteria were included. Version 2 of the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool (RoB2) was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Data were extracted and analyzed using a random-effects model and reported as weighted mean differences (WMD) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI). Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were also performed. The registration number was CRD42023441766. RESULTS Out of 341 articles retrieved from the initial search, 8 RCTs (with 10 arms) involving 362 participants were included in the meta-analysis. The results showed that chia consumption had no significant effect on FBG (WMD: 0.79 %; 95 % CI: -0.97 to 2.55; p = 0.38), HbA1c (WMD: -0.12 %; 95 % CI: -0.27 to 0.02; p = 0.09), and insulin (WMD:1.23 %; 95 % CI: -1.77 to 4.22; p = 0.42). CONCLUSIONS Chia seed consumption shows no significant impact on FBG, HbA1c, and insulin levels. This study is limited by the small number of studies in the meta-analysis and the significant heterogeneity among them, necessitating further research with larger sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedram Pam
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Iman El Sayed
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sanaz Asemani
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Meysam Zarezadeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Zohreh Ghoreishy
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Swarnamali H, Ranasinghe P, Jayawardena R. Changes in serum lipids following consumption of coconut oil and palm olein oil: A sequential feeding crossover clinical trial. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2024; 18:103070. [PMID: 38981164 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2024.103070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in South Asia is linked to genetic predisposition and diets high in saturated fatty acids (SFAs). Increased CVD prevalence correlates with rising palm oil consumption in some South Asian countries, where coconut oil and palm olein oil are primary SFA sources. OBJECTIVE Compare the effects of coconut oil and palm olein oil on serum lipoprotein lipids and biochemical parameters in healthy adults. METHODS A sequential feeding crossover clinical trial with two feeding periods of 8 weeks each was conducted among 40 healthy adults. Participants were provided palm olein oil in the first feeding period followed by coconut oil with a 16-week washout period in between. The outcomes measured were the difference in serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), TC/HDL-C ratio, triglycerides (TG), very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and liver enzymes. RESULTS Thirty-seven participants completed the study. LDL-C decreased by 13.0 % with palm olein oil (p < 0.001) and increased by 5.6 % with coconut oil (p = 0.044), showing a significant difference (p < 0.001). TC decreased by 9.9 % with palm olein oil (p < 0.001) and increased by 4.0 % with coconut oil (p = 0.044). CONCLUSION Palm olein oil consumption resulted in more favorable changes in lipid-related CVD risk factors (TC, LDL-C, TC:HDL-C, and FPG) compared to coconut oil. Clinical Trial Registry number and website where it was obtained: (SLCTR/2019/034); https://slctr.lk/trials/slctr-2019-034.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasinthi Swarnamali
- Health and Wellness Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
| | - Priyanga Ranasinghe
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ranil Jayawardena
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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Newport MT, Dayrit FM. The Lipid-Heart Hypothesis and the Keys Equation Defined the Dietary Guidelines but Ignored the Impact of Trans-Fat and High Linoleic Acid Consumption. Nutrients 2024; 16:1447. [PMID: 38794685 PMCID: PMC11123895 DOI: 10.3390/nu16101447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In response to a perceived epidemic of coronary heart disease, Ancel Keys introduced the lipid-heart hypothesis in 1953 which asserted that high intakes of total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol lead to atherosclerosis and that consuming less fat and cholesterol, and replacing saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat, would reduce serum cholesterol and consequently the risk of heart disease. Keys proposed an equation that would predict the concentration of serum cholesterol (ΔChol.) from the consumption of saturated fat (ΔS), polyunsaturated fat (ΔP), and cholesterol (ΔZ): ΔChol. = 1.2(2ΔS - ΔP) + 1.5ΔZ. However, the Keys equation conflated natural saturated fat and industrial trans-fat into a single parameter and considered only linoleic acid as the polyunsaturated fat. This ignored the widespread consumption of trans-fat and its effects on serum cholesterol and promoted an imbalance of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids in the diet. Numerous observational, epidemiological, interventional, and autopsy studies have failed to validate the Keys equation and the lipid-heart hypothesis. Nevertheless, these have been the cornerstone of national and international dietary guidelines which have focused disproportionately on heart disease and much less so on cancer and metabolic disorders, which have steadily increased since the adoption of this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabian M. Dayrit
- Department of Chemistry, Ateneo de Manila University, Loyola Heights, Quezon City 1108, Philippines
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Christiansen CB, Jeppesen PB, Hermansen K, Gregersen S. The Impact of an 8-Week Supplementation with Fermented and Non-Fermented Aronia Berry Pulp on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2023; 15:5094. [PMID: 38140354 PMCID: PMC10745664 DOI: 10.3390/nu15245094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aronia berries contain antioxidants that may be health-promoting, e.g., demonstrated positive effects on hypertension and dyslipidaemia. There is a close link between cardiovascular diseases and hypertension and dyslipidaemia, and cardiovascular events are the leading cause of death among subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Thus, we investigated the effect of an 8-week supplementation with fermented aronia extract (FAE), non-fermented aronia extract (AE), and placebo on cardiovascular risk factors. Snack bars were produced containing 34 g (37%) aronia extract, or 17 g (21%) wheat bran for placebo, as well as raisins and coconut oil. The study was randomized and blinded with a triple-crossover design. We examined the effects of aronia extracts on blood pressure, adiponectin, and high-sensitive C-reactive protein, and found no effects. After supplementation with placebo, there were significantly higher blood concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol, with the placebo group showing significantly higher increases in total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol than the AE group. Furthermore, we observed an increase in HDL-cholesterol in the FAE group and an increase in triglyceride in the AE group. Thus, we assume that the raisins may have increased the participants' cholesterol levels, with both AE and FAE having the potential to prevent this increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine B. Christiansen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 11, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; (P.B.J.); (K.H.); (S.G.)
| | - Per B. Jeppesen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 11, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; (P.B.J.); (K.H.); (S.G.)
| | - Kjeld Hermansen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 11, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; (P.B.J.); (K.H.); (S.G.)
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Søren Gregersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 11, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; (P.B.J.); (K.H.); (S.G.)
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 11, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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Park J, Nurkolis F, Won H, Yang J, Oh D, Jo H, Choi J, Chung S, Kurniawan R, Kim B. Could Natural Products Help in the Control of Obesity? Current Insights and Future Perspectives. Molecules 2023; 28:6604. [PMID: 37764380 PMCID: PMC10534927 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global issue faced by many individuals worldwide. However, no drug has a pronounced effect with few side effects. Green tea, a well-known natural product, shows preventive effects against obesity by decreasing lipogenesis and increasing fat oxidation and antioxidant capacity. In contrast, other natural products are known to contribute to obesity. Relevant articles published on the therapeutic effect of natural products on obesity were retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. The search was conducted by entering keywords such as "obesity", "natural product", and "clinical trial". The natural products were classified as single compounds, foods, teas, fruits, herbal medicines-single extract, herbal medicines-decoction, and herbal medicines-external preparation. Then, the mechanisms of these medicines were organized into lipid metabolism, anti-inflammation, antioxidation, appetite loss, and thermogenesis. This review aimed to assess the efficacy and mechanisms of effective natural products in managing obesity. Several clinical studies reported that natural products showed antiobesity effects, including Coffea arabica (coffee), Camellia sinensis (green tea), Caulerpa racemosa (green algae), Allium sativum (garlic), combined Ephedra intermedia Schrenk, Thea sinensis L., and Atractylodes lancea DC extract (known as Gambisan), Ephedra sinica Stapf, Angelica Gigantis Radix, Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba, Coicis semen, Cinnamomi cortex, Paeoniae radix alba, and Glycyrrhiza uralensis (known as Euiiyin-tang formula). Further studies are expected to refine the pharmacological effects of natural products for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Fahrul Nurkolis
- Department of Biological Sciences, State Islamic University of Sunan Kalijaga (UIN Sunan Kalijaga), Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia;
| | - Hyunji Won
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiye Yang
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Dayeon Oh
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunkyung Jo
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwon Choi
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyun Chung
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Kyung Hee Myungbo Clinic of Korean Medicine, Hwaseong-si 18466, Republic of Korea
| | - Rudy Kurniawan
- Diabetes Connection Care, Eka Hospital Bumi Serpong Damai, Tangerang 15321, Indonesia
| | - Bonglee Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Wang Q, Wang X. The Effects of a Low Linoleic Acid/α-Linolenic Acid Ratio on Lipid Metabolism and Endogenous Fatty Acid Distribution in Obese Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12117. [PMID: 37569494 PMCID: PMC10419107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A reduced risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome has been observed in individuals with a low intake ratio of linoleic acid/α-linolenic acid (LA/ALA). However, the influence of a low ratio of LA/ALA intake on lipid metabolism and endogenous fatty acid distribution in obese patients remains elusive. In this investigation, 8-week-old C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to four groups: low-fat diet (LFD) as a control, high-fat diet (HFD), high-fat diet with a low LA/ALA ratio (HFD+H3L6), and high-fat diet with a high LA/ALA ratio (HFD+L3H6) for 16 weeks. Our results show that the HFD+H3L6 diet significantly decreased the liver index of HFD mice by 3.51%, as well as the levels of triacylglycerols (TGs) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) by 15.67% and 10.02%, respectively. Moreover, the HFD+H3L6 diet reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) level and aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (AST/ALT) ratio and elevated the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the liver. The HFD+H3L6 diet also resulted in the downregulation of fatty acid synthetase (FAS) and sterol regulatory element binding proteins-1c (SREBP-1c) expression and the upregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) and acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1) gene expression in the liver. The low LA/ALA ratio diet led to a notable increase in the levels of ALA and its downstream derivative docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the erythrocyte, liver, perienteric fat, epididymal fat, perirenal fat, spleen, brain, heart, and gastrocnemius, with a strong positive correlation. Conversely, the accumulation of LA in abdominal fat was more prominent, and a high LA/ALA ratio diet exacerbated the deposition effect of LA. In conclusion, the low LA/ALA ratio not only regulated endogenous fatty acid levels but also upregulated PPAR-α and ACOX1 and downregulated SREBP-1c and FAS gene expression levels, thus maintaining lipid homeostasis. Optimizing dietary fat intake is important in studying lipid nutrition. These research findings emphasize the significance of understanding and optimizing dietary fat intake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xingguo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Zhang J, Cai Q, Ji W. Nutritional Composition of Plant Protein Beverages on China's Online Market: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Nutrients 2023; 15:2701. [PMID: 37375604 DOI: 10.3390/nu15122701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant protein beverages are gaining popularity due to various reasons such as lactose intolerance, veganism and health claims. This study aimed to conduct a cross-sectional analysis of plant protein beverages sold online in China, with a focus on assessing their nutritional composition. A total of 251 kinds of plant protein beverages were analyzed, including coconut (n = 58), soy (n = 52), oats (n = 49), walnut (n = 14), almond (n = 11), peanut (n = 5), rice (n = 4), other beans (n = 5), mixed nuts (n = 5) and mixed beverages (n = 48), according to the nutrition label on the commercial package and retailer websites. The results showed that, except for soy beverages, plant protein beverages generally had low protein content, cereal beverages showed relatively high energy and carbohydrate levels, and all plant protein beverages had low sodium content. Additionally, the fortification rate of vitamins and minerals in the analyzed plant protein beverages was found to be extremely low, at only 13.1%. Given the substantial variation in the nutritional composition of plant protein beverages, consumers should pay more attention to the nutrition facts and ingredient information when choosing these beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Zhang
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Qiang Cai
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314000, China
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10
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Wang Q, Zhang H, Jin Q, Wang X. Effects of Dietary Linoleic Acid on Blood Lipid Profiles: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 40 Randomized Controlled Trials. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112129. [PMID: 37297374 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Th aim of this meta-analysis was to elucidate whether dietary linoleic acid (LA) supplementation affected blood lipid profiles, including triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), compared with other fatty acids. Embase, PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library databases, updated to December 2022, were searched. The present study employed weighted mean difference (WMD) and a 95% confidence interval (CI) to examine the efficacy of the intervention. Out of the 3700 studies identified, a total of 40 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), comprising 2175 participants, met the eligibility criteria. Compared with the control group, the dietary intake of LA significantly decreased the concentrations of LDL-C (WMD: -3.26 mg/dL, 95% CI: -5.78, -0.74, I2 = 68.8%, p = 0.01), and HDL-C (WMD: -0.64 mg/dL, 95% CI: -1.23, -0.06, I2 = 30.3%, p = 0.03). There was no significant change in the TG and TC concentrations. Subgroup analysis showed that the LA intake was significantly reduced in blood lipid profiles compared with saturated fatty acids. The effect of LA on lipids was not found to be dependent on the timing of supplementation. LA supplementation in an excess of 20 g/d could be an effective dose for lowering lipid profiles. The research results provide further evidence that LA intake may play a role in reducing LDL-C and HDL-C, but not TG and TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Swarnamali H, Ranasinghe P, Hills AP, Jayawardena R. Coconut oil consumption and bodyweight reduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Endocrinol (Torino) 2023; 48:76-87. [PMID: 34786908 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6507.21.03654-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Due to the composition and biological properties of coconut oil, there is still considerable debate regarding potential benefits for the management of obesity, including the specific impact on body weight (BW) reduction. This systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials aims to assess the impact of coconut oil on BW reduction in comparison to other oils and fats. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The databases, PubMed®, Web of Science®, EMBASE®, and SciVerse Scopus® were systematically searched. A combination of medical subject headings and words linked to coconut oil and obesity parameters were utilized. Any clinical trials comparing coconut oil to any other form of oil or fat, with more than one month feeding period among adults were considered. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS From the 540 potentially relevant papers, 9 were included. The period of coconut oil intake varied from four to twelve weeks, apart from one long-term trial where coconut oil was consumed for two years. When compared to other oils and fats, coconut oil substantially decreased BW (N.=546), Body Mass Index (BMI) (N.=551), and percentage of fat mass (FM%) (N.=491) by 0.75 kg (P=0.04), 0.28 kg/m2 (P=0.03), and 0.35% (P=0.008), respectively. Coconut oil consumption did not result in any significant alteration in waist circumference (WC) (N.=385) (-0.61 cm; P=0.30), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (N.=330) (-0.01; P=0.39) and FM (N.=86) (-0.25 kg; P=0.29). CONCLUSIONS Results indicate a small statistically significant reduction in BW, BMI, and FM% in the coconut oil group. In contrast, consumption of coconut oil had no statistically significant effect on WC, WHR, or FM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasinthi Swarnamali
- Unit of Health and Wellness, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Priyanga Ranasinghe
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Andrew P Hills
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia.,Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ranil Jayawardena
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka - .,School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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12
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Meral Koc B, Yilmaz Akyuz E, Ozlu T. The effect of coconut oil on anthropometric measurements and irisin levels in overweight individuals. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:1735-1741. [PMID: 35778479 PMCID: PMC9247948 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-022-01177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to discover the effects of coconut oil intake and diet therapy on anthropometric measurements, biochemical findings and irisin levels in overweight individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS Overweight individuals (n = 44, 19-30 years) without any chronic disease were included. In this randomized controlled crossover study, the participants were divided into two groups (Group 1: 23 people, Group 2: 21 people). In the first phase, Group 1 received diet therapy to lose 0.5-1 kg of weight per week and 20 mL of coconut oil/day, while Group 2 only received diet therapy. In the second phase, Group 1 received diet therapy while Group 2 received diet therapy and 20 mL of coconut oil/day. Anthropometric measurements were taken four times. Irisin was measured four times by enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) method and other biochemical findings were measured twice. Statistical analysis was made on SPSS 20. RESULTS The irisin level decreased significantly when the participants only took coconut oil (p ≤ 0.05). There was a significant decrease in the participants' body weight, body mass index (BMI) level and body fat percentage (p ≤ 0.01). Insulin, total cholesterol, low density lipoproteins (LDL) cholesterol, and triglyceride (TG) levels of all participants decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.05). There was no significant difference in irisin level due to body weight loss (p ≤ 0.05); coconut oil provided a significant decrease in irisin level (p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION Diet therapy and weight loss did not have an effect on irisin level, but coconut oil alone was found to reduce irisin level. Coconut oil had no impact on anthropometric and biochemical findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilge Meral Koc
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Bahcesehir University, Ihlamur Yildiz St. No. 10 Besiktas, Istanbul, 34353, Turkey.
| | - Elvan Yilmaz Akyuz
- Faculty of Hamidiye Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Selimiye, University of Health Sciences, Tıbbiye St. No: 38, 34668, Uskudar/İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Tugce Ozlu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Bahcesehir University, Ihlamur Yildiz St. No. 10 Besiktas, Istanbul, 34353, Turkey
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13
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Duarte AC, Spiazzi BF, Zingano CP, Merello EN, Wayerbacher LF, Teixeira PP, Farenzena LP, de Araujo C, Amazarray CR, Colpani V, Gerchman F. The effects of coconut oil on the cardiometabolic profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Lipids Health Dis 2022; 21:83. [PMID: 36045407 PMCID: PMC9429773 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-022-01685-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite having a 92% concentration of saturated fatty acid composition, leading to an apparently unfavorable lipid profile, body weight and glycemic effect, coconut oil is consumed worldwide. Thus, we conducted an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) to analyze the effect of coconut oil intake on different cardiometabolic outcomes. Methods We searched Medline, Embase, and LILACS for RCTs conducted prior to April 2022. We included RCTs that compared effects of coconut oil intake with other substances on anthropometric and metabolic profiles in adults published in all languages, and excluded non-randomized trials and short follow-up studies. Risk of bias was assessed with the RoB 2 tool and certainty of evidence with GRADE. Where possible, we performed meta-analyses using a random-effects model. Results We included seven studies in the meta-analysis (n = 515; 50% females, follow up from 4 weeks to 2 years). The amount of coconut oil consumed varied and is expressed differently among studies: 12 to 30 ml of coconut oil/day (n = 5), as part of the amount of SFAs or total daily consumed fat (n = 1), a variation of 6 to 54.4 g/day (n = 5), or as part of the total caloric energy intake (15 to 21%) (n = 6). Coconut oil intake did not significantly decrease body weight (MD -0.24 kg, 95% CI -0.83 kg to 0.34 kg), waist circumference (MD -0.64 cm, 95% CI -1.69 cm to 0.41 cm), and % body fat (-0.10%, 95% CI -0.56% to 0.36%), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (MD -1.67 mg/dL, 95% CI -6.93 to 3.59 mg/dL), and triglyceride (TG) levels (MD -0.24 mg/dL, 95% CI -5.52 to 5.04 mg/dL). However, coconut oil intake was associated with a small increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (MD 3.28 mg/dL, 95% CI 0.66 to 5.90 mg/dL). Overall risk of bias was high, and certainty of evidence was very-low. Study limitations include the heterogeneity of intervention methods, in addition to small samples and short follow-ups, which undermine the effects of dietary intervention in metabolic parameters. Conclusions Coconut oil intake revealed no clinically relevant improvement in lipid profile and body composition compared to other oils/fats. Strategies to advise the public on the consumption of other oils, not coconut oil, due to proven cardiometabolic benefits should be implemented. Registration PROSPERO CRD42018081461. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12944-022-01685-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cláudia Duarte
- Post-Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Frison Spiazzi
- Post-Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carolina Pires Zingano
- Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduarda Nunes Merello
- Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Laura Fink Wayerbacher
- Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Paula Portal Teixeira
- Post-Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Laura Penso Farenzena
- Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carina de Araujo
- Post-Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carmen Raya Amazarray
- Post-Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Verônica Colpani
- Post-Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Research Projects Office, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernando Gerchman
- Post-Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. .,Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. .,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil. .,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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14
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Duarte AC, Spiazzi BF, Merello EN, Amazarray CR, Sulzbach de Andrade L, Socal MP, Trujillo AJ, Brietzke E, Colpani V, Gerchman F. Misinformation in nutrition through the case of coconut oil: An online before-and-after study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:1375-1384. [PMID: 35282978 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Despite recent scientific evidence indicating absence of cardiometabolic benefit resulting from coconut oil intake, its consumption has increased in recent years, which can be attributed to a promotion of its use on social networks. We evaluated the patterns, reasons and beliefs related to coconut oil consumption and its perceived benefits in an online survey of a population in southern Brazil. METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted a before-and-after study using an 11-item online questionnaire that evaluated coconut oil consumption. In the same survey, participants who consumed coconut oil received an intervention to increase literacy about the health effects of coconut oil intake. We obtained 3160 valid responses. Among participants who consumed coconut oil (59.1%), 82.5% considered it healthy and 65.4% used it at least once a month. 81.2% coconut oil consumers did not observe any health improvements. After being exposed to the conclusions of a meta-analysis showing that coconut oil does not show superior health benefits when compared to other oils and fats, 73.5% of those who considered coconut oil healthy did not change their opinion. Among individuals who did not consume coconut oil, 47.6% considered it expensive and 11.6% deemed it unhealthy. CONCLUSIONS Coconut oil consumption is motivated by the responders' own beliefs in its supposed health benefits, despite what scientific research demonstrates. This highlights the difficulty in deconstructing inappropriate concepts of healthy diets that are disseminated in society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Duarte
- Post-graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Frison Spiazzi
- Post-graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduarda Nunes Merello
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carmen Raya Amazarray
- Post-graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Laura Sulzbach de Andrade
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mariana P Socal
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Antonio J Trujillo
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Department of Psychiatry, Adult Division, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada; Kingston General Hospital, Kingston Health Science Centre, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Verônica Colpani
- Post-graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernando Gerchman
- Post-graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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15
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Dhanasekara CS, Nelson A, Spradley M, Wynn A, Robohm-Leavitt C, Shen CL, Kahathuduwa CN. Effects of consumption of coconut oil or coconut on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:53-68. [PMID: 34802850 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The often purported claim that coconut fat is beneficial for cardiovascular health and was disputed in several recent meta-analyses. However, the evidence on the effects of coconut fat intake on glycemic control remains equivocal. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines to determine the effects of dietary coconut fats on markers of acute and long-term glycemic control. METHODS AND RESULTS PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, and Web-of-Science databases were searched and the records were screened by three independent reviewers to identify interventional studies examining acute and long-term (i.e., >10 days) effects of coconut fat on glycemic control. DerSimonian-Laird random-effects meta-analyses were performed using the meta-package in R (4.0.2). Seven interventional studies on acute effects and 11 interventional studies on long-term effects of coconut fat were included. Meals with coconut fat acutely increased the incremental area under the curve (AUC) of glucose (p = 0.046) and decreased the incremental AUC of insulin (p = 0.037) vs. control meals. Long-term coconut fat intake increased HOMA-IR (p = 0.049), but did not significantly affect fasting glucose, insulin, or HOMA-β vs. control meals. CONCLUSIONS Coconut fat in meals seems to be associated with a diminished postprandial insulin response, resulting in a subtle increase in the postprandial glycemic response. Long-term intake of coconut fat seems to increase insulin resistance, yet does not seem to be beneficial for long-term glycemic control. Thus, our results disprove the popular claim that coconut fat improves glycemic control. REGISTRATION PROSPERO registry (CRD42020183450).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amber Nelson
- Department of Laboratory Sciences and Primary Care, School of Health Professions, TTUHSC, United States
| | - Megan Spradley
- Department of Laboratory Sciences and Primary Care, School of Health Professions, TTUHSC, United States
| | - Adam Wynn
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, TTUHSC, United States
| | - Christina Robohm-Leavitt
- Department of Laboratory Sciences and Primary Care, School of Health Professions, TTUHSC, United States
| | - Chwan-Li Shen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, TTUHSC, United States; Center of Excellence for Integrative Health, TTUHSC, United States; Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics, TTUHSC, United States
| | - Chanaka N Kahathuduwa
- Department of Laboratory Sciences and Primary Care, School of Health Professions, TTUHSC, United States; Center of Excellence for Integrative Health, TTUHSC, United States; Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics, TTUHSC, United States; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, TTUHSC, United States.
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16
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Dietary conjugated linoleic acid and medium-chain triglycerides for obesity management. J Biosci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-020-00133-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Rabail R, Shabbir MA, Sahar A, Miecznikowski A, Kieliszek M, Aadil RM. An Intricate Review on Nutritional and Analytical Profiling of Coconut, Flaxseed, Olive, and Sunflower Oil Blends. Molecules 2021; 26:7187. [PMID: 34885769 PMCID: PMC8659046 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vegetable oils (VOs), being our major dietary fat source, play a vital role in nourishment. Different VOs have highly contrasting fatty acid (FA) profiles and hence possess varying levels of health protectiveness. Consumption of a single VO cannot meet the recommended allowances of various FA either from saturated FA (SFA), monounsaturated FA (MUFA), polyunsaturated FA (PUFA), Ω-3 PUFAs, and medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs). Coconut oil (CO), flaxseed oil (FO), olive oil (OO), and sunflower oil (SFO) are among the top listed contrast VOs that are highly appreciated based on their rich contents of SFAs, Ω-3 PUFAs, MUFAs, and Ω-6 PUFA, respectively. Besides being protective against various disease biomarkers, these contrasting VOs are still inappropriate when consumed alone in 100% of daily fat recommendations. This review compiles the available data on blending of such contrasting VOs into single tailored blended oil (BO) with suitable FA composition to meet the recommended levels of SFA, MUFA, PUFA, MCTs, and Ω-3 to Ω-6 PUFA ratios which could ultimately serve as a cost-effective dietary intervention towards the health protectiveness and improvement of the whole population in general. The blending of any two or more VOs from CO, FO, OO, and SFO in the form of binary, ternary, or another type of blending was found to be very conclusive towards balancing FA composition; enhancing physiochemical and stability properties; and promising the therapeutic protectiveness of the resultant BOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshina Rabail
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (R.R.); (M.A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Muhammad Asim Shabbir
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (R.R.); (M.A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Amna Sahar
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (R.R.); (M.A.S.); (A.S.)
- Department Food Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Antoni Miecznikowski
- Department of Fermentation Technology, Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Marek Kieliszek
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159 C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rana Muhammad Aadil
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (R.R.); (M.A.S.); (A.S.)
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Silva LDA, Verneque BJF, Mota APL, Duarte CK. Chia seed ( Salvia hispanica L.) consumption and lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Funct 2021; 12:8835-8849. [PMID: 34378609 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01287h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is an annual herbaceous plant, originally from southern Mexico and northern Guatemala - nowadays grown all over the world. In recent years, there has been an increase in demand for plant foods with health-promoting properties, and chia is a main actor in this process due to its high nutritional and functional value and its chemical composition rich in PUFAs, mainly ω-3, as well as protein, dietary fiber, and bioactive compounds. Chia has been explored in different research models for health and the prevention of human diseases. Evidence has suggested potential for improving insulin resistance, disordered lipid profiles, glucose tolerance and even adiposity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of consumption of chia seeds on the lipid profile, triglycerides, and serum ω-3 fatty acids in adults. This systematic review included all randomized controlled trials (parallel or crossover design) published up to August 2020 in the main databases Medline, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Scielo. Two independent authors selected and extracted data from those articles. After the selection process, 10 clinical trials were included. Forest plots and summary tables were constructed to present data and sensitivity subgroup analyses were performed for some of the outcomes. The results showed that chia consumption suggests a protective effect on the lipid profile, decreasing TC (MD = -2.98, 95% CI = [-9.98; 4.02]), TG (MD = -14.09 mg dL-1, 95% CI = [-33.46; 5.28]), and LDL (MD = 2.07 mg dL-1; 95% CI = [-5.05; 9.19]) and increasing HDL (MD = -2.92 mg dL-1, 95% CI = [-5.91; 0.06]). Regarding serum fatty acids, chia reduced FFA and SFA and increased PUFAs, ALA, EPA, and LA. It has also reduced DHA while not changing DPA. The intake of chia appears to have a neutral or beneficial effect on some markers of the lipid and fatty acid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Paula Lucas Mota
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Camila Kümmel Duarte
- Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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Alves DVDS, Sousa MSB, Tavares MGB, Batista-de-Oliveira Hornsby M, Amancio-Dos-Santos A. Coconut oil supplementation during development reduces brain excitability in adult rats nourished and overnourished in lactation. Food Funct 2021; 12:3096-3103. [PMID: 33720258 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00086a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coconut oil has been considered as a therapeutic alternative in several pathologies, but there is limited information regarding its effects on brain functioning. OBJECTIVE This study analyzed whether early virgin coconut oil (VCO) supplementation interferes with electrical activity of the adult rat brain and its lipid peroxidation. Moreover, it investigated whether the putative effect on brain electrophysiology could be affected by overnutrition occurring during lactation, and/or by environmental enrichment (EE). Electrophysiology was measured through cortical spreading depression (CSD), a phenomenon related to brain excitability. METHODS Wistar rats were suckled in litters of either nine or three pups, forming nourished (N) or overnourished (ON) groups, respectively. Between the 7th and 30th days of life, half of the animals in each group received VCO (10 mg kg-1 d-1; by gavage). The other half received an equivalent amount of vehicle (V, 0.009% cremophor). On day 36, animals from both groups were subjected to EE for 4 weeks. At 105 ± 15 days of life, each animal was subjected to CSD recordings and lipid peroxidation analyses. RESULTS Overnutrition during lactation enhanced body and brain weights. VCO decelerated the CSD propagation velocity (control - 3.57 ± 0.23 mm min-1versus VCO - 3.27 ± 0.18 mm min-1; p < 0.001), regardless of whether subjected to overnourishment or EE exposure. Neither VCO nor EE modified the cerebral lipid peroxidation (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION VCO supplementation impaired the spreading of CSD, indicating reduction of brain excitability. VCO effects occurred regardless of the nutritional state during lactation.
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Tudor C, Gherasim EC, Dulf FV, Pintea A. In vitro bioaccessibility of macular xanthophylls from commercial microalgal powders of Arthrospira platensis and Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:1896-1906. [PMID: 33841808 PMCID: PMC8020956 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The bioaccessibility of the major carotenoids present in two commercial microalgal supplements in powder form was investigated through a standardized in vitro digestion method. The dried biomass of Arthrospira platensis contained β-carotene (36.8 mg/100 g) and zeaxanthin (20.8 mg/100 g) as the main carotenoids as well as a high content of saturated fatty acids (61% of total fatty acids), whereas that of Chlorella pyrenoidosa was rich in lutein (37.8 mg/100 g) and had a high level of unsaturated fatty acids (65% of total fatty acids). In the case of the latter, lutein bioaccessibility was not statistically enhanced after the replacement of porcine bile extract with bovine bile extract in the in vitro digestion protocol and after the addition of coconut oil (17.8% as against to 19.2% and 19.2% vs. 18.5%, respectively). In contrast, the use of bovine bile extract along with co-digestion with coconut oil significantly enhanced the bioaccessibility of zeaxanthin from A. platensis, reaching the highest bioaccessibility of 42.8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Tudor
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary MedicineCluj‐NapocaRomania
| | | | | | - Adela Pintea
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary MedicineCluj‐NapocaRomania
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21
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Nikooei P, Hosseinzadeh-Attar MJ, Asghari S, Norouzy A, Yaseri M, Vasheghani-Farahani A. Effects of virgin coconut oil consumption on metabolic syndrome components and asymmetric dimethylarginine: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31:939-949. [PMID: 33549429 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There is some promising evidence regarding the beneficial effect of coconut oil on cardiometabolic risk factors. This study aimed to assess the effects of virgin coconut oil (VCO) consumption on metabolic syndrome (MetS) components, as well as, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) in adults with MetS. METHODS AND RESULTS In this randomized controlled trial, 48 subjects, aged 20-50 years, with MetS were allocated into two groups; the intervention group was given 30 ml of VCO per day to substitute the same amounts of fat in their usual diet for four weeks. The control group was advised to follow their usual diet. VCO consumption significantly reduced serum levels of triglyceride (TG) (P = 0.001), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) (P = 0.001), and fasting blood sugar (FBS) (P = 0.015) compared to the control group. The levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and total cholesterol (TC) were significantly increased in the VCO group when compared to the control group (P = 0.001). Circulatory ADMA also increased in the VCO group compared to the control group (P = 0.003). No significant differences were observed in the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, anthropometric parameters, and blood pressure measurements between the two groups at the end of the study (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION VCO consumption increased the values of HDL-C while reduced TG and FBS levels. Blood pressure and waist circumference did not change. However, levels of TC, LDL-C, and ADMA elevated by VCO consumption. Caution is warranted until the results of further studies become available to explain the long-term effects of VCO consumption. REGISTRATION NUMBER IRCT20131125015536N11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parinaz Nikooei
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad J Hosseinzadeh-Attar
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center (CPPRC), Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Somayyeh Asghari
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Norouzy
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yaseri
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Vasheghani-Farahani
- Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center (CPPRC), Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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The Glucose-Lowering Effects of Coconut Oil: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Case Rep Endocrinol 2020; 2020:8841781. [PMID: 33425401 PMCID: PMC7781718 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8841781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coconut oil, a saturated fat comprised mostly of the medium-chain fatty acid, lauric acid, has become increasingly popular over the past few decades due to its touted anti-inflammatory, metabolic, and lipid-lowering properties. There have been many studies with mixed results evaluating the effects of coconut oil consumption on lipid metabolism and cardiometabolic risk. However, the effects on glucose metabolism are less clear. There are few trials on the effects of coconut oil on glucose homeostasis but no case reports prior to the current one. Case We present a case of a 66-year-old man with a history of type 2 diabetes managed with insulin who developed recurrent hypoglycemia and required reduction in insulin therapy quickly after consuming coconut oil supplementation. Conclusion This is the first known case report of coconut oil supplementation in a diabetic patient on insulin resulting in hypoglycemia. Review of the literature shows that coconut oil supplementation can have a favorable effect on glycemic control, possibly through phenolic compounds mediating anti-inflammatory effects. This effect is inconsistent throughout the studies reviewed, likely due to variations in types of coconut oil supplementation and scarcity of trials. Further research is required both in animal models and in humans before coconut oil intake is widely advised and popularized. This is especially true in patients with diabetes, who are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease, and in whom reduction in saturated fat intake is advised.
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Jayawardena R, Swarnamali H, Lanerolle P, Ranasinghe P. Effect of coconut oil on cardio-metabolic risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional studies. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020; 14:2007-2020. [PMID: 33096510 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS High total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) could be major risk factors for cardiovascular disease burden among high risk populations especially in South Asians. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantify the effects of coconut oil compared with other oils and fats on cardio-metabolic parameters. METHODS PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science were systematically searched. The main outcomes included are lipid and glycemic parameters. Subgroup analyses were performed to evaluate individual comparisons of vegetable oils and animal fat with coconut oil. Data were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS Coconut oil consumption significantly increased TC by 15.42 mg/dL (95% CI, 8.96-21.88, p < 0.001), LDL-C by 10.14 mg/dL (95% CI, 4.44-15.84, p < 0.001) and high density lipoprorein cholesterol (HDL-C) by 2.61 mg/dL (95% CI, 0.95-4.26, p = 0.002), and significantly decreased glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) by 0.39 mg/dL (95% CI, -0.50 to -0.27, p < 0.001) but, it had no effects on triglycerides (TG), (4.25 mg/dL; 95% CI, -0.49-8.99, p = 0.08) when compared with the control group. Sub-group analysis demonstrated that coconut oil significantly increased TC and LDL-C over corn, palm, soybean and safflower oils and not over olive oil. Compared with butter, coconut oil showed a better pattern in cardio-metabolic markers by significantly increasing HDL-C (4.38 mg/dL, 95% CI, 0.40 to 8.36, p = 0.03) and decreasing LDL-C (-14.90 mg/dL, 95% CI, -23.02 to-6.77, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that coconut oil consumption results in significantly higher TC, LDL-C and HDL-C than other oils. Consumption of coconut oil can be one of the risk factors for CVDs in South Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranil Jayawardena
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Hasinthi Swarnamali
- Health and Wellness Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Pulani Lanerolle
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Priyanga Ranasinghe
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
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Oils' Impact on Comprehensive Fatty Acid Analysis and Their Metabolites in Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051232. [PMID: 32349264 PMCID: PMC7281977 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated, and their metabolites (eicosanoids) play many pivotal roles in human body, influencing various physiological and pathological processes. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation with edible oils diverse in terms of fatty acid composition on fatty acid contents, activities of converting their enzymes, and on lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic and linoleic acids (eicosanoids) in rat serum. Female Sprague-Dawley rats divided into seven groups were used in the study. Animals from six groups were fed one of oils daily (carotino oil, made up by combining of red palm oil and canola oil, linseed oil, olive oil, rice oil, sesame oil, or sunflower oil). One group received a standard diet only. Fatty acids were determined using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Eicosanoids—hydroxyeicosatetraenoic (HETE) and hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (HODE) were extracted using a solid-phase extraction method and analyzed with HPLC. Vegetable oils given daily to rats caused significant changes in serum fatty acid profile and eicosanoid concentrations. Significant differences were also found in desaturases’ activity, with the linseed and olive oil supplemented groups characterized by the highest D6D and D5D activity. These findings may play a significant role in various pathological states.
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25
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Neelakantan N, Seah JYH, van Dam RM. The Effect of Coconut Oil Consumption on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials. Circulation 2020; 141:803-814. [PMID: 31928080 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.043052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coconut oil is high in saturated fat and may, therefore, raise serum cholesterol concentrations, but beneficial effects on other cardiovascular risk factors have also been suggested. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of the effect of coconut oil consumption on blood lipids and other cardiovascular risk factors compared with other cooking oils using data from clinical trials. METHODS We searched PubMed, SCOPUS, Cochrane Registry, and Web of Science through June 2019. We selected trials that compared the effects of coconut oil consumption with other fats that lasted at least 2 weeks. Two reviewers independently screened articles, extracted data, and assessed the study quality according to the PRISMA guidelines (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). The main outcomes included low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol), total cholesterol, triglycerides, measures of body fatness, markers of inflammation, and glycemia. Data were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS 16 articles were included in the meta-analysis. Results were available from all trials on blood lipids, 8 trials on body weight, 5 trials on percentage body fat, 4 trials on waist circumference, 4 trials on fasting plasma glucose, and 5 trials on C-reactive protein. Coconut oil consumption significantly increased LDL-cholesterol by 10.47 mg/dL (95% CI: 3.01, 17.94; I2 = 84%, N=16) and HDL-cholesterol by 4.00 mg/dL (95% CI: 2.26, 5.73; I2 = 72%, N=16) as compared with nontropical vegetable oils. These effects remained significant after excluding nonrandomized trials, or trials of poor quality (Jadad score <3). Coconut oil consumption did not significantly affect markers of glycemia, inflammation, and adiposity as compared with nontropical vegetable oils. CONCLUSIONS Coconut oil consumption results in significantly higher LDL-cholesterol than nontropical vegetable oils. This should inform choices about coconut oil consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithya Neelakantan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (N.N., J.Y.H.S., R.M.v.D.), National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Jowy Yi Hoong Seah
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (N.N., J.Y.H.S., R.M.v.D.), National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School of Integrative Sciences and Engineering (J.Y.H.S., R.M.v.D.), National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Rob M van Dam
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (N.N., J.Y.H.S., R.M.v.D.), National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (R.M.v.D.), National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School of Integrative Sciences and Engineering (J.Y.H.S., R.M.v.D.), National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (R.M.v.D.)
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26
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Costa e Silva LM, Pereira de Melo ML, Faro Reis FV, Monteiro MC, dos Santos SM, Quadros Gomes BA, Meller da Silva LH. Comparison of the Effects of Brazil Nut Oil and Soybean Oil on the Cardiometabolic Parameters of Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Trial. Nutrients 2019; 12:E46. [PMID: 31877968 PMCID: PMC7019763 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that replacing saturated fat with unsaturated fat is beneficial for cardiovascular health. This study compared the effects of Brazil nut oil (BNO) and soybean oil (SO) supplementation for 30 days on anthropometric, blood pressure, biochemical, and oxidative parameters in patients with metabolic syndrome (MS). Thirty-one patients with MS were randomly allocated to receive 30 sachets with 10 mL each of either BNO (n = 15) or SO (n = 16) for daily supplementation. Variables were measured at the beginning of the study and after 30 days of intervention. No change in anthropometric and blood pressure variables were observed (p > 0.05). Total (p = 0.0253) and low-density lipoprotein (p = 0.0437) cholesterol increased in the SO group. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased (p = 0.0087) and triglycerides increased (p = 0.0045) in the BNO group. Malondialdehyde levels decreased in the BNO group (p = 0.0296) and total antioxidant capacity improved in the SO group (p = 0.0110). Although the addition of oils without lifestyle interventions did not affect anthropometric findings or blood pressure and promoted undesirable results in the lipid profile in both groups, daily supplementation of BNO for 30 days decreased lipid peroxidation, contributing to oxidative stress reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Martins Costa e Silva
- LAMEFI—Laboratory of Physical Measures, Postgraduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Para, Belém Pará 66075-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marta Chagas Monteiro
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belém Pará 66075-900, Brazil
| | - Savio Monteiro dos Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belém Pará 66075-900, Brazil
| | - Bruno Alexandre Quadros Gomes
- Neuroscience and Cellular Biology Postgraduation Program, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Para, Belém Pará 66075-900, Brazil
| | - Luiza Helena Meller da Silva
- LAMEFI—Laboratory of Physical Measures, Postgraduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Para, Belém Pará 66075-900, Brazil
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Santos HO, Howell S, Earnest CP, Teixeira FJ. Coconut oil intake and its effects on the cardiometabolic profile – A structured literature review. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2019; 62:436-443. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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