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Qureshi R, Fewtrell M, Wells JCK, Dib S. The association between maternal factors and milk hormone concentrations: a systematic review. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1390232. [PMID: 39021603 PMCID: PMC11253774 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1390232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Breast milk is the gold standard for infant feeding. It is a dynamic biological fluid rich in numerous bioactive components. Emerging research suggests that these components, including hormones, may serve as signals between mother and offspring. From an evolutionary perspective, maternal hormonal signals could allow co-adaptation of maternal and offspring phenotype, with implications for their Darwinian fitness. However, a series of steps need to be considered to establish the role of a component as a signal and this systematic review focuses on one step: 'Do maternal factors influence the concentration of milk hormones?' Objective To systematically review human studies which analyze the association between maternal factors and the concentration of hormones in breast milk. Methods Three databases were searched for studies reporting the association of maternal factors including body mass index (BMI), weight, fat mass, age, ethnicity, smoking with hormones such as adiponectin, leptin, insulin, ghrelin, and cortisol in breast milk. Results Thirty-three studies were eligible for inclusion. Maternal BMI was positively associated with milk leptin (20/21 studies) and with milk insulin (4/6 studies). Maternal weight also displayed a positive correlation with milk leptin levels, and maternal diabetes status was positively associated with milk insulin concentrations. Conversely, evidence for associations between maternal fat mass, smoking, ethnicity and other maternal factors and hormone levels in breast milk was inconclusive or lacking. Conclusion Current evidence is consistent with a signaling role for leptin and insulin in breast milk, however other steps need to be investigated to understand the role of these components as definitive signals. This review represents a first step in establishing the role of signaling components in human milk and highlights other issues that need to be considered going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary Fewtrell
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
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Montana AV, Mildon A, Daniel AI, Pitino MA, Baxter JAB, Beggs MR, Unger SL, O'Connor DL, Walton K. Is Maternal Body Weight or Composition Associated with Onset of Lactogenesis II, Human Milk Production, or Infant Consumption of Mother's Own Milk? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Adv Nutr 2024; 15:100228. [PMID: 38609047 PMCID: PMC11163153 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Maternal adiposity impacts lactation performance, but the pathways are unclear. We conducted a systematic review to understand whether maternal adiposity (body mass index [BMI] or percentage fat mass) is associated with onset of lactogenesis II (copious milk; hours), human milk production (expressed volume/24 h), and infant consumption of mother's own milk (volume/24 h). We used random-effects standard meta-analyses to compare the relative risk (RR) of delayed lactogenesis II (>72 h) between mothers classified as underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m2), healthy weight (BMI, 18.5-24.9 kg/m2), and overweight/obese (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) and random-effects meta-regressions to examine associations with hours to lactogenesis II and infant milk consumption. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. We included 122 articles. Mothers with underweight (RR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.49, 0.83; I2 = 39.48%; 8 articles/data points) or healthy weight status (RR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.57, 0.79; I2 = 70.91%; 15 articles/data points) were less likely to experience delayed lactogenesis II than mothers with overweight/obesity. We found no association between maternal BMI and time to onset of lactogenesis II (β: 1.45 h; 95% CI: -3.19, 6.09 h; P = 0.52, I2 = 0.00%; 8 articles, 17 data points). Due to limited data, we narratively reviewed articles examining BMI or percentage fat mass and milk production (n = 6); half reported an inverse association and half no association. We found no association between maternal BMI (β: 6.23 mL; 95% CI: -11.26, 23.72 mL; P = 0.48, I2 = 47.23%; 58 articles, 75 data points) or percentage fat mass (β: 7.82 mL; 95% CI: -1.66, 17.29 mL; P = 0.10, I2 = 28.55%; 30 articles, 41 data points) and infant milk consumption. The certainty of evidence for all outcomes was very low. In conclusion, mothers with overweight/obesity may be at risk of delayed lactogenesis II. The available data do not support an association with infant milk consumption, but the included studies do not adequately represent mothers with obesity. This study was registered in PROSPERO as 285344.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda V Montana
- Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto ON, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada
| | - Alison Mildon
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada
| | | | - Michael A Pitino
- Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto ON, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada
| | - Jo-Anna B Baxter
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada
| | - Megan R Beggs
- Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto ON, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada
| | - Sharon L Unger
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada; Paediatrics, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto ON, Canada; Division of Neonatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto ON, Canada
| | - Deborah L O'Connor
- Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto ON, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada; Paediatrics, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto ON, Canada
| | - Kathryn Walton
- Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto ON, Canada; Department of Family Relations & Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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Brockway MM, Daniel AI, Reyes SM, Granger M, McDermid JM, Chan D, Refvik R, Sidhu KK, Musse S, Patel PP, Monnin C, Lotoski L, Geddes D, Jehan F, Kolsteren P, Allen LH, Hampel D, Eriksen KG, Rodriguez N, Azad MB. Human Milk Macronutrients and Child Growth and Body Composition in the First Two Years: A Systematic Review. Adv Nutr 2024; 15:100149. [PMID: 37981047 PMCID: PMC10831902 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Among exclusively breastfed infants, human milk (HM) provides complete nutrition in the first mo of life and remains an important energy source as long as breastfeeding continues. Consisting of digestible carbohydrates, proteins, and amino acids, as well as fats and fatty acids, macronutrients in human milk have been well studied; however, many aspects related to their relationship to growth in early life are still not well understood. We systematically searched Medline, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science to synthesize evidence published between 1980 and 2022 on HM components and anthropometry through 2 y of age among term-born healthy infants. From 9992 abstracts screened, 57 articles reporting observations from 5979 dyads were included and categorized based on their reporting of HM macronutrients and infant growth. There was substantial heterogeneity in anthropometric outcome measurement, milk collection timelines, and HM sampling strategies; thus, meta-analysis was not possible. In general, digestible carbohydrates were positively associated with infant weight outcomes. Protein was positively associated with infant length, but no associations were reported for infant weight. Finally, HM fat was not consistently associated with any infant growth metrics, though various associations were reported in single studies. Fatty acid intakes were generally positively associated with head circumference, except for docosahexaenoic acid. Our synthesis of the literature was limited by differences in milk collection strategies, heterogeneity in anthropometric outcomes and analytical methodologies, and by insufficient reporting of results. Moving forward, HM researchers should accurately record and account for breastfeeding exclusivity, use consistent sampling protocols that account for the temporal variation in HM macronutrients, and use reliable, sensitive, and accurate techniques for HM macronutrient analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Merilee Brockway
- Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Canada; Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Allison I Daniel
- Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Canada; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Sarah M Reyes
- Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Matthew Granger
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Deborah Chan
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Canada
| | - Rebecca Refvik
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Karanbir K Sidhu
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Suad Musse
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Pooja P Patel
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Caroline Monnin
- Neil John Maclean Health Sciences Library, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Larisa Lotoski
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Donna Geddes
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Fyezah Jehan
- Department of Pediatrics, Aga Khan University, Pakistan
| | - Patrick Kolsteren
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Lindsay H Allen
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Daniela Hampel
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Kamilla G Eriksen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Natalie Rodriguez
- Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Meghan B Azad
- Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Canada.
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4
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Brockway MM, Daniel AI, Reyes SM, Gauglitz JM, Granger M, McDermid JM, Chan D, Refvik R, Sidhu KK, Musse S, Patel PP, Monnin C, Lotoski L, Geddes DT, Jehan F, Kolsteren P, Bode L, Eriksen KG, Allen LH, Hampel D, Rodriguez N, Azad MB. Human Milk Bioactive Components and Child Growth and Body Composition in the First 2 Years: A Systematic Review. Adv Nutr 2024; 15:100127. [PMID: 37802214 PMCID: PMC10831900 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk (HM) contains macronutrients, micronutrients, and a multitude of other bioactive factors, which can have a long-term impact on infant growth and development. We systematically searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science to synthesize evidence published between 1980 and 2022 on HM components and anthropometry through 2 y of age among term-born infants. From 9992 abstracts screened, 141 articles were included and categorized based on their reporting of HM micronutrients, macronutrients, or bioactive components. Bioactives including hormones, HM oligosaccharides (HMOs), and immunomodulatory components are reported here, based on 75 articles from 69 unique studies reporting observations from 9980 dyads. Research designs, milk collection strategies, sampling times, geographic and socioeconomic settings, reporting practices, and outcomes varied considerably. Meta-analyses were not possible because data collection times and reporting were inconsistent among the studies included. Few measured infant HM intake, adjusted for confounders, precisely captured breastfeeding exclusivity, or adequately described HM collection protocols. Only 5 studies (6%) had high overall quality scores. Hormones were the most extensively examined bioactive with 46 articles (n = 6773 dyads), compared with 13 (n = 2640 dyads) for HMOs and 12 (n = 1422 dyads) for immunomodulatory components. Two studies conducted untargeted metabolomics. Leptin and adiponectin demonstrated inverse associations with infant growth, although several studies found no associations. No consistent associations were found between individual HMOs and infant growth outcomes. Among immunomodulatory components in HM, IL-6 demonstrated inverse relationships with infant growth. Current research on HM bioactives is largely inconclusive and is insufficient to address the complex composition of HM. Future research should ideally capture HM intake, use biologically relevant anthropometrics, and integrate components across categories, embracing a systems biology approach to better understand how HM components work independently and synergistically to influence infant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Merilee Brockway
- Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Allison I Daniel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah M Reyes
- Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Matthew Granger
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Deborah Chan
- Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Rebecca Refvik
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Karanbir K Sidhu
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Suad Musse
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Pooja P Patel
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, Unites States
| | - Caroline Monnin
- Neil John Maclean Health Sciences Library, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Larisa Lotoski
- Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Donna T Geddes
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Fyezah Jehan
- Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Patrick Kolsteren
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lars Bode
- Department of Pediatrics, Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence (MOMI CORE), University of California, San Diego (UC San Diego), San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Kamilla G Eriksen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lindsay H Allen
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, Unites States
| | - Daniela Hampel
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, Unites States
| | - Natalie Rodriguez
- Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Meghan B Azad
- Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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5
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Ulloa E, Saure C, Giudici V, Armeno M. Causes of possible excessive weight gain in exclusively breastfed infants in the first six months of life. Minerva Pediatr (Torino) 2023; 75:844-851. [PMID: 32731728 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5276.20.05735-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to describe factors related to the infant, mother, and breastmilk composition that may be associated with excessive weight gain in a cohort of exclusively breastfed infants younger than 6 months of life with excessive weight gain, and to compare these findings with data from a group of normal-weight exclusively breastfed infants. METHODS Thirty-six exclusively breastfed infants younger than 6 months of life seen at two health-care centers between July 2016 and 2017 were enrolled in the study. The clinical features of the infants, their mothers, and the macronutrient composition of the breast milk were evaluated. We classified infants according to weight gain velocity between birth and 6 months of life into an excessive weight gain (EWG) and an adequate weight gain (AWG) group. RESULTS Mean age at protocol entry was 3.8 months. Thirteen patients were classified as EWG and 23 patients as AWG. Co-sleeping was more often observed in EWG than in AWG infants. Mothers in the EWG group were younger and more often had gained more than 18 kg during pregnancy than those in the AWG group. No significant differences were found in the macronutrient content of the breast milk between both groups. CONCLUSIONS Greater weight gain in infants under 6 months of age may be related to greater weight gain of the mother during pregnancy, younger age of the mother, and co-sleeping of the mother and child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Ulloa
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, J. P. Garrahan National Pediatrics Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carola Saure
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, J. P. Garrahan National Pediatrics Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina -
| | - Vanesa Giudici
- Laboratory for Physical-chemical Food Analysis, Department of Food Sciences, National University of Entre Ríos, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - Marisa Armeno
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, J. P. Garrahan National Pediatrics Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Le Guillou S, Ciobotaru C, Laubier J, Castille J, Aujean E, Hue-Beauvais C, Cherbuy C, Liuu S, Henry C, David A, Jaffrezic F, Laloë D, Charlier M, Alexandre-Gouabau MC, Le Provost F. Specific Milk Composition of miR-30b Transgenic Mice Associated with Early Duodenum Maturation in Offspring with Lasting Consequences for Growth. J Nutr 2023; 153:2808-2826. [PMID: 37543213 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Milk composition is complex and includes numerous components essential for offspring growth and development. In addition to the high abundance of miR-30b microRNA, milk produced by the transgenic mouse model of miR-30b-mammary deregulation displays a significantly altered fatty acid profile. Moreover, wild-type adopted pups fed miR-30b milk present an early growth defect. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the consequences of miR-30b milk feeding on the duodenal development of wild-type neonates, a prime target of suckled milk, along with comprehensive milk phenotyping. METHODS The duodenums of wild-type pups fed miR-30b milk were extensively characterized at postnatal day (PND)-5, PND-6, and PND-15 using histological, transcriptomic, proteomic, and duodenal permeability analyses and compared with those of pups fed wild-type milk. Milk of miR-30b foster dams collected at mid-lactation was extensively analyzed using proteomic, metabolomic, and lipidomic approaches and hormonal immunoassays. RESULTS At PND-5, wild-type pups fed miR-30b milk showed maturation of their duodenum with 1.5-fold (P < 0.05) and 1.3-fold (P < 0.10) increased expression of Claudin-3 and Claudin-4, respectively, and changes in 8 duodenal proteins (P < 0.10), with an earlier reduction in paracellular and transcellular permeability (183 ng/mL fluorescein sulfonic acid [FSA] and 12 ng/mL horseradish peroxidase [HRP], respectively, compared with 5700 ng/mL FSA and 90 ng/mL HRP in wild-type; P < 0.001). Compared with wild-type milk, miR-30b milk displayed an increase in total lipid (219 g/L compared with 151 g/L; P < 0.05), ceramide (17.6 μM compared with 6.9 μM; P < 0.05), and sphingomyelin concentrations (163.7 μM compared with 76.3 μM; P < 0.05); overexpression of 9 proteins involved in the gut barrier (P < 0.1); and higher insulin and leptin concentrations (1.88 ng/mL and 2.04 ng/mL, respectively, compared with 0.79 ng/mL and 1.06 ng/mL; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS miR-30b milk displays significant changes in bioactive components associated with neonatal duodenal integrity and maturation, which could be involved in the earlier intestinal closure phenotype of the wild-type pups associated with a lower growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Céline Ciobotaru
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Johann Laubier
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Johan Castille
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Etienne Aujean
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Cathy Hue-Beauvais
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Claire Cherbuy
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MICALIS Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sophie Liuu
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, MICALIS Institute, PAPPSO, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Céline Henry
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, MICALIS Institute, PAPPSO, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Agnès David
- Nantes Université, CRNH-OUEST, INRAE, UMR 1280, PhAN, Nantes, France
| | - Florence Jaffrezic
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Denis Laloë
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Madia Charlier
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, GABI, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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7
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Porro M, Kundrotaite E, Mellor DD, Munialo CD. A narrative review of the functional components of human breast milk and their potential to modulate the gut microbiome, the consideration of maternal and child characteristics, and confounders of breastfeeding, and their impact on risk of obesity later in life. Nutr Rev 2022; 81:597-609. [PMID: 36048515 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional exposure and, therefore, the metabolic environment during early human development can affect health later in life. This can go beyond the nutrients consumed; there is evidence that the development and modulation of the gut microbiome during early life can affect human growth, development, and health, and the gut microbiome is associated with the risk of obesity later in life. The primary aim of this review was to evaluate existing evidence, to identify the components of human breast milk, which may modulate the gut microbiome, and to assess the impact of the gut microbiome on the risk of becoming obese later in life. This review also considers maternal and child characteristics, and confounders of breastfeeding and how they impact on the infant gut microbiome. Current evidence supports a positive association between fecal, branched short-chain fatty acids and human milk oligosaccharide diversity and a gut microbiome associated with better metabolic health. A negative correlation was found between microbiome diversity and human milk oligosaccharide evenness, which was associated with a greater fat mass and percentage of fat. The components of human breast milk, including oligosaccharides, probiotics, milk fat globule membrane, and adiponectin, were hypothesized to positively influence infant growth and body weight by modulating the microbial diversity and composition of the gut. Maternal diet, timing and duration of breast feeding, and the mode of delivery were all shown to affect the human milk microbiota. However, more experimental studies with long follow-up are required to shed light on the governing mechanisms linking breast milk components with a diverse infant microbiome and healthier body weight later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Porro
- School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom.,Mondelēz UK R&D Limited, Bournville, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Kundrotaite
- School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Duane D Mellor
- Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Claire D Munialo
- School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Gridneva Z, Rea A, Lai CT, Tie WJ, Kugananthan S, Warden AH, Perrella SL, Murray K, Geddes DT. Human Milk Macronutrients and Bioactive Molecules and Development of Regional Fat Depots in Western Australian Infants during the First 12 Months of Lactation. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12040493. [PMID: 35454985 PMCID: PMC9029383 DOI: 10.3390/life12040493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated associations between intakes of human milk (HM) components (macronutrients and biologically active molecules) and regional fat depots development in healthy term infants (n = 20) across the first year of lactation. Infant limb (mid-arm and mid-thigh) lean and fat areas were assessed by ultrasound imaging at 2, 5, 9 and 12 months of age. Concentrations of HM total protein, whey protein, casein, adiponectin, leptin, lysozyme, lactoferrin, secretory IGA, total carbohydrates, lactose, HM oligosaccharides (total HMO, calculated) and infant 24-h milk intake were measured, and infant calculated daily intakes (CDI) of HM components were determined. This pilot study shows higher 24-h milk intake was associated with a larger mid-arm fat area (p = 0.024), higher breastfeeding frequency was associated with larger mid-arm (p = 0.008) and mid-thigh (p < 0.001) fat areas. Lysozyme (p = 0.001) and HMO CDI (p = 0.004) were time-dependently associated with the mid-arm fat area. Intakes of HM components and breastfeeding parameters may modulate infant limb fat depots development during the first year of age and potentially promote favorable developmental programming of infant body composition; however, further studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoya Gridneva
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (C.T.L.); (W.J.T.); (S.K.); (A.H.W.); (S.L.P.); (D.T.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-6488-4467
| | - Alethea Rea
- Mathematics and Statistics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia;
| | - Ching Tat Lai
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (C.T.L.); (W.J.T.); (S.K.); (A.H.W.); (S.L.P.); (D.T.G.)
| | - Wan Jun Tie
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (C.T.L.); (W.J.T.); (S.K.); (A.H.W.); (S.L.P.); (D.T.G.)
| | - Sambavi Kugananthan
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (C.T.L.); (W.J.T.); (S.K.); (A.H.W.); (S.L.P.); (D.T.G.)
| | - Ashleigh H. Warden
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (C.T.L.); (W.J.T.); (S.K.); (A.H.W.); (S.L.P.); (D.T.G.)
| | - Sharon L. Perrella
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (C.T.L.); (W.J.T.); (S.K.); (A.H.W.); (S.L.P.); (D.T.G.)
| | - Kevin Murray
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia;
| | - Donna T. Geddes
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (C.T.L.); (W.J.T.); (S.K.); (A.H.W.); (S.L.P.); (D.T.G.)
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9
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Binia A, Lavalle L, Chen C, Austin S, Agosti M, Al-Jashi I, Pereira AB, Costeira MJ, Silva MG, Marchini G, Martínez-Costa C, Stiris T, Stoicescu SM, Vanpée M, Rakza T, Billeaud C, Picaud JC, Domellöf M, Adams R, Castaneda-Gutierrez E, Sprenger N. Human milk oligosaccharides, infant growth, and adiposity over the first 4 months of lactation. Pediatr Res 2021; 90:684-693. [PMID: 33446921 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-01328-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and infant growth and adiposity is not fully understood and comprehensive studies are missing from the current literature. METHODS We screened and recruited 370 healthy, pregnant women and their infants from seven European countries. Breastmilk samples were collected using standardized procedures at six time points over 4 months, as were infant parameters. Correlations and associations between HMO area under the curve, anthropometric data, and fat mass at 4 months were tested. RESULTS Lacto-N-neotetraose had a negative correlation with the change in length (rs = -0.18, P = 0.02). Sialyllacto-N-tetraose c (LSTc) had a positive correlation with weight for length (rs = 0.19, P = 0.015). Infants at the 25th upper percentile were fed milk higher in 3'-sialyllactose and LSTc (P = 0.017 and P = 0.006, respectively) compared to the lower 25th percentile of the weight-for-length z-score gain over 4 months of lactation. No significant associations between growth and body composition and Lewis or secretor-dependent HMOs like 2'-fucosyllactose were identified. CONCLUSIONS Changes in the HMO composition of breastmilk during the first 4 months appear to have little influence on infant growth and body composition in this cohort of healthy mothers and infants. IMPACT Modest associations exist between individual HMO and infant growth outcomes at least in healthy growing populations. Our study provides a comprehensive investigation of associations between all major HMO and infant growth and adiposity including several time points. Certain groups of HMOs, like the sialylated, may be associated with adiposity during the first months of lactation. HMO may modulate the risk of future metabolic disease. Future population studies need to address the role of specific groups of HMOs in the context of health and disease to understand the long-term impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristea Binia
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Luca Lavalle
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cheng Chen
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sean Austin
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Isam Al-Jashi
- Al Jashi Isam Private Med. Practice, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Thameur Rakza
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique de Lille, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Lille, France
| | | | | | | | - Rachel Adams
- Cultivate: Nutrition Content + Strategy, Decatur, GA, USA
| | | | - Norbert Sprenger
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
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10
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Laursen MF, Pekmez CT, Larsson MW, Lind MV, Yonemitsu C, Larnkjær A, Mølgaard C, Bode L, Dragsted LO, Michaelsen KF, Licht TR, Bahl MI. Maternal milk microbiota and oligosaccharides contribute to the infant gut microbiota assembly. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 1:21. [PMID: 36737495 PMCID: PMC9723702 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-021-00021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Breastfeeding protects against diseases, with potential mechanisms driving this being human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and the seeding of milk-associated bacteria in the infant gut. In a cohort of 34 mother-infant dyads we analyzed the microbiota and HMO profiles in breast milk samples and infant's feces. The microbiota in foremilk and hindmilk samples of breast milk was compositionally similar, however hindmilk had higher bacterial load and absolute abundance of oral-associated bacteria, but a lower absolute abundance of skin-associated Staphylococcus spp. The microbial communities within both milk and infant's feces changed significantly over the lactation period. On average 33% and 23% of the bacterial taxa detected in infant's feces were shared with the corresponding mother's milk at 5 and 9 months of age, respectively, with Streptococcus, Veillonella and Bifidobacterium spp. among the most frequently shared. The predominant HMOs in feces associated with the infant's fecal microbiota, and the dominating infant species B. longum ssp. infantis and B. bifidum correlated inversely with HMOs. Our results show that breast milk microbiota changes over time and within a feeding session, likely due to transfer of infant oral bacteria during breastfeeding and suggest that milk-associated bacteria and HMOs direct the assembly of the infant gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ceyda T Pekmez
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Melanie Wange Larsson
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Nursing and Nutrition, University College Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Vendelbo Lind
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Chloe Yonemitsu
- Department of Pediatrics and Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anni Larnkjær
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Christian Mølgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lars Bode
- Department of Pediatrics and Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lars Ove Dragsted
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Kim F Michaelsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Tine Rask Licht
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martin Iain Bahl
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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11
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Pang WW, McCrickerd K. The impact of feeding experiences during infancy on later child eating behaviours. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2021; 24:246-251. [PMID: 33631770 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Individual differences in appetite and eating behaviours appear early in infancy. This review synthesizes recent research investigating the impact of feeding experiences during infancy on later appetite and energy intake regulation, and appraises the consistency and longevity of any effects. RECENT FINDINGS Three themes of early feeding experiences were identified; breastfeeding, infants' first foods and caregivers' feeding practices. Recent findings suggest that breastfeeding alone is unlikely to promote better regulation of food intake later in childhood. It remains unclear whether the method of first food introduction (e.g., baby-led weaning vs traditional spoon feeding), or types of food introduced (e.g. ultra-processed foods), affect later child eating self-regulation. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on receiving guidance for responsive feeding showed some benefits; lower child body mass index z-scores in toddlerhood, parents reported less likelihood to pressure their child to eat or use food as a reward and lower emotional eating in the child. SUMMARY There is little consistent new evidence for the lasting impact of any one specific infant feeding experience on later eating self-regulation. More RCTs using observed and measured behaviours, with longer follow-ups of children's eating behaviours, and those conducted across different populations are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei Pang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | - Keri McCrickerd
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology & Research (A STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Wells JC, Davies PS, Hopkins M, Blundell JE. The "drive to eat" hypothesis: energy expenditure and fat-free mass but not adiposity are associated with milk intake and energy intake in 12 week infants. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:505-514. [PMID: 33851194 PMCID: PMC8326050 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent work has challenged the long-held assumption that appetite functions to maintain stable body mass and fat mass (FM), suggesting instead that appetite matches food intake to energy expenditure and its correlate, fat-free mass (FFM). Whether this scenario applies to young infants, in chronic positive energy balance, remains unknown. OBJECTIVES To test associations of components of energy expenditure and body composition with milk intake (MI) and energy intake (EI) in 12-week infants, by reanalyzing published cross-sectional data. METHODS Data were available for 48 infants. In addition to anthropometric measurements, we assessed MI and EI by test-weighing, sleeping metabolic rate (SMR) by indirect calorimetry, and FFM, FM, and total energy expenditure (TEE) by doubly labeled water. Mean parental height was calculated as a marker of infant growth drive. Correlation and multiple regression analyses were applied. RESULTS MI and EI correlated with FFM (r = 0.47 and 0.57, respectively; P < 0.01), but not FM (P > 0.6). MI and EI correlated with SMR (r = 0.42 and 0.53, respectively; P < 0.01) and TEE (r = 0.50 and 0.49, respectively; P < 0.01). SMR and TEE correlated with FFM (r = 0.41 and 0.42, respectively; P < 0.01), but not FM (P > 0.2). In a multiple regression analysis, MI was independently associated with TEE (partial r = 0.39) and FFM (partial r = 0.35). EI showed similar associations. Mean parental height was correlated with weight gain, MI, and EI. CONCLUSIONS As in adults, MI and EI in young infants were strongly associated with FFM and with total and sleeping components of energy expenditure, but not with fatness. The infant's growth drive contributed to these associations. This suggests that appetite is regulated by the rate of energy expenditure, the size of energy-using tissues, and tissue deposition rate, and that the high levels of body fat characteristic of infants may not constrain weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter S Davies
- Child Health Research Centre, Centre for Children's Health Research, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mark Hopkins
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - John E Blundell
- Appetite Control and Energy Balance Research Group, School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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13
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Laursen MF, Bahl MI, Licht TR. Settlers of our inner surface - Factors shaping the gut microbiota from birth to toddlerhood. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:6081092. [PMID: 33428723 PMCID: PMC8371275 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During the first 3 years of life, the microbial ecosystem within the human gut undergoes a process that is unlike what happens in this ecosystem at any other time of our life. This period in time is considered a highly important developmental window, where the gut microbiota is much less resilient and much more responsive to external and environmental factors than seen in the adult gut. While advanced bioinformatics and clinical correlation studies have received extensive focus within studies of the human microbiome, basic microbial growth physiology has attracted much less attention, although it plays a pivotal role to understand the developing gut microbiota during early life. In this review, we will thus take a microbial ecology perspective on the analysis of factors that influence the temporal development of the infant gut microbiota. Such factors include sources of microbes that seed the intestinal environment, physico-chemical (abiotic) conditions influencing microbial growth and the availability of nutrients needed by the intestinal microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Iain Bahl
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby
| | - Tine Rask Licht
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby
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14
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Morgen CS, Larsson MW, Ängquist L, Sørensen TIA, Michaelsen KF. Overweight in childhood of exclusively breastfed infants with a high weight at 5 months. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2021; 17:e13057. [PMID: 32815669 PMCID: PMC7729543 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
High infant weight increases the risk of childhood overweight, while breastfeeding may reduce the risk. However, some infants have a very high weight gain even though they are exclusively breastfed. We examined the risk of a high body mass index (BMI) and overweight in childhood for infants ≥2.5 SD above the median weight-for-age (WAZ) at age 5 months according to duration of exclusive breastfeeding (≤2, >2 to <4 or ≥4 months). The study is based on 13,401 7-year-old and 9,819 11-year-old children enrolled into the Danish National Birth Cohort (born 1997-2003). Linear and logistic regression analyses were used to examine the associations while adjusting for presumed confounders including birth weight. The results showed that infants ≥2.5 SD at 5 months, breastfed exclusively ≤2, >2 to <4 or ≥4 months had adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for overweight at age 7 at 3.67 (95% confidence interval [CI] [2.10, 6.43]), 3.42 (95% CI [2.32, 5.04]) and 3.19 (95% CI [1.90, 5.36]) respectively, when compared with infants <2.5 SD WAZ exclusively breastfed ≥4 months. The corresponding results for BMI z-scores were 0.82 (95% CI [0.60, 1.04]), 0.63 (95% CI [0.48, 0.78]) and 0.57 (95% CI [0.38, 0.77]). For the ≥2.5 SD infants, the differences in risk of overweight and BMI according to duration of exclusive breastfeeding were neither significantly different among the 7-year nor among the 11-year-old children. A high infant weight increases the odds of overweight and is associated with a higher BMI in childhood. Whereas the odds and BMI z-scores tended to be lower for those exclusively breastfed longer, the differences were not statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla S. Morgen
- National Institute of Public HealthUniversity of Southern DenmarkCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Public Health, Section of EpidemiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Melanie W. Larsson
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports. Faculty of SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Nursing and Nutrition, Faculty of HealthUniversity College CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Lars Ängquist
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Thorkild I. A. Sørensen
- National Institute of Public HealthUniversity of Southern DenmarkCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Public Health, Section of EpidemiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Kim F. Michaelsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports. Faculty of SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenDenmark
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15
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Laursen MF, Larsson MW, Lind MV, Larnkjær A, Mølgaard C, Michaelsen KF, Bahl MI, Licht TR. Intestinal Enterococcus abundance correlates inversely with excessive weight gain and increased plasma leptin in breastfed infants. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 96:5818758. [PMID: 32275305 PMCID: PMC7183236 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence indicates that breastfeeding provides protection against development of overweight/obesity. Nonetheless, a small subgroup of infants undergo excessive weight gain during exclusive breastfeeding, a phenomenon that remains unexplained. Breast milk contains both gut-seeding microbes and substrates for microbial growth in the gut of infants, and a large body of evidence suggests a role for gut microbes in host metabolism. Based on the recently established SKOT III cohort, we investigated the role of the infant gut microbiota in excessive infant weight gain during breastfeeding, including 30 exclusively breastfed infants, 13 of which exhibited excessive weight gain and 17 controls which exhibited normal weight gain during infancy. Infants undergoing excessive weight gain during breastfeeding had a reduced abundance of gut Enterococcus as compared with that observed in the controls. Within the complete cohort, Enterococcus abundance correlated inversely with age/gender-adjusted body-weight, body-mass index and waist circumference, body fat and levels of plasma leptin. The reduced abundance of Enterococcus in infants with excessive weight gain was coupled to a lower content of Enterococcus in breast milk samples of their mothers than seen for mothers in the control group. Together, this suggests that lack of breast milk-derived gut-seeding Enterococci may contribute to excessive weight gain in breastfed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Frederik Laursen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 202, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Melanie Wange Larsson
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 51, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Department of Nursing and Nutrition, University College Copenhagen, Humletorvet 3, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Mads Vendelbo Lind
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 51, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Anni Larnkjær
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 51, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Christian Mølgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 51, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Kim F Michaelsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 51, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Martin Iain Bahl
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 202, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tine Rask Licht
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 202, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
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16
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Soori M, Mohammadi Y, Goodarzi MT, Mahmoodi M. Association between breast milk adipokines with growth in breast feeding infants, a systematic review and meta-analysis. TURKISH JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY-TURK BIYOKIMYA DERGISI 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/tjb-2020-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Breast milk adipokines are associated with growth, body mass index (BMI) and weight gain in infants. In this study, the effect of breastmilk adipokines (leptin and adiponectin) on the BMI and weight gain of breast-fed infants was evaluated using systematic review and meta-analysis.
Materials and methods
We used PRISMA checklist for carrying out this study. 752 articles were collected from the database searching and other sources from 1994 to April 2019. According to the criteria in the study, 25 articles remained for evaluation. Eight papers were related to the effect of breast milk leptin on weight gain and BMI of infants that were evaluated by meta-analyzing. The adiponectin articles were surveyed by systematic review.
Results
There was no significant publication bias in the meta-analysis study. The results of random-effect model indicated a reverse and significant correlation between breastmilk leptin with weight gain and BMI (r=−0.331). The adiponectin level in breast milk was associated with the BMI and weight gain of infants.
Conclusions
Meta-analysis indicated a significant inverse correlation between breastmilk leptin with weight gain and BMI in infants; furthermore, the systematic review study expressed significant correlation between breast milk adiponectin with growth (BMI and weight gain) in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Soori
- Department of Biology , Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University , Hamedan , Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Younes Mohammadi
- Department of Epidemiology , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Goodarzi
- Department of Biochemistry , Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University , Shahrood , Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Minoo Mahmoodi
- Department of Biology , Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University , Hamedan , Islamic Republic of Iran
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17
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Galante L, Pundir S, Lagström H, Rautava S, Reynolds CM, Milan AM, Cameron-Smith D, Vickers MH. Growth Factor Concentrations in Human Milk Are Associated With Infant Weight and BMI From Birth to 5 Years. Front Nutr 2020; 7:110. [PMID: 32850934 PMCID: PMC7403458 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human milk bioactives may play a role in infant health and development. Although the variability in their concentrations in milk is well-established, the impact of differential milk profiles on infant growth outcomes remains unclear. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether different concentrations of metabolic hormones are associated with different weight and BMI in infants beyond the first year of life. Methods: Milk samples at 2.6 (±0.4) months after birth and anthropometric measures at 13 months, 2, 3, and 5 years were collected as part of the Finnish STEPS cohort study from 501 mothers and the respective 507 infants. Leptin, adiponectin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and cyclic glycine-proline (cGP) in milk were analyzed. Multiple regression models and a repeated measures mixed model were used to examine associations between milk hormone concentrations and weight and BMI z-scores across time, at each time-point, and weight gain from birth to each follow-up visit. All models were corrected for birth weight, infant sex, duration of exclusive and total breastfeeding, time of introduction of solid foods and maternal pre-pregnancy BMI. Results: Higher milk IGF-1 was associated with higher weight at 13 months (p = 0.004) but lower weight at 3 (p = 0.011) and 5 years of age (p = 0.049). Higher cGP was associated with lower weight across the 5 years (p = 0.019) but with higher BMI at 5 years (p = 0.021). Leptin and adiponectin did not display associations with infant growth at this time. Sex interactions were also absent. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the interplay between human milk-borne IGF-1 and cGP is similar to that reported in other mammals and may have an important role in defining infant growth trajectories beyond the first year of life. Further research should explore the determinants and origins of these milk-borne compounds and evaluate their effect on infant growth and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Galante
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shikha Pundir
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hanna Lagström
- Department of Public Health, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Samuli Rautava
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Helsinki and Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Amber Marie Milan
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David Cameron-Smith
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
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18
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Mazzocchi A, Giannì ML, Morniroli D, Leone L, Roggero P, Agostoni C, De Cosmi V, Mosca F. Hormones in Breast Milk and Effect on Infants' Growth: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1845. [PMID: 31395844 PMCID: PMC6724322 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast milk is characterized by a dynamic and complex composition which includes hormones and other bioactive components that could influence infant growth, development, and optimize health. Among the several beneficial effects associated with prolonged breastfeeding, a 13% decrease in the risk of overweight and obesity has been reported. Recent research has focused on breast milk hormones contributing to the appetite and energy balance regulation and adiposity. Accordingly, we conducted a literature systematic review with the aim to provide an update on the effect of leptin, ghrelin, Insulin Growth Factor 1, adiponectin, and insulin on infants' and children's growth and body composition. The revised literature reveals contrasting findings concerning the potential role of all these hormones on modeling growth and fat mass apposition and health outcomes later in life. Further studies are needed to gain further insight into the specific role of these bioactive components in metabolic pathways related to body composition. This could help gain a further insight on infants' growth, both in physiological and pathological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Mazzocchi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Lorella Giannì
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, NICU, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Morniroli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, NICU, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Ludovica Leone
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Roggero
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, NICU, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy.
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pediatric Intermediate Care Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Valentina De Cosmi
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pediatric Intermediate Care Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Mosca
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, NICU, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Larsson MW, Lind MV, Laursen RP, Yonemitsu C, Larnkjær A, Mølgaard C, Michaelsen KF, Bode L. Human Milk Oligosaccharide Composition Is Associated With Excessive Weight Gain During Exclusive Breastfeeding-An Explorative Study. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:297. [PMID: 31380329 PMCID: PMC6657391 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Some infants experience excessive weight gain during exclusive breastfeeding. The cause is unknown, but variation in human milk composition might play a role. Several human milk koligosaccharides (HMOs) have been associated with growth velocity in breastfed infants, and it has been suggested that the mechanism could be through an effect on infant gut microbiota composition. Objective: The purpose of this exploratory study was to evaluate if HMO composition was different in milk fed to infants with excessive weight gain compared to infants with normal weight gain. Furthermore, we aimed to examine if HMO composition was associated with growth velocity and change in body composition and if there were maternal determinants of HMO composition. Materials and Methods: We recruited 13 high weight-gain (HW) and 17 normal weight-gain (NW) breastfed infants, collected human milk and anthropometry data at 5 and 9 months, and analyzed HMO composition by high performance liquid chromatography. Results: In the HW group eight out of 11 infants received milk from secretor mothers and in the NW group 15 out of 17. Comparing milk from Secretor mothers only, four HMO's were significantly different between the HW and NW group at 5 months and two remained significant at 9 months. Total HMO concentrations as well as total HMO-bound fucose at 5 months were positively associated with both fat mass index (FMI) and weight velocity from 0 to 5 months (all p < 0.025). 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL) was positively associated with weight velocity from 0 to 5 months and FMI at 5 months. In contrast, lacto-N-neotetraose was lower in the HW group (p = 0.012) and negatively associated with height-for-age Z-scores (p = 0.008), weight velocity from 0 to 5 months (p = 0.009) and FMI (p = 0.033). Maternal BMI at 5 months was negatively associated with 6'-sialyllactose and sialyl-lacto-N-tetraose (LSTb) and positively with 2'-FL, total HMO and total HMO-bound fucose (all p ≤ 0.03). Conclusion: In a small cohort, we found significantly different HMO concentrations in milk to exclusively breastfed infants with excessive weight gain, suggesting that some HMOs, including 2'-FL, which is the most abundant HMO and currently added to some infant formula, could be part of the cause for the excessive weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie W. Larsson
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark
- Department of Nursing and Nutrition, University College Copenhagen, København, Denmark
| | - Mads V. Lind
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark
| | - Rikke Pilmann Laursen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark
| | - Chloe Yonemitsu
- Department of Pediatrics and Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Anni Larnkjær
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark
| | - Christian Mølgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark
| | - Kim F. Michaelsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark
| | - Lars Bode
- Department of Pediatrics and Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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A Review of Bioactive Factors in Human Breastmilk: A Focus on Prematurity. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061307. [PMID: 31185620 PMCID: PMC6628333 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth is an increasing worldwide problem. Prematurity is the second most common cause of death in children under 5 years of age. It is associated with a higher risk of several pathologies in the perinatal period and adulthood. Maternal milk, a complex fluid with several bioactive factors, is the best option for the newborn. Its dynamic composition is influenced by diverse factors such as maternal age, lactation period, and health status. The aim of the present review is to summarize the current knowledge regarding some bioactive factors present in breastmilk, namely antioxidants, growth factors, adipokines, and cytokines, paying specific attention to prematurity. The revised literature reveals that the highest levels of these bioactive factors are found in the colostrum and they decrease along the lactation period; bioactive factors are found in higher levels in preterm as compared to full-term milk, they are lacking in formula milk, and decreased in donated milk. However, there are still some gaps and inconclusive data, and further research in this field is needed. Given the fact that many preterm mothers are unable to complete breastfeeding, new information could be important to develop infant supplements that best match preterm human milk.
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