Dietary Fiber, Atherosclerosis, and Cardiovascular Disease

Physicochemical characteristics of dietary fiber polysaccharides extracted from Murraya koenigii leaves and their functional role on gut homeostasis

Dietary fiber (DF) is an indigestible carbohydrate in plant foods that supports various physiological functions. This study aimed to extract the soluble and insoluble dietary fiber (DF) from the curry leaves and investigate their physicochemical properties as well as their functional role in the homeostasis of the gut microbiome. The study observed that insoluble-DF (IDF) yielded higher amounts than soluble-DF (SDF) across alkali, acid, and water extraction methods. Acid-extracted SDF showed the highest polysaccharide content (91.58 ± 1.53 %). Among IDFs, alkali-extracted IDF showed the highest polysaccharide content (81.93 ± 1.94 %). Glucose, arabinose, and xylose were identified as major monosaccharides. IDF had a larger particle size (463.5 ± 14.2 μm) compared to SDF (1.23 ± 15.55 μm), which influenced its physicochemical properties. IDF displayed better oil-holding capacity, while SDF showed superior water-holding capacity, potentially impacting glucose diffusion and cholesterol micelle formation. Furthermore, SDF and IDF promoted the growth of beneficial gut bacteria and increased production of short-chain fatty acids, which play critical roles in physiological regulation. Acid-extracted SDF restored gut homeostasis by increasing species richness and diversity, predominantly increasing beneficial bacteria and reducing pathogenic bacteria in LPS-induced dysbiotic mice. This study reveals the impact of extraction methods on the physicochemical and functional properties of curry leaves-DF, underscoring its promise as a functional food for gut health.

Polysaccharides: The Sweet and Bitter Impacts on Cardiovascular Risk

Cardiovascular risk is a clinical factor that represents the probability of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This risk is shaped by non-modifiable and modifiable factors, including dietary patterns, which are the main lifestyle factor influencing CVD. Dietary polysaccharides, integral to nutrition, have varying effects on cardiovascular health depending on their type and source. They include starches, non-starch polysaccharides, and prebiotic fibers, categorized further into soluble and insoluble fibers. Soluble fibers, found in oats, legumes, and fruits, dissolve in water, forming gels that help lower serum cholesterol and modulate blood glucose levels. Insoluble fibers, present in whole grains and vegetables, aid in bowel regularity. The cardiovascular benefits of polysaccharides are linked to their ability to bind bile acids, reducing cholesterol levels, and the production of short-chain fatty acids by gut microbiota, which have anti-inflammatory properties. However, not all polysaccharides are beneficial; refined starches can lead to adverse metabolic effects, and chitosan to mixed effects on gut microbiota. This review examines the dualistic nature of polysaccharides, highlighting their beneficial roles in reducing cardiovascular risk factors and the potential adverse effects of specific types.

An underutilized bean: hyacinth bean [Lablab purpureus (L.) sweet]: bioactive compounds, functional activity, and future food prospect and applications

Hyacinth bean [Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet], a plant belonging to the leguminous family and traditionally used for medicinal purposes in China, is a valuable resource with a wide range of health benefits. This review examines the bioactive compounds, health-promoting properties and functional food potential of hyacinth bean, highlighting its role in protecting against metabolic diseases and the underlying molecular mechanisms. According to existing research, hyacinth bean contains a diverse array of bioactive compounds, Consumption of hyacinth beans and hyacinth bean-related processed food products, as well as their use in medicines, is associated with a variety of health benefits that are increasingly favoured by the scientific community. In light of these findings, we posit that hyacinth bean holds great promise for further research and food application. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Enhancing Rice Bran Soluble Dietary Fiber Yield Through Sequential Ultrasound-Xylanase Treatment

The main aim of this study was to enhance the content of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) derived from rice bran (RB) through various treatments, including physical methods (ultrasound and alternating magnetic field (AMF)) and enzymatic approaches (cellulase and xylanase), applied individually or in combination. The results revealed that AMF treatment was the most effective single modification technique for increasing SDF yield, followed by treatments with xylanase, cellulase, and ultrasound. Notably, among the combined approaches, the sequential ultrasound-xylanase treatment (U-X) demonstrated the highest potential for enhancing SDF yield. Further optimization experiments revealed that under the conditions of a xylanase addition of 4.3 mg/g sample, a material-to-liquid ratio of 50 mL/g, and an ultrasonic power of 72 W, the yield of U-X-SDF significantly increased from 1.03% to 18.4%. Compared to unmodified samples, the modified SDF groups exhibited marked enhancements in water holding capacity (42.5-86.4%) and water solubility (21.0-30.6%), while the unmodified SDF displayed superior oil holding capacity than the modified groups. In summary, the sequential ultrasound-xylanase treatment not only improves the SDF yield but also enhances the functional properties of RB-derived SDF, positioning it as a valuable health-promoting food additive with potential benefits for both laboratory and industrial food applications. The optimized treatment process can contribute to the development of new functional food ingredients from RB, thereby promoting health and wellness in consumers.

A comparative study of proximate compositions, phytochemical constituents, and anti-nutritional contents of pulps and seeds of Garcinia buchananii fruit

Garcinia buchananii is a tropical wild edible plant that is locally consumed in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Regional state of Ethiopia. However, there is limited information comparing nutritional, phytochemical, and anti-nutritional factors present in fruit pulps and seeds of the fruit. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate and compare the proximate compositions, phytochemical constituents, and anti-nutritional contents of the fruit pulp and seeds. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software version 20. The proximate analysis revealed that the pulp had higher moisture content (80.52 %) compared to the seed (42.4 %), whereas the seed contained more crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber and carbohydrate. However, the phytochemical constituents were relatively more abundant in the pulp compared to the seed. The pulp exhibited higher levels of total phenolic content (31.62 %), total flavonoid content (22.27 %), ascorbic acid (0.67 %), and inhibition percentage (15.31 %), but was lower in beta-carotene (4.60 %). The fruit seed has higher anti-nutritional values than the pulp. Overall, the pulp and seeds of the Garcinia buchananii fruit are nutrient-rich and can be used in food product development and formulation. Being high in moisture content and low in anti-nutritients the pup of the plant can be utilized in the form of juice.

Valorizing Agro‐Food Waste for Nutraceutical Development: Sustainable Approaches for Managing Metabolic Dysfunction‐Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and Related Co‐Morbidities

This comprehensive investigation delves into the interconnectedness of different features of cardiometabolic syndrome, such as metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), and gut dysbiosis, highlighting the crucial role of nutraceuticals in their management and prevention. Given the significant overlap in the pathophysiology of these conditions, the treatment with nutraceuticals, especially those derived from agro‐food waste, offers a promising, sustainable, and innovative approach to healthcare. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the One Health concept are key frameworks for selecting the most interesting supply chain for the production of nutraceuticals from agro‐food waste, ensuring environmental sustainability, and innovative agricultural practices. In this review, the therapeutic potential of kiwifruit and apples has been explored, detailing how their bioactive compounds, like polyphenols, fiber, pectin, kaempferol, phloretin, and phlorizin, may contribute to the management of MASLD, ASCVD, and gut dysbiosis. Various extraction methods for active ingredients, including chemical, water, and enzyme extractions, are analyzed for their respective benefits and drawbacks. By integrating scientific research, sustainable agricultural practices, and innovative extraction methods, we can develop effective strategies to combat these pervasive health issues. This holistic approach not only enhances individual health outcomes but also supports broader environmental and societal goals, promoting a healthier future for all.

Dietary fiber intake moderates the impact of blood cadmium on depression: a nationally representative cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Cadmium (Cd) is a very poisonous pollutant in the environment that has harmful implications on the neurological system. While high fiber intake is beneficial for mental health, it remains unknown whether the recommended basis for dietary fiber intake (DFI) (14 g/1000 kcal per day) can alleviate Cd-induced depression.

METHODS

The investigation employed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between the years 2005 and 2020. The research encompassed individuals who had information on blood Cd concentrations, two 24-hour dietary recalls, and depression diagnosis. We deployed weighted logistic regression analyses to estimate the association of exposure to Cd and DFI with depression risk.

RESULTS

The adjusted ORs (95% CI) for depression were 1.33 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.65) and 1.64 (95% CI: 1.38, 1.94) for the third and fourth quartiles of blood Cd concentrations, respectively (Ptrend < 0.001). Doubling DFI was connected with a 0.78-fold (95% CI: 0.71, 0.85) decrease in the risk of depression. Participants below recommended DFI levels had a greater depression risk with higher blood Cd concentrations: OR of 1.39 (95% CI: 1.11, 1.73) for the third and 1.67 (95% CI: 1.40, 1.98) for the fourth quartile. No significant association between Cd exposure and depression was perceived for participants meeting recommended DFI levels.

CONCLUSIONS

Higher blood Cd burden was associated with elevated depression risk, while recommended DFI could alleviate this effect. High-fiber dietary pattern may counteract the deleterious effect of environmental pollutants such as Cd on depression.

CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER

Not applicable.

Managing Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Autoimmune Diseases: Insights from a Nutritional Perspective

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Autoimmune diseases manifest as an immune system response directed against endogenous antigens, exerting a significant influence on a substantial portion of the population. Notably, a leading contributor to morbidity and mortality in this context is cardiovascular disease (CVD). Intriguingly, individuals with autoimmune disorders exhibit a heightened prevalence of CVD compared to the general population. The meticulous management of CV risk factors assumes paramount importance, given the current absence of a standardized solution to this perplexity. This review endeavors to address this challenge from a nutritional perspective.

RECENT FINDINGS

Emerging evidence suggests that inflammation, a common thread in autoimmune diseases, also plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of CVD. Nutritional interventions aimed at reducing inflammation have shown promise in mitigating cardiovascular risk. The integration of nutritional strategies into the management plans for patients with autoimmune diseases offers a holistic approach to reducing cardiovascular risk. While conventional pharmacological treatments remain foundational, the addition of targeted dietary interventions can provide a complementary pathway to improve cardiovascular outcomes.

Improved physicochemical and functional properties of dietary fiber from matcha fermented by Trichoderma viride

The low-grade matcha is rich in insoluble dietary fiber. Trichoderma viride was used to increase the soluble dietary fiber to improve its functional properties. The soluble dietary fiber content increased from 6.74% to 15.24%. Pectin, hemicellulose, maltose, d-xylose, and glucose contents increased by 63.35% and 11.54%, 2.18, 0.11, and 7.04 mg/g, respectively. Trichoderma viride fermentation disrupted the dense structure of insoluble dietary fiber, resulting in a honeycomb structure and improving crystallinity by 22.75%. These structural changes led to an improved cation exchange capacity from 1.69 to 4.22 mmol/g, an increase in the inhibitory effect of α-amylase from 47.38% to 72.04%, and a 2.13-fold in the ferrous ion scavenging ability, and the IC50 values of superoxide anion was reduced from 7.00 to 1.54 mg/mL, respectively. Therefore, Trichoderma viride fermentation is an excellent method for improving the quality of dietary fiber in matcha processing by-products.

Food consumption and dyslipidemia in middle-aged adults in Indonesia: A cross-sectional national study

Background: Most people with abnormal lipid profiles are found in middle-aged adults in Indonesia. Unhealthy food consumption was positively associated with dyslipidemia. In contrast, healthy food consumption, including fruits and vegetables, was inversely associated with dyslipidemia. Aim: The aim of the study was to explore the association between food consumption with dyslipidemia among middle-aged adults in Indonesia. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study using secondary data from the national representative survey of Indonesian Basic Health Research (IBHR) conducted by the National Institute of Health Research Development (NIHRD), Ministry of Health, Indonesia, in 2018. The study recruited 10,608 participants aged from 45 to 59 years old. An unadjusted or adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and a multivariate logistic regression model were performed to evaluate the associations of food consumption with dyslipidemia. Results: Frequent consumption of barbecue and soft drink was significantly correlated with dyslipidemia (OR = 1.149, CI: 1.055-1.251 and OR = 1.202, CI: 1.041-1.388). Frequent consumption of soft drink, and inadequate intakes of fruits and vegetables were significantly correlated with dyslipidemia (OR = 1.254, CI: 1.012-1.553, OR = 1.178, CI: 1.013-1.388, OR = 1.219, CI: 1.011-1.471, respectively) in men. While, frequent consumption of barbecue was significantly correlated with dyslipidemia (OR = 1.203, CI: 1.068-1.355) in women. Conclusion: Frequent consumption of barbecue and soft drink increased the risk of developing dyslipidemia among middle-aged adults in Indonesia.

Fresh-Cooked but Not Cold-Stored Millet Exhibited Remarkable Second Meal Effect Independent of Resistant Starch: A Randomized Crossover Trial

It is well established that cold storage results in increased resistant starch and a reduced glycemic index in carbohydrate food. However, the effects of cold storage on the glycemic response of the second meal of cereals remain unclear. The aim of this study was to compare the postprandial glycemic responses between the paired glutinous and non-glutinous grains, either fresh-cooked or refrigerated, after both the first and second meals. In this randomized crossover trial, eighteen healthy female participants consumed eight test meals, each containing 50 g of carbohydrate, including fresh-cooked non-glutinous and glutinous rice, non-glutinous and glutinous millet, and their refrigerated counterparts (4 °C for 24 h). Postprandial blood glucose and insulin were measured at 240 min and 120 min after breakfast. After a standard lunch, the participants' blood glucose concentrations were measured within 180 min. The rapidly digestible starch (RDS), slowly digestible starch (SDS), and resistant starch (RS) contents of the samples were determined by in vitro enzymatic analysis. Cold-stored non-glutinous rice (CR) and cold-stored non-glutinous millet (CM) had a 24.4% and 29.5% lower incremental area under the curve (iAUCglu) of glucose within 240 min compared to the control (fresh-cooked rice non-glutinous, FR), respectively (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between either the cold or hot glutinous grains and FR with respect to postprandial glycemic and insulinemic parameters. After a standard lunch, the fresh-cooked non-glutinous millet (FM) achieved a 39.1% lower iAUCglu0-180 compared to the FR (p < 0.05). FM had the highest percentage of SDS (64.8%, p < 0.05) among all grain samples. Refrigeration treatment reduced the glycemic excursion only in non-glutinous grains at the first meal, but the FM instead of CM demonstrated a significant second meal effect.

Hepatoprotective, Lipid-Lowering and Antioxidant Effects of Mangaba Powder (Hancornia speciosa) Administered to Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential effects of administering mangaba powder on liver function and somatic, oxidative and lipid metabolism parameters in rats fed a high-fat diet. Prepared mangaba powder has important amounts of phenolic compounds, vitamin C, dietary fiber and oligosaccharides. A total of 32 adult Wistar rats were initially randomized into two groups for the biological assay: normal-fat (NF, n = 16) and high-fat (HF, n = 16) diets for 21 days. These rats were subsequently subdivided into four groups: NF (n = 8), HF (n = 8), normal-fat diet with mangaba powder administration (NFMG, n = 8) and high-fat diet with mangaba powder administration (HFMG, n = 8). The treatment with mangaba powder (400 mg/kg) lasted an additional 28 days. Compared to the HF rats, the HFMG rats showed an 8% reduction in the body mass index. Treatment with mangaba reduced the serum cholesterol by 18%, as well as the hepatic deposition of triacylglycerides by 26% and cholesterol by 25%, in addition to increasing bile acid synthesis by 77% in this organ. Mangaba powder consumption attenuated the degree of hepatic steatosis, reduced lipid peroxidation and increased the serum and hepatic antioxidant capacity in HFMG rats. These results show that the consumption of mangaba powder had lipid-lowering, hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects, especially in HFMG rats, which may be associated with an additive and synergistic action between the bioactive compounds present in the product.

Effects of exercise and dietary interventions on asprosin, leptin, and lipid metabolism in males with abdominal obesity, a randomized controlled trial

Addressing abdominal obesity requires multifaceted strategies, with physical activity and diet playing a pivotal role. The objective of this study was to assess alterations in body composition, adipokine concentrations, insulin resistance parameters, and lipid metabolism in males with abdominal obesity following two distinct interventions: exercise alone and exercise combined with a specific diet. The study involved 44 males with abdominal obesity (average age 34.7 ± 5.5 years, waist circumference [WC] 110.3 ± 8.5), randomly assigned to three groups: an experimental group with aerobic-resistance exercise (EG, n = 16), an experimental group with aerobic-resistance exercise combined with a high-protein, low-glycemic index carbohydrate diet (EDG, n = 16), both interventions lasting 6 weeks, and a control group without interventions (CG, n = 12). Body composition (body mass [BM], body fat percentage [BF%], fat-free mass [FFM], android body fat percentage [ANDR]), as well as biochemical blood analyses (asprosin [ASP], leptin [LEP], quantitative insulin sensitivity check index [QUICKI], and total cholesterol [TC]), were conducted at baseline and after 6 weeks of intervention. The impact of interventions on the analyzed variables among groups was assessed using mixed ANOVA tests with post-hoc comparisons. Effect size (ES) was also evaluated using 𝜂p2. Significant reductions in ASP concentration after intervention were observed in both EG (p = 0.04) and EDG (p = 0.01). However, post-hoc tests revealed a decrease in LEP only in the EDG group (p < 0.01). In EDG substantial decreases after 6 weeks of intervention were noted in BM (p < 0.01), BF% (p < 0.01), ANDR (p < 0.01) and TC (p < 0.01). The most notable increase in FFM was observed in the EDG group (p < 0.01). More favourable metabolic outcomes were confirmed in the group combining diet with exercise, where there was a notable reduction in ASP levels by 16% and LEP by 48% after 6 weeks of intervention, compared to the group undergoing exercise alone.

Multiple health outcomes associated with algae and its extracts supplementation: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses

Algae and its extracts, widely consumed as functional foods, offer numerous health benefits; however, a comprehensive systematic summary of clinical evidence is currently lacking. The study was to assess the available evidence and provide an accurate estimate of the overall effects of algae and its extracts supplementation on various health outcomes. The comprehensive searches in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library until December 22, 2023 were implemented. The random-effects model was employed to pool the overall effect sizes (ESs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using Stata software. Moreover, detecting the methodological quality and evidence level of the eligible studies were employed by A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Review 2 (AMSTAR2) and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation. Ultimately, 25 articles covering 133 health outcomes were included in this umbrella review. The pooled results demonstrated that the algae and its extracts could significantly decrease body weight (ES = -1.65; 95% CI: -1.97, -1.34; p < 0.001), body mass index (BMI) (ES = -0.42; 95% CI: -0.78, -0.07; p = 0.020), waist circumference (WC) (ES = -1.40; 95% CI: -1.40, -1.39; p < 0.001), triglyceride (TG) (ES = -1.38; 95% CI: -2.15, -0.62; p < 0.001), total cholesterol (TC) (ES: -1.40; 95% CI: -2.09, -0.72; p < 0.001), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) (ES = -7.85; 95% CI: -8.55, -7.15; p < 0.001), fasting blood glucose (ES = -2.68; 95% CI: -4.57, -0.79; p = 0.005), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (ES = -0.15; 95% CI: -0.24, -0.07; p < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (ES = -3.21; 95% CI: -5.25, -1.17; p = 0.002), diastolic blood pressure (ES = -3.84; 95% CI: -7.02, -0.65; p = 0.018), alanine transaminase (ES = -0.42; 95% CI: -0.70, -0.14; p = 0.003), and alkaline phosphatase (ES = -0.54; 95% CI: -0.99, -0.10; p = 0.017). Due to the limited number of studies, no benefit was displayed on markers of inflammation and oxidative stress. Considering the suboptimal quality of studies and the insufficient articles pertaining to certain outcomes, further well-designed research is imperative to substantiate the observed findings.

Plasma lipids and glycaemic indices in australians following plant-based diets versus a meat-eating diet

BACKGROUND

Vegan and vegetarian dietary patterns are known to beneficially modulate risk factors for cardiovascular disease; however, the current literature does not differentiate between various plant-based diets. This study aimed to examine the association between various plant-based diets and plasma lipids and glycaemic indices compared to a regular meat-eating diet.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study of Australian adults (n = 230) aged 30-75yrs habitually consuming the following were recruited: vegan, lacto-vegetarian, pesco-vegetarian, semi-vegetarian, or regular meat-eater. Multivariable regression analysis was used to adjust for covariates.

RESULTS

Compared to regular meat-eaters, vegans had significantly lower total cholesterol (-0.77mmol/L,95% CI -1.15, -0.39, P < 0.001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, -0.71mmol/L, 95% CI -1.05, -0.38, P < 0.001), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C, -0.75mmol/L, 95% CI -1.11, -0.39, P < 0.001), total cholesterol/HDL-C-ratio (-0.49mmol/L, 95% CI -0.87, -0.11, P = 0.012), fasting blood glucose (FBG, -0.29mmol/L, 95% CI -0.53, -0.06, P = 0.014), haemoglobin A1C (-1.85mmol/mol, 95% CI -3.00, -0.71, P = 0.002) and insulin (-1.76mU/L, 95% CI -3.26, -0.26, P = 0.021) concentrations. Semi-vegetarians had significantly lower LDL-C (-0.41mmol/L, 95% CI -0.74, -0.08, P = 0.041) and non-HDL-C (-0.40mmol/L, 95% CI -0.76, -0.05, P = 0.026) and lacto-ovo vegetarians had significantly lower FBG (-0.34mmol/L, 95% CI -0.56, -0.11, P = 0.003) compared to regular meat-eaters. There were no differences in HDL-C and triglycerides between plant-based and regular-meat diets.

CONCLUSIONS

Plasma lipaemic and glycaemic measures as a collective were more favourable among vegans, whereas among lacto-ovo vegetarians and semi-vegetarians, only some measures were favourable.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ACTRN12621000743864. Date 6/11/2021.

Positive Effects of Aerobic-Resistance Exercise and an Ad Libitum High-Protein, Low-Glycemic Index Diet on Irisin, Omentin, and Dyslipidemia in Men with Abdominal Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this research was to evaluate changes in body composition, adipokine levels, and dyslipidemia parameters in males with abdominal obesity following two distinct interventions: exercise alone and exercise combined with an ad libitum diet.

METHODS

This study included 44 males with abdominal obesity (mean age 34.7 ± 5.5 years, waist circumference [WC] 110.3 ± 8.5, BMI 32.0 ± 3.9), who were randomly assigned to three groups: an experimental group engaging in aerobic-resistance exercise (II, n = 16), an experimental group engaging in aerobic-resistance exercise combined with an ad libitum high-protein, low-glycemic index carbohydrate diet (III, n = 16), both interventions lasting 6 weeks, and a control group without interventions (I, n = 12). Body composition metrics (body mass index [BMI], waist circumference [WC], body fat [BF], abdominal fat [ABD]) and fat-free mass [FFM], along with biochemical blood analyses (irisin [IR], omentin [OMEN], glucose [GLU], insulin [INS], LDL- and HDL-cholesterol), were measured at baseline and after the 6-week intervention. The effects of the interventions on the analyzed variables across groups were assessed using mixed ANOVA tests with post-hoc comparisons. Effect size (ES) was also calculated using partial eta squared (ηp2).

RESULTS

The intervention in group III resulted in a significant decrease in IR (p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.03) by 41% and LDL-C (p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.02) by 14%. These effects were associated with a reduction in BF (p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.02) by 14%, ABD (p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.03) by 31%, and WC (p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.01) by 3%. In group II, decreases after 6 weeks of intervention were noted only in WC (p = 0.02, ηp2 = 0.01) by 1% and in INS (p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.04) by 47%. No differences were found between groups. The use of low-glycemic index carbohydrates (p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.06) and increased protein intake (p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.30) led to changes in the fiber-to-energy value of the diet ratio (p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.18) and a reduction in dietary energy value (p < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.13) by 23%, resulting in a greater energy deficit than in the II group.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings highlight the effect of combining dietary and exercise interventions to achieve significant changes in body composition and metabolic parameters, even over a short period of intervention.

Mechanisms of Degradation of Insoluble Dietary Fiber from Coconut Chips by Ultra-High Pressure

Coconut chips are a popular leisure food, but the residual crumbly feeling after chewing affects the eating experience. To address this problem, we investigated the mechanism of degradation of insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) from coconut chips by ultra-high pressure (UHP). The optimal conditions for UHP treatment were 100 MPa and 40 min. After UHP treatment, the hardness decreased by 60%, and the content of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) increased by 55%. So far, the meaning of SDF has not been defined. The microstructure of IDF was damaged and the surface was rough. There was no obvious change in the chemical structure. The position of the characteristic diffraction peaks was basically unchanged, but the crystallinity dropped by almost three times. The thermal stability decreased, and the composition of the monosaccharides changed. Together, UHP treatment can improve the problem of the residual crumbly feeling after chewing coconut chips and improve the quality of the product.

The effects of kiwifruit consumption on anthropometric and cardiometabolic indices in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis

The current systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effects of kiwifruit intake on anthropometric indices and key cardiometabolic parameters. Related articles were found by searching PubMed, ISI Web of Science, and Scopus to detect relevant Randomized Clinical Trials (RCTs) and novel systematic reviews relating to kiwi consumption in adults, up to August 2023. The weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias were assessed and reported using standard methods. Six RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. Analyzing overall effect sizes demonstrated a significant reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) levels (WMD: -9.30 mg/dL; 95% CI: -17.56 to -1.04, p = .027), whereas no significant alterations of triglycerides (TG) (WMD: -12.91 mg/dL; 95% CI: -28.17 to 2.34, p = .097), total cholesterol (TC) (WMD: -7.66 mg/dL; 95% CI: -17.85 to 2.52, p = .141), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) (WMD: 2.87 mg/dL; 95% CI: -0.36 to 6.11, p = .141), fasting blood glucose (FBG) (WMD: 1.06 mg/dL; 95% CI: -1.43 to 3.56, p = .404), C-reactive protein (CRP) (WMD: 0.15 mg/dL; 95% CI: -0.40, 0.70, p = .0598), body weight (BW) (WMD: 0.85 kg; 95% CI: -1.34 to 3.04, p = .448), body mass index (BMI) (WMD: 0.04 kg/m2; 95% CI: -0.75 to 0.83, p = .920), and waist circumference (WC) (WMD: 0.18 cm; 95% CI: -1.81 to 2.19, p = .855) were found. Our findings suggest that consuming kiwifruit does not have a significant impact on anthropometric indices and cardiometabolic factors, except for LDL-C levels.

Gut Dysbiosis and Dietary Interventions in Rheumatoid Arthritis-A Narrative Review

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic and progressive autoimmune disease. The pathogenesis of RA is complex and involves interactions between articular cells, such as fibroblast-like synoviocytes, and immune cells. These cells secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, metalloproteinases and other molecules that together participate in joint degradation. The current evidence suggests the important immunoregulatory role of the gut microbiome, which can affect susceptibility to diseases and infections. An altered microbiome, a phenomenon known as gut dysbiosis, is associated with the development of inflammatory diseases. Importantly, the profile of the gut microbiome depends on dietary habits. Therefore, dietary elements and interventions can indirectly impact the progression of diseases. This review summarises the evidence on the involvement of gut dysbiosis and diet in the pathogenesis of RA.

The Consumption of the Fibrous Fraction of Solanum lycocarpum St. Hil. Does Not Preserve the Intestinal Mucosa in TNBS-Induced Rats

Solanum lycocarpum St. Hil. is considered a natural anti-inflammatory. In traditional medicine, it is used to reduce cholesterol levels in the treatment of obesity. Foods capable of conferring a protective and nutritious effect have been used to prevent or attenuate the clinical symptoms of inflammatory bowel diseases. Ulcerative colitis is a multifactorial inflammatory bowel disease. This study investigated the impact of the consumption of the fibrous fraction (FF) and resistant starch (RS) of fruta-do-lobo in an experimental model of colitis induced with the use 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS) in rats. The different colitis groups all experienced decreased weight gain, which could be linked to the inflammatory process (p = 0.603). Additionally, the experimental model led to increased oxidative stress, higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the elevated gene expression of these cytokines. Despite this, consuming the fibrous fraction of fruta-do-lobo (RS and FF) did not appear to protect the animals against the inflammatory process. Regarding the expression of TNF-α, only the group treated with the drug mesalamine had a reduced serum level of this inflammatory marker (p = 0.03). Our results showed that the diet containing RS and FF did not protect the intestinal mucosa against TNBS inflammation. New studies on the variation in the time of consumption or the supplemented dose of fruta-do-lobo fibers could help to elucidate their effects in protecting the mucosa.

A global analysis of the burden of ischemic heart disease attributable to diet low in fiber between 1990 and 2019

AIM

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) represents a major cardiovascular condition heavily influenced by dietary factors. This study endeavors to assess the global, regional, and temporal impact of low-fiber diets on the burden of IHD.

METHOD

Leveraging data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study, we analyzed the worldwide burden of IHD resulting from diet low in fiber using indices including death and disability-adjusted life years (DALY). This burden was further segmented based on variables including regions and countries. To track the evolution from 1990 to 2019, we utilized the Joinpoint regression model to estimate the temporal trend of IHD burden stemming from low-fiber diets.

RESULTS

In 2019, a total of 348.85 thousand (95%UI: 147.57, 568.31) deaths and 7942.96 thousand (95%UI: 3373.58,12978.29) DALY (95% UI: 707.88, 1818) of IHD were attributed to diet low in fiber globally. These figures correspond to 3.82% of all IHD deaths and 4.36% of total IHD DALYs. The age-standardized death and DALY rates per 100,000 individuals were 4.48 (95% UI: 1.90,7.27) and 97.4(95%UI: 41.44, 158.88) respectively. However, significant regional disparities emerged in these age-standardized rates, with South Asia and Central Asia experiencing the highest rates. Between 1990 and 2019, we observed that most regions displayed a downward trend of the age-standardized DALY and death rate of IHD resulting from low-fiber diets, except for Central Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Sub-Saharan Africa.

CONCLUSION

Our analysis underscores the substantial toll of IHD associated with low-fiber diets, particularly considering the significant regional variations. Therefore, it is imperative to sustain efforts to implement effective measures aimed at enhancing fiber intake worldwide, particularly in countries with lower socio-demographic indices.

2024 KSoLA consensus on secondary dyslipidemia

Elevated blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels induced by secondary causes are frequently observed. The identification and appropriate handling of these causes are essential for secondary dyslipidemia treatment. Major secondary causes of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia include an unhealthy diet, diseases and metabolic conditions affecting lipid levels, and therapeutic side effects. It is imperative to correct secondary causes prior to initiating conventional lipid-lowering therapy. Guideline-based lipid therapy can then be administered based on the subsequent lipid levels.

2024 KSoLA Consensus on Secondary Dyslipidemia

Elevated blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels induced by secondary causes are frequently observed. The identification and appropriate handling of these causes are essential for secondary dyslipidemia treatment. Major secondary causes of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia include an unhealthy diet, diseases and metabolic conditions affecting lipid levels, and therapeutic side effects. It is imperative to correct secondary causes prior to initiating conventional lipid-lowering therapy. Guideline-based lipid therapy can then be administered based on the subsequent lipid levels.

Nano-encapsulation of epigallocatechin gallate using starch nanoparticles: Characterization and insights on in vitro micellar cholesterol solubility

The present work investigates the in vitro cholesterol reduction bioactivity of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) prior to and after nano-encapsulation using potato starch nanoparticle (SNP) as wall material. EGCG encapsulation in potato SNPs was achieved through a green inclusion complexation method. The encapsulated EGCG was characterized for its morphology, thermal, and crystalline properties using FESEM, DSC, XRD, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) studies. The bioactivity of EGCG to reduce gut cholesterol was studied using in vitro micellar cholesterol solubility study. The encapsulated EGCG exhibited enhanced thermal and crystalline properties. The FESEM results indicated successful nano-encapsulation of EGCG at 20-120 nm diameter. The melting point enhanced from 225.7°C in EGCG to 282.9°C in encapsulated EGCG. The crystallinity also enhanced and could be observed through the increased intensity in the encapsulated EGCG. The FTIR results affirmed a shifting of peaks at 3675, 2927, 1730, and 1646 cm-1, which corresponds to formation of new H bonds and confirms successful encapsulation of EGCG in SNPs. Further, EGCG had significantly reduced the cholesterol concentration by 91.63% as observed through the in vitro micellar inhibition study. The encapsulated EGCG was not able to reduce cholesterol as observed in the in vitro micellar cholesterol solubility study. This effect occurred due to the unavailability of EGCG after it formed a complex with SNPs. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study first investigates the utilization of newly synthesized potato starch nanoparticles as a coating material for nano-encapsulation of EGCG. The enhanced thermal and crystalline properties of these nanoparticles contribute to improved attributes in the nano-encapsulated EGCG. Such properties hold promise for applications in functional food matrices subjected to high-temperature processing, including functional cookies, bread, and cakes. Furthermore, this research explores the bioactivity of EGCG concerning its capacity to reduce gut cholesterol levels. It also examines the potential application of nano-encapsulated EGCG in lowering gut cholesterol through a micellar solubility study.

A review of healthy role of dietary fiber in modulating chronic diseases

Dietary fiber (DF) is considered an interventional diet beneficial for human health. High DF intake effectively reduces the incidence of three major chronic diseases, type 2 diabetes (T2DM), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and colorectal cancer (CRC). The health benefits of DF are closely related to their physicochemical properties with major positive roles in human digestion and intestinal health. However, mechanisms linking DF with diseases remain unclear. The development of genomics, metabolomics, and immunology, and the powerful combination of animal models and clinical trials, have facilitated a better understanding of the relationships between DF and diseases. Accumulating evidence suggests that the physical existence of DF and DF-microbiota interaction are the key parameters controlling the action mechanisms of DF in chronic diseases. Therefore, this review discusses the potential mechanism of DF modulating T2DM, CVD, and CRC, therefore providing a theoretical basis for more effective use of DF to intervene in chronic diseases.

Impact of Novel Foods on the Human Gut Microbiome: Current Status

The microbiome is a complex ecosystem of microorganisms that inhabit a specific environment. It plays a significant role in human health, from food digestion to immune system strengthening. The "Novel Foods" refer to foods or ingredients that have not been consumed by humans in the European Union before 1997. Currently, there is growing interest in understanding how "Novel Foods" affect the microbiome and human health. The aim of this review was to assess the effects of "Novel Foods" on the human gut microbiome. Research was conducted using scientific databases, focusing on the literature published since 2000, with an emphasis on the past decade. In general, the benefits derived from this type of diet are due to the interaction between polyphenols, oligosaccharides, prebiotics, probiotics, fibre content, and the gut microbiome, which selectively promotes specific microbial species and increases microbial diversity. More research is being conducted on the consumption of novel foods to demonstrate how they affect the microbiome and, thus, human health. Consumption of novel foods with health-promoting properties should be further explored to maintain the diversity and functionality of the gut microbiome as a potential tool to prevent the onset and progression of chronic diseases.

Deciphering the complex interplay of obesity, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and tight junction remodeling: Unraveling potential therapeutic avenues

Obesity stands as a formidable global health challenge, predisposing individuals to a plethora of chronic illnesses such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. A confluence of genetic polymorphisms, suboptimal dietary choices, and sedentary lifestyles significantly contribute to the elevated incidence of obesity. This multifaceted health issue profoundly disrupts homeostatic equilibrium at both organismal and cellular levels, with marked alterations in gut permeability as a salient consequence. The intricate mechanisms underlying these alterations have yet to be fully elucidated. Still, evidence suggests that heightened inflammatory cytokine levels and the remodeling of tight junction (TJ) proteins, particularly claudins, play a pivotal role in the manifestation of epithelial barrier dysfunction in obesity. Strategic targeting of proteins implicated in these pathways and metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids presents a promising intervention for restoring barrier functionality among individuals with obesity. Nonetheless, recognizing the heterogeneity among affected individuals is paramount; personalized medical interventions or dietary regimens tailored to specific genetic backgrounds and allergy profiles may prove indispensable. This comprehensive review delves into the nexus of obesity, tight junction remodeling, and barrier dysfunction, offering a critical appraisal of potential therapeutic interventions.

Effectiveness of High-Fiber, Plant-Based Diets in Reducing Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Systematic Review

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a prominent contributor to morbidity and mortality, particularly in the middle-aged and elderly population. Plant-based, high-fiber diets high in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, and nuts can significantly lower CVD risk factors. This systematic review aims to assess how effectively diet improves cardiovascular health in this demographic. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria, we thoroughly searched PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov, explicitly focusing on papers published in English. The review identified 10 pertinent papers, including three systematic reviews, one randomized-controlled trial (RCT), two observational studies, and four review articles demonstrating significant improvements in blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and glycemic management associated with high-fiber plant-based diets (PBDs). The research specifically emphasized the significance of dietary fiber in decreasing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, enhancing insulin sensitivity, and reducing systemic inflammation. These data support the concept that PBDs high in fiber can effectively lower CVD risk factors. However, limitations such as self-reported dietary intake and variability in adherence were noted. In conclusion, high-fiber PBDs are a viable strategy for managing and preventing CVD in middle-aged and older adults. Future research should focus on long-term adherence, the comparative benefits of different plant-based foods, and developing personalized dietary recommendations to optimize cardiovascular health outcomes in this population.

Foodomics-based metabolites profiling of the Greek yogurt incorporated with unripened papaya peel powder

The food waste of the fruit processing industry is rich in many bio-active components such as polysaccharides, polyphenols, peptides, etc. that own multifaceted health benefits. The valorization of this waste is an intriguing optimization method for various dairy products. Meanwhile, LC-MS-based foodomics has been an emerging approach for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of dairy foods. Untargeted metabolomics has been done of the optimized functional yogurt that contains different levels of unripened papaya peel powder (UPPP) using high-resolution mass spectroscopy for analysis of added bio-active components in the matrix. UPPP comprises a high content of phytochemicals which could give functionality and therapeutic effect to the Greek yogurt. A total of 36 functional metabolites have been identified which have various health-beneficial attributes. Kaempferol, ostruthin, putative carpaine derivatives, etc. are some of the metabolites of high importance with a wide area coverage in the metabolome. This work highlights the bioactivity of the UPPP and its prebiotic properties added to the functional yogurt as an independent ingredient. The incorporated plant-based ingredients like UPPP can effectively enhance the functional attributes of Greek yogurt, which is a potential synbiotic food.

Higher Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates Following Ingestion of an Omnivorous Meal Compared with an Isocaloric and Isonitrogenous Vegan Meal in Healthy, Older Adults

BACKGROUND

Plant-derived proteins are considered to have fewer anabolic properties when compared with animal-derived proteins. The anabolic properties of isolated proteins do not necessarily reflect the anabolic response to the ingestion of whole foods. The presence or absence of the various components that constitute the whole-food matrix can strongly impact protein digestion and amino acid absorption and, as such, modulate postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates. So far, no study has compared the anabolic response following ingestion of an omnivorous compared with a vegan meal.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to compare postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates following ingestion of a whole-food omnivorous meal providing 100 g lean ground beef with an isonitrogenous, isocaloric whole-food vegan meal in healthy, older adults.

METHODS

In a randomized, counter-balanced, cross-over design, 16 older (65-85 y) adults (8 males, 8 females) underwent 2 test days. On one day, participants consumed a whole-food omnivorous meal containing beef as the primary source of protein (0.45 g protein/kg body mass; MEAT). On the other day, participants consumed an isonitrogenous and isocaloric whole-food vegan meal (PLANT). Primed continuous L-[ring-13C6]-phenylalanine infusions were applied with blood and muscle biopsies being collected frequently for 6 h to assess postprandial plasma amino acid profiles and muscle protein synthesis rates. Data are presented as means ± standard deviations and were analyzed by 2 way-repeated measures analysis of variance and paired-samples t tests.

RESULTS

MEAT increased plasma essential amino acid concentrations more than PLANT over the 6-h postprandial period (incremental area under curve 87 ± 37 compared with 38 ± 54 mmol·6 h/L, respectively; P-interaction < 0.01). Ingestion of MEAT resulted in ∼47% higher postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates when compared with the ingestion of PLANT (0.052 ± 0.023 and 0.035 ± 0.021 %/h, respectively; paired-samples t test: P = 0.037).

CONCLUSIONS

Ingestion of a whole-food omnivorous meal containing beef results in greater postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates when compared with the ingestion of an isonitrogenous whole-food vegan meal in healthy, older adults. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT05151887.

Investigating the physicochemical characteristics and importance of insoluble dietary fiber extracted from legumes: An in-depth study on its biological functions

Legumes are widely appreciated for their abundant reserves of insoluble dietary fiber, which are characterized by their high fiber content and diverse bioactive compounds. Insoluble dietary fiber in leguminous crops is primarily localized in the structural cell walls and outer integument and exhibits strong hydrophilic properties that enable water absorption and volumetric expansion, resulting in increased food bulk and viscosity. This contributes to enhanced satiety and accelerated gastrointestinal transit. The benefits of legume insoluble dietary fiber extend to its notable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties, as well as its ability to modulate the composition of the intestinal microbiota, promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria while suppressing the proliferation of harmful pathogens, thereby promoting optimal intestinal health. It is highly valued as a valuable thickening agent, stabilizer, and emulsifier, contributing to the texture and stability of a wide range of food products.

[Bioactive components of whole grain and their effect on health]

Introduction

Non-communicable diseases represent a global health burden with increasing prevalence. To prevent or improve this type of diseases, dietary strategies based on healthy foods have been suggested. Cereals are the most consumed foods in the world and preventive effects of whole grains on health have been described. The germ and bran of cereals are abundant in bioactive compounds, including phytochemicals, vitamins, minerals and fibers, and these compounds are effective in preventing and improving non-communicable diseases. This review analyzes the content and distribution of the primary components of whole grains (wheat, barley, oats, rice and black wheat) and their fractions, focusing on the mechanisms by which phenolic acids and dietary fiber contribute to reducing the risk of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases and cancer. There is clear evidence of the broad cellular and physiological effects of bioactive compounds in whole grains, supporting the health value of a diet rich in whole grains.

The effects of cereal β-glucans on cardiovascular risk factors and the role of the gut microbiome

The human gut microbiome has emerged as a key influencer of human health and disease, particularly through interactions with dietary fiber. However, national dietary guidelines worldwide are only beginning to capitalize on the potential of microbiome research, which has established the vital role of host-microbe interactions in mediating the physiological effects of diet on overall health and disease. β-glucans have been demonstrated to modulate the composition of the gut microbiota, leading to improved outcomes in cardiovascular disease (CVD). Raised serum cholesterol and blood pressure are important modifiable risk factors in the development of CVD and emerging evidence highlights the role of the gut microbiota in ameliorating such biomarkers and clinical characteristics of the disease. The proposed mechanism of action of β-glucans on the pathophysiological mechanisms of disease have yet to be elucidated. Validating gaps in the literature may substantiate β-glucans as a potential novel dietary therapy against modifiable risk factors for CVD and would further support the public health significance of including a habitual fiber-rich diet.

Effect of different forms of coconut on the lipid profile in normal free-living healthy subjects: A randomized controlled trial (Phase II)

Background

It has been postulated that the lipid effects of coconut could be mediated by its fatty acids, fiber and lysine/arginine ratio. Hence, the lipid effects of coconut oil could be different from the effects of the kernel flakes or milk extract because the constituents could be different in each coconut preparation. The present research investigated the lipid effects of different modes of coconut used in food preparation.

Methods

This study involved a total of 190 participants, randomized into four groups, which received coconut oil supplement (30 ml) (n = 53), kernel flakes (30 g) (n = 52) or coconut milk powder (30 g) (n = 44) for a period of 8 weeks. The control group (n = 41) received no supplement. Lipid assays were performed at baseline and at the end of the 4th and 8th weeks. The generalized estimating equations (GEE), ANOVA, and paired and independent t-tests were used in the analysis.

Result

The age range of the participants was 25-60 years, and 52.6% of them (n = 100) were men. Coconut milk supplementation induced beneficial changes in the lipid profile in that the LDL and non-HDL levels decreased while the HDL levels increased. The subgroup whose baseline LDL level was elevated appeared to benefit most from coconut milk supplementation. Coconut oil and kernel flakes failed to induce favorable lipid changes comparable to coconut milk supplementation.

Conclusion

Differing concentrations of protein, fat and fiber in coconut preparations could possibly explain the dissimilar effects on the lipid profile caused by the different coconut preparations. The benefits of coconut milk seen in the high basal LDL subgroup warrant a detailed study.

Fermented dietary fiber from soy sauce residue exerts antidiabetic effects through regulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and gut microbiota-SCFAs-GPRs axis in type 2 diabetic mellitus mice

The gut plays a crucial role in the development and progression of metabolic disorders, particularly in relation to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). While a high intake of dietary fiber is inversely associated with the risk of T2DM, the specific effects of various dietary fibers on T2DM are not fully understood. This study investigated the anti-diabetic properties of fermented dietary fiber (FDF) derived from soy sauce residue in T2DM mice, demonstrating its ability to lower blood glucose levels and ameliorate insulin resistance. Our findings revealed that FDF could enhance hepatic glucose metabolism via the IRS-1/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Additionally, the anti-diabetic effect of FDF was correlated with alterations in gut microbiota composition in T2DM mice, promoting a healthier gut environment. Specifically, FDF increased the abundance of beneficial flora such as Dubosiella, Butyricimonas, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Lactobacillus and Osillibacter, while reducing harmful bacteria including Bilophila, Parabacteroides and Enterorhabdus. Further analysis of microbial metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and bile acids (BAs), provided evidence of FDF's regulatory effects on cecal contents in T2DM mice. Importantly, FDF treatment significantly restored the G-protein-coupled receptors (GPRs) expression in the colon of T2DM mice. In conclusion, our study suggests that the anti-diabetic effects of FDF are associated with the regulation of both the liver-gut axis and the gut microbiota-SCFAs-GPRs axis.

Identification of novel genes associated with atherosclerosis in Bama miniature pig

BACKGROUND

Atherosclerosis is a chronic cardiovascular disease of great concern. However, it is difficult to establish a direct connection between conventional small animal models and clinical practice. The pig's genome, physiology, and anatomy reflect human biology better than other laboratory animals, which is crucial for studying the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

METHODS

We used whole-genome sequencing data from nine Bama minipigs to perform a genome-wide linkage analysis, and further used bioinformatic tools to filter and identify underlying candidate genes. Candidate gene function prediction was performed using the online prediction tool STRING 12.0. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were used to detect the expression of proteins encoded by candidate genes.

RESULTS

We mapped differential single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to genes and obtained a total of 102 differential genes, then we used GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis to identify four candidate genes, including SLA-1, SLA-2, SLA-3, and TAP2. nsSNPs cause changes in the primary and tertiary structures of SLA-I and TAP2 proteins, the primary structures of these two proteins have undergone amino acid changes, and the tertiary structures also show slight changes. In addition, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence results showed that the expression changes of TAP2 protein in coronary arteries showed a trend of increasing from the middle layer to the inner layer.

CONCLUSIONS

We have identified SLA-I and TAP2 as potential susceptibility genes of atherosclerosis, highlighting the importance of antigen processing and immune response in atherogenesis.

Evaluation of the Influence of Hypolipidemic Medication on Albino Wistar Rats' Bone Tissue by NMR Diffusiometry

Introduction: The ongoing concern of the medical profession regarding chronic medication is related to increasing patient adherence and compliance to treatment and reducing medication side effects. In this respect, drugs represented by fixed-dose combinations of active substances within the same tablet have emerged. Such a principle can be extrapolated by following the potential beneficial effects that a chronic medication can have on chronic pathologies affecting different systems. Materials and Methods: The study included 48 female Albino Wistar rats, aged 16-18 months, which were divided into two groups: ovariectomized and non-ovariectomized rats. One batch of 12 non-ovariectomized rats received no treatment, becoming a control batch (NOVX-M). The ovariectomized (OVX) group was divided into 3 batches of 12 rats each: no treatment, control (OVX-M), fenofibrate-treated (OVX-F) and statin-treated (OVX-S) rats. At 12 weeks after ovariectomy, a femoral fracture occurred in the right hind limb of all animals included in the experiment To reveal the changes, at intervals of 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks post-fracture, the proximal part of the femur was evaluated by NMR diffusiometry, which allows random motion of proton molecules expressed by self-diffusion coefficients, D, thus allowing analysis of the size and complexity of microscopic order cavities within biological structures, such as pores inside bones. Results: The effects of hypolipidemic medication in the absence of estrogen were evidenced, proving the beneficial effect that fenofibrate can have in preserving healthy tissue exposed to osteoporotic risk during the menopausal period. The effects of lipid-lowering medication are also influenced by the duration of administration. Conclusions: Osteoporosis and heart disease are two chronic pathologies that affect mainly female population in the second half of life, and proving the dual therapeutic potential of lipid-lowering medication may also have positive effects by increasing adherence and compliance to treatment.

Unraveling the Microbiome-Human Body Axis: A Comprehensive Examination of Therapeutic Strategies, Interactions and Implications

This review scrutinizes the intricate interplay between the microbiome and the human body, exploring its multifaceted dimensions and far-reaching implications. The human microbiome, comprising diverse microbial communities inhabiting various anatomical niches, is increasingly recognized as a critical determinant of human health and disease. Through an extensive examination of current research, this review elucidates the dynamic interactions between the microbiome and host physiology across multiple organ systems. Key topics include the establishment and maintenance of microbiota diversity, the influence of host factors on microbial composition, and the bidirectional communication pathways between microbiota and host cells. Furthermore, we delve into the functional implications of microbiome dysbiosis in disease states, emphasizing its role in shaping immune responses, metabolic processes, and neurological functions. Additionally, this review discusses emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating the microbiome to restore host-microbe homeostasis and promote health. Microbiota fecal transplantation represents a groundbreaking therapeutic approach in the management of dysbiosis-related diseases, offering a promising avenue for restoring microbial balance within the gut ecosystem. This innovative therapy involves the transfer of fecal microbiota from a healthy donor to an individual suffering from dysbiosis, aiming to replenish beneficial microbial populations and mitigate pathological imbalances. By synthesizing findings from diverse fields, this review offers valuable insights into the complex relationship between the microbiome and the human body, highlighting avenues for future research and clinical interventions.

Neoagarotetraose Alleviates Atherosclerosis via Modulating Cholesterol and Bile Acid Metabolism in ApoE-/- Mice

Atherosclerosis is closely associated with metabolic disorders such as cholesterol accumulation, bile acid metabolism, and gut dysbiosis. Neoagarotetraose supplementation has been shown to inhibit obesity and alleviate type 2 diabetes, but its effects on modulating the development of atherosclerosis remain unexplored. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the protective effects and potential mechanisms of neoagarotetraose on high-fat, high-cholesterol diet (HFHCD)-induced atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. The results showed that neoagarotetraose supplementation decreased the atherosclerotic lesion area by 50.1% and the aortic arch lesion size by 80.4% compared to the HFHCD group. Furthermore, neoagarotetraose supplementation led to a significant reduction in hepatic lipid content, particularly non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. It also resulted in a substantial increase in total bile acid content in both urine and fecal samples by 3.0-fold and 38.7%, respectively. Moreover, neoagarotetraose supplementation effectively downregulated the intestinal farnesoid X receptor by 35.8% and modulated the expressions of its associated genes in both the liver and intestine. In addition, correlation analysis revealed strong associations between gut microbiota composition and fecal bile acid levels. These findings highlight the role of gut microbiota in neoagarotetraose-mitigating atherosclerosis in HFHCD-fed ApoE-/- mice. This study indicates the potential of neoagarotetraose as a functional dietary supplement for the prevention of atherosclerosis.

Increasing dietary fiber intake for type 2 diabetes mellitus management: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic, non-communicable disease with a substantial global impact, affecting a significant number of individuals. Its etiology is closely tied to imbalanced dietary practices and sedentary lifestyles. Conversely, increasing die-tary fiber (DF) intake has consistently demonstrated health benefits in numerous studies, including improvements in glycemic control and weight management.

AIM

To investigate the efficacy of DF interventions in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

METHODS

A systematic literature review was conducted to explore the association between DF intake and the management of T2DM. Following the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 26 studies were included in this review.

RESULTS

The main strategies implied to increased DF intake were: High DF diet plus acarbose (2 studies); DF supplements (14 studies); and high DF diets (10 studies). Overall, most studies indicated that increased DF intake resulted in im-provements in glycemic control and weight management in T2DM patients.

CONCLUSION

DF represents a valuable strategy in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, improving health outcomes. DF intake offers the potential to improve quality of life and reduce complications and mortality associated with diabetes. Likewise, through supplements or enriched foods, DF contributes significantly to the control of several markers such as HbA1c, blood glucose, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, and body weight.

The role of different nutrients in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases

Cardiovascular health is a hot topic around the world, and as the incidence of cardiovascular disease increases each year, people are increasingly focusing on the management of their heart health. Dietary and lifestyle changes as non-pharmacological treatments have been increasingly recognized as important in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and in reducing the risk of cardiovascular accidents. Awareness of different nutrients and their effects on cardiovascular health is important for establishing a good dietary pattern. This review summarizes the effects of the five major nutrients in the daily diet, namely carbohydrates, proteins, dietary fats, vitamins, and minerals, on cardiovascular health, and aims to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the effects of a healthy dietary pattern on cardiovascular health.

Impact of fundamental components of the Mediterranean diet on the microbiota composition in blood pressure regulation

BACKGROUND

The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) is a widely studied dietary pattern reflecting the culinary traditions of Mediterranean regions. High adherence to MedDiet correlates with reduced blood pressure and lower cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence and mortality. Furthermore, microbiota, influenced by diet, plays a crucial role in cardiovascular health, and dysbiosis in CVD patients suggests the possible beneficial effects of microbiota modulation on blood pressure. The MedDiet, rich in fiber and polyphenols, shapes a distinct microbiota, associated with higher biodiversity and positive health effects. The review aims to describe how various Mediterranean diet components impact gut microbiota, influencing blood pressure dynamics.

MAIN BODY

The MedDiet promotes gut health and blood pressure regulation through its various components. For instance, whole grains promote a healthy gut microbiota given that they act as substrates leading to the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that can modulate the immune response, preserve gut barrier integrity, and regulate energy metabolism. Other components of the MedDiet, including olive oil, fuits, vegetables, red wine, fish, and lean proteins, have also been associated with blood pressure and gut microbiota regulation.

CONCLUSION

The MedDiet is a dietary approach that offers several health benefits in terms of cardiovascular disease management and its associated risk factors, including hypertension. Furthermore, the intake of MedDiet components promote a favorable gut microbiota environment, which, in turn, has been shown that aids in other physiological processes like blood pressure regulation.

Role of nutrition and healthy lifestyle, for individuals in primary prevention: recent data, gaps in evidence and future directions

All recent guidelines on cardiovascular prevention have highlighted the role of a healthy diet and lifestyle advocating an holistic approach to reduce the cardiovascular burden among the population. Despite these efforts, registries have reported that only a minority of healthcare professionals provide advice on diet and lifestyle, and, in most cases, counseling is suboptimal for several reasons. Cardiovascular benefits linked to lifestyle and nutrition seem to be underestimated by many patients and doctors. This overview aims to summarize well-established benefits related to lifestyle and nutrition, discuss the current debates in this field in order to improve awareness among the medical community and promote better implementation of non-pharmaceutical measures to prevent the occurrence of atherothrombotic events, by reducing cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity.

Exploring the Ecological Implications, Gastronomic Applications, and Nutritional and Therapeutic Potential of Juglans regia L. (Green Walnut): A Comprehensive Review

The green walnut, which is frequently overlooked in favor of its more mature sibling, is becoming a topic of great significance because of its unique ecological role, culinary flexibility, and therapeutic richness. The investigation of the bioactive substances found in green walnuts and their possible effects on human health has therapeutic potential. Juglans regia L. is an important ecological component that affects soil health, biodiversity, and the overall ecological dynamic in habitats. Comprehending and recording these consequences are essential for environmental management and sustainable land-use strategies. Regarding cuisine, while black walnuts are frequently the main attraction, green walnuts have distinct tastes and textures that are used in a variety of dishes. Culinary innovation and the preservation of cultural food heritage depend on the understanding and exploration of these gastronomic characteristics. Omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals are abundant in green walnuts, which have a comprehensive nutritional profile. Walnuts possess a wide range of pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and cognitive-function-enhancing properties. Consuming green walnuts as part of one's diet helps with antioxidant defense, cardiovascular health, and general well-being. Juglans regia L., with its distinctive flavor and texture combination, is not only a delicious food but also supports sustainable nutrition practices. This review explores the nutritional and pharmacological properties of green walnuts, which can be further used for studies in various food and pharmaceutical applications.

The Role of Nutrition in the Development and Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a prevalent lung condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The management of COPD classically involves pulmonary rehabilitation, bronchodilators, and corticosteroids. An aspect of COPD management that is currently lacking in the literature is nutritional management, despite the prevalence of inadequate nutritional status in patients with COPD. In addition, certain nutritional imbalances have been reported to increase the risk of COPD development. This review summarizes the current literature on the role diet and nutrients may play in the risk and management of COPD development.

Matcha Green Tea: Chemical Composition, Phenolic Acids, Caffeine and Fatty Acid Profile

Matcha-Japanese powdered tea-is a variety of green tea (Camellia sinensis L.), one of the most popular beverages in the world. Due to the unique way it is grown, it contains high concentrations of health-promoting phytochemicals. The aim of this study was to determine the basic nutritional and phenolic composition of dry matcha green tea powder. The fibre content was determined according to the enzymatic-gravimetric method. Crude protein was measured by the Kjeldahl method. The total fat content was measured by the Soxhlet method, and the fatty acid profile was defined by the GC method. The determination of the phenolic acid and caffeine content was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The total fibre content of matcha was 56.1 g/100 g, with 52.8 g/100 g (94.1% of total fibre) of insoluble dietary fibre and 3.3 g/100 g of soluble fibre (5.9% of total fibre). The total protein content was 17.3 g/100 g. The total fat content in dry matcha was 7.285 g/100 g, comprising varying proportions of individual fatty acids, the highest ones being those of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid. The caffeine content of matcha tea was 2213.492 µg/g. With regard to phenolic acids, the highest content was estimated for gallic acid (252.3755 µg/g). Matcha showed a particularly high content of total dietary fibre, with a predominance of the insoluble fraction. Matcha was found to be a valuable source of plant protein and unsaturated fatty acids, mostly of the omega-3 fatty acid family.

Association between the dietary inflammatory index and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Inflammation is pivotal in atherosclerosis development. The dietary inflammatory index (DII) is a tool to quantify the overall inflammatory potential of diet. The association between DII and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in ASCVD patients remains undetermined.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Participants included individuals with ASCVD from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2018. A total of 5006 participants were included, during a median of 6.6 years of follow-up, of which 2220 (44.4 %) were dead. The Cox proportional hazard model evaluated the association between DII and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Participants in the higher DII quartile exhibited a higher mortality of ASCVD. Compared with the patients in quartile 1, those in quartile 4 had a 34 % increased risk for all-cause mortality (HR = 1.34, 95 % CI = 1.21-1.61, p = 0.001). Cardiovascular mortality showed a similar trend, however the correlation is not significant. The restricted cubic spline (RCS) showed that the relationship between DII and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality was linear. Subgroup analysis revealed a persistently positive association between DII and all-causemortality across population subgroups. However, an interaction was detected between DII and alcohol history in relation to cardiovascular mortality.

CONCLUSION

DII was positively correlated with the all-cause mortality of ASCVD patients. The intake of a pro-inflammatory diet may increase mortality in ASCVD patients.