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McLean NH, Haszard JJ, Daniels L, Taylor RW, Wheeler BJ, Conlon CA, Beck KL, von Hurst PR, Te Morenga LA, McArthur J, Paul R, Katiforis I, Brown KJ, Gash MC, Rowan MM, Casale M, Cox AM, Jones EA, Jupiterwala RM, Bruckner B, Fleming L, Heath ALM. Baby Food Pouches, Baby-Led Weaning, and Iron Status in New Zealand Infants: An Observational Study. Nutrients 2024; 16:1494. [PMID: 38794732 PMCID: PMC11124519 DOI: 10.3390/nu16101494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency in infants can impact development, and there are concerns that the use of baby food pouches and baby-led weaning may impair iron status. First Foods New Zealand (FFNZ) was an observational study of 625 New Zealand infants aged 6.9 to 10.1 months. Feeding methods were defined based on parental reports of infant feeding at "around 6 months of age": "frequent" baby food pouch use (five+ times per week) and "full baby-led weaning" (the infant primarily self-feeds). Iron status was assessed using a venepuncture blood sample. The estimated prevalence of suboptimal iron status was 23%, but neither feeding method significantly predicted body iron concentrations nor the odds of iron sufficiency after controlling for potential confounding factors including infant formula intake. Adjusted ORs for iron sufficiency were 1.50 (95% CI: 0.67-3.39) for frequent pouch users compared to non-pouch users and 0.91 (95% CI: 0.45-1.87) for baby-led weaning compared to traditional spoon-feeding. Contrary to concerns, there was no evidence that baby food pouch use or baby-led weaning, as currently practiced in New Zealand, were associated with poorer iron status in this age group. However, notable levels of suboptimal iron status, regardless of the feeding method, emphasise the ongoing need for paying attention to infant iron nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neve H. McLean
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (N.H.M.); (I.K.); (M.C.G.); (M.M.R.); (B.B.); (L.F.)
| | | | - Lisa Daniels
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (L.D.); (R.W.T.); (J.M.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Rachael W. Taylor
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (L.D.); (R.W.T.); (J.M.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Benjamin J. Wheeler
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand;
| | - Cathryn A. Conlon
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand; (C.A.C.); (K.L.B.); (P.R.v.H.); (R.P.); (K.J.B.); (M.C.); (E.A.J.); (R.M.J.)
| | - Kathryn L. Beck
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand; (C.A.C.); (K.L.B.); (P.R.v.H.); (R.P.); (K.J.B.); (M.C.); (E.A.J.); (R.M.J.)
| | - Pamela R. von Hurst
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand; (C.A.C.); (K.L.B.); (P.R.v.H.); (R.P.); (K.J.B.); (M.C.); (E.A.J.); (R.M.J.)
| | - Lisa A. Te Morenga
- Research Centre for Hauora and Health, Massey University, Wellington 6140, New Zealand;
| | - Jenny McArthur
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (L.D.); (R.W.T.); (J.M.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Rebecca Paul
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand; (C.A.C.); (K.L.B.); (P.R.v.H.); (R.P.); (K.J.B.); (M.C.); (E.A.J.); (R.M.J.)
| | - Ioanna Katiforis
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (N.H.M.); (I.K.); (M.C.G.); (M.M.R.); (B.B.); (L.F.)
| | - Kimberley J. Brown
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand; (C.A.C.); (K.L.B.); (P.R.v.H.); (R.P.); (K.J.B.); (M.C.); (E.A.J.); (R.M.J.)
| | - Madeline C. Gash
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (N.H.M.); (I.K.); (M.C.G.); (M.M.R.); (B.B.); (L.F.)
| | - Madeleine M. Rowan
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (N.H.M.); (I.K.); (M.C.G.); (M.M.R.); (B.B.); (L.F.)
| | - Maria Casale
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand; (C.A.C.); (K.L.B.); (P.R.v.H.); (R.P.); (K.J.B.); (M.C.); (E.A.J.); (R.M.J.)
| | - Alice M. Cox
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (L.D.); (R.W.T.); (J.M.); (A.M.C.)
| | - Emily A. Jones
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand; (C.A.C.); (K.L.B.); (P.R.v.H.); (R.P.); (K.J.B.); (M.C.); (E.A.J.); (R.M.J.)
| | - Rosario M. Jupiterwala
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand; (C.A.C.); (K.L.B.); (P.R.v.H.); (R.P.); (K.J.B.); (M.C.); (E.A.J.); (R.M.J.)
| | - Bailey Bruckner
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (N.H.M.); (I.K.); (M.C.G.); (M.M.R.); (B.B.); (L.F.)
| | - Liz Fleming
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (N.H.M.); (I.K.); (M.C.G.); (M.M.R.); (B.B.); (L.F.)
| | - Anne-Louise M. Heath
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (N.H.M.); (I.K.); (M.C.G.); (M.M.R.); (B.B.); (L.F.)
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Haszard JJ, Heath ALM, Katiforis I, Fleming EA, Taylor RW. Contribution of Infant Food Pouches and Other Commercial Infant Foods to the Diets of Infants: A Cross-sectional Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 119:1238-1247. [PMID: 38431120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although considerable concern has been expressed about the nutritional implications of infant food pouches, how they impact infant diet has not been examined. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to determine the contribution of infant food pouches specifically, and commercial infant foods generally, to nutrient intake from complementary foods in infants. METHODS Two multiple-pass 24-h diet recall data were collected from 645 infants (6.0-11.9 mo) in the First Foods and Young Foods New Zealand studies. Detailed information was obtained on commercial infant food use, including pouches, and nutrient composition was calculated through recipe modeling. RESULTS The diverse sample (46.1% female; 21.1% Māori, 14.1% Asian, and 54.6% European) was aged (SD) 8.4 (0.9) mo. More than one-quarter of households had high socioeconomic deprivation. Almost half (45.3%) of infants consumed an infant food pouch on ≥1 recall day [mean (SD), 1.3 (0.9) times/d], obtaining 218 (124) kJ of energy on each eating occasion. Comparable numbers for all commercial infant and toddler foods (CITFs) were 78.0%, contributing 2.2 (1.6) and 140 (118) kJ of energy. Infant food pouches provided 25.5% of the total energy from complementary foods in those infants who consumed pouches on the recall days but just 11% in all infants. Median percentage contribution of infant food pouches to nutrient intake from complementary foods in consumers ranged from <1% (added sugars and retinol) to >30% (carbohydrate, total sugars, fiber, vitamin A, and vitamin C). CITF contributed 21.4% of energy from complementary foods for infant consumers, with median percentage contribution ranging from 0.1% (retinol) to 40.3% (iron). CONCLUSIONS Infant food pouches make relatively small contributions to energy intake in infants but are important sources of carbohydrates, fiber, and vitamins A, C, and B-6. Almost half of the total sugars consumed from complementary foods is provided by these pouches. This trial was registered at the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry as ACTRN12620000459921.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ioanna Katiforis
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Rachael W Taylor
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Carroll JE, Sturgeon SR, Bertone-Johnson E, VanKim N, Longacre MR, Dalton MA, Emond JA. Factors Correlated With Ultra-Processed Food (UPF) Intake in Preschool-Aged Children and Association With Weight. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR 2024; 56:196-208. [PMID: 38340130 PMCID: PMC10999344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Understand the correlates of ultra-processed food (UPF) intake and examine the association of UPF on body mass index in children aged 3-5 years. DESIGN Secondary analysis of a prospective cohort of 3-5-year-olds/parent, followed 1-year between March 2014 and October 2016. Usual UPF intake from 2 3-day food records completed 1 year apart, a standardized nutrient database customized with child-specific foods, and a NOVA food classification system was used. Child/parent characteristics and media use were measured via parent-reported surveys. Child weight/height objectively measured. SETTING New Hampshire community. PARTICIPANTS Six hundred and sixty-seven parent-child dyads were screened, and 624 were enrolled with 90% follow-up. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Primary outcome: identify correlates of UPF intake. SECONDARY OUTCOME determine if UPF intake is associated with body mass index change. ANALYSIS Adjusted β linear regression, linear regression, P <0.05. RESULTS Ultra-processed food accounted for 67.6% of total caloric intake. In adjusted models, children's UPF intake was positively associated with increasing child age, greater hours watching television, and more frequent parent soda/fast-food intake. Ultra-processed food intake was negatively associated with higher parent education and reported race/ethnicity other than non-Hispanic White. There was no association between UPF intake and weight. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS There are several predictors of UPF intake in young children. Family-level interventions could be implemented to encourage the intake of minimally processed foods before and during preschool years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Carroll
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA; Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH.
| | - Susan R Sturgeon
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA
| | - Elizabeth Bertone-Johnson
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA; Department of Health Promotion and Policy, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA
| | - Nicole VanKim
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA
| | - Meghan R Longacre
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH; The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH; Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
| | - Madeline A Dalton
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH; Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
| | - Jennifer A Emond
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH; Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
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Thorisdottir B, Odinsdottir T, Thorsdottir I. A repeated cross-sectional analysis of the Icelandic baby food market surveyed in 2016, 2019 and 2021. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2024; 20 Suppl 2:e13476. [PMID: 36738133 PMCID: PMC10765347 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
World Health Organisation (WHO) has stated that countries need to know their local commercial baby food (CBF) market. Data from other countries suggest rapid changes in CBF options, highlighting the need for repeated analysis. In that context, this repeated cross-sectional study analysed the options and nutrient quality of different CBF types available in Iceland in years 2016, 2019 and 2021. Data was gathered on formulas, porridge flours, foods in jars and pouches, finger-foods, other CBF. They were classified into 26 subgroups based on ingredients and taste (sweet/savoury). Minimum consumer age as suggested by the manufacturers and nutritional content were registered. In each data-collection, 250-275 products were available. Over a third of products (37%-44%) were in pouches. Availability of products intended for 4-11-month-old infants decreased, driven largely by a 65% decrease in availability of food in jars (sweet/savoury) between 2016 and 2021. Availability of products intended from 12+ months or without age-labels increased, driven largely by quadrupling of finger-foods (predominantly sweet) between 2016 and 2021. The overall percentage of products classified as sweet increased from 65% (2016) to 73% (2019) and 77% (2021). Some finger-foods had high sugar content (up to 72 g/100 g), partly from fruit concentrate or sugar/syrup. Like other countries, the Icelandic CBF market has moved towards less availability of food intended in the first year and more availability of sweet finger-foods for an expanded consumer age. As sugar is added to some CBF, stronger regulations on promotion of foods for young consumers and updated recommendations for parents/caregivers may be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birna Thorisdottir
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Health SciencesUniversity of IcelandReykjavikIceland
| | - Tinna Odinsdottir
- Health Science Institute, School of Health SciencesUniversity of IcelandReykjavikIceland
| | - Inga Thorsdottir
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Health SciencesUniversity of IcelandReykjavikIceland
- Health Science Institute, School of Health SciencesUniversity of IcelandReykjavikIceland
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Cox AM, Taylor RW, Haszard JJ, Beck KL, von Hurst PR, Conlon CA, Te Morenga LA, Daniels L, McArthur J, Paul R, McLean NH, Jones EA, Katiforis I, Brown KJ, Gash M, Rowan M, Fleming EA, Jupiterwala R, Bruckner BR, Heath ALM. Baby food pouches and Baby-Led Weaning: Associations with energy intake, eating behaviour and infant weight status. Appetite 2024; 192:107121. [PMID: 37972656 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Although concern is frequently expressed regarding the potential impact of baby food pouch use and Baby-Led Weaning (BLW) on infant health, research is scarce. Data on pouch use, BLW, energy intake, eating behaviour and body mass index (BMI) were obtained for 625 infants aged 7-10 months in the First Foods New Zealand study. Frequent pouch use was defined as ≥5 times/week during the past month. Traditional spoon-feeding (TSF), "partial" BLW and "full" BLW referred to the relative proportions of spoon-feeding versus infant self-feeding, assessed at 6 months (retrospectively) and current age. Daily energy intake was determined using two 24-h dietary recalls, and caregivers reported on a variety of eating behaviours. Researchers measured infant length and weight, and BMI z-scores were calculated (World Health Organization Child Growth Standards). In total, 28% of infants consumed food from pouches frequently. Frequent pouch use was not significantly related to BMI z-score (mean difference, 0.09; 95% CI -0.09, 0.27) or energy intake (92 kJ/day; -19, 202), but was associated with greater food responsiveness (standardised mean difference, 0.3; 95% CI 0.1, 0.4), food fussiness (0.3; 0.1, 0.4) and selective/restrictive eating (0.3; 0.2, 0.5). Compared to TSF, full BLW was associated with greater daily energy intake (BLW at 6 months: mean difference 150 kJ/day; 95% CI 4, 297; BLW at current age: 180 kJ/day; 62, 299) and with a range of eating behaviours, including greater satiety responsiveness, but not BMI z-score (6 months: 0.06 (-0.18, 0.30); current age: 0.06 (-0.13, 0.26)). In conclusion, neither feeding approach was associated with weight in infants, despite BLW being associated with greater energy intake compared with TSF. However, infants who consumed pouches frequently displayed higher food fussiness and more selective eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice M Cox
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Rachael W Taylor
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | | | - Kathryn L Beck
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Pamela R von Hurst
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Cathryn A Conlon
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Lisa A Te Morenga
- Research Centre for Hauora and Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Lisa Daniels
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Jenny McArthur
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Rebecca Paul
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Neve H McLean
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Emily A Jones
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Ioanna Katiforis
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Kimberley J Brown
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Madeline Gash
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Madeleine Rowan
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | | | - Rosario Jupiterwala
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Bailey R Bruckner
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Bassetti E, Blankenship J, White JM, Mulder A, Threapleton D, Pries AM. Benchmarking the nutrient composition and labelling practices of commercially produced ready-to-eat purées and meals for older infants and young children across seven Southeast Asian countries. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2023; 19 Suppl 2:e13585. [PMID: 38092377 PMCID: PMC10719058 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Commercially produced complementary foods (CPCF), including ready-to-eat CPCF purées and meals, are gaining popularity among caregivers of older infants and young children (IYC) as a convenient alternative to home-prepared foods in low and middle-income countries. However, there is growing concern regarding the suitability of these products for older IYC, as they can contain high levels of sugar and/or sodium. Given the rapidly evolving market in Southeast Asia, it is crucial to monitor the appropriate composition and promotion of CPCF in the region. This study examined the nutrient composition and labelling practices of CPCF purées and meals sold in 2021 in the capital cities of seven Southeast Asian countries: Phnom Penh (Cambodia), Jakarta (Indonesia), Manila (Philippines), Bangkok (Thailand), Vientiane (Lao PDR), Hanoi (Viet Nam), Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia). The study adapted a nutrient profiling model from the WHO Regional Office for Europe to determine the proportion of products suitable for promotion for older IYC. The proportion of CPCF purées and meals that would require a high sugar front-of-pack warning based on the percentage energy from total sugar was also determined. Of the 459 CPCF purées/meals assessed, only 37.7% of the products met all nutrient composition requirements and none met all labelling requirements. In addition, most CPCF purées and meals were identified as having high total sugar content. To ensure that older IYC consume appropriate CPCF products, Southeast Asian countries need to implement and enforce regulations concerning the nutrient composition and labelling practices of CPCF purées and meals.
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Fredriksson E, Bodén S, Domellöf M, West CE. Fruit Pouch Consumption Does Not Associate with Early Manifestations of Allergic Disease. Nutrients 2023; 15:4318. [PMID: 37892394 PMCID: PMC10609626 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of acidic fruit pouches in infancy may damage the epithelial barrier in the gastrointestinal tract and is suggested to increase allergy risk. We aimed to explore if a high fruit pouch consumption is associated with a higher incidence of early allergic manifestations. We included 2959 parent-child dyads from the Swedish prospective, population-based NorthPop birth cohort study with parentally reported data on frequency of fruit pouch consumption at 9 months of age, as well as parentally reported eczema, wheeze, physician-diagnosed asthma, and food allergy in the first 18 months of life. Immunoglobulin E levels (IgE) in serum (n = 1792), as response to a food mix and an inhalant mix, were determined at age 18 months. Compared with no consumption, daily consumption of one or more pouches at 9 months of age was associated with inhalant sensitization (odds ratio (OR) 2.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06-4.87, n = 1792) but did not remain significant in the multivariable adjusted model (aOR 2.08, 95% CI 0.95-4.53, n = 1679). There were no associations between fruit pouch consumption and allergic manifestations at this young age. This study suggests that fruit pouch consumption is not associated with allergic phenotypes or IgE sensitization in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christina E. West
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, SE 90185 Umeå, Sweden; (E.F.); (S.B.); (M.D.)
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Kök Şan C, Gökçay GF. Nutritional aspects of commercial infant and toddler food products sold in Turkey. Nutr Health 2023:2601060231194652. [PMID: 37574810 DOI: 10.1177/02601060231194652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Background: In recent years, there has been an increase in the variety and consumption of commercial infant and toddler food products. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the nutritional profiles of commercial infant and toddler food products sold in Turkey. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of the nutritional composition of products available at in-store and online supermarkets in Turkey was derived from the nutritional information panel on the product label or information provided on manufacturer websites in March 2023. The targeted age group, package type, serving size, ingredients list, and nutrition information (energy [kcal], protein [g], total fat [g], carbohydrate [g], dietary fiber [g], total sugar [g], and sodium [mg] per 100 g) were recorded. Results: Of the 189 products identified, more than 90% (n = 47) of the first foods were fruit-based, while 2% (n = 4) contained only vegetables. Almost half of the products (n = 89, 49%) contained added sugar or sweeteners, 41 (22%) had added sugar, and 1 in 3 products (n = 68, 36%) had sugar from fruit-based sources. One in 10 products (n = 18, 9.5%) contained added salt while 40% of the products (n = 76) were above the WHO Europe sodium standards. Almost half of the products (n = 6, 46%) targeting the 12 months older age group were pureed foods using squeeze pouch packaging. Conclusions: The majority of commercial infant and toddler food products did not adhere to nutrition guidelines. There is a need for stronger composition standards for commercial infant and toddler food products by reducing sugar and sodium content, reducing the use of fruits and sweet vegetables, and increasing the variety of products containing different types of vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Kök Şan
- Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gülden F Gökçay
- Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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O'Connor LE, Martinez-Steele E, Wang L, Zhang FF, Herrick KA. Food Processing, According to the Nova Classification System, and Dietary Intake of US Infants and Toddlers. J Nutr 2023; 153:2413-2420. [PMID: 37343626 PMCID: PMC10447614 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High intake of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) is associated with increased risk of chronic disease; thus, it is important to understand how UPFs influence diet quality early in life. OBJECTIVES We describe complementary foods and beverages (CFBs) according to the Nova Classification System of Food Processing for infants and toddlers in the United States and estimate how Nova groups and subgroups contribute to energy and select nutrients and food groups. METHODS We used day 1 24-h recall from infants and toddlers aged 6-23 mo from the cross-sectional, nationally representative 2013-18 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n = 1140). We estimated contributions of Nova groups and subgroups to energy and select nutrients and food groups consumed as CFBs (excluding human milk and formula) using the population ratio with weighted survey commands in SAS. RESULTS For infants and toddlers in the United States, 42 ± 0.9% (mean ± standard error of the mean) of energy intake from CFBs came from unprocessed/minimally processed foods (U/MPFs) and 45 ± 0.8% from UPFs. U/MPFs contributed most to nutrient intakes (except iron, zinc, and sodium); ≥20% of all selected nutrients was from UPFs. UPFs contributed most to iron (75 ± 1.0%) and zinc (48 ± 1.3%); breakfast cereals were the top source. Most fruit, vegetables, and dairy were from U/MPFs. More than 80% of total grains, whole grains, refined grains, and added sugars were UPFs. CONCLUSIONS U/MPFs support healthy dietary intake of infants and toddlers in the United States, whereas UPFs contribute meaningfully to nutrients and food groups to be encouraged (iron, zinc, and whole grains), as well as some that should be limited (added sugars and sodium). More research is needed to better understand the utility and sensitivities of using Nova for providing dietary guidance for infants and toddlers in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E O'Connor
- Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States; Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Risk Factors Assessment Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States.
| | | | - Lu Wang
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Fang Fang Zhang
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kirsten A Herrick
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, Risk Factors Assessment Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
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10
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Brunacci KA, Salmon L, McCann J, Gribble K, Fleming CAK. The big squeeze: a product content and labelling analysis of ready-to-use complementary infant food pouches in Australia. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:656. [PMID: 37024884 PMCID: PMC10077707 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15492-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Encouraging the early development of healthy eating habits prevents diet-related chronic disease. It is well understood that highly processed foods with high amounts of sugars, salt and fats are a risk factor for non-communicable diseases. Commercial baby foods in ready-to-use squeeze pouches emerged in the global food market around 2012. The long-term effects of this now ubiquitous packaging on the quality of infant diets, baby food consumption and marketing are unknown. This study aimed to conduct a rigorous mixed-methods audit of squeeze pouches in Australia to inform product regulation and policy. METHODS Nutritional and marketing data were sourced from products available in Australian retailers. Analysis of nutritional content, texture and packaging labelling and serving size was conducted. Pouches were given a Nutrition Profile Index (NPI) score and compared with the Australian Infant Feeding Guidelines. Marketing text was thematically analysed and compared to existing infant nutrition policy around regulation of marketing claims. RESULTS 276 products from 15 manufacturers were analysed, targeting infants from 4 + to 12 + months. Total sugar content ranged 0.8-17.5 g/100 g, 20% (n = 56) of products had added sugars, 17% (n = 46) had added fruit juice, 71% (n = 196) had added fruit puree. Saturated fat content ranged from 0.0 to 5.0 g/100 g, sodium 0.0-69 mg/100 g and dietary fibre 0.0-4.3 g/100 g. Only two products were nutritionally adequate according to a nutrient profiling tool. Marketing messages included ingredient premiumisation, nutrient absence claims, claims about infant development and health, good parenting, and convenience. Claims of 'no added sugar' were made for 59% of pouches, despite the addition of free sugars. CONCLUSIONS Squeeze pouch products available in Australia are nutritionally poor, high in sugars, not fortified with iron, and there is a clear risk of harm tothe health of infant and young children if these products are fed regularly. The marketing messages and labelling on squeeze pouches are misleading and do not support WHO or Australian NHMRC recommendations for breastfeeding or appropriate introduction of complementary foods and labelling of products. There is an urgent need for improved regulation of product composition, serving sizes and labelling to protect infants and young children aged 0-36 months and better inform parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn A Brunacci
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Libby Salmon
- School of Regulation and Global Governance, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Karleen Gribble
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Catharine A K Fleming
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
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11
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Rowan M, Mirosa M, Heath ALM, Katiforis I, Taylor RW, Skeaff SA. A Qualitative Study of Parental Perceptions of Baby Food Pouches: A Netnographic Analysis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153248. [PMID: 35956424 PMCID: PMC9370201 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, a recent phenomenon in complementary feeding is the use of squeezable baby food pouches. However, some health agencies have raised concerns about their possible long-term health effects. The aim of this study was to describe parental perceptions of the use of baby food pouches during complementary feeding (i.e., the transition from an entirely milk-based diet to solid foods) using a netnographic analysis of discussions on publicly available forums. In this study, the community was parents of young children. Six parenting forums were identified through a Google search using defined selection criteria. Discussion threads relating to baby food pouches were collected and imported into NVivo12 for thematic analysis via inductive reasoning. Perceptions of baby food pouches fell within two broad categories—benefits and concerns. The most commonly reported themes related to benefits were: convenience, health, baby enjoys, variety, and cost; whereas the most common concerns reported were: health, cost, lack of dietary exposure, dependence, and waste. Many parents reported both benefits and concerns. Once research has determined the long-term effect of using pouches on infants’ health regarding eating habits, nutritional status, growth, and development, the findings of this study can inform educational strategies to either encourage or discourage their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Rowan
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Miranda Mirosa
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | | | - Ioanna Katiforis
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Rachael W. Taylor
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Sheila A. Skeaff
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +643-479-7944
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12
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Klerks M, Román S, Juan Francisco Haro-Vicente, Bernal MJ, Sanchez-Siles LM. Healthier and more natural reformulated baby food pouches: Will toddlers and their parents sensory accept them? Food Qual Prefer 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2022.104577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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13
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Lundkvist E, Stoltz Sjöström E, Lundberg R, Silfverdal SA, West CE, Domellöf M. Fruit Pouch Consumption and Dietary Patterns Related to BMIz at 18 Months of Age. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072265. [PMID: 34208982 PMCID: PMC8308466 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Concerns have been raised that an overconsumption of baby food fruit pouches among toddlers might increase the risk of childhood obesity. This study aimed to quantify the consumption of fruit pouches and other fruit containing food products and to explore potential correlations between the consumption of these products and body-mass index z-score (BMIz) at 18 months, taking other predictive factors into consideration. The study was based on 1499 children and one-month-recall food frequency questionnaires from the Swedish population-based birth cohort NorthPop. Anthropometric outcome data were retrieved from child health care records. BMIz at 18 months of age was correlated to maternal BMI and gestational weight gain and inversely correlated to fruit juice consumption and breastfeeding. BMIz at 18 months of age was not correlated to consumption of fruit pouches, sugar-sweetened beverages, whole fruit or milk cereal drink. Overweight at 18 months of age was correlated to maternal BMI and inversely correlated to breastfeeding duration. To our knowledge, this is the first study that investigates possible associations between baby food fruit pouch consumption and overweight in toddlers. We found that moderate fruit pouch consumption is not associated with excess weight at 18 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Lundkvist
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden; (E.L.); (R.L.); (S.-A.S.); (C.E.W.)
| | | | - Richard Lundberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden; (E.L.); (R.L.); (S.-A.S.); (C.E.W.)
| | - Sven-Arne Silfverdal
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden; (E.L.); (R.L.); (S.-A.S.); (C.E.W.)
| | - Christina E. West
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden; (E.L.); (R.L.); (S.-A.S.); (C.E.W.)
| | - Magnus Domellöf
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden; (E.L.); (R.L.); (S.-A.S.); (C.E.W.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Taylor RW, Conlon CA, Beck KL, von Hurst PR, Te Morenga LA, Daniels L, Haszard JJ, Meldrum AM, McLean NH, Cox AM, Tukuafu L, Casale M, Brown KJ, Jones EA, Katiforis I, Rowan M, McArthur J, Fleming EA, Wheeler BJ, Houghton LA, Diana A, Heath ALM. Nutritional Implications of Baby-Led Weaning and Baby Food Pouches as Novel Methods of Infant Feeding: Protocol for an Observational Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e29048. [PMID: 33881411 PMCID: PMC8100878 DOI: 10.2196/29048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complementary feeding period is a time of unparalleled dietary change for every human, during which the diet changes from one that is 100% milk to one that resembles the usual diet of the wider family in less than a year. Despite this major dietary shift, we know relatively little about food and nutrient intake in infants worldwide and virtually nothing about the impact of baby food "pouches" and "baby-led weaning" (BLW), which are infant feeding approaches that are becoming increasingly popular. Pouches are squeezable containers with a plastic spout that have great appeal for parents, as evidenced by their extraordinary market share worldwide. BLW is an alternative approach to introducing solids that promotes infant self-feeding of whole foods rather than being fed purées, and is popular and widely advocated on social media. The nutritional and health impacts of these novel methods of infant feeding have not yet been determined. OBJECTIVE The aim of the First Foods New Zealand study is to determine the iron status, growth, food and nutrient intakes, breast milk intake, eating and feeding behaviors, dental health, oral motor skills, and choking risk of New Zealand infants in general and those who are using pouches or BLW compared with those who are not. METHODS Dietary intake (two 24-hour recalls supplemented with food photographs), iron status (hemoglobin, plasma ferritin, and soluble transferrin receptor), weight status (BMI), food pouch use and extent of BLW (questionnaire), breast milk intake (deuterium oxide "dose-to-mother" technique), eating and feeding behaviors (questionnaires and video recording of an evening meal), dental health (photographs of upper and lower teeth for counting of caries and developmental defects of enamel), oral motor skills (questionnaires), and choking risk (questionnaire) will be assessed in 625 infants aged 7.0 to 9.9 months. Propensity score matching will be used to address bias caused by differences in demographics between groups so that the results more closely represent a potential causal effect. RESULTS This observational study has full ethical approval from the Health and Disability Ethics Committees New Zealand (19/STH/151) and was funded in May 2019 by the Health Research Council (HRC) of New Zealand (grant 19/172). Data collection commenced in July 2020, and the first results are expected to be submitted for publication in 2022. CONCLUSIONS This large study will provide much needed data on the implications for nutritional intake and health with the use of baby food pouches and BLW in infancy. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12620000459921; http://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=379436. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/29048.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael W Taylor
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Cathryn A Conlon
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, College of Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kathryn L Beck
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, College of Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Pamela R von Hurst
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, College of Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lisa A Te Morenga
- Research Centre for Hauora and Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Lisa Daniels
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jill J Haszard
- Biostatistics Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Neve H McLean
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Alice M Cox
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Lesieli Tukuafu
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Maria Casale
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, College of Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kimberley J Brown
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, College of Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Emily A Jones
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, College of Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ioanna Katiforis
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Madeleine Rowan
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jenny McArthur
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Ben J Wheeler
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Lisa A Houghton
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Aly Diana
- Nutrition Working Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
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15
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Lutter CK, Grummer-Strawn L, Rogers L. Complementary feeding of infants and young children 6 to 23 months of age. Nutr Rev 2021; 79:825-846. [PMID: 33684940 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Complementary feeding, when foods are introduced to complement a milk-based diet, generally occurs between 6 and 23 months of age. It is a critical period for both physical and cognitive development. During this period, the growth rate of the brain is one of the fastest during the life span and, consequently, the timing, dose, and duration of exposure to specific nutrients can result in both positive and negative effects. Complementary feeding is more than ensuring an adequate intake of nutrients; it also is about avoiding excess intakes of calories, salt, sugars, and unhealthy fats. Meals are cultural and social events where young children observe, imitate, learn about foods to like or dislike, and form lifelong eating habits and practices. Meals are also when a child learns to touch foods and connect food tastes to how foods look and feel. Ideally, complementary feeding is responsive and promotes child autonomy, but it can also be used to manage behavior problems or overly indulge a child, resulting in long-term consequences for nutrition and health. Therefore, in addition to what a child is fed, attention to how a child is fed is also important. In this review, 12 topics relevant for updating global guidance on complementary feeding were identified: age of introduction of complementary foods; continued breastfeeding; responsive feeding; safe preparation and storage of complementary foods; food textures, flavors, and acceptance; energy and meal and snack frequency; fats, protein, and carbohydrates; dietary diversity; milks other than breast milk; fluid needs; unhealthy foods and beverages; and use of vitamin and mineral supplements or supplementary foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chessa K Lutter
- Division of Food Security and Agriculture, RTI International, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Lisa Rogers
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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16
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Energy, Sugars, Iron, and Vitamin B12 Content of Commercial Infant Food Pouches and Other Commercial Infant Foods on the New Zealand Market. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020657. [PMID: 33670442 PMCID: PMC7922386 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been an important shift in the New Zealand infant food market over the past decade, with the majority of complementary foods now sold in “pouches”. Along with the increasing market share of commercial infant food pouches internationally, there have been growing concerns about their nutritional quality. However, research examining the nutritional quality of these pouches compared to other forms of commercial infant foods in New Zealand has not been undertaken. Nor have any studies reported the free sugars or added sugars content of these foods. To address this knowledge gap, a cross-sectional survey of infant foods sold in New Zealand supermarkets was conducted in 2019–2020. Recipes and nutrient lines were developed for the 266 foods identified (133 food pouches). The energy, iron, vitamin B12, total sugars, free sugars, and added sugars content of infant food pouches and other forms of commercial infant foods per 100 g were compared, both within food groups and by age group. Infant food pouches contained similar median amounts of energy, iron, and vitamin B12 to other forms of commercial infant foods but contained considerably more total sugars (8.4 g/100 g vs. 2.3 g/100 g). However, median free sugars and added sugars content was very low across all food groups except for “dairy” and “sweet snacks”. All “dry cereals” were fortified with iron whereas none of the infant food pouches were. Therefore, consuming food pouches to the exclusion of other commercial infant foods may place infants at risk of iron deficiency if they do not receive sufficient iron from other sources.
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17
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Netting MJ, Gold MS, Palmer DJ. Low allergen content of commercial baby foods. J Paediatr Child Health 2020; 56:1613-1617. [PMID: 32797662 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.15047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Introduction of allergenic solid foods, especially peanut and hen's egg reduces the risk of food allergy development in early childhood. Ideally, parents will offer their infants home-prepared foods; however, many rely on the availability of convenient ready to purchase infant foods. This audit aimed to assess the major food allergen content of commercial infant foods. METHODS Infant foods available for sale in 2019 in Australia were the focus of this audit. The major food allergens investigated were peanut, tree nuts, hen's egg, cows milk, wheat, fish, shellfish, soy, sesame and lupin. Websites of infant food manufacturers and major supermarkets were used to identify ingredient lists of infant foods available for purchase. Where ingredients listings were unavailable this information was sourced directly from the product labels in the supermarket. RESULTS Fourteen companies were identified, manufacturing over 251 foods specifically for the infants aged less than 1 year of age. Although there were many choices available containing wheat (27 products) and cows milk proteins (73 products), none contained peanut, tree nuts, sesame, shellfish or lupin. CONCLUSIONS Despite infant feeding advice encouraging early introduction to food allergens, of 251 commercial baby foods surveyed only 1% contained egg and none contained peanut, the most common food allergies in young Australian infants. This low food allergen content may be disadvantageous for infants fed mostly commercial infant foods as they are unlikely to be exposed to sufficient amounts of the major food allergens on a regular basis during infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merryn J Netting
- Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Discipline of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Nutrition Department, Women's and Children's Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael S Gold
- Discipline of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Women's and Children's Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Debra J Palmer
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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18
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Nutritional Aspects of Commercially Available Complementary Foods in New Zealand Supermarkets. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12102980. [PMID: 33003388 PMCID: PMC7599821 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Optimal nutrition in early childhood fosters growth and development whilst preventing morbidity and mortality in later life. There is little research in New Zealand on commercially available complementary foods (CACFs). This cross-sectional study of the nutritional aspects and packaging of CACFs used data collected in four major supermarket chains in New Zealand in 2019 (Nutritrack). Of the 197 CACFs analysed, 43 (21.8%) were inappropriately recommended for consumption by children four months of age or older, 10 (5.1%) had added salt, and 67 (34.0%) contained free sugars. The majority (n = 136, 69.0%) contained ingredients with a sweet flavour. Relatively sweet vegetables like carrot and sweetcorn were used more often than bitter vegetables such as broccoli and spinach. The described texture of most (n = 145, 62.1%) wet 'spoonable' products was of the lowest complexity (smooth, puréed, custard). CACFs would adequately expose children to cow's milk and wheat but not to other common food allergens (cooked hen's egg, soy, fish, crustacean shellfish, peanut, and tree-nuts). If children's diets include CACFs, non-commercial meals must be offered as well in order to meet nutritional guidelines related to the introduction of common food allergens, diversity of flavours, and complex textures for infants and toddlers.
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19
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Moding KJ, Ferrante MJ, Bellows LL, Bakke AJ, Hayes JE, Johnson SL. Nutritional Content and Ingredients of Commercial Infant and Toddler Food Pouches Compared With Other Packages Available in the United States. NUTRITION TODAY 2019; 54:305-312. [PMID: 32655191 PMCID: PMC7319259 DOI: 10.1097/nt.0000000000000385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ingredients and nutrients of infant and toddler foods (ITFs) sold in pouches were compared with products available in other packages, such as jars/packs and other containers. Company websites (n = 21) and in-store shelf inventory (n = 3) were used to create a database of commercial ITFs containing vegetables (n = 548) sold in the United States. Results indicated that ITFs containing vegetables were most commonly packaged in pouches (50%), followed by "other" packages (25%) and jars/packs (25%). Infant and toddler food pouches contained significantly more sugars per serving and per Reference Amount Customarily Consumed, as well as a greater percentage of calories from sugars, compared with both jars/packs and "other" packages. Pouches were also more likely to contain vegetable/fruit blends, whereas jars/packs were more likely to contain single-vegetable or multivegetable blends, and "other" packages were more likely to contain vegetable/other ingredient combinations (eg, grains and/or dairy). Pouches are popular, widely available, and convenient but may not represent the vegetable profiles and nutritional qualities that parents believe they are buying for their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kameron J Moding
- is an assistant professor in the Department of Human Development & Family Studies at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana
- is a PhD candidate in the Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado
- is an associate professor in the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado
- is a research scientist and an instructor at the Pennsylvania State University in State College, Pennsylvania
- is an associate professor of food science and the director of the Sensory Evaluation Center at the Pennsylvania State University in State College, Pennsylvania
- is a professor of pediatrics at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and the director of the Children's Eating Laboratory in Aurora, Colorado
| | - Mackenzie J Ferrante
- is an assistant professor in the Department of Human Development & Family Studies at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana
- is a PhD candidate in the Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado
- is an associate professor in the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado
- is a research scientist and an instructor at the Pennsylvania State University in State College, Pennsylvania
- is an associate professor of food science and the director of the Sensory Evaluation Center at the Pennsylvania State University in State College, Pennsylvania
- is a professor of pediatrics at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and the director of the Children's Eating Laboratory in Aurora, Colorado
| | - Laura L Bellows
- is an assistant professor in the Department of Human Development & Family Studies at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana
- is a PhD candidate in the Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado
- is an associate professor in the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado
- is a research scientist and an instructor at the Pennsylvania State University in State College, Pennsylvania
- is an associate professor of food science and the director of the Sensory Evaluation Center at the Pennsylvania State University in State College, Pennsylvania
- is a professor of pediatrics at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and the director of the Children's Eating Laboratory in Aurora, Colorado
| | - Alyssa J Bakke
- is an assistant professor in the Department of Human Development & Family Studies at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana
- is a PhD candidate in the Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado
- is an associate professor in the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado
- is a research scientist and an instructor at the Pennsylvania State University in State College, Pennsylvania
- is an associate professor of food science and the director of the Sensory Evaluation Center at the Pennsylvania State University in State College, Pennsylvania
- is a professor of pediatrics at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and the director of the Children's Eating Laboratory in Aurora, Colorado
| | - John E Hayes
- is an assistant professor in the Department of Human Development & Family Studies at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana
- is a PhD candidate in the Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado
- is an associate professor in the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado
- is a research scientist and an instructor at the Pennsylvania State University in State College, Pennsylvania
- is an associate professor of food science and the director of the Sensory Evaluation Center at the Pennsylvania State University in State College, Pennsylvania
- is a professor of pediatrics at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and the director of the Children's Eating Laboratory in Aurora, Colorado
| | - Susan L Johnson
- is an assistant professor in the Department of Human Development & Family Studies at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana
- is a PhD candidate in the Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado
- is an associate professor in the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado
- is a research scientist and an instructor at the Pennsylvania State University in State College, Pennsylvania
- is an associate professor of food science and the director of the Sensory Evaluation Center at the Pennsylvania State University in State College, Pennsylvania
- is a professor of pediatrics at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and the director of the Children's Eating Laboratory in Aurora, Colorado
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