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Ponzo V, Bo M, Favaro E, Merlo F, Isaia G, Presta R, Collo A, Riso S, Bo S. Does presbygeusia really exist? An updated narrative review. Aging Clin Exp Res 2024; 36:84. [PMID: 38558357 PMCID: PMC10984891 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-024-02739-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
This review critically assessed the existence of presbygeusia, i.e., the impairment in taste perception occurring in the elderly, as a natural part of the aging process and its potential clinical implications. Several factors might contribute to age-related taste alterations (TAs), including structural changes in taste buds, alterations in saliva composition, central nervous system changes, and oral microbiota dysbiosis. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to disentangle the effects of age from those of the several age-related diseases or conditions promoting TAs. Most of the included studies reported TAs in healthy elderly people, suggesting that presbygeusia is a relatively frequent condition associated with age-related changes in the absence of pathological conditions. However, the impact of TAs on dietary preferences and food choices among the elderly seems to be less relevant when compared to other factors, such as cultural, psychological, and social influences. In conclusion, presbygeusia exists even in the absence of comorbidities or drug side effects, but its impact on dietary choices in the elderly is likely modest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Ponzo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso A. M. Dogliotti, 14, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Mario Bo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso A. M. Dogliotti, 14, Turin, 10126, Italy
- Section of Geriatrics, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza - Molinette, Turin, Italy
| | - Enrica Favaro
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso A. M. Dogliotti, 14, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Fabio Merlo
- Dietetic and Clinical Nutrition Unit, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza - Molinette, Turin, Italy
| | - Gianluca Isaia
- Section of Geriatrics, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza - Molinette, Turin, Italy
| | - Roberto Presta
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso A. M. Dogliotti, 14, Turin, 10126, Italy.
- Section of Geriatrics, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza - Molinette, Turin, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Collo
- Dietetic and Clinical Nutrition Unit, AOU Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy
| | - Sergio Riso
- Dietetic and Clinical Nutrition Unit, AOU Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy
| | - Simona Bo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Corso A. M. Dogliotti, 14, Turin, 10126, Italy
- Dietetic and Clinical Nutrition Unit, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza - Molinette, Turin, Italy
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2
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Wang J, Liu R, Ma H, Zhang W. The Pathogenesis of COVID-19-Related Taste Disorder and Treatments. J Dent Res 2023; 102:1191-1198. [PMID: 37729625 DOI: 10.1177/00220345231182926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, mainly manifested as acute respiratory distress syndrome, has afflicted millions of people worldwide since 2019. Taste dysfunction is a common early-stage symptom of COVID-19 infection that burdens patients for weeks or even permanently in some cases. Owing to its subjectivity and complexity, the mechanism of taste disorder is poorly studied. Previous studies have reported that the COVID-19 entry receptors are highly expressed in taste buds, thereby intensifying the cytocidal effect. Taste receptor cells are vulnerable to inflammation, and the COVID-19-induced cytokine storm causes secondary damage to taste function. Interferon and various proinflammatory cytokines can trigger cell apoptosis and disrupt the renewal of taste bud stem cells. This immune response can be further enhanced by the accumulation of Angiotensin II (Ang II) caused by an unbalanced local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) system. In addition, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is neurotropic and can invade the brain through the olfactory bulb, affecting the nervous system. Other factors, such as host zinc deficiency, genetic susceptibility, sialic acid, and some neurotransmitters, also contribute to the pathogenesis process. Although several medical interventions have displayed effectiveness, only a few strategies exist for the treatment of postinfectious dysgeusia. Stem cell-based taste regeneration offers promise for long-term taste disorders. Clinical studies have demonstrated that stem cells can treat long COVID-19 through immune regulation. In dysgeusia, the differentiation of taste bud stem cells can be stimulated through exogenous epithelial-derived and neural-derived factors to regenerate taste buds. Tongue organoids are also emerging as functional taste buds, offering new insights into the study of taste regeneration. This review presents the current evidence of the pathogenesis of COVID-19-related dysgeusia, summarizes currently available treatments, and suggests future directions of taste regeneration therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - R Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - H Ma
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - W Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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3
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Hamed SA, Kamal-Eldeen EB, Ahmed MAAR. Evaluation of children and adults with post-COVID-19 persistent smell, taste and trigeminal chemosensory disorders: A hospital based study. World J Clin Pediatr 2023; 12:133-150. [PMID: 37342446 PMCID: PMC10278074 DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v12.i3.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smell disorders are the most frequent persistent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) complications.
AIM To describe the patterns and characteristics of persistent smell and taste disorders in Egyptian patients.
METHODS Assessment was done to 185 patients (adults = 150, age: 31.41 ± 8.63 years; children = 35; age: 15.66 ± 1.63 years). Otolaryngology and neuropsychiatric evaluations were done. Measurements included: A clinical questionnaire (for smell and taste); sniffin' odor, taste and flavor identification tests and the Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders-Negative Statements (sQOD-NS).
RESULTS Duration of disorders was 11.53 ± 3.97 ms (6-24 ms). Parosmia (n = 119; 64.32%) was developed months after anosmia (3.05 ± 1.87 ms). Objective testing showed anosmia in all, ageusia and flavor loss in 20% (n = 37) and loss of nasal and oral trigeminal sensations in 18% (n = 33) and 20% (n = 37), respectively. Patients had low scoring of sQOD-NS (11.41 ± 3.66). There were no specific differences in other demographics and clinical variables which could distinguish post-COVID-19 smell and taste disorders in children from adults.
CONCLUSION The course of small and taste disorders are supportive of the nasal and oral neuronal compromises. Post-COVID-19 taste and trigeminal disorders were less frequent compared to smell disorders. Post-COVID-19 flavor disorders were solely dependent on taste and not smell disorders. There were no demographics, clinical variables at onset or specific profile of these disorders in children compared to adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherifa Ahmed Hamed
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Assiut University, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut 71516, Egypt
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Hamed SA. Post-COVID-19 persistent olfactory, gustatory, and trigeminal chemosensory disorders: Definitions, mechanisms, and potential treatments. World J Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 10:4-22. [DOI: 10.5319/wjo.v10.i2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The nose and the oral cavities are the main sites for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) entry into the body. Smell and taste deficits are the most common acute viral manifestations. Persistent smell disorders are the most common and bothersome complications after SARS-CoV-2 infection, lasting for months to years. The mechanisms and treatment of persistent post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) smell and taste disorders are still challenges. Information sources for the review are PubMed, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ovid Medline, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Elton Bryson Stephens Company, Cochrane Effective Practice and Organization of Care, Cooperation in Science and Technology, International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, World Health Organization, Randomized Controlled Trial Number Registry, and MediFind. This review summarizes the up-to-date information about the prevalence, patterns at onset, and prognoses of post-COVID-19 smell and taste disorders, evidence for the neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2 and the overlap between SARS-CoV-1, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and SARS-CoV-2 in structure, molecular biology, mode of replication, and host pathogenicity, the suggested cellular and molecular mechanisms for these post-COVID19 chemosensory disorders, and the applied pharmacotherapies and interventions as trials to treat these disorders, and the recommendations for future research to improve understanding of predictors and mechanisms of these disorders. These are crucial for hopeful proper treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherifa Ahmed Hamed
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Assiut University, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut 71516, Egypt
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5
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郑 欣, 徐 欣, 周 学, 彭 显. [Mechanisms and Management of COVID-19-Associated Taste Disorders]. SICHUAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF SICHUAN UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDITION 2023; 54:334-341. [PMID: 36949695 PMCID: PMC10409153 DOI: 10.12182/20230260306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
The taste buds in the human tongue contain specialized cells that generate taste signals when they are stimulated. These signals are then transmitted to the central nervous system, allowing the human body to distinguish nutritious substances from toxic or harmful ones. This process is critical to the survival of humans and other mammals. A number of studies have shown that dysgeusia, or taste disorder, is a common complication of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, which can severely affect patients' nutritional intake and quality of life. Based on the physiological process of taste perception, the direct causes of dysgeusia include dysfunction of taste receptors and damage to the taste nervous system, while indirect causes include genetic factors, aging-related changes, bacterial and viral infections, and cancer treatments such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The pathogenic factors of dysgeusia are complicated, further research is needed to fully understand the underlying mechanisms, and some of the reported findings and conclusions still need further validation. All these form a great challenge for clinical diagnosis of the cause and targeted treatment of dysgeusia. Herein, we reviewed published research on the physiological process of taste perception, the potential mechanisms of taste disorders related to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and strategies for prevention and treatment, providing theoretical support for establishing and improving the comprehensive management of COVID-19 complicated by taste disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- 欣 郑
- 口腔疾病研究国家重点实验室 四川大学华西口腔医院 (成都 610041)State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 欣 徐
- 口腔疾病研究国家重点实验室 四川大学华西口腔医院 (成都 610041)State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 学东 周
- 口腔疾病研究国家重点实验室 四川大学华西口腔医院 (成都 610041)State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 显 彭
- 口腔疾病研究国家重点实验室 四川大学华西口腔医院 (成都 610041)State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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6
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Mazzatenta A. Physiological discrimination and correlation between olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in long-term COVID-19. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15486. [PMID: 36412058 PMCID: PMC9812235 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus produces a new disease termed COVID-19, the underlying physiological mechanisms of which are still being understood. Characteristic of the infection is the compromising of taste and smell. There is a persistent need to discriminate the dysfunctions and correlation between taste and smell, which are probably epiphenomena of other concealed conditions. Anosmic and ageusic long-term COVID-19 patients were re-evaluated after 1 year using a Volabolomic approach with an e-nose recording system coupled with olfactometric and gustometric tests. Here a range of sensory arrangements was found, from normal taste and smell to complete losses. The following patterns of olfactory threshold (OT)-taste threshold-olfactory uni- and cross-modal perception were found anosmia-severe hypogeusia-anosmia; hyposmia-hypogeusia-severe hyposmia; normosmia-ageusia-hyposmia; severe hyposmia -normogeusia-normosmia. There is a strong correlation between OT and olfactory uni- and cross-modal perception, a moderate correlation between olfactory and taste threshold and no correlation between OT and taste threshold. In conclusion, this study provides evidence for the feasibility of testing the chemical senses to directly objectify function in order to discriminate taste from olfactory impairment. Furthermore, it allows to hypothesize a long-term effect of the virus due to neuroinvasion through, probably, the olfactory system with injury in the related multisensory areas of taste and smell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mazzatenta
- Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences Department‘G. d'Annunzio’ Chieti‐Pescara UniversityChietiItaly
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7
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Aggour RL, Soliman O, Shaker O, Soliman SM, Abdelwhab A. Mucin1 expression and gustatory function in postmenopausal females: A case-control observational study. J Clin Exp Dent 2022; 14:e890-e896. [PMID: 36458033 PMCID: PMC9701348 DOI: 10.4317/jced.59589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigating possible relationship between Mucin1 expression levels in saliva, gustatory function, and taste perception in postmenopausal females. MATERIAL AND METHODS Using whole mouth taste test, twenty-five post-menopausal females (51.35 ± 5.22 years) and twenty-five premenopausal females (39.65 ± 6.46 years) were prospectively evaluated for gustatory function. The expression of mucin1 was investigated; RNA was isolated from stimulated whole saliva samples and real-time PCR was used to determine mucin1 mRNA levels relative to bactin and GAPDH mRNA levels. RESULTS Significant difference was observed between postmenopausal and premenopausal women regarding intensity judgments of all tastants. The difference was more evident for sucrose taste perception (p<0.00001). Mucin1 expression levels were significantly decreased in postmenopausal females compared with premenopausal ones (p<0.00001). Mucin1 expression level had significant negative correlation with the salt taste sensitivity but did not correlate significantly with intensity judgments of the other tastants. CONCLUSIONS Postmenopausal women have a reduced gustatory function, especially sucrose. Mucin1 expression was significantly decreased in postmenopausal females and had a significant negative correlation with the salt taste sensitivity. However, no correlation was found between mucin1 expression level and taste sensitivity of other tastants. Key words:Gustatory function, MUC1, taste, postmenopausal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham-Lotfy Aggour
- Department of Oral Medicine & Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, October 6 University, Egypt
| | - Omar Soliman
- Department of Oral Medicine & Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, South Valley University, Egypt
| | - Olfat Shaker
- Professor of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University
| | - Sara-Mahmoud Soliman
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Egypt
| | - Amira Abdelwhab
- Department of Oral Medicine & Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, October 6 University, Egypt
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8
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PHEV infection: A promising model of betacoronavirus-associated neurological and olfactory dysfunction. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010667. [PMID: 35759516 PMCID: PMC9282652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) is a highly neurotropic coronavirus belonging to the genus Betacoronavirus. Similar to pathogenic coronaviruses to which humans are susceptible, such as SARS-CoV-2, PHEV is transmitted primarily through respiratory droplets and close contact, entering the central nervous system (CNS) from the peripheral nerves at the site of initial infection. However, the neuroinvasion route of PHEV are poorly understood. Here, we found that BALB/c mice are susceptible to intranasal PHEV infection and showed distinct neurological manifestations. The behavioral study and histopathological examination revealed that PHEV attacks neurons in the CNS and causes significant smell and taste dysfunction in mice. By tracking neuroinvasion, we identified that PHEV invades the CNS via the olfactory nerve and trigeminal nerve located in the nasal cavity, and olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) were susceptible to viral infection. Immunofluorescence staining and ultrastructural observations revealed that viral materials traveling along axons, suggesting axonal transport may engage in rapid viral transmission in the CNS. Moreover, viral replication in the olfactory system and CNS is associated with inflammatory and immune responses, tissue disorganization and dysfunction. Overall, we proposed that PHEV may serve as a potential prototype for elucidating the pathogenesis of coronavirus-associated neurological complications and olfactory and taste disorders.
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Umay E, Eyigor S, Bahat G, Halil M, Giray E, Unsal P, Unlu Z, Tikiz C, Vural M, Cincin AT, Bengisu S, Gurcay E, Keseroglu K, Aydeniz B, Karaca EC, Karaca B, Yalcin A, Ozsurekci C, Seyidoglu D, Yilmaz O, Alicura S, Tokgoz S, Selcuk B, Sen EI, Karahan AY, Yaliman A, Ozkok S, Ilhan B, Oytun MG, Ozturk ZA, Akin S, Yavuz B, Akaltun MS, Sari A, Inanir M, Bilgilisoy M, Çaliskan Z, Saylam G, Ozer T, Eren Y, Bicakli DH, Keskin D, Ulger Z, Demirhan A, Calik Y, Saka B, Yigman ZA, Ozturk EA. Best Practice Recommendations for Geriatric Dysphagia Management with 5 Ws and 1H. Ann Geriatr Med Res 2022; 26:94-124. [PMID: 35527033 PMCID: PMC9271401 DOI: 10.4235/agmr.21.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Umay
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ankara Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Ankara, Turkey
- Corresponding Author Ebru Umay, MD Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ankara Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Ankara 06200, Turkey E-mail:
| | - Sibel Eyigor
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gulistan Bahat
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Meltem Halil
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esra Giray
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Pendik Training and Research Hospital, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pelin Unsal
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zeliha Unlu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Canan Tikiz
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Meltem Vural
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Asli Tufan Cincin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serkan Bengisu
- Department of Speech and Language Therapy, Uskudar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Eda Gurcay
- Gaziler Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kemal Keseroglu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ankara Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Banu Aydeniz
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Celik Karaca
- Ministry of Health Eskisehir Provincial Health Directorate, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Burak Karaca
- Ministry of Health Inonu Public Health Center, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Yalcin
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cemile Ozsurekci
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Trabzon Kanuni Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Trabzon, Turkey
| | | | - Ozlem Yilmaz
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sibel Alicura
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ankara Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serhat Tokgoz
- Department of General Surgery, Ankara Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Barin Selcuk
- Department of Physical Medicine, Goztepe Medicalpark Hospital, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ekin Ilke Sen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Yavuz Karahan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Usak University, Usak, Turkey
| | - Ayse Yaliman
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serdar Ozkok
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Birkan Ilhan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Guner Oytun
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Sibel Akin
- Department Internal Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Betul Yavuz
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mazlum Serdar Akaltun
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Aylin Sari
- Istanbul Erenkoy Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Inanir
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Meral Bilgilisoy
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Çaliskan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Guleser Saylam
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ankara Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tugce Ozer
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ankara Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Eren
- Department of Neurology, Ankara Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Dilek Keskin
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Zekeriya Ulger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Aylin Demirhan
- Aylin Demirhan Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yalkin Calik
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Bolu Izzet Baysal Training and Research Hospital, Bolu Turkey
| | - Bulent Saka
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Aykin Yigman
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Polatli City Hospital, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erhan Arif Ozturk
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ankara Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Ankara, Turkey
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10
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Chawla J, Y N, Bakshi SS, Kalidoss VK, Yadav S, Polineni S, Jayam C. Oral manifestations associated with COVID-19 disease: An observational cross sectional study. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2022; 12:279-283. [PMID: 35340816 PMCID: PMC8934178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of present study was to investigate oral manifestations associated with COVID-19 disease. Materials and methods This cross-sectional study comprised 367 suspects with mild/moderate COVID-19 symptoms who reported to a tertiary care hospital's screening OPD. An in-depth case history was taken, and an oral cavity examination was performed to detect any oral findings. All participants were tested for SARS-CoV-2 using a naso-pharyngeal swab and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Oral manifestations and the results of RT-PCR testing were correlated. Statistical analyses were performed using Epi Info and R software. To estimate the prevalence of oral symptoms, the Pearson chi-square test was used. Results Oral manifestations were found in 58% of the study population. The difference in the prevalence of oral manifestations between RT-PCR positive COVID-19 patients versus RT-PCR negative suspects was statistically significant (p = 0.007) with xerostomia and dysgeusia being significantly higher in positive patients (p = 0.036 and p = 0.044 respectively) while the prevalence of stomatopyrosis and other intraoral signs was insignificant. Conclusion Xerostomia and dysgeusia are the common oral manifestations of COVID-19. First cross sectional study on oral manifestations of COVID-19 disease. Xerostomia and dysgeusia are the most common oral manifestations of COVID-19 disease. Oral ulcers and lesions present in COVID-19 patients are non-specific and not related to COVID-19 disease. Xerostomia and dysgeusia along with any systemic symptom like fever have more probability of suffering from COVID-19.
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11
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Zhou X, Dong J, Guo Q, Li M, Li Y, Cheng L, Ren B. The Oral Complications of COVID-19. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:803785. [PMID: 35047561 PMCID: PMC8762203 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.803785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: COVID-19 is a novel coronavirus infectious disease associated with the severe acute respiratory syndrome. More and more patients are being cured due to the development of clinical guidelines for COVID-19 pneumonia diagnosis, treatment, and vaccines. However, the long-term impact of COVID-19 on patients after recovery is unclear. Currently available reports have shown that patients recovered from COVID-19 continue to experience health problems in respiratory and other organ systems. Oral problem is one of the important complications which has serious impacts on the rehabilitation and future quality of life, such as ageusia and macroglossia, but the oral complication is often being neglected. Aim of Review: From the perspective of stomatology, we summarized and elaborated in detail the types, pathogenesis of oral complications from COVID-19 patients after rehabilitation, and the reported prevention or treatment recommendations which may improve the COVID-19 patients associated oral diseases. Key Scientific Concepts of Review: 1) To understand the common oral complications and the mechanisms of the development of oral complications after the COVID-19 recovery; 2) To summary the practical strategies to prevent the oral complications and construct the rehabilitation plans for patients with oral complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiajia Dong
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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12
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Neurological Manifestations and Outcomes in a Retrospective Cohort of Mexican Inpatients with SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia: Design of a Risk Profile. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9111501. [PMID: 34828547 PMCID: PMC8620259 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9111501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the neurological manifestations in Mexican patients hospitalized with pneumonia due to COVID-19 and investigated the association between demographic, clinical, and biochemical variables and outcomes, including death. A retrospective, analytical study was conducted using the electronic records of patients hospitalized between 1 April 2020 and 30 September 2020. Records of 1040 patients were analyzed: 31.25% died and 79.42% had neurological symptoms, including headache (80.62%), anosmia (32.20%), ageusia (31.96%), myopathy (28.08%), disorientation (14.89%), encephalopathy (12.22%), neuropathy (5.4%), stroke (1.3%), seizures (1.3%), cerebral hemorrhage (1.08%), encephalitis (0.84%), central venous thrombosis (0.36%), and subarachnoid hemorrhage (0.24%). Patients also had comorbidities, such as hypertension (42.30%), diabetes mellitus (38.74%), obesity (61.34%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (3.17%), and asthma (2.01%). Factors associated with neurological symptoms were dyspnea, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, advanced respiratory support, prolonged hospitalization, and worsening fibrinogen levels. Factors associated with death were older age, advanced respiratory support, amine management, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, intensive care unit management, dyspnea, disorientation, encephalopathy, hypertension, neuropathy, diabetes, male sex, three or more neurological symptoms, and obesity grade 3. In this study we designed a profile to help predict patients at higher risk of developing neurological complications and death following COVID-19 infection.
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13
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McDermott M, Cerullo AR, Parziale J, Achrak E, Sultana S, Ferd J, Samad S, Deng W, Braunschweig AB, Holford M. Advancing Discovery of Snail Mucins Function and Application. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:734023. [PMID: 34708024 PMCID: PMC8542881 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.734023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucins are a highly glycosylated protein family that are secreted by animals for adhesion, hydration, lubrication, and other functions. Despite their ubiquity, animal mucins are largely uncharacterized. Snails produce mucin proteins in their mucous for a wide array of biological functions, including microbial protection, adhesion and lubrication. Recently, snail mucins have also become a lucrative source of innovation with wide ranging applications across chemistry, biology, biotechnology, and biomedicine. Specifically, snail mucuses have been applied as skin care products, wound healing agents, surgical glues, and to combat gastric ulcers. Recent advances in integrated omics (genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, glycomic) technologies have improved the characterization of gastropod mucins, increasing the generation of novel biomaterials. This perspective describes the current research on secreted snail mucus, highlighting the potential of this biopolymer, and also outlines a research strategy to fulfill the unmet need of examining the hierarchical structures that lead to the enormous biological and chemical diversity of snail mucus genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell McDermott
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Antonio R Cerullo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, New York, NY, United States
| | - James Parziale
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Eleonora Achrak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sharmin Sultana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jennifer Ferd
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Safiyah Samad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, New York, NY, United States
| | - William Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Adam B Braunschweig
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, New York, NY, United States.,Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center of New York, Graduate Department of Biochemistry, New York, NY, United States.,PhD Programs in Biochemistry and Chemistry Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mandë Holford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, New York, NY, United States.,PhD Programs in Biochemistry and Chemistry Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States.,PhD Program in Biology Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Invertebrate Zoology, The American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, United States
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14
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Isaka E, Sugiura T, Hashimoto K, Kikuta K, Anazawa U, Nomura T, Kameyama A. Characterization of tumor-associated MUC1 and its glycans expressed in mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:702. [PMID: 34457057 PMCID: PMC8358622 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is one of the most frequently misdiagnosed tumors. Glycans are modulated by malignant transformation. Mucin 1 (MUC1) is a mucin whose expression is upregulated in various tumors, including MEC, and it has previously been investigated as a diagnostic and prognostic tumor marker. The present study aimed to reveal the differences in the mucin glycans between MEC and normal salivary glands (NSGs) to discover novel diagnostic markers. Soluble fractions of salivary gland homogenate prepared from three MEC salivary glands and 7 NSGs were evaluated. Mucins in MEC and NSGs were separated using supported molecular matrix electrophoresis, and stained with Alcian blue and monoclonal antibodies. The glycans of the separated mucins were analyzed by mass spectrometry. MUC1 was found in MEC but not in NSGs, and almost all glycans of MUC1 in MEC were sialylated, whereas the glycans of mucins in NSGs were less sialylated. The core 2 type glycans, (Hex)2(HexNAc)2(NeuAc)1 and (Hex)2(HexNAc)2(NeuAc)2, were found to be significantly abundant glycans of MUC1 in MEC. MEC markedly produced MUC1 modified with sialylated core 2 glycans. These data were obtained from the soluble fractions of salivary gland homogenates. These findings provide a basis for the utilization of MUC1 as a serum diagnostic marker for the preoperative diagnosis of MEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisaku Isaka
- Department of Oral Oncology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ichikawa General Hospital, Tokyo Dental College, Ichikawa-shi, Chiba 272-8513, Japan
| | - Takanori Sugiura
- Department of Oral Oncology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ichikawa General Hospital, Tokyo Dental College, Ichikawa-shi, Chiba 272-8513, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Hashimoto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ichikawa General Hospital, Tokyo Dental College, Ichikawa-shi, Chiba 272-8513, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Kikuta
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology and Orthopaedic Surgery, Tochigi Cancer Center, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-0834, Japan
| | - Ukei Anazawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, Ichikawa-shi, Chiba 272-8513, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nomura
- Department of Oral Oncology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ichikawa General Hospital, Tokyo Dental College, Ichikawa-shi, Chiba 272-8513, Japan.,Oral Cancer Center, Tokyo Dental College, Ichikawa-shi, Chiba 272-8513, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kameyama
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
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15
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Abstract
Since its emergence in Wuhan, China, covid-19 has spread and had a profound effect on the lives and health of people around the globe. As of 4 July 2021, more than 183 million confirmed cases of covid-19 had been recorded worldwide, and 3.97 million deaths. Recent evidence has shown that a range of persistent symptoms can remain long after the acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, and this condition is now coined long covid by recognized research institutes. Studies have shown that long covid can affect the whole spectrum of people with covid-19, from those with very mild acute disease to the most severe forms. Like acute covid-19, long covid can involve multiple organs and can affect many systems including, but not limited to, the respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal systems. The symptoms of long covid include fatigue, dyspnea, cardiac abnormalities, cognitive impairment, sleep disturbances, symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, muscle pain, concentration problems, and headache. This review summarizes studies of the long term effects of covid-19 in hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients and describes the persistent symptoms they endure. Risk factors for acute covid-19 and long covid and possible therapeutic options are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Crook
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sanara Raza
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Joseph Nowell
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Megan Young
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Edison
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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16
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Cerbino R, Giavazzi F, Helgeson ME. Differential dynamic microscopy for the characterization of polymer systems. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cerbino
- Faculty of Physics University of Vienna Vienna Austria
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine University of Milan Segrate Italy
| | - Fabio Giavazzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine University of Milan Segrate Italy
| | - Matthew E. Helgeson
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California USA
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17
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Smell and Taste Disturbance in COVID-19 Patients: A Prospective Multicenteric Review. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2021; 74:2978-2984. [PMID: 34075334 PMCID: PMC8159719 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-021-02664-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the incidence of the smell and taste disturbance in the COVID-19 patients and a follow up at 4 months to observe for the duration of resolution of these symptoms. This is a multicentric prospective study carried out in 3 different countries, from April, 2020 to January, 2021. The COVID-19 positive patients, aged between 15 and 60 years, were inquired about the presence of any smell or taste related symptoms. The same patients were followed up with the telephonic interview after 2 months and then after 4 months, respectively. The duration of resolution of the smell and taste disturbance symptoms was noted. Total of 188 COVID-19 positive patients, average age 33.1 ± 1.7 years, 54.2% males and 45.8% female were included in the study. The smell disturbance was present in 60.6% (hyposmia 36.1%, anosmia 20.2%, and parosmia 4.2%) and taste disturbance in 28.7% of patients (hypogeusia 20.2%, ageusia 6.9%, and parageusia 1.6%). There was improvement of anosmia by 97.4, hyposmia by 95.6%, parosmia by 100%, ageusia by 100%, hypogeusia 94.8%, and parageusia by 66.7%, at 4 months follow up. The present study concludes that the smell and taste disturbances are one of the main early presenting features of the COVID-19 infection. The temporary effect of the COVID-19 infection on the olfactory and gustatory pathway was also highlighted with more than 95% patients improving at 4 months of follow up.
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18
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Jeon S, Kim Y, Min S, Song M, Son S, Lee S. Taste Sensitivity of Elderly People Is Associated with Quality of Life and Inadequate Dietary Intake. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051693. [PMID: 34067560 PMCID: PMC8155931 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging has been implicated in the alteration of taste acuity. Diet can affect taste sensitivity. We aimed to investigate the types of tastes altered in elderly Korean people and factors associated with taste alteration in relation to dietary intake and other factors. Elderly participants (≥65 years) and young adults were assessed to determine their recognition thresholds (RT) for sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and umami tastes. Elderly participants were further surveyed for dietary intake and non-nutritional factors. Five taste RTs were correlated with age, but only four taste RTs, except sweetness, differed between the elderly participants and young adults. Inadequate intake of iron, thiamin, folic acid, zinc, and phosphorus among the elderly participants was related to elevated taste RT levels, except for bitter taste. In both correlation and regression analyses, only salty and sour RTs were associated with energy, iron, thiamin, fiber, vitamin C, and riboflavin levels in the elderly participants. The elderly participants’ taste RTs exhibited strong associations with quality of life (QOL) but showed partial relationships with physical activity, number of medicine intakes, social gatherings, and education. Taste sensitivity may decrease with age, which is further influenced by insufficient dietary intake, especially iron and thiamin, and QOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Jeon
- Clinical Nutrition Program, Graduate School of Human Environmental Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea;
| | - Yeonhee Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BK21 FOUR Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (Y.K.); (S.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Sohyun Min
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BK21 FOUR Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (Y.K.); (S.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Mina Song
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BK21 FOUR Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (Y.K.); (S.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Sungtaek Son
- Department of Applied Statistics, College of Economics and Commerce, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea;
| | - Seungmin Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BK21 FOUR Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (Y.K.); (S.M.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2123-3118; Fax: +82-2-2123-3091
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19
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Prevalence and Recovery from Newly Onset Anosmia and Ageusia in Covid 19 Patients at our Teritary Care Centre. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2021; 74:3399-3406. [PMID: 33868972 PMCID: PMC8035057 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-021-02540-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Anosmia (loss of smell) and Ageusia (loss of taste) are newly presenting independent symptoms in association with multiple symptoms such as Fever, Dry cough and Breathlessness in COVID 19 Patients.The Study of aims is to estimate Prevalence of Anosmia & Ageusia in Confirmed Covid 19 cases and to assess their Recovery rates. A Study conducted between June 2020 and September 2020 at a tertiary care COVID Dedicated hospital. Total 200 patients with age group 12–70 years Confirmed COVID 19 Positive Patients using RTPCR having mild to moderate symptoms were included. Patients were examined Clinically alongwith all safety measures to analyse prevalence & estimate their recoveries from sensory impairement using 10 item based DyNaCHRON questionnaire(concerned with taste and smell) at 10th, 14th & 21st Day. Out of 200 patients, Prevalence of Isolated Ageusia is 7%, Isolated Anosmia 4.5% and with Anosmia and Ageusia 4%. Complete Recovery regained in Ageusia within 14 days, while Rest all patients of Anosmia and both (Anosmia and Ageusia) within 21 days, Except 2 patients where long term Anosmia persists. Newly onset Anosmia and Ageusia are common in early stages of Covid 19 disease. They are Prevalent in mild to moderate symptomatic form of Diseases. Recovery in most cases is rapid and complete.Early Screening tests performed in suspected COVID 19 patients with loss of taste and smell sensation allows early diagnosis and treatment.
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20
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Mutiawati E, Fahriani M, Mamada SS, Fajar JK, Frediansyah A, Maliga HA, Ilmawan M, Emran TB, Ophinni Y, Ichsan I, Musadir N, Rabaan AA, Dhama K, Syahrul S, Nainu F, Harapan H. Anosmia and dysgeusia in SARS-CoV-2 infection: incidence and effects on COVID-19 severity and mortality, and the possible pathobiology mechanisms - a systematic review and meta-analysis. F1000Res 2021; 10:40. [PMID: 33824716 PMCID: PMC7993408 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.28393.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The present study aimed to determine the global prevalence of anosmia and dysgeusia in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and to assess their association with severity and mortality of COVID-19. Moreover, this study aimed to discuss the possible pathobiological mechanisms of anosmia and dysgeusia in COVID-19. Methods: Available articles from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and preprint databases (MedRxiv, BioRxiv, and Researchsquare) were searched on November 10th, 2020. Data on the characteristics of the study (anosmia, dysgeusia, and COVID-19) were extracted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess research quality. Moreover, the pooled prevalence of anosmia and dysgeusia were calculated, and the association between anosmia and dysgeusia in presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was assessed using the Z test. Results: Out of 32,142 COVID-19 patients from 107 studies, anosmia was reported in 12,038 patients with a prevalence of 38.2% (95% CI: 36.5%, 47.2%); whereas, dysgeusia was reported in 11,337 patients out of 30,901 COVID-19 patients from 101 studies, with prevalence of 36.6% (95% CI: 35.2%, 45.2%), worldwide. Furthermore, the prevalence of anosmia was 10.2-fold higher (OR: 10.21; 95% CI: 6.53, 15.96, p < 0.001) and that of dysgeusia was 8.6-fold higher (OR: 8.61; 95% CI: 5.26, 14.11, p < 0.001) in COVID-19 patients compared to those with other respiratory infections or COVID-19 like illness. To date, no study has assessed the association of anosmia and dysgeusia with severity and mortality of COVID-19. Conclusion: Anosmia and dysgeusia are prevalent in COVID-19 patients compared to those with the other non-COVID-19 respiratory infections. Several possible mechanisms have been hypothesized; however, future studies are warranted to elucidate the definitive mechanisms of anosmia and dysgeusia in COVID-19. Protocol registration: PROSPERO CRD42020223204.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endang Mutiawati
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
- Department of Neurology, Dr. Zainoel Abidin Hospital, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Marhami Fahriani
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Sukamto S. Mamada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Jonny Karunia Fajar
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
- Brawijaya Internal Medicine Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, 65145, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Andri Frediansyah
- Research Division for Natural Product Technology (BPTBA), Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Wonosari, 55861, Indonesia
| | | | - Muhammad Ilmawan
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65117, Indonesia
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong-4381, Bangladesh
| | - Youdiil Ophinni
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ichsan Ichsan
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Nasrul Musadir
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
- Department of Neurology, Dr. Zainoel Abidin Hospital, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, 31311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Syahrul Syahrul
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
- Department of Neurology, Dr. Zainoel Abidin Hospital, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
| | - Firzan Nainu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Harapan Harapan
- Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
- Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
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21
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Hu J, Andablo-Reyes E, Mighell A, Pavitt S, Sarkar A. Dry mouth diagnosis and saliva substitutes-A review from a textural perspective. J Texture Stud 2020; 52:141-156. [PMID: 33274753 DOI: 10.1111/jtxs.12575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to assess the objective and subjective diagnosis, as well as symptomatic topical treatment of dry mouth conditions with a clear focus on textural perspective. We critically examine both the current practices as well as outline emerging possibilities in dry mouth diagnosis and treatment, including a patent scan for saliva substitutes. For diagnosis, salivary flow rates and patient-completed questionnaires have proven to be useful tools in clinical practice. To date, objective measurements of changes in mechanical properties of saliva via rheological, adsorption, and tribological measurements and biochemical properties of saliva such as assessing protein, mucins (MUC5B) are seldom incorporated into clinical diagnostics; these robust diagnostic tools have been largely restricted to application in non-clinical settings. As for symptomatic treatments of dry mouth, four key agents including lubricating, thickening, adhesive, and moisturizing agents have been identified covering the overall landscape of commercial saliva substitutes. Although thickening agents such as modified celluloses, polysaccharide gum, polyethylene glycol, and so forth are most commonly employed saliva substitutes, they offer short-lived relief from dry mouth and generally do not provide boundary lubrication properties of real human saliva. Innovative technologies such as self-assembly, emulsion, liposomes, and microgels are emerging as novel saliva substitutes hold promise for alternative approaches for efficient moistening and lubrication of the oral mucosa. Their adoption into clinical practice will depend on their efficacies, duration of relief, and ease of application by the practitioners and patient compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hu
- Food Colloids and Bioprocessing Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Efren Andablo-Reyes
- Food Colloids and Bioprocessing Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Alan Mighell
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sue Pavitt
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Anwesha Sarkar
- Food Colloids and Bioprocessing Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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22
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23
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Norton V, Lignou S, Bull SP, Gosney MA, Methven L. Consistent Effects of Whey Protein Fortification on Consumer Perception and Liking of Solid Food Matrices (Cakes and Biscuits) Regardless of Age and Saliva Flow. Foods 2020; 9:foods9091328. [PMID: 32967299 PMCID: PMC7555850 DOI: 10.3390/foods9091328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there are numerous high protein products on the market, they are typically not designed with, or for, older consumers. This is surprising considering that dietary guidelines recognise the need for higher protein intake in later life. Protein fortified products are, however, associated with negative sensory attributes and poor consumer acceptance. This paper investigates the extent of mouthdrying sensations within a high protein solid food matrix, along with the effect of age and saliva flow. Solid models using cakes and biscuits, with or without protein fortification, were investigated. The sensory profile and physical properties were analysed and two volunteer studies (n = 84; n = 70) were carried out using two age groups (18–30; 65+). Volunteers rated individual perception and liking of products, and salivary flow rates (mL/min) were measured. Unstimulated salivary flow rates were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in older adults, although this was not found to influence product perception. Protein fortification of cakes and biscuits significantly increased (p < 0.05) perceived mouthdrying, hardness and “off” flavours, and significantly reduced (p < 0.05) melting rate, moistness and liking compared with the control versions. There is a clear need to address negative sensory attributes associated with protein fortification of cakes and biscuits to ensure product suitability for older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Norton
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Harry Nursten Building, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6DZ, UK; (V.N.); (S.L.); (S.P.B.)
| | - Stella Lignou
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Harry Nursten Building, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6DZ, UK; (V.N.); (S.L.); (S.P.B.)
| | - Stephanie P. Bull
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Harry Nursten Building, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6DZ, UK; (V.N.); (S.L.); (S.P.B.)
| | - Margot A. Gosney
- Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, London Road, Reading RG1 5AN, UK;
| | - Lisa Methven
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Harry Nursten Building, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6DZ, UK; (V.N.); (S.L.); (S.P.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)118-378-8714
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Amorim Dos Santos J, Normando AGC, Carvalho da Silva RL, Acevedo AC, De Luca Canto G, Sugaya N, Santos-Silva AR, Guerra ENS. Oral Manifestations in Patients with COVID-19: A Living Systematic Review. J Dent Res 2020; 100:141-154. [PMID: 32914677 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520957289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This living systematic review aims to summarize evidence on the prevalence of oral signs and symptoms in patients with COVID-19. The review was reported per the PRISMA checklist, and the literature search was conducted in 6 databases and in gray literature. Studies published in any language mentioning oral symptoms and signs in patients with COVID-19 were included. The risk of bias was assessed by the Joanna Briggs Institute appraisal tools. The certainty of evidence was evaluated through GRADE assessment. After a 2-step selection, 40 studies were included: 33 cross-sectional and 7 case reports. Overall, 10,228 patients (4,288 males, 5,770 females, and 170 unknown) from 19 countries were assessed. Gustatory impairment was the most common oral manifestation, with a prevalence of 45% (95% CI, 34% to 55%; I2 = 99%). The pooled eligible data for different taste disorders were 38% for dysgeusia and 35% for hypogeusia, while ageusia had a prevalence of 24%. Taste disorders were associated with COVID-19 (odds ratio [OR], 12.68; 95% CI, 6.41 to 25.10; I2 = 63%; P < 0.00001), mild/moderate severity (OR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.25 to 3.49; I2 = 66%; P = 0.005), and female patients (OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.23 to 2.17; I2 = 70%; P = 0.0007). Oral mucosal lesions presented multiple clinical aspects, including white and erythematous plaques, irregular ulcers, small blisters, petechiae, and desquamative gingivitis. Tongue, palate, lips, gingiva, and buccal mucosa were affected. In mild cases, oral mucosal lesions developed before or at the same time as the initial respiratory symptoms; however, in those who required medication and hospitalization, the lesions developed approximately 7 to 24 d after onset symptoms. Therefore, taste disorders may be common symptoms in patients with COVID-19 and should be considered in the scope of the disease's onset and progression. Oral mucosal lesions are more likely to present as coinfections and secondary manifestations with multiple clinical aspects (PROSPERO CRD42020184468).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Amorim Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - A G C Normando
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.,Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R L Carvalho da Silva
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - A C Acevedo
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - G De Luca Canto
- Brazilian Centre for Evidence-Based Research, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - N Sugaya
- Stomatology Department, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A R Santos-Silva
- Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E N S Guerra
- Laboratory of Oral Histopathology, Health Sciences Faculty, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
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Cazzolla AP, Lovero R, Lo Muzio L, Testa NF, Schirinzi A, Palmieri G, Pozzessere P, Procacci V, Di Comite M, Ciavarella D, Pepe M, De Ruvo C, Crincoli V, Di Serio F, Santacroce L. Taste and Smell Disorders in COVID-19 Patients: Role of Interleukin-6. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:2774-2781. [PMID: 32786309 PMCID: PMC7437448 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid recovery of smell and taste functions in COVID-19 patients could be attributed to a decrease in interleukin-6 levels rather than central nervous system ischemic injury or viral damage to neuronal cells. To correlate interleukin-6 levels in COVID-19 patients with olfactory or gustatory dysfunctions and to investigate the role of IL-6 in the onset of these disorders, this observational study investigated 67 COVID-19 patients with taste or smell disorders or both, who did not require intensive care admission, admitted at COVID Hospital of Policlinico of Bari from March to May 2020. Interleukin-6 was assayed in COVID-19 patients with taste or smell disturbances at the time of admission and at the time of swab negativization. At the same time, patients have been given a specific survey to evaluate the severity of taste and smell disturbances. Of 125 patients with smell or taste dysfunctions at onset of disease, 67 fulfilled the inclusion criteria, while 58 were excluded because 35 of them required intensive care admission, 5 were unable to answer, 5 died, 7 had finished chemotherapy recently, and 5 refused to participate. The evaluation of taste and smell disorders was carried out using a survey performed at the time of admission and at the time of swab negativization. Sinonasal outcome test 22 (SNOT-22) was used as a reference for olfactory function assessment, and Taste and Smell Questionnaire Section of the US NHANES 2011-2014 protocol (CDC 2013b) was used as reference for gustatory function assessment. A venous blood sample was taken for each patient to measure IL-6 levels upon entry and at swab negativization. Interleukin-6 levels in COVID-19 patients in relation to olfactory or gustatory disorders were correlated from the time of their admission to the time of swab negativization. Statistically significant correlations were obtained between the decrease of interleukin-6 levels and the improvement of smell (p value < 0.05) and taste (p = 0.047) functions at swab negativization. The acquired results demonstrate the key role of interleukin-6 in the pathogenesis of chemosensitive disorders in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela P. Cazzolla
- Department of Clinical and
Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di
Foggia, Foggia 71122,
Italy
| | - Roberto Lovero
- AOU Policlinico
Consorziale di Bari - Ospedale Giovanni XXIII,
Clinical Pathology Unit, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Lo Muzio
- Department of Clinical and
Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di
Foggia, Foggia 71122,
Italy
| | - Nunzio F. Testa
- Department of Clinical and
Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di
Foggia, Foggia 71122,
Italy
| | - Annalisa Schirinzi
- AOU Policlinico
Consorziale di Bari - Ospedale Giovanni XXIII,
Clinical Pathology Unit, Bari 70124, Italy
| | | | - Pietro Pozzessere
- AOU Policlinico
Consorziale di Bari - Ospedale Giovanni XXIII,
Emergency Medicine and Surgery Unit, Bari 70124,
Italy
| | - Vito Procacci
- AOU Policlinico
Consorziale di Bari - Ospedale Giovanni XXIII,
Emergency Medicine and Surgery Unit, Bari 70124,
Italy
| | - Mariasevera Di Comite
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences,
Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Human Anatomy Section,
Università degli Studi di
Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Domenico Ciavarella
- Department of Clinical and
Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di
Foggia, Foggia 71122,
Italy
| | - Maria Pepe
- AOU Policlinico
Consorziale di Bari - Ospedale Giovanni XXIII,
Clinical Pathology Unit, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Caterina De Ruvo
- Maugeri Clinical Research
Institutes IRCCS of Bari, Bari 70124,
Italy
| | - Vito Crincoli
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences,
Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Human Anatomy Section,
Università degli Studi di
Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Francesca Di Serio
- AOU Policlinico
Consorziale di Bari - Ospedale Giovanni XXIII,
Clinical Pathology Unit, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Luigi Santacroce
- Ionian Department (DJSGEM),
Microbiology and Virology Lab, Università degli
Studi di Bari, Bari 70124,
Italy
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26
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Tanasa IA, Manciuc C, Carauleanu A, Navolan DB, Bohiltea RE, Nemescu D. Anosmia and ageusia associated with coronavirus infection (COVID-19) - what is known? Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:2344-2347. [PMID: 32765712 PMCID: PMC7401831 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2020 a new pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus is affecting the lives of millions of patients and healthcare workers worldwide. The clinical picture of this infection is in a dynamic process of discovery, and more symptoms emerge as the clinicians observe and diagnose manifestations that affect multiple organs. Anosmia (loss of smell), and ageusia (loss of taste) become more frequently cited as independent symptoms or in association with the most common manifestations of the disease, such as fever, cough and dyspnea. A thorough screening program will prevent most nosocomial and community-acquired infections by promoting efficient triage and specific measures such as isolation of the patients. Therefore, it is important to include frequent symptoms in the anamnesis and questionnaires to select those patients who might benefit from testing, isolation, and treatment. This study summarizes the existing data regarding the association of anosmia and ageusia with the SARS-CoV-2 infection. It also aims to describe manifestations of these, particularly in the clinical picture of all symptomatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Andrada Tanasa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Carmen Manciuc
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandru Carauleanu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Dan Bogdan Navolan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ‘Victor Babes’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Roxana Elena Bohiltea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dragos Nemescu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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27
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Norton V, Lignou S, Bull SP, Gosney MA, Methven L. An Investigation of the Influence of Age and Saliva Flow on the Oral Retention of Whey Protein and Its Potential Effect on the Perception and Acceptance of Whey Protein Beverages. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2506. [PMID: 32825104 PMCID: PMC7551043 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein fortified products are regularly recommended to older adults to improve nutritional status and limit sarcopenia. However protein fortification can elicit negative sensory attributes such as mouthdrying. Sensitivity to mouthdrying can increase with age, yet the influence of saliva flow and mucoadhesion remain uncertain. Here, two studies tested different whey protein beverages (WPB); 22 healthy younger volunteers completed a pilot and 84 healthy volunteers from two age groups (18-30; 65+) completed the main study. In both studies salivary flow rates (mL/min) were measured and saliva samples were collected at time intervals post beverage consumption to measure mucoadhesion to the oral cavity, where protein concentration was analysed by Bradford Assay. Volunteers rated perception and acceptability of WPBs in the main study. WPB consumption resulted in significantly increased protein concentration (p < 0.0001) in saliva samples compared with a control whey permeate beverage. Older adults had significantly lower unstimulated saliva flow (p = 0.003) and significantly increased protein concentration (p = 0.02) in saliva samples, compared with younger adults. Heating of WPB significantly (p < 0.05) increased mouthdrying and thickness perception and reduced sweetness compared with unheated WPB. Mucoadhesion is concluded to be a true phenomenon in WPBs and increases with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Norton
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AD, UK; (V.N.); (S.L.); (S.P.B.)
| | - Stella Lignou
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AD, UK; (V.N.); (S.L.); (S.P.B.)
| | - Stephanie P. Bull
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AD, UK; (V.N.); (S.L.); (S.P.B.)
| | - Margot A. Gosney
- Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, London Road, Reading RG1 5AN, UK;
| | - Lisa Methven
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AD, UK; (V.N.); (S.L.); (S.P.B.)
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28
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Vaira LA, Salzano G, Fois AG, Piombino P, De Riu G. Potential pathogenesis of ageusia and anosmia in COVID-19 patients. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2020; 10:1103-1104. [PMID: 32342636 PMCID: PMC7267531 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Angelo Vaira
- Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, University Hospital of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Salzano
- Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, University Hospital of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Pasquale Piombino
- Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, University Hospital of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Giacomo De Riu
- Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, University Hospital of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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