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Scott AG, Johnson BJ, Hunter SC. Exploring the influence of context on social norms around Australian parents' food provision using story completion. Public Health Nutr 2024; 27:e110. [PMID: 38576146 PMCID: PMC11036444 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980024000806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the differences in social norms around parents' food provision in different provision contexts and by demographics. DESIGN Qualitative study using story completion methodology via an online survey in September 2021. Adults 18+ with or without children were randomised to one of three story stems focusing on food provision in different contexts; food provision at home (non-visitor), with visitors present and with the involvement of sport. Stories were coded and themed using thematic analysis. A content analysis was performed to determine count and frequency of codes in stories by participant demographics and story assumptions. SETTING Australia. PARTICIPANTS Adults (n 196). RESULTS Nine themes were identified from the data resulting in four social norms around providing healthy foods and justifying non-adherence to healthy eating guidelines, evolution of family life and mealtime values, the presence of others influencing how we engage with food provision and unhealthy foods used as incentives/rewards in sport. Following content analysis, no differences of themes or norms by participant demographics or story assumptions were found. CONCLUSIONS We identified pervasive social norms around family food provision and further identified how contextual factors resulted in variations or distinct norms. This highlights the impact context may have on the social norms parents face when providing food to their children and the opportunities and risks of leveraging these social norms to influence food choice in these contexts. Public health interventions and practitioners should understand the influence of context and social environments when promoting behaviour change and providing individualised advice. Future research could explore parents' experiences of these norms and to what extent they impact food choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia G Scott
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Tarntanya, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA5001, Australia
| | - Brittany J Johnson
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Tarntanya, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA5001, Australia
| | - Sarah C Hunter
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Tarntanya, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA5001, Australia
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Bestle SMS, Lassen AD, Biltoft-Jensen AP, Matthiessen J, Gibbons SJ, Christensen BJ, Ersbøll BK, Trolle E. Reduction in intake of discretionary foods and drinks among Danish schoolchildren: dietary results from the real-life cluster-randomised controlled trial 'Are You Too Sweet?'. Public Health Nutr 2024; 27:e111. [PMID: 38528814 PMCID: PMC11036427 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980024000740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of the multicomponent intervention trial 'Are You Too Sweet?' in reducing discretionary foods and drinks intake among young schoolchildren. DESIGN The study was a 3·5-month two-arm cluster-randomised controlled trial among primary schoolchildren and their families. School health nurses provided guidance to families regarding discretionary foods and drinks for the children. Moreover, families were given a variety of knowledge- and capability-building materials to utilise at home. Dietary intake was assessed using a web-based 7-d dietary record. Linear mixed regression models were used to estimate intervention effects as changes in child intake of discretionary foods and drinks and sugar between groups. SETTING Six schools from a Danish municipality were randomised to the intervention group (n 4) or the control group (n 2). PARTICIPANTS A total of 153 children aged 5-7 years. RESULTS No significant reduction in the children's intake of total discretionary foods and drinks or discretionary foods alone was observed between the intervention and control group, while a decreased intake of discretionary drinks of 40·9 % (P = 0·045) was observed compared with control. Secondary subgroup analysis showed that children of parents with shorter educational level significantly reduced their intake of added sugar by 2·9 E% (P = 0·002). CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate that multicomponent interventions involving school health nurses may have some effects in reducing, especially, discretionary drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidse Marie Sidenius Bestle
- Division of Food Technology, National Food Institute,
Technical University of Denmark, Henrik Dams Allé, Building
202, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anne Dahl Lassen
- Division of Food Technology, National Food Institute,
Technical University of Denmark, Henrik Dams Allé, Building
202, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anja Pia Biltoft-Jensen
- Division of Food Technology, National Food Institute,
Technical University of Denmark, Henrik Dams Allé, Building
202, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Matthiessen
- Division of Food Technology, National Food Institute,
Technical University of Denmark, Henrik Dams Allé, Building
202, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sarah Jegsmark Gibbons
- Division of Food Technology, National Food Institute,
Technical University of Denmark, Henrik Dams Allé, Building
202, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Bjarne Kjær Ersbøll
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science,
Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby,
Denmark
| | - Ellen Trolle
- Division of Food Technology, National Food Institute,
Technical University of Denmark, Henrik Dams Allé, Building
202, Lyngby, Denmark
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Delaney T, Jackson J, Lecathelinais C, Clinton-McHarg T, Lamont H, Yoong SL, Wolfenden L, Sutherland R, Wyse R. Long-Term Effectiveness of a Multi-Strategy Choice Architecture Intervention in Increasing Healthy Food Choices of High-School Students From Online Canteens (Click & Crunch High Schools): Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Internet Res 2024; 26:e51108. [PMID: 38502177 PMCID: PMC10988364 DOI: 10.2196/51108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND School canteens are a recommended setting to influence adolescent nutrition due to their scope to improve student food choices. Online lunch ordering systems ("online canteens") are increasingly used and represent attractive infrastructure to implement choice architecture interventions that nudge users toward healthier food choices. A recent cluster randomized controlled trial demonstrated the short-term effectiveness (2-month follow-up) of a choice architecture intervention to increase the healthiness of foods purchased by high school students from online canteens. However, there is little evidence regarding the long-term effectiveness of choice architecture interventions targeting adolescent food purchases, particularly those delivered online. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the long-term effectiveness of a multi-strategy choice architecture intervention embedded within online canteen infrastructure in high schools at a 15-month follow-up. METHODS A cluster randomized controlled trial was undertaken with 1331 students (from 9 high schools) in New South Wales, Australia. Schools were randomized to receive the automated choice architecture intervention (including menu labeling, positioning, feedback, and prompting strategies) or the control (standard online ordering). The foods purchased were classified according to the New South Wales Healthy Canteen strategy as either "everyday," "occasional," or "should not be sold." Primary outcomes were the average proportion of "everyday," "occasional," and "should not be sold" items purchased per student. Secondary outcomes were the mean energy, saturated fat, sugar, and sodium content of purchases. Outcomes were assessed using routine data collected by the online canteen. RESULTS From baseline to 15-month follow-up, on average, students in the intervention group ordered significantly more "everyday" items (+11.5%, 95% CI 7.3% to 15.6%; P<.001), and significantly fewer "occasional" (-5.4%, 95% CI -9.4% to -1.5%; P=.007) and "should not be sold" items (-6%, 95% CI -9.1% to -2.9%; P<.001), relative to controls. There were no between-group differences over time in the mean energy, saturated fat, sugar, or sodium content of lunch orders. CONCLUSIONS Given their longer-term effectiveness, choice architecture interventions delivered via online canteens may represent a promising option for policy makers to support healthy eating among high school students. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian Clinical Trials ACTRN12620001338954, https://anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=380546 ; Open Science Framework osf.io/h8zfr, https://osf.io/h8zfr/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Delaney
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Wallsend, Australia
- Hunter New England Population Health, Hunter New England Local Health District, Wallsend, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Jacklyn Jackson
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Wallsend, Australia
- Hunter New England Population Health, Hunter New England Local Health District, Wallsend, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Christophe Lecathelinais
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Wallsend, Australia
- Hunter New England Population Health, Hunter New England Local Health District, Wallsend, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Tara Clinton-McHarg
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hannah Lamont
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Wallsend, Australia
- Hunter New England Population Health, Hunter New England Local Health District, Wallsend, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Sze Lin Yoong
- Faculty of Health, School of Health and Social Development, Global Centre for Preventive Health and Nutrition, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Luke Wolfenden
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Wallsend, Australia
- Hunter New England Population Health, Hunter New England Local Health District, Wallsend, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Rachel Sutherland
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Wallsend, Australia
- Hunter New England Population Health, Hunter New England Local Health District, Wallsend, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Rebecca Wyse
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Wallsend, Australia
- Hunter New England Population Health, Hunter New England Local Health District, Wallsend, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
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Wang X, Xu Y, Tan B, Duan R, Shan S, Zeng L, Zou K, Zhao L, Xiong J, Zhang L, Rong S, Cheng G. Development of the Chinese preschooler dietary index: a tool to assess overall diet quality. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2428. [PMID: 36572858 PMCID: PMC9791773 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14672-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diet quality in early childhood has a long-term impact on health outcomes. However, there are scarce dietary indexes for Chinese preschool children, and the existing indexes had limited validity and reliability. This study thus aimed to develop a dietary index for preschool children based on the Chinese Dietary Guideline and Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes and to assess their overall diet quality using the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). METHODS The Chinese Preschooler Dietary Index (CPDI) included 11 components, covering 9 food group components and two nutrient components. The total scores of CPDI ranged from 0 to 90, with a higher score indicating greater diet quality. This study assessed the diet quality of 1742 preschoolers aged two to five years old from CHNS using the CPDI. Dietary intake data were obtained using three-day 24-h diet recalls, and sociodemographic information was also collected. Cochran-Mantel-Haensel (CMH) test was used to explore the association between demographic and CPDI total scores. The principal component analysis, correlation analysis and Cronbach's alpha were used to evaluate the relative reliability and validity of the CPDI. Finally, a stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to explore potential influencing factors of CPDI. RESULTS Among the 1742 CHNS preschool children, more than 70% resided in rural areas and 41.2% of the sample were raised in a low-income family. The mean CPDI score of the preschoolers was 38.8 ± 12.9. Higher diet scores were correlated with higher energy and nutrient intake. Children with higher age (β = 0.93, SE = 0.26, P = 0.0003), raised in a home with higher household income (β = 3.11, SE = 0.27, P < 0.0001) or living in urban areas (β = -4.44, SE = 0.66, P < 0.0001) were associated with higher CPDI scores. CONCLUSIONS The CPDI is useful in evaluating the diet quality of preschool children. Based on the CPDI, the diet quality of Chinese preschoolers needs to be improved, especially in rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- grid.461863.e0000 0004 1757 9397Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yujie Xu
- grid.461863.e0000 0004 1757 9397Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bingbing Tan
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruonan Duan
- grid.461863.e0000 0004 1757 9397Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 People’s Republic of China ,grid.470966.aShanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China ,grid.412793.a0000 0004 1799 5032Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shufang Shan
- grid.461863.e0000 0004 1757 9397Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 People’s Republic of China
| | - Linan Zeng
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Pharmacy, Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kun Zou
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Pharmacy, Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Zhao
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Health Policy and Management, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingyuan Xiong
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital,, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingli Zhang
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Pharmacy, Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuang Rong
- grid.412787.f0000 0000 9868 173XDepartment of Nutrition Hygiene and Toxicology, Academic of Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guo Cheng
- grid.461863.e0000 0004 1757 9397Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 People’s Republic of China
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Monge-Rojas R, Vargas-Quesada R, Gómez G. Role of Residence Area on Diet Diversity and Micronutrient Intake Adequacy in Urban and Rural Costa Rican Adolescents. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235093. [PMID: 36501123 PMCID: PMC9738538 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary diversity might be essential to meet nutritional demands during adolescence. Diet diversity among 818 urban and rural Costa Rican adolescents aged 13−18 years was studied using the Minimum Dietary Diversity Score for Women. The Nutrient Adequacy Ratio (NAR) was calculated for 11 nutrients to estimate the nutrient adequacy of the diet. A NAR < 0.7 was considered inadequate for micronutrient intake. The optimal Diet Diversity Score (DDS) cut-off point for this study was 4, established using receiver-operating characteristic curves. The mean DDS for the overall sample was 4.17 ± 1.43, although DDS was significantly higher in adolescents from rural vs. urban areas (4.33 ± 1.43 vs. 4.00 ± 1.42, p-value = 0.001). The odds of having a diverse diet were 62% higher in rural vs. urban adolescents. Overall, 80−95% of adolescents reached a NAR ≥ 0.70 for 8 nutrients except for calcium, zinc, and vitamin A. The residence area plays a key role in adolescent dietary diversity. Although overall DDS was low, foods that make up the rural adolescent diet were nutritionally dense enough to satisfy the EAR for most micronutrients. A high DDS is not necessarily required for the diet to meet most micronutrient demands in adolescence. Improved dietary adequacy of vitamin A, zinc, and calcium is required due to the importance of these micronutrients in maintaining optimal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Monge-Rojas
- Nutrition and Health Unit, Costa Rican Institute for Research and Education on Nutrition and Health (INCIENSA), Ministry of Health, Tres Ríos 4-2250, Costa Rica
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +506-2279-9911
| | - Rulamán Vargas-Quesada
- Nutrition and Health Unit, Costa Rican Institute for Research and Education on Nutrition and Health (INCIENSA), Ministry of Health, Tres Ríos 4-2250, Costa Rica
| | - Georgina Gómez
- Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, University of Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
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Thomas M, Eveleigh E, Vural Z, Rose P, Avery A, Coneyworth L, Welham S. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Food Security of UK Adults Aged 20-65 Years (COVID-19 Food Security and Dietary Assessment Study). Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235078. [PMID: 36501108 PMCID: PMC9736021 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The first UK lockdown greatly impacted the food security status of UK adults. This study set out to establish if food procurement was adapted differently for different income groups and if this impacted dietary intakes disproportionately. Adults (n = 515) aged 20-65 years participated in an online survey with 56 completing a 3-4 day diet diary. Food availability was a significant factor in the experience of food insecurity. Similar proportions of food secure and food insecure adapted food spend during lockdown, spending similar amounts. Food insecure (n = 85, 18.3%) had a 10.5% lower income and the money spent on food required a greater proportion of income. Access to food was the biggest driver of food insecurity but monetary constraint was a factor for the lowest income group. The relative risk of food insecurity increased by 0.07-fold for every 1% increase in the proportion of income spent on food above 10%. Micronutrient intakes were low compared to the reference nutrient intake (RNI) for most females, with riboflavin being 36% lower in food insecure groups (p = 0.03), whilst vitamin B12 was 56% lower (p = 0.057) and iodine 53.6% lower (p = 0.257) these were not significant. Coping strategies adopted by food insecure groups included altering the quantity and variety of fruit and vegetables which may have contributed to the differences in micronutrients.
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Béjar LM. Weekend-Weekday Differences in Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet among Spanish University Students. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142811. [PMID: 35889767 PMCID: PMC9317012 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Daily routines may influence eating patterns; however, differences in intake on weekdays and at weekends have rarely been explored. Furthermore, these differences have not been analyzed among university students (a particularly interesting group among the younger generations). The aim of the study was to evaluate weekend−weekday variation in the Mediterranean diet among Spanish university students, while investigating the potential influence of age, gender, studies, body mass index, smoking status and physical activity status. A repeated-measurement 28-day cross-sectional observational study with self-reported dietary intake collected using the e12HR app was conducted. There were 361 participants: average age 20.6 years; 72.9% women; 58.2% students of Pharmacy; average BMI 21.9 kg/m2; 91.4% nonsmokers; 77.6% performed ≥150 min/week of physical activity. Outcome measurements were adherence to the Mediterranean diet (AMD) index and percentage of participants meeting recommendations for each food group on weekdays and at weekends. In all subgroups, Spanish university students’ global diet was associated with low AMD, with poorer diet quality (>12% reductions in mean scores of AMD index and >26% reductions in adequate adherence scores (≥9)) at weekends. In conclusion, weekend health behaviors of Spanish university students displayed less favorable eating behavior, making the weekend an important target for public health interventions aiming to improve dietary intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Béjar
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Seville, 41004 Seville, Spain
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The Profiling of Diet and Physical Activity in Reproductive Age Women and Their Association with Body Mass Index. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14132607. [PMID: 35807789 PMCID: PMC9268133 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-pregnancy, pregnancy and postpartum are critical life stages associated with higher weight gain and obesity risk. Among these women, the sociodemographic groups at highest risk for suboptimal lifestyle behaviours and core lifestyle components associated with excess adiposity are unclear. This study sought to identify subgroups of women meeting diet/physical activity (PA) recommendations in relation to sociodemographics and assess diet/PA components associated with body mass index (BMI) across these life stages. Cross-sectional data (Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey 2011–2012) were analysed for pre-pregnancy, pregnant and postpartum women. The majority (63–95%) of women did not meet dietary or PA recommendations at all life stages. Core and discretionary food intake differed by sociodemographic factors. In pre-pregnant women, BMI was inversely associated with higher whole grain intake (β = −1.58, 95% CI −2.96, −0.21; p = 0.025) and energy from alcohol (β = −0.08, −0.14, −0.005; p = 0.035). In postpartum women, BMI was inversely associated with increased fibre (β = −0.06, 95% CI −0.11, −0.004; p = 0.034) and PA (β = −0.002, 95% CI −0.004, −0.001; p = 0.013). This highlights the need for targeting whole grains, fibre and PA to prevent obesity across life stages, addressing those most socioeconomically disadvantaged.
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Weekday and Weekend Differences in Eating Habits, Physical Activity and Screen Time Behavior among a Sample of Primary School Children: The "Seven Days for My Health" Project. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19074215. [PMID: 35409899 PMCID: PMC8998659 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthy eating and active lifestyle habits are essential for a child's development, wellbeing, and health. School setting and family environment play a crucial role in shaping these habits and this could be reflected in different behavior patterns during weekdays and weekends. METHODS We investigated primary school children's lifestyle habits through a cross-sectional analysis of 428 Italian primary school children, with a mean age of 8.99 years (±1.43). Data were collected from May to June 2017 using a weekly diary to assess children's lifestyles. RESULTS Children who eat their morning snack and lunch at school three or more times during the weekdays were 5.47 times more likely (95% CI 3.02, 10.2) to consume adequate snacks and 7.79 times more likely (95% CI 4.43, 14.5) to have adequate meals than those who did not. CONCLUSION Consumption of vegetables, lunch, and snacks are significantly more adequate during the weekdays as compared to the weekends. Physical activity levels did not differ between weekdays and weekends. Moreover, children spent more time engaged in physical activities than in front of a screen during both the weekdays and the weekends. The present results are good indicators of the importance of the school canteen in defining correct eating habits. Family-based and school-based interventions could represent valuable integrative strategies for promoting a healthy lifestyle in children.
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