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Vicente F, Pereira PC. Pork Meat Composition and Health: A Review of the Evidence. Foods 2024; 13:1905. [PMID: 38928846 PMCID: PMC11202857 DOI: 10.3390/foods13121905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Meat has been part of the human diet for centuries and it is a recognizable source of high-biologic-value protein and several micronutrients; however, its consumption has been associated with an increased risk of non-communicable diseases (e.g., cardiovascular diseases, cancer). These concerns are mostly related to red meat. However, meat composition is quite variable within species and meat cuts. The present study explores the composition of pork meat, and the differences among different pork meat cuts and it reviews the evidence on the influence of its consumption on health outcomes. Pork meat contributes to 30% of all meat consumed worldwide and it offers a distinct nutrient profile; it is rich in high-quality protein, B-complex vitamins, and essential minerals such as zinc and iron, though it contains moderate levels of saturated fat compared to beef. Additionally, research on sustainability points out advantages from pork meat consumption considering that it is a non-ruminant animal and is included in one of the five more sustainable dietary patterns. In what concerns the data on the influence of pork meat consumption on health outcomes, a few clinical studies have shown no harmful effects on cardiovascular risk factors, specifically blood lipids. Several arguments can justify that pork meat can be an option in a healthy and sustainable diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Vicente
- Applied Nutrition Research Group (GENA), Nutrition Lab, CIIEM—Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal;
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2
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Akhmetova V, Balji Y, Kandalina Y, Iskineyeva A, Mukhamejanova A, Baspakova A, Uzakov Y, Issayeva K, Zamaratskaia G. Self-reported consumption frequency of meat and fish products among young adults in Kazakhstan. Nutr Health 2024; 30:309-318. [PMID: 35832031 PMCID: PMC11141100 DOI: 10.1177/02601060221114230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Background: Meat and dairy products are important ingredients in Kazakhstan, although there are indications that high consumption of red and processed meat is associated with a risk of several non-communicable diseases and has an adverse impact on the environment. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the dietary habits of young adults in Kazakhstan, particularly meat and fish consumption frequency among university students in five regions of Kazakhstan. Methods: The assessment of meat and fish consumption was based on the food frequency questionnaire. Region of residence, age, sex, weight, height and parental education were also self-reported. Results: Meat consumption among the participants was lower than recommended consumption of 1500 g per week in Kazakhstan but almost two-fold higher than the World Cancer Research Fund recommendations of 500 g per week. Approximately 24% of the participants reported to consume meat every day. Only 8.6% of the participants reported fish consumption in line with the recommendation of approximately 270 g per week in Kazakhstan. Meat and fish consumption was fairly homogeneous across regions and sex. Conclusion: The results from this study contribute to the relatively limited information on meat and fish consumption in Kazakhstan. Further knowledge on dietary habits and probably improved nutrition recommendations on meat consumption in Kazakhstan are needed to protect public health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venera Akhmetova
- Department of Food Technology and Processing Products, S. Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Yuriy Balji
- Department of Veterinary Sanitation, S. Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Yelena Kandalina
- Department of Foreign Philology, A.Baitursynov Kostanay Regional University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
| | - Ainara Iskineyeva
- Department of Food Technology and Processing Products, S. Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Akmaral Baspakova
- Department for Scientific Work, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
| | - Yassin Uzakov
- Department of Food Technology, Almaty Technological University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Kuralay Issayeva
- Department of Biotechnology, Toraighyrov University, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan
| | - Galia Zamaratskaia
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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Skurk T, Bosy-Westphal A, Grünerbel A, Kabisch S, Keuthage W, Kronsbein P, Müssig K, Nussbaumer H, Pfeiffer AFH, Simon MC, Tombek A, Weber KS, Rubin D. Dietary Recommendations for Persons with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2024; 132:182-215. [PMID: 38286422 DOI: 10.1055/a-2166-6772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Skurk
- ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Nutritional Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Kabisch
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Potsdam, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| | - Winfried Keuthage
- Specialist Practice for Diabetes and Nutritional Medicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Kronsbein
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Mönchengladbach Campus, Mönchengladbach, Germany
| | - Karsten Müssig
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Diabetology, Niels Stensen Hospitals, Franziskus Hospital Harderberg, Georgsmarienhütte, Germany
| | | | - Andreas F H Pfeiffer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutritional Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie-Christine Simon
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Astrid Tombek
- Diabetes Centre Bad Mergentheim, Bad Mergentheim, Germany
| | - Katharina S Weber
- Institute for Epidemiology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Diana Rubin
- Vivantes Hospital Spandau, Berlin, Germany
- Vivantes Humboldt Hospital, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Connolly G, Campbell WW. Poultry Consumption and Human Cardiometabolic Health-Related Outcomes: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:3550. [PMID: 37630747 PMCID: PMC10459134 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Poultry meats, in particular chicken, have high rates of consumption globally. Poultry is the most consumed type of meat in the United States (US), with chicken being the most common type of poultry consumed. The amounts of chicken and total poultry consumed in the US have more than tripled over the last six decades. This narrative review describes nutritional profiles of commonly consumed chicken/poultry products, consumption trends, and dietary recommendations in the US. Overviews of the scientific literature pertaining to associations between, and effects of consuming chicken/poultry on, body weight and body composition, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are provided. Limited evidence from randomized controlled trials indicates the consumption of lean unprocessed chicken as a primary dietary protein source has either beneficial or neutral effects on body weight and body composition and risk factors for CVD and T2DM. Apparently, zero randomized controlled feeding trials have specifically assessed the effects of consuming processed chicken/poultry on these health outcomes. Evidence from observational studies is less consistent, likely due to confounding factors such as a lack of a description of and distinctions among types of chicken/poultry products, amounts consumed, and cooking and preservation methods. New experimental and observational research on the impacts of consuming chicken/poultry, especially processed versions, on cardiometabolic health is sorely needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wayne W. Campbell
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
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5
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You W, Feng S, Donnelly F. Total meat (flesh) supply may be a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases worldwide. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:3203-3212. [PMID: 37324898 PMCID: PMC10261784 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of red meat instead of white meat has typically been associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Reflecting actual diet patterns, this study explored the role of total meat (red + white) in predicting CVD incidence. Data from 217 countries were extracted from United Nations agencies for the analyses in five steps. Bivariate correlations were applied to examine the relationship between total meat and CVD incidence globally and regionally. Partial correlation was applied to identify that total meat was an independent predictor of CVD incidence while socioeconomic status, obesity, and urbanization were statistically constant. Stepwise linear regression was conducted for selecting the significant predictor of CVD incidence. SPSS 28 and Microsoft Excel were used for correlation analyses. Globally, total meat correlated to CVD incidence strongly and significantly in bivariate correlation models. This relationship remained significant in partial correlation when socioeconomic status, obesity, and urbanization were statistically kept constant. Stepwise multiple regression identified that, second to socioeconomic status, total meat was a significant predictor of CVD incidence. Total meat correlated to CVD incidence in different country groupings. However, the correlations between total meat and CVD incidence were significantly stronger in developing countries than in developed countries. Worldwide, total meat (flesh) consumption correlated to CVD incidence independently, but significantly stronger in developing countries than in developed countries. This correlation is worth exploring further in longitudinal cohort studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenpeng You
- Adelaide Nursing SchoolThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
- Heart and Lung, Royal Adelaide HospitalAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
- Adelaide Medical SchoolThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Shuhuan Feng
- China Organic Food Certification CenterBeijingChina
| | - Frank Donnelly
- Adelaide Nursing SchoolThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
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6
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Agarwal S, Fulgoni VL. Association of Pork (All Pork, Fresh Pork and Processed Pork) Consumption with Nutrient Intakes and Adequacy in US Children (Age 2-18 Years) and Adults (Age 19+ Years): NHANES 2011-2018 Analysis. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15102293. [PMID: 37242176 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pork is a rich source of high-quality protein and select nutrients. The objective of this work was to assess the intakes of all pork (AP), fresh pork (FP) and processed pork (PP) and their association with nutrient intake and meeting nutrient recommendations using 24 h dietary recall data. Usual intake was determined using the NCI method and the percentage of the population with intakes below the Estimated Average Requirement, or above the Adequate Intake for pork consumers and non-consumers, was estimated. About 52, 15 and 45% of children and 59, 20 and 49% of adults were consumers of AP, FP and PP, respectively, with mean intakes in consumers of 47, 60 and 38 g/day for children and 61, 77 and 48 g/day for adults, respectively. Among consumers of AP, FP and PP, the intakes of copper, potassium, selenium, sodium, zinc, thiamine, niacin, vitamin B6 and choline were higher (p < 0.05) and a higher (p < 0.05) proportion met nutrient recommendations for copper, potassium, zinc, thiamin and choline compared to non-consumers. There were additional differences (p < 0.05) in intakes and adequacies for other nutrients between consumers and non-consumers depending upon the age group and pork type. In conclusion, pork intake was associated with higher intakes and adequacies in children and adults for certain key nutrients.
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7
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Klammer C, Schindler K, Bugl R, Plazek D, Vötter M, Kirchner T, Martino C, Klammer-Martin J, Brix J, Dämon S, Hoppichler F, Kautzky-Willer A, Kruschitz R, Toplak H, Clodi M, Ludvik B. [Nutrition for diabetic patients (Update 2023)]. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2023; 135:62-77. [PMID: 37101026 PMCID: PMC10133079 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-023-02170-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
All patients with diabetes require individual and personalized nutritional consultation with professionals. The patient's needs should be the primary focus of the dietary therapy, taking their lifestyle and the type of diabetes into consideration. With the recommendations to the patient's diet, there need to be specific metabolic goals to reduce the disease's progression and to avoid long term health effects. Therefore, practical guidelines such as portion size and meal planning tips should be the main focus.According to the latest national and international standards, patients suffering from diabetes should have access to nutrition consulting and nutritional training. During consultation they can be supported on- how to manage their health condition and choosing food and beverage to improve their health.These practical recommendations sum up the latest literature on nutritional aspects of diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Klammer
- Abteilung für Innere Medizin, Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz, Linz, Österreich
- ICMR - Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040, Linz, Österreich
| | - Karin Schindler
- Bundesministerium für Soziales, Gesundheit, Pflege und Konsumentenschutz, Wien, Österreich
- Klinische Abteilung für Endokrinologie und Stoffwechsel, Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin III, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Österreich
| | - Rita Bugl
- Wiener Gesundheitsverband Klinik Ottakring, Wien, Österreich
| | | | | | - Tanja Kirchner
- Österreichische Gesundheitskasse Mein Peterhof Baden, Baden, Österreich
| | - Claudia Martino
- Österreichische Gesundheitskasse Mein Gesundheitszentrum Floridsdorf, Wien, Österreich
| | | | - Johanna Brix
- Medizinische Abteilung mit Diabetologie, Endokrinologie und Nephrologie, Klinik Landstraße, Wien, Österreich
| | - Sabine Dämon
- Special Institute for Preventive Cardiology and Nutrition, SIPCAN - Initiative für ein gesundes Leben, Elsbethen/Salzburg, Österreich
| | - Friedrich Hoppichler
- Special Institute for Preventive Cardiology and Nutrition, SIPCAN - Initiative für ein gesundes Leben, Elsbethen/Salzburg, Österreich
- Abteilung für Innere Medizin, Krankenhaus der Barmherzigen Brüder Salzburg, Salzburg, Österreich
| | - Alexandra Kautzky-Willer
- Gender Medicine Unit, Klinische Abteilung für Endokrinologie und Stoffwechsel, Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin III, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Österreich
| | - Renate Kruschitz
- Abteilung für Innere Medizin, Krankenhaus der Elisabethinen, Klagenfurt, Österreich
| | - Hermann Toplak
- Klinische Abteilung für Endokrinologie und Diabetologie, Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin, Medizinische Universität Graz, Graz, Österreich
| | - Martin Clodi
- Abteilung für Innere Medizin, Konventhospital der Barmherzigen Brüder Linz, Linz, Österreich.
- ICMR - Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040, Linz, Österreich.
| | - Bernhard Ludvik
- Medizinische Abteilung mit Diabetologie, Endokrinologie und Nephrologie, Klinik Landstraße, Wien, Österreich
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8
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Dietary Patterns and Obesity in Chinese Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224911. [PMID: 36432596 PMCID: PMC9698822 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain dietary patterns are associated with an increased risk of obesity and its comorbidities. However, these associations vary across populations. The prevalence of obesity has been rising amid a drastic nutrition transition in China during the country’s rapid economic growth. This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to summarize how dietary patterns are associated with obesity in the Chinese population. We searched for articles from 1 January 2000 to 1 February 2022 in PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and Scopus that assessed the relationship between dietary patterns and obesity outcomes. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using a random effects model. From the 2556 articles identified from the search, 23 articles were included in the analysis. We found that the traditional Chinese dietary pattern was associated with a lower risk of overweight/obesity (OR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.57, 0.84, p < 0.001), whereas the Western dietary pattern was associated with a higher OR of overweight/obesity, but not reaching statistical significance (OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 0.98, 1.84, p = 0.07). There were inconsistent results for other dietary patterns, such as meat/animal protein and plant/vegetarian patterns. In conclusion, the traditional Chinese diet characterized by vegetables, rice, and meat was associated with a lower risk of obesity. The heterogeneity in characterizing dietary patterns contributes to the inconsistency of how dietary patterns are associated with obesity in the Chinese population.
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9
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Influences of Vitamin D and Iron Status on Skeletal Muscle Health: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14132717. [PMID: 35807896 PMCID: PMC9268405 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
There is conflicting evidence of the roles vitamin D and iron have in isolation and combined in relation to muscle health. The purpose of this narrative review was to examine the current literature on the roles that vitamin D and iron have on skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function and how these nutrients are associated with skeletal muscle health in specific populations. Secondary purposes include exploring if low vitamin D and iron status are interrelated with skeletal muscle health and chronic inflammation and reviewing the influence of animal-source foods rich in these nutrients on health and performance. PubMed, Scopus, SPORT Discus, EMBAE, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar databases were searched to determine eligible studies. There was a positive effect of vitamin D on muscle mass, particularly in older adults. There was a positive effect of iron on aerobic and anaerobic performance. Studies reported mixed results for both vitamin D and iron on muscle strength and function. While vitamin D and iron deficiency commonly occur in combination, few studies examined effects on skeletal muscle health and inflammation. Isolated nutrients such as iron and vitamin D may have positive outcomes; however, nutrients within food sources may be most effective in improving skeletal muscle health.
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10
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Skurk T, Bosy-Westphal A, Grünerbel A, Kabisch S, Keuthage W, Kronsbein P, Müssig K, Pfeiffer AFH, Simon MC, Tombek A, Weber KS, Rubin D. Dietary recommendations for persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2022; 130:S151-S184. [PMID: 35359013 DOI: 10.1055/a-1624-5095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Skurk
- ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute for Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Kabisch
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutritional Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| | - Winfried Keuthage
- Focus Practice for Diabetes and Nutritional Medicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Kronsbein
- Department of Ecotrophology, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Mönchengladbach Campus, Germany
| | - Karsten Müssig
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Diabetology, Niels Stensen Hospitals, Franziskus Hospital Harderberg, Georgsmarienhütte, Germany
| | - Andreas F H Pfeiffer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutritional Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie-Christine Simon
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Katharina S Weber
- Institute of Epidemiology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Diana Rubin
- Vivantes Hospital Spandau, Berlin, Germany.,Vivantes Humboldt Hospital, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Skurk T, Bosy-Westphal A, Grünerbel A, Kabisch S, Keuthage W, Kronsbein P, Müssig K, Pfeiffer AFH, Simon MC, Tombek A, Weber KS, Rubin D. Empfehlungen zur Ernährung von Personen mit Typ-2-Diabetes mellitus. DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1543-1293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Skurk
- ZIEL- Institute for Food & Health, Technische Universität München, Freising
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum für Ernährungsmedizin, Technische Universität München, Freising
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institut für Humanernährung, Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel
| | | | - Stefan Kabisch
- Abt. Endokrinologie, Diabetes und Ernährungsmedizin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin
- Deutsche Zentrum für Diabetesforschung (DZD), München
| | | | - Peter Kronsbein
- Fachbereich Oecotrophologie, Hochschule Niederrhein, Campus Mönchengladbach
| | - Karsten Müssig
- Klinik für Innere Medizin und Gastroenterologie, Niels-Stensen-Kliniken, Franziskus-Hospital Harderberg, Georgsmarienhütte
| | - Andreas F. H. Pfeiffer
- Abt. Endokrinologie, Diabetes und Ernährungsmedizin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin
| | - Marie-Christine Simon
- Institut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelwissenschaften, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn
| | | | - Katharina S. Weber
- Institut für Epidemiologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel
| | - Diana Rubin
- Vivantes Klinikum Spandau, Berlin
- Vivantes Humboldt Klinikum, Berlin
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12
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An R, Nickols-Richardson SM, Alston RJ, Shen S, Clarke C. Fresh- and lean-pork intake in relation to functional limitations among US older adults, 2005-2016. Nutr Health 2020; 26:295-301. [PMID: 32674655 DOI: 10.1177/0260106020940121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pork consumption, in particular fresh/lean-pork consumption, provides protein and other essential micronutrients that older adults need daily and may hold the potential to prevent functional limitations resulting from sub-optimal nutrition. AIM Assess fresh/lean-pork intake in relation to functional limitations among older adults in the USA. METHODS Individual-level data came from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2016 waves. Nineteen validated questions assessed five functional limitation domains: activities of daily living (ADLs); instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs); leisure and social activities (LSAs); lower extremity mobility (LEM); and general physical activities (GPAs). Logistic regressions were performed to examine pork, fresh-pork and fresh lean-pork intake in relation to functional limitations among NHANES older adults (n = 6135). RESULTS Approximately 21, 18 and 16% of older adults consumed pork, fresh pork and fresh lean pork, respectively. An increase in pork consumption by 1 oz-equivalent/day was associated with a reduced odds of ADLs by 12%, IADLs by 10% and any functional limitation by 7%. An increase in fresh-pork consumption by 1 oz-equivalent/day was associated with a reduced odds of ADLs by 13%, IADLs by 10%, GPAs by 8%, and any functional limitation by 8%. Similar effects were found for fresh lean-pork consumption on ADLs, IADLs, GPAs and any functional limitation. CONCLUSION This study found some preliminary evidence linking fresh/lean-pork consumption to a reduced risk of functional limitations. Future studies with longitudinal/experimental designs are warranted to examine the influence of fresh/lean-pork consumption on functional limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruopeng An
- Brown School, 7548Washington University, USA.,Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, 14589University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | | | - Reginald J Alston
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, 14589University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - Sa Shen
- College of Applied Health Sciences, 14589University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - Caitlin Clarke
- Department of Sociology, 14589University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
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13
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Coates AM, Morgillo S, Yandell C, Scholey A, Buckley JD, Dyer KA, Hill AM. Effect of a 12-Week Almond-Enriched Diet on Biomarkers of Cognitive Performance, Mood, and Cardiometabolic Health in Older Overweight Adults. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1180. [PMID: 32340150 PMCID: PMC7230374 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Long term nut consumption is associated with reduced risk of coronary heart disease and better cognitive function. This study examined supplementing habitual diets with almonds or carbohydrate-rich snack foods (providing 15% energy) on biomarkers of cardiovascular and metabolic health, mood and cognitive performance. Participants (overweight/obese, 50-80 years) were randomised to an almond-enriched diet (AED) or isocaloric nut-free diet (NFD) for 12 weeks. Body weight, blood lipids, glucose, insulin, blood pressure (BP), arterial stiffness, cell adhesions molecules, C reactive protein (CRP), mood, and cognitive performance (working memory primary outcome), dietary profiles and energy intake/expenditure were measured at baseline and Week 12 in 128 participants (n = 63 AED, n = 65 NFD). Compared with NFD, AED was associated with altered macro and micronutrient profiles, but no differences in energy intake or expenditure. The AED significantly reduced triglycerides and SBP but there were no other changes in cardiometabolic biomarkers, mood, or cognitive performance. The inclusion of almonds in the diet improves aspects of cardiometabolic health without affecting cognitive performance or mood in overweight/obese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Mary Coates
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, SA, Australia; (S.M.); (C.Y.); (J.D.B.); (K.A.D.)
- Alliance for Research in Nutrition, Exercise and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, SA, Australia;
| | - Samantha Morgillo
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, SA, Australia; (S.M.); (C.Y.); (J.D.B.); (K.A.D.)
- Alliance for Research in Nutrition, Exercise and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, SA, Australia;
| | - Catherine Yandell
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, SA, Australia; (S.M.); (C.Y.); (J.D.B.); (K.A.D.)
- Alliance for Research in Nutrition, Exercise and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, SA, Australia;
| | - Andrew Scholey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne 3122, VIC, Australia;
| | - Jonathan David Buckley
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, SA, Australia; (S.M.); (C.Y.); (J.D.B.); (K.A.D.)
- Alliance for Research in Nutrition, Exercise and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, SA, Australia;
| | - Kathryn Ann Dyer
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, SA, Australia; (S.M.); (C.Y.); (J.D.B.); (K.A.D.)
- Alliance for Research in Nutrition, Exercise and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, SA, Australia;
| | - Alison Marie Hill
- Alliance for Research in Nutrition, Exercise and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, SA, Australia;
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5001, SA, Australia
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14
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Kinyanyi D, Amwayi P, Wamalwa M, Obiero G. Comparative in silico study of congocidine congeners as potential inhibitors of African swine fever virus. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221175. [PMID: 31461446 PMCID: PMC6713398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) infection is fatal in domesticated pigs, with a mortality rate approaching 100%. This may result in economic losses and threats to food security. Currently, there are no approved vaccines or antiviral therapies for ASFV. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated congocidine congeners and a tris-benzimidazole as potential inhibitors of ASFV transcription using an in silico approach. We applied redocking of congocidine and docking of its congeners and a tris-benzimidazole to a receptor containing B-DNA with AT-motifs as a target to mimic conserved ASFV late gene promoters. Subsequently, the binding scores of DNA-ligand docked complexes were evaluated and their binding affinity was estimated. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was then used to assess ligand behavior within the minor groove. From our results, it is evident the less toxic congocidine congeners and tris-benzimidazole could dock to AT-rich regions significantly. Additionally, the predicted binding affinities had suitable values comparable to other experimentally determined minor groove binders, MD simulation of the docked DNA-ligand complexes and subsequent molecular trajectory visualization further showed that the ligands remained embedded in the minor groove during the time course of simulation, indicating that these ligands may have potential applications in abrogating ASFV transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dickson Kinyanyi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail:
| | - Peris Amwayi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mark Wamalwa
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - George Obiero
- Center for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
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15
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Duarte CK, dos Santos ALT, Kirst C, Nunes GDS, de Franceschi K, de Azevedo MJ, Zelmanovitz T. Dietary source of saturated fat and percentage body fat of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:195-204. [PMID: 30680173 PMCID: PMC6341160 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of dietary fat on the body fat of patients with diabetes is not well established. This cross-sectional study aimed to analyze the association between percentage body fat (PBF) and dietary sources of fat from the usual diet of patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS Outpatients were submitted to PBF evaluation estimated by bioelectrical impedance. The patient's usual diet was assessed by a 3-day weighed diet record (WDR), and compliance was analyzed by comparing the protein intake estimated from the WDR and that from 24-hr urinary nitrogen output. RESULTS A total of 188 patients with type 2 diabetes (aged 62.5 ± 8.8 years; 57% female, body mass index [BMI] 29.3 ± 3.8 kg/m²) were analyzed and divided into groups with high and low PBF according to mean PBF (men: 26.6 ± 7.1%; women: 39.8 ± 5.9%). Patients with high PBF consumed an increased proportion of red meat (52.0% of total meat), processed meat (5.4%), and saturated fat from red meat (2.1% of energy) compared to low PBF individuals (42.3% [p = 0.036]; 3.0% [p = 0.010]; 1.5% of energy [p = 0.032], respectively). According to Poisson's regression, the consumption of red meat (PR = 1.008 [95% CI = 1.002-1.013]; p = 0.006) and the reuse of frying oil (PR = 1.670 [95% CI = 1.240-2.249]; p = 0.001) were associated with higher PBF. In the adjusted analysis, the upper tertile of processed meat intake was associated with higher PBF (PR = 1.522 [95% CI = 1.226-1.891]; p = 0.001) compared to the lower tertile. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggested that a higher ingestion of dietary sources of saturated fat was associated with high PBF in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Kümmel Duarte
- Nutrition Departament of Escola de EnfermagemUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrasil
- Endocrine Unit of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegreUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreBrazil
| | | | - Claudia Kirst
- Endocrine Unit of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegreUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreBrazil
| | - Graziela da S. Nunes
- Endocrine Unit of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegreUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreBrazil
| | - Karine de Franceschi
- Endocrine Unit of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegreUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreBrazil
| | - Mirela Jobim de Azevedo
- Endocrine Unit of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegreUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreBrazil
| | - Themis Zelmanovitz
- Endocrine Unit of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegreUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreBrazil
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16
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You W, Henneberg M. Prostate Cancer Incidence is Correlated to Total Meat Intake– a Cross-National Ecologic Analysis of 172 Countries. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:2229-2239. [PMID: 30139230 PMCID: PMC6171413 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.8.2229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To examine the association of total meat (animal flesh) consumption to prostate cancer incidence (PC61) at population level. Subjects and Methods: Data from 172 countries were extracted for analysis. Associations between country specific per capita total meat intake and PC61 incidence at country level were examined using Pearson’s r and Spearman rho, partial correlation, stepwise multiple linear regression analyses with ageing, GDP, Is (index of magnitude of prostate cancer gene accumulation at population level), obesity prevalence and urbanization included as the confounding factors. Countries were also grouped for regional association analysis. The data were log-transformed for analysis in SPSS. Microsoft Excel, and ANOVA Post hoc Scheffe tests were applied to calculate and compare mean differences between country groupings. Results: Worldwide, total meat intake was strongly and positively associated with PC61 incidence in Pearson’s r (r= 0.595, p<0.001) and Spearman rho (r= 0.637, p<0.001) analyses. This relationship remained significant in partial correlation (r= 0.295, p<0.001) when ageing, GDP, Is, obesity prevalence and urbanization were kept statistically constant. GDP was weakly and insignificantly associated with PC61 when total meat intake was kept statistically constant. Stepwise multiple linear regression identified that total meat was a significant predictor of PC61 with total meat intake and all the five confounders included as the independent variables (R2=0.417). Post hoc Scheffe tests revealed nine significant mean differences of PC61 between the six WHO regions, but all disappeared when the contributing effect of total meat on PC61 incidence rate was removed. GDP was not identified as the statistically significant predictor of PC61 in either of the models including or excluding total meat as the independent variable. Conclusions: Total meat intake is an independent predictor of PC61 worldwide, and the determinant of regional variation of PC61. The longitudinal cohort studies are proposed to explore the association further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenpeng You
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Australia.
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17
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Wang B, Du Y, Shen Q, Liu X, Xie C, Geng Z, Chen X. Comparative study of growth performance and meat quality of three-line crossbred commercial group from Shanzhongxian and W-line chicken. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2018.1482797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Department of primary education, Tongcheng Teachers College, Tongcheng, China
| | - Yeye Du
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Qiqing Shen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xue Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Chundi Xie
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhaoyu Geng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xingyong Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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18
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van Baak MA, Larsen TM, Jebb SA, Martinez A, Saris WHM, Handjieva-Darlenska T, Kafatos A, Pfeiffer AFH, Kunešová M, Astrup A. Dietary Intake of Protein from Different Sources and Weight Regain, Changes in Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors after Weight Loss: The DIOGenes Study. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9121326. [PMID: 29211027 PMCID: PMC5748776 DOI: 10.3390/nu9121326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An increase in dietary protein intake has been shown to improve weight loss maintenance in the DIOGenes trial. Here, we analysed whether the source of the dietary proteins influenced changes in body weight, body composition, and cardiometabolic risk factors during the weight maintenance period while following an energy-restricted diet. 489 overweight or obese participants of the DIOGenes trial from eight European countries were included. They successfully lost >8% of body weight and subsequently completed a six month weight maintenance period, in which they consumed an ad libitum diet varying in protein content and glycemic index. Dietary intake was estimated from three-day food diaries. A higher plant protein intake with a proportional decrease in animal protein intake did not affect body weight maintenance or cardiometabolic risk factors. A higher plant protein intake from non-cereal products instead of cereal products was associated with benefits for body weight maintenance and blood pressure. Substituting meat protein for protein from other animal sources increased insulin and HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance). This analysis suggests that not only the amount of dietary proteins, but also the source may be important for weight and cardiometabolic risk management. However, randomized trials are needed to test the causality of these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen A van Baak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Thomas M Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Susan A Jebb
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK.
| | - Alfredo Martinez
- Department of Physiology and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Wim H M Saris
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Anthony Kafatos
- Department of Social Medicine, Preventive Medicine & Nutrition Clinic, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece.
| | - Andreas F H Pfeiffer
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Marie Kunešová
- Obesity Management Center, Institute of Endocrinology, 11694 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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19
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Knecht D, Duziński K, Lisiak D. Accuracy of estimating the technological and economic value of pig carcass primal cuts with an optical-needle device. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2015-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to demonstrate the possibility of using CGM-device measurements for the precise estimation of lean-meat content, the real technological and economic value of ham and loin. The experiment was carried out in two stages: the dissection (n = 136) and the industrial cutting (n = 298). Lean-meat content in carcasses was defined with a CGM device, where the thicknesses of the musculus longissimus dorsi (M2) and backfat (with the skin) (T2) were measured. The strongest correlations were achieved for the T2 measurement and the share of skin with fat or muscles in ham and loin. The strongest correlations for M2 were noted for muscle content in ham and loin. Measurements for M2 positively correlated with all the elements of the technological cutting of ham and loin, but negatively with T2 measurements, in terms of commercial value. The highest values, regardless of the point of measurement, were noted for boneless loin (loin) and ham 4D (ham). The highest estimating accuracy was noted for dissection and technological cutting of loin compared with ham. The results of the study suggest that the current classification device should be modified and improved for the evaluation of the real commercial value of the carcass.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Knecht
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chelmonskiego 38C, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - K. Duziński
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chelmonskiego 38C, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - D. Lisiak
- Division of Meat and Fat Technology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Jubilerska 4, 04-190 Warsaw, Poland
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20
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Sayer RD, Wright AJ, Chen N, Campbell WW. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet retains effectiveness to reduce blood pressure when lean pork is substituted for chicken and fish as the predominant source of protein. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102:302-8. [PMID: 26063693 PMCID: PMC4515871 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.111757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is a major, modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular and kidney disease and premature mortality that is improved by the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet. The DASH diet emphasizes increased consumption of fruit and vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy, nuts, and poultry and fish and reduced intakes of fats, red meats (including pork), sodium, and added sugars. OBJECTIVE We sought to evaluate whether the consumption of lean pork compared with the consumption of chicken and fish as the predominant protein source in a DASH-style diet affected blood pressure (BP) control in men and women with elevated BP. DESIGN In a randomized crossover study, 13 women and 6 men [mean ± SEM age: 61 ± 2 y; BMI (in kg/m²): 31.2 ± 1.4] with elevated BP [systolic blood pressure (SBP)/diastolic blood pressure (DBP): 130 ± 2/85 ± 2 mm Hg] consumed a DASH-style diet for two 6-wk controlled dietary interventions (with a 4-wk diet washout between interventions) with either lean pork [DASH diet with pork (DASH-P)] or chicken and fish [DASH diet with chicken and fish (DASH-CF), the control diet] as the major protein source (55% of total protein intake). SBP and DBP were measured manually and with a 24-h BP monitoring system on 3 d before and 3 d at the end of each diet intervention. RESULTS Preintervention manual BP (DASH-P: 130/84 ± 2/1 mm Hg; DASH-CF: 129/84 ± 2/1 mg Hg) and postintervention manual BP (DASH-P: 122/79 ± 2/1 mm Hg; DASH-CF: 123/78 ± 3/1) were not different between the DASH-P and DASH-CF. Consumption of these DASH-style diets for 6 wk reduced all measures of BP (P < 0.05) with no differences in responses between the DASH-CF and DASH-P. CONCLUSION The results indicate that adults with elevated BP may effectively incorporate lean pork into a DASH-style diet for BP reduction.
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