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Zhou JC, Li HL, Zhou Y, Li XT, Yang ZY, Tohda C, Komatsu K, Piao XH, Ge YW. The roles of natural triterpenoid saponins against Alzheimer's disease. Phytother Res 2023; 37:5017-5040. [PMID: 37491018 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The aging of the world population and increasing stress levels in life are the major cause of the increased incidence of neurological disorders. Alzheimer's disease (AD) creates a huge burden on the lives and health of individuals and has become a big concern for society. Triterpenoid saponins (TS), representative natural product components, have a wide range of pharmacological bioactivities such as anti-inflammation, antioxidation, antiapoptosis, hormone-like, and gut microbiota regulation. Notably, some natural TS exhibited promising neuroprotective activity that can intervene in AD progress, especially in the early stage. Recently, studies have indicated that TS play a pronounced positive role in the prevention and treatment of AD. This review discusses the recent research on the neuroprotection of TS and proceeds to detail the action mechanisms of TS against AD, hoping to provide a reference for drug development for anti-AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Chun Zhou
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM, Innovative team of research on effective substances of traditional Chinese medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Lin Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM, Innovative team of research on effective substances of traditional Chinese medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM, Innovative team of research on effective substances of traditional Chinese medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi-Tao Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM, Innovative team of research on effective substances of traditional Chinese medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-You Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Institute of Nutrition and Marine Drugs, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Chihiro Tohda
- Division of Neuromedical Science, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Katsuko Komatsu
- Division of Neuromedical Science, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Xiu-Hong Piao
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue-Wei Ge
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM, Innovative team of research on effective substances of traditional Chinese medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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Kumar H, Dhalaria R, Guleria S, Sharma R, Kumar D, Verma R, Cruz-Martins N, Dhanjal DS, Chopra C, Kaur T, Kumar V, Siddiqui SA, Manickam S, Cimler R, Kuca K. Non-edible fruit seeds: nutritional profile, clinical aspects, and enrichment in functional foods and feeds. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-20. [PMID: 37811640 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2264973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, fruits are gaining high demand due to their promising advantages on human health. Astonishingly, their by-products, that is, seeds and peels, account for 10-35% of fruit weight and are usually thrown as waste after consumption or processing. But it is neglected that fruit seeds also have functional properties and nutritional value, and thus could be utilized for dietary and therapeutic purposes, ultimately reducing the waste burden on the environment. Owing to these benefits, researchers have started to assess the nutritional value of different fruits seeds, in addition to the chemical composition in various bioactive constituents, like carotenoids (lycopene), flavonoids, proteins (bioactive peptides), vitamins, etc., that have substantial health benefits and can be used in formulating different types of food products with noteworthy functional and nutraceutical potential. The current review aims to comprehend the known information of nutritional and phytochemical profiling of non-edible fruits seeds, viz. apple, apricot, avocado, cherry, date, jamun, litchi, longan, mango, and papaya. Additionally, clinical studies conducted on these selected non-edible fruit seed extracts, their safety issues and their enrichment in food products as well as animal feed has also been discussed. This review aims to highlight the potential applications of the non-edible fruit seeds in developing new food products and also provide a viable alternative to reduce the waste disposal issue faced by agro-based industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Kumar
- Centre of Advanced Technologies, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rajni Dhalaria
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, India
| | - Shivani Guleria
- Department of Biotechnology, TIFAC-Centre of Relevance and Excellence in Agro and Industrial Biotechnology (CORE), Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India
| | - Ruchi Sharma
- School of Bioengineering & Food Technology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- School of Bioengineering & Food Technology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, India
| | - Rachna Verma
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, India
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, Gandra PRD, Portugal
- TOXRUN - Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, Gandra, CRL, Portugal
| | - Daljeet Singh Dhanjal
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Chirag Chopra
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Talwinder Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, DAV University, Sarmastpur, Jalandhar, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Central Ayurveda Research Institute, Jhansi, India
| | - Shahida Anusha Siddiqui
- Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Straubing, Germany
| | - Sivakumar Manickam
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
| | - Richard Cimler
- Centre of Advanced Technologies, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Chen MH, Liu XZ, Qu XW, Guo RB, Zhang L, Kong L, Yu Y, Liu Y, Zang J, Li XY, Li XT. ApoE-modified liposomes encapsulating resveratrol and salidroside alleviate manifestations of Alzheimer's disease in APP/PS-1 mice. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2023; 49:559-571. [PMID: 37649422 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2023.2252062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that is associated with aging and is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Several studies and clinical trials have demonstrated that resveratrol (Res) and salidroside (Sal) are not only biologically safe but also influence AD biomarker trajectories. However, their clinical applications have been quite limited due to poor specificity, low solubility, and insufficient blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration. Therefore, we developed a nano-drug delivery system in which Res and Sal were encapsulated in liposomes, which were surface-modified with ApoE (ApoE-Res/Sal-Lips) to compensate for these deficiencies. METHOD In this study, ApoE-Res/Sal-Lips were prepared using a standard thin-film hydration method for liposomes. Then, cellular uptake of the loaded liposomes was assessed in vitro using fluorescent staining assays. A BBB model was constructed to investigate the capacity of the liposomes to cross the BBB in vitro, and the ability of liposomes to target the brain was observed by in vivo imaging. In addition, the neuroprotective effects of the different liposome formulations in APP/PS-1 mice were evaluated by measuring the changes in levels of oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic factors in the mice brains. RESULTS In vitro, ApoE-Res/Sal-Lips increased the uptake of Res and Sal by bEnd.3 and N2a cells, enhanced BBB penetration, and improved transport efficiency. In vivo, the ApoE-Res/Sal-Lips were found to alleviate AD pathological symptoms, reduce learning and memory impairments, and improve brain function. CONCLUSION ApoE-Res/Sal-Lips provide a new method for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Han Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Ze Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Wu Qu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug for the Treatment of Serious Diseases Basing on the Chronic Inflammation, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Bo Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Lu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Liang Kong
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Juan Zang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Ying Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug for the Treatment of Serious Diseases Basing on the Chronic Inflammation, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Tao Li
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, P.R. China
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Zhang R, Zeng M, Zhang X, Zheng Y, Lv N, Wang L, Gan J, Li Y, Jiang X, Yang L. Therapeutic Candidates for Alzheimer's Disease: Saponins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10505. [PMID: 37445682 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug development for Alzheimer's disease, the leading cause of dementia, has been a long-standing challenge. Saponins, which are steroid or triterpenoid glycosides with various pharmacological activities, have displayed therapeutic potential in treating Alzheimer's disease. In a comprehensive review of the literature from May 2007 to May 2023, we identified 63 references involving 40 different types of saponins that have been studied for their effects on Alzheimer's disease. These studies suggest that saponins have the potential to ameliorate Alzheimer's disease by reducing amyloid beta peptide deposition, inhibiting tau phosphorylation, modulating oxidative stress, reducing inflammation, and antiapoptosis. Most intriguingly, ginsenoside Rg1 and pseudoginsenoside-F11 possess these important pharmacological properties and show the best promise for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. This review provides a summary and classification of common saponins that have been studied for their therapeutic potential in Alzheimer's disease, showcasing their underlying mechanisms. This highlights the promising potential of saponins for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Miao Zeng
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yujia Zheng
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Nuan Lv
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Luming Wang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jiali Gan
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yawen Li
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xijuan Jiang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Lin Yang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
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Duarte GM, de Araújo FEA, da Rocha JMC, Idalina Neta F, do Rego ACM, Araújo Filho I, Pinheiro FI, de Azevedo EP, Cobucci RN, Guzen FP. Neuroprotective Potential of Seed Extracts: Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112502. [PMID: 37299465 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by neuronal dysfunction and death. Studies suggest that some seed extracts have a neuroprotective effect. Considering the increased incidence of these diseases and the need for new effective therapies with fewer side effects, this review aimed to assess the evidence of the efficacy and safety of seed extracts in experimental models of neurodegeneration. MATERIAL AND METHOD The search was carried out through studies published between 2000 and 2021 in Science Direct, PubMed, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), and Latin American Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS) databases, in which the effects of seed extracts in in vitro and in vivo experimental models of neurodegeneration were investigated. Based on the eligibility criteria, 47 studies were selected for this review. RESULTS In the in vitro models, the neuroprotection of the seed extracts was a result of their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. In the in vivo models, neuroprotection resulted from the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, a decrease in motor deficits, an improvement in learning and memory, as well as the increased release of neurotransmitters. The results show promise for the future of clinical research on new therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. However, the studies are still limited, which does not allow us to extrapolate the results to human beings with ND. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, clinical trials are needed in order to prove the results of the in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as to assess the ideal, safe, and effective dose of these seed extracts in patients with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Mendes Duarte
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Health School, Potiguar University (UnP), Natal 59056-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Francisca Idalina Neta
- Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, State University of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró 59610-210, Brazil
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, State University of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró 59610-210, Brazil
| | | | - Irami Araújo Filho
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Health School, Potiguar University (UnP), Natal 59056-000, Brazil
- Medical School, Health School, Potiguar University (UnP), Natal 59056-000, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59010-180, Brazil
- Department of Surgical, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59010-180, Brazil
| | - Francisco Irochima Pinheiro
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Health School, Potiguar University (UnP), Natal 59056-000, Brazil
- Medical School, Health School, Potiguar University (UnP), Natal 59056-000, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Pereira de Azevedo
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Health School, Potiguar University (UnP), Natal 59056-000, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ney Cobucci
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Health School, Potiguar University (UnP), Natal 59056-000, Brazil
- Medical School, Health School, Potiguar University (UnP), Natal 59056-000, Brazil
- Department of Surgical, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59010-180, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Science Applied to Women's Health, Medical School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59010-180, Brazil
| | - Fausto Pierdoná Guzen
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Health School, Potiguar University (UnP), Natal 59056-000, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, State University of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró 59610-210, Brazil
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, State University of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró 59610-210, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Society, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, State University of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró 59610-110, Brazil
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Neuroprotective Effects of Agri-Food By-Products Rich in Phenolic Compounds. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020449. [PMID: 36678322 PMCID: PMC9865516 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are known for their wide range of harmful conditions related to progressive cell damage, nervous system connections and neuronal death. These pathologies promote the loss of essential motor and cognitive functions, such as mobility, learning and sensation. Neurodegeneration affects millions of people worldwide, and no integral cure has been created yet. Here, bioactive compounds have been proven to exert numerous beneficial effects due to their remarkable bioactivity, so they could be considered as great options for the development of new neuroprotective strategies. Phenolic bioactives have been reported to be found in edible part of plants; however, over the last years, a large amount of research has focused on the phenolic richness that plant by-products possess, which sometimes even exceeds the content in the pulp. Thus, their possible application as an emergent neuroprotective technique could also be considered as an optimal strategy to revalorize these agricultural residues (those originated from plant processing). This review aims to summarize main triggers of neurodegeneration, revise the state of the art in plant extracts and their role in avoiding neurodegeneration and discuss how their main phenolic compounds could exert their neuroprotective effects. For this purpose, a diverse search of studies has been conducted, gathering a large number of papers where by-products were used as strong sources of phenolic compounds for their neuroprotective properties. Finally, although a lack of investigation is quite remarkable and greatly limits the use of these compounds, phenolics remain attractive for research into new multifactorial anti-neurodegenerative nutraceuticals.
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Jeyakumar M, Sathya S, Gandhi S, Tharra P, Aarthy M, Balan DJ, Kiruthiga C, Baire B, Singh SK, Devi KP. α-bisabolol β-D-fucopyranoside inhibits β-amyloid (Aβ)25–35 induced oxidative stress in Neuro-2a cells via antioxidant approaches. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Wu X, Zheng X, Tang H, Zhao L, He C, Zou Y, Song X, Li L, Yin Z, Ye G. A network pharmacology approach to identify the mechanisms and molecular targets of curcumin against Alzheimer disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e30194. [PMID: 36042609 PMCID: PMC9410577 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000030194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer disease (AD) is a degenerative brain disease, which may lead to severe memory loss and other cognitive disorders. However, few effective drugs are available in the clinic at present. Curcumin, a major ingredient of traditional Chinese medicine, Curcuma Longa, has various pharmacological activities. Therefore, exploring clinical drugs based on the inhibition of AD pathological features is imperative. METHODS First, we utilized the HERB database and Swisstarget Prediction database to get the related targets of curcumin and intersected with the AD targets. The intersection targets were used to construct the protein-protein interaction network and performed gene ontology and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes analyses. Further, we obtained targets of curcumin against AD-related tau and aβ pathology via the AlzData database. These targets were applied to perform GEO and receiver operating characteristic analyses. Finally, the reliability of the core targets was evaluated using molecular docking technology. RESULTS We identified 49 targets of curcumin against AD, and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway enrichment analysis demonstrated that the Alzheimer disease pathway (has05010) was significantly enriched. Even more, we obtained 16 targets of curcumin-related Aβ and tau pathology. Among these targets, 8 targets involved the Alzheimer disease pathway and the biological process analyses showed that positive regulation of cytokine production (GO:0001819) was significantly enriched. Bioinformatic analyses indicated that HMOX1, CSF1R, NFKB1, GSK3B, BACE1, AR, or PTGS1 expression was significantly different compared to the control group in the AD patients. Finally, molecular docking studies suggested these genes have a good binding force with curcumin. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we identified curcumin exerted the effect of treating AD by regulating multitargets and multichannels through the method of network pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Gang Ye, PhD, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, China (e-mail: )
| | - Xiaomei Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Gang Ye, PhD, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, China (e-mail: )
| | - Huaqiao Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, China
| | - Changliang He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanfeng Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, China
| | - Xu Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, China
| | - Lixia Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Ye
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, China
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Yan L, Guo MS, Zhang Y, Yu L, Wu JM, Tang Y, Ai W, Zhu FD, Law BYK, Chen Q, Yu CL, Wong VKW, Li H, Li M, Zhou XG, Qin DL, Wu AG. Dietary Plant Polyphenols as the Potential Drugs in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Current Evidence, Advances, and Opportunities. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5288698. [PMID: 35237381 PMCID: PMC8885204 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5288698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD), are characterized by the progressive degeneration of neurons. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases have been studied intensively, the mechanism is still in its infancy. In general, most neurodegenerative diseases share common molecular mechanisms, and multiple risks interact and promote the pathologic process of neurogenerative diseases. At present, most of the approved drugs only alleviate the clinical symptoms but fail to cure neurodegenerative diseases. Numerous studies indicate that dietary plant polyphenols are safe and exhibit potent neuroprotective effects in various neurodegenerative diseases. However, low bioavailability is the biggest obstacle for polyphenol that largely limits its adoption from evidence into clinical practice. In this review, we summarized the widely recognized mechanisms associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as misfolded proteins, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage, and neuroinflammatory responses. In addition, we summarized the research advances about the neuroprotective effect of the most widely reported dietary plant polyphenols. Moreover, we discussed the current clinical study and application of polyphenols and the factors that result in low bioavailability, such as poor stability and low permeability across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In the future, the improvement of absorption and stability, modification of structure and formulation, and the combination therapy will provide more opportunities from the laboratory into the clinic for polyphenols. Lastly, we hope that the present review will encourage further researches on natural dietary polyphenols in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yan
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Min-Song Guo
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Jian-Ming Wu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Wei Ai
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Feng-Dan Zhu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Betty Yuen-Kwan Law
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Department of Nursing, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chong-Lin Yu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Vincent Kam-Wai Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Hua Li
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Mao Li
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Xiao-Gang Zhou
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Da-Lian Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - An-Guo Wu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
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10
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Zheng SN, Pan L, Liao AM, Hou YC, Yu GH, Li XX, Yuan YJ, Dong YQ, Zhang ZS, Tian CZ, Liu ZL, Lin WJ, Hui M, Cao J, Huang JH. Wheat embryo globulin nutrients ameliorate d-galactose and aluminum chloride-induced cognitive impairment in rats. Brain Res 2021; 1773:147672. [PMID: 34606748 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Wheat embryo globulin nutrient (WEGN), with wheat embryo globulin (WEG) as the main functional component, is a nutritional combination that specifically targets memory impairment. In this study, we explored the protective role of WEGN on Alzheimer's disease (AD)-triggered cognitive impairment, neuronal injury, oxidative stress, and acetylcholine system disorder. Specifically, we established an AD model via administration of d-galactose (d-gal) and Aluminum chloride (AlCl3) for 70 days, then on the 36th day, administered animals in the donepezil and WEGN (300, 600, and 900 mg/kg) groups with drugs by gavage for 35 days. Learning and memory ability of the treated rats was tested using the Morris water maze (MWM) and novel object recognition (NOR) test, while pathological changes and neuronal death in their hippocampus CA1 were detected via HE staining and Nissl staining. Moreover, we determined antioxidant enzymes by measuring levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in serum, cortex, and hippocampus, whereas changes in the acetylcholine system were determined by evaluating choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities, as well as choline acetylcholine (Ach) content. Results revealed that rats in the WEGN group exhibited significantly lower escape latency, as well as a significantly higher number of targeted crossings and longer residence times in the target quadrant, relative to those in the model group. Notably, rats in the WEGN group spent more time exploring new objects and exhibited lower damage to their hippocampus neuron, had improved learning and memory activity, as well as reversed histological alterations, relative to those in the model group. Meanwhile, biochemical examinations revealed that rats in the WEGN group had significantly lower MDA levels and AChE activities, but significantly higher GSH, SOD, and ChAT activities, as well as Ach content, relative to those in the model group. Overall, these findings indicate that WEGN exerts protective effects on cognitive impairment, neuronal damage, oxidative stress, and choline function in AD rats treated by d-gal/AlCl3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai-Nan Zheng
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Long Pan
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
| | - Ai-Mei Liao
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Yin-Chen Hou
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450044 PR China
| | - Guang-Hai Yu
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Workstation of Zhongyuan Scholars of Henan Province, Qixian 456750, PR China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Li
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Yong-Jian Yuan
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Yu-Qi Dong
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Zi-Shan Zhang
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Cui-Zhu Tian
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Zeng-Liang Liu
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Wen-Jin Lin
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Ming Hui
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Jian Cao
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Ji-Hong Huang
- School of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biological Processing and Nutritional Function of Wheat, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; School of Food and Pharmacy, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000 PR China.
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11
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Chukwuma CI, Izu GO, Chukwuma MS, Samson MS, Makhafola TJ, Erukainure OL. A review on the medicinal potential, toxicology, and phytochemistry of litchi fruit peel and seed. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13997. [PMID: 34750843 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The perception that many fruit wastes, particularly the peel, contain more phytochemicals than the edible portions has been largely supported by scientific evidence, making them potential sources of bioactive and therapeutic phytochemicals. The peel and seed of Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) contain bioactive principles and have been shown to exhibit antioxidative, antidiabetic, cancer preventive, anti-obesogenic, and anti-inflammatory properties. This review presents a critical analysis of previous and current perspectives on the medicinal, toxicological, and phytochemical profiles of litchi fruit peel and seed, thus providing an evidence-based platform to explore their medicinal potential. A literature search was done on "PubMed," "Google Scholar," and "ScienceDirect." Peer-reviewed published data on the medicinal profiles of litchi fruit peel and seed were identified and critically analyzed. The fruit peel and seed improved glycemic control and insulin signaling and downregulated lipogenic and cholesterogenic processes. Their neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, and renal protective potentials were influenced by antioxidative and anti-inflammatory actions. The anticancer effect was mediated by upregulated proapoptotic, proinflammatory, antiproliferative, and anti-metastatic processes in cancer cells. Simple flavonols, sesquiterpenes, phenolic acids, jasmonates, and proathocyanidins are the possible bioactive principles influencing the medicinal effects. Appropriate toxicity studies are, however, still lacking. Litchi fruit wastes may be further studied as useful sources of therapeutic agents that may have medicinal relevance in oxidative, metabolic, vascular, and carcinogenic ailments. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Underutilized fruit wastes contribute to environmental pollution. Interestingly, these wastes contain phytochemicals that could be of medicinal relevance if their medicinal potentials are maximized. Litchi fruit is a widely consumed fruit with commercial value. Its peel and seeds contribute to fruit wastes. The review exposes the medicinal potential and bioactive principles and/or nutrients of the fruit's peel and seed while elucidating the underlying therapeutic mechanisms or modes of actions through which litchi peel and seed potentiate medicinal effects. Thus, the review provides an evidence-based platform to explore the medicinal potential of underutilized wastes from litchi fruit. Additionally, the fruit peel and seed could be low-cost residues that could afford ecofriendly opportunity if their medicinal potentials are properly maximized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika I Chukwuma
- Centre for Quality of Health and Living, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Gloria O Izu
- Centre for Quality of Health and Living, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, South Africa.,Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Maria S Chukwuma
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Mashele S Samson
- Centre for Quality of Health and Living, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, South Africa.,Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Tshepiso J Makhafola
- Centre for Quality of Health and Living, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Ochuko L Erukainure
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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12
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Ruan W, Shen S, Xu Y, Ran N, Zhang H. Mechanistic insights into procyanidins as therapies for Alzheimer's disease: A review. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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13
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Liu XY, Zhang N, Zhang SX, Xu P. Potential new therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease: Glucagon-like peptide-1. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:7749-7769. [PMID: 34676939 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows a close relationship between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Recently, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a gut incretin hormone, has become a well-established treatment for T2DM and is likely to be involved in treating cognitive impairment. In this mini review, the similarities between AD and T2DM are summarised with the main focus on GLP-1-based therapeutics in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Ni Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Sheng-Xiao Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Key laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Shanxi, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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14
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Yao P, Gao Y, Simal-Gandara J, Farag MA, Chen W, Yao D, Delmas D, Chen Z, Liu K, Hu H, Xiao J, Rong X, Wang S, Hu Y, Wang Y. Litchi ( Litchi chinensis Sonn.): a comprehensive review of phytochemistry, medicinal properties, and product development. Food Funct 2021; 12:9527-9548. [PMID: 34664581 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01148k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Since ancient times, litchi has been well recognized as a functional food for the management of various ailments. Many bioactives, including flavanoids, anthocyanins, phenolics, sesquiterpenes, triterpenes, and lignans, have been identified from litchi with a myriad of biological properties both in vitro and in vivo. In spite of the extensive research progress, systemic reviews regarding the bioactives of litchi are rather scarce. Therefore, it is crucial to comprehensively analyze the pharmacological activities and the structure-activity relationships of the abundant bioactives of litchi. Besides, more and more studies have focused on litchi preservation and development of its by-products, which is significant for enhancing the economic value of litchi. Based on the analysis of published articles and patents, this review aims to reveal the development trends of litchi in the healthcare field by providing a systematic summary of the pharmacological activities of its extracts, its phytochemical composition, and the nutritional and potential health benefits of litchi seed, pulp and pericarp with structure-activity relationship analysis. In addition, its by-products also exhibited promising development potential in the field of material science and environmental protection. Furthermore, this study also provides an overview of the strategies of the postharvest storage and processing of litchi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peifen Yao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Yan Gao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo - Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini st., Cairo 11562, Egypt.,Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Weijie Chen
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Dongning Yao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Dominique Delmas
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, F-21000, France.,NSERM Research Center U1231 - Cancer and Adaptive Immune Response Team, Dijon, Bioactive Molecules and Health Research Group, F-21000, France.,Centre anticancéreux Georges François Leclerc Center, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Zhejie Chen
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Kunmeng Liu
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Hao Hu
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.,Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo - Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Xianglu Rong
- Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Medicine, Key Unit of Modulating Liver to Treat Hyperlipemia SATCM (State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengpeng Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Yuanjia Hu
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Yitao Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China.
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15
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Yang Z, Zhou DD, Huang SY, Fang AP, Li HB, Zhu HL. Effects and mechanisms of natural products on Alzheimer's disease. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-21. [PMID: 34613845 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1985428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in elderly people with a high incidence rate and complicated pathogenesis, and causes progressive cognitive deficit and memory impairment. Some natural products and bioactive compounds from natural sources show great potential in the prevention and treatment of AD, such as apple, blueberries, grapes, chili pepper, Monsonia angustifolia, cruciferous vegetables, Herba epimedii, Angelica tenuissima, Embelia ribes, sea cucumber, Cucumaria frondosa, green tea, Puer tea, Amanita caesarea and Inonotus obliquus, via reducing amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition, decreasing Tau hyperphosphorylation, regulating cholinergic system, reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting apoptosis and ameliorating inflammation. This review mainly summarizes the effects of some natural products and their bioactive compounds on AD with the potential molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si-Yu Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ai-Ping Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Lian Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Wei J, Xiang XH, Tang Y, Qin DL, Wu JM, Yu CL, Qiu WQ, Wu AG, Lv HB. Lychee seed polyphenol protects blood–retinal barrier by increasing tight joint proteins and inhibiting the activation of TLR4/MYD88/NF-κB-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2021.1968352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology; College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Hong Xiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology; College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Tang
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology; College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People’s Republic of China
| | - Da-Lian Qin
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology; College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ming Wu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology; College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chong-Lin Yu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology; College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Qiao Qiu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology; College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - An-Guo Wu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy; Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology; College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Bin Lv
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People’s Republic of China
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17
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Aum S, Choe S, Cai M, Jerng UM, Lee JH. Moxibustion for cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies. Integr Med Res 2021; 10:100680. [PMID: 33747784 PMCID: PMC7972968 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2020.100680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment is an age-dependent chronic disorder that exponentially worsens with age; however, its treatment is mostly symptomatic. Moxibustion is widely accepted in East Asia as a treatment for cognitive impairment. This systematic review aimed to verify the efficacy and underlying mechanism of moxibustion in treating cognitive impairment. METHODS Sixteen trials involving 324 animals obtained from MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, the Cochrane library, the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wan-Fang, Cqvip, the Korean Studies Information Service System, and the Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System met the inclusion criteria. We extracted the results of behavioral tests and immunohistochemical biomarkers from the included articles and evaluated the risk of bias and reporting quality. RESULTS The moxibustion group showed significantly decreased escape latency, increased crossing times, and prolonged dwelling times in the Morris water maze test. There was a significantly enhanced latency period and reduced error time in the step-down test and nerve behavior score. The effects of moxibustion were found to be mediated by suppression of oxidative stress and apoptosis, modulation of inflammation and Aβ genesis activation of vascular endothelial growth factor, and adjustment of metabolites in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and fatty acid metabolism. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated the therapeutic efficacy of moxibustion on cognitive impairment and suggested the putative mechanism. However, considering the small number of included studies, high bias risk, low reporting quality, and the limitations of animal experimentation, our results need to be confirmed by more detailed studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungmin Aum
- University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Choe
- Seoul National University Biomedical Informatics (SNUBI), Division of Biomedical Informatics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mudan Cai
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ui Min Jerng
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hwan Lee
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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18
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Jin X, Guo JL, Wang L, Zhong X, Yao WF, Gao H, Liu MY. Natural products as pharmacological modulators of mitochondrial dysfunctions for the treatments of Alzheimer's disease: A comprehensive review. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 218:113401. [PMID: 33831779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by neuronal loss and cognitive impairment that harshly affect the elderly individuals. Currently, the available anti-AD pharmacological approaches are purely symptomatic to alleviate AD symptoms, and the curative effects of novel anti-AD drugs focused on Aβ target are disappointing. Hence, there is a tremendous need to adjust AD therapeutic targets and discover novel anti-AD agents. In AD, mitochondrial dysfunction gradually triggers neuronal death from different aspects and worsens the occurrence and progress of AD. Consequently, it has been proposed that the intervention of impaired mitochondria represents an attractive breakthrough point for AD treatments. Due to chemical diversity, poly-pharmacological activities, few adverse effects and multiple targeting, natural products (NPs) have been identified as a valuable treasure for drug discovery and development. Multiple lines of studies have scientifically proven that NPs display ameliorative benefits in AD treatment in relation to mitochondrial dysfunction. This review surveys the complicated implications for mitochondrial dysregulation and AD, and then summarizes the potentials of NPs and their underlying molecular mechanisms against AD via reducing or improving mitochondrial dysfunction. It is expected that this work may open the window to speed up the development of innovative anti-AD drugs originated from NPs and improve upcoming AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia-Ling Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Zhong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei-Fan Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hua Gao
- Division of Pharmacology Laboratory, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Yan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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19
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Punia S, Kumar M. Litchi (Litchi chinenis) seed: Nutritional profile, bioactivities, and its industrial applications. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Fan Y, Li Z, Liu L, Xi J. Combination of liquid-phase pulsed discharge and ultrasonic for saponins extraction from lychee seeds. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2020; 69:105264. [PMID: 32711372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A skillfully combined method of liquid-phase pulsed discharge and ultrasonic (LPDU) had been developed for saponins extraction from lychee seeds. Single factor and response surface methods were used to optimize the system, respectively. The optimized conditions included 30% aqueous ethanol, 62.66 mL/g ratio of liquid to solid, 3 mm centre hole diameter of hollow electrode, 123 mL/min flow velocity, length of serpentine pipe of 15 cm, 276 W ultrasonic power, 47 °C ultrasonic temperature, and discharge voltage was fixed at 14 kV. Under these conditions, it obtained a maximum saponins yield of 51.30 ± 0.08 mg/g with 10 min, which was higher than those of LPD (42.33 ± 0.98 mg/g) with 24 min, ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) (41.80 ± 1.31 mg/g) with 30 min and maceration (38.72 ± 1.13 mg/g) with 180 min. Meanwhile, the energy consumption of LPDU was 7560 kJ/kg, which was notably lower than those of LPD (8820 kJ/kg), UAE (25875 kJ/kg) and maceration (10248 kJ/kg). We found that the saponin constituents of LPDU were similar to LPD, UAE, ME by HPLC content detection method, and found that LPDU had the highest degree of tissue damage after scanning electron microscope (SEM) comparison, which verified the reason for its high extraction efficiency. The results showed that LPDU was an effective technology for saponins extraction, which may be potentially applied in cosmetics, medicines and food chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Fan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zongming Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jun Xi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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21
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Sun Y, Wu A, Li X, Qin D, Jin B, Liu J, Tang Y, Wu J, Yu C. The seed of Litchi chinensis fraction ameliorates hippocampal neuronal injury in an Aβ 25-35-induced Alzheimer's disease rat model via the AKT/GSK-3β pathway. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2020; 58:35-43. [PMID: 31881157 PMCID: PMC6968628 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2019.1697298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Context: The seed of Litchi chinensis Sonn., a famous traditional Chinese medicine, was recently reported to enhance cognitive function by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis in rats.Objective: We determined whether the seed of Litchi chinensis fraction (SLF) can ameliorate hippocampal neuronal injury via the AKT/GSK-3β pathway.Materials and methods: We established Alzheimer's disease (AD) model by infusing Aβ25-35 into the lateral ventricle of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and randomly divided into five groups (n = 10): sham, donepezil and SLF (120, 240 and 480 mg/kg/d). Rats were treated by intragastric administration for 28 consecutive days. Spatial learning and memory were evaluated with Morris water maze, while protein expression of AKT, GSK-3β and tau in the hippocampal neurons was measured by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry.Results: On the fifth day, escape latency of the AD model group was 45.78 ± 2.52 s and that of the sham operative group was 15.98 ± 2.32 s. SLF could improve cognitive functions by increasing the number of rats that crossed the platform (p < 0.01), and their platform quadrant dwell time (p < 0.05). The protein expression level of AKT was upregulated (p < 0.001), while that of GSK-3β and tau (p < 0.01) was remarkably downregulated in the hippocampal CA1 area.Discussion and conclusions: To our knowledge, the present study is the first to show that SLF may exert neuroprotective effect in AD rats via the AKT/GSK-3β signalling pathway, thereby serving as evidence for the potential utility of SLF as an effective drug against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueshan Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Anguo Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiu Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Dalian Qin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Bingjin Jin
- Department of Human Anatomy, Chengdu Medical Collage, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jianming Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chonglin Yu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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22
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Cádiz-Gurrea MDLL, Villegas-Aguilar MDC, Leyva-Jiménez FJ, Pimentel-Moral S, Fernández-Ochoa Á, Alañón ME, Segura-Carretero A. Revalorization of bioactive compounds from tropical fruit by-products and industrial applications by means of sustainable approaches. Food Res Int 2020; 138:109786. [PMID: 33288172 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tropical fruits trade is on the rise due to the claimed health benefits related with their consumption. Functional activities are exerted by the presence of bioactive compounds which could be used for prevention or amelioration diseases. However, the occurrence of bioactive compounds is found mainly in non-edible fraction of tropical fruits which are usually discarded. Therefore, the revalorization of tropical fruits by-products as source of functional compounds is on the cutting-edge research. The implementation of this challenge not only allows the enhancement of the tropical fruits by-products management, but also the production of value-added products. This review compiles the latest comprehensive information about the revalorization of bioactive compounds from tropical fruits by-products. A revision of the sustainable green technologies used for the isolation of valuable compounds has been carried out as well as the current food, functional, cosmeceutical and bioenergetics industrial applications of bioactive compounds extracted from tropical fruits by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de la Luz Cádiz-Gurrea
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Spain; Research and Development of Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Granada, Spain
| | - María Del Carmen Villegas-Aguilar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Spain; Research and Development of Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Granada, Spain
| | | | - Sandra Pimentel-Moral
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Spain; Research and Development of Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Granada, Spain
| | - Álvaro Fernández-Ochoa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Spain; Berlin Institute of Health Metabolomics Platform, 10178 Berlin, Germany; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - María Elena Alañón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science and Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Antonio Segura-Carretero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Spain; Research and Development of Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Granada, Spain
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23
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Choi JM, Lee SI, Cho EJ. Effect of Vigna angularis on High-Fat Diet-Induced Memory and Cognitive Impairments. J Med Food 2020; 23:1155-1162. [PMID: 33021429 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.4644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity is related to cognitive and memory dysfunction. Much attention was focused on functional foods as a therapeutic strategy to treat cognitive decline by obesity. In the present study, we confirmed the protective effect of Vigna angularis (VA) on cognitive and memory impairment in an obese mouse model. For 16 weeks, mice were fed HFD and VA extract was administered during 4 weeks at 100 and 200 mg/kg. The cognitive abilities of HFD-induced mice were evaluated using behavioral tests. Compared with the control group, VA groups were improved spatial and recognition ability. In T-maze and novel object recognition tests, VA 100 and VA 200 groups showed increased ratios of exploration of a novel object/route compared to a familiar object/route. Moreover, VA 100 and VA 200 groups reached the platform faster than the control group in a Morris water maze test. Therefore, VA extract may protect against HFD-induced cognitive impairment and memory dysfunction. (PNU-IACUC; approval no. PNU-2019-2166).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Myung Choi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition and Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea.,Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyungsung University, Busan, Korea
| | - Soo In Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition and Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Eun Ju Cho
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition and Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
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24
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Xiong R, Zhou XG, Tang Y, Wu JM, Sun YS, Teng JF, Pan R, Law BYK, Zhao Y, Qiu WQ, Wang XL, Liu S, Wang YL, Yu L, Yu CL, Mei QB, Qin DL, Wu AG. Lychee seed polyphenol protects the blood-brain barrier through inhibiting Aβ(25-35)-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation via the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1-mediated autophagy in bEnd.3 cells and APP/PS1 mice. Phytother Res 2020; 35:954-973. [PMID: 32893437 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction has been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is closely linked to the release of proinflammatory cytokines in brain capillary endothelial cells. We have previously reported that lychee seed polyphenols (LSP) exerted anti-neuroinflammatory effect. In this study, we aimed to explore the protective effect of LSP on BBB integrity. The monolayer permeability of bEnd.3 cells, and the mRNA level and protein expression of tight junction proteins (TJs), including Claudin 5, Occludin, and ZO-1, were examined. In addition, the inhibition of Aβ(25-35)-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and the autophagy induced by LSP were investigated by detecting the expression of NLRP3, caspase-1, ASC, LC3, AMPK, mTOR, and ULK1. Furthermore, the cognitive function and the expression of TJs, NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β, and p62 were determined in APP/PS1 mice. The results showed that LSP significantly decreased the monolayer permeability and inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome in Aβ(25-35)-induced bEnd3 cells. In addition, LSP induced autophagy via the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 pathway in bEnd.3 cells, and improved the spatial learning and memory function, increased the TJs expression, and inhibited the expression of NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β, and p62 in APP/PS1 mice. Therefore, LSP protects BBB integrity in AD through inhibiting Aβ(25-35)-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation via the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1-mediated autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xiong
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Gang Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yong Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jian-Ming Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yue-Shan Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jin-Feng Teng
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Rong Pan
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Betty Yuen-Kwan Law
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Ya Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Wen-Qiao Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiu-Ling Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders/China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sha Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yi-Ling Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chong-Lin Yu
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qi-Bing Mei
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Da-Lian Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - An-Guo Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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25
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Zhao L, Wang K, Wang K, Zhu J, Hu Z. Nutrient components, health benefits, and safety of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.): A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:2139-2163. [PMID: 33337091 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is a tropical to subtropical fruit that is widely cultivated in more than 20 countries worldwide. It is normally consumed as fresh or processed and has become one of the most popular fruits because it has a delicious flavor, attractive color, and high nutritive value. Whole litchi fruits have been used not only as a food source but also for medicinal purposes. As a traditional Chinese medicine, litchi has been used for centuries to treat stomach ulcers, diabetes, cough, diarrhea, and dyspepsia, as well as to kill intestinal worms. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have indicated that whole litchi fruits exhibit antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic, and antiobesity activities and show anticancer, antiatherosclerotic, hypotensive, neuroprotective, and immunomodulatory activities. The health benefits of litchi have been attributed to its wide range of nutritional components, among which polysaccharides and polyphenols have been proven to possess various beneficial properties. The diversity and composition of litchi polysaccharides and polyphenols have vital influences on their biological activities. In addition, consuming fresh litchi and its products could lead to some adverse reactions for some people such as pruritus, urticaria, swelling of the lips, swelling of the throat, dyspnea, or diarrhea. These safety problems are probably caused by the soluble protein in litchi that could cause anaphylactic and inflammatory reactions. To achieve reasonable applications of litchi in the food, medical and cosmetics industries, this review focuses on recent findings related to the nutrient components, health benefits, and safety of litchi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, China
| | - Zhuoyan Hu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural, Guangzhou, China
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26
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Chen Y, Bian Y, Wang JW, Gong TT, Ying YM, Ma LF, Shan WG, Xie XQ, Zhan ZJ. Effects of α-Mangostin Derivatives on the Alzheimer's Disease Model of Rats and Their Mechanism: A Combination of Experimental Study and Computational Systems Pharmacology Analysis. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:9846-9863. [PMID: 32391472 PMCID: PMC7203693 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
α-Mangostin (α-M) is a natural xanthone from the pericarp of fruit Garcinia mangostana and possesses versatile biological activities. α-M has a therapeutic potential to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD) because of its anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and neuroprotective activities. However, the use of α-M for AD treatment is limited due to its cytotoxic activities and relatively low potency. Modifications of its chemical structure were needed to reduce its cytotoxicity and improve its therapeutic potential against AD. For this purpose, 16 α-M carbamate derivatives were synthesized. An animal model of AD was established, and the effects of AMG-1 on the spatial learning ability and memory ability were evaluated using behavioral tests. The effect on neuropathology was tested by histopathological evaluation, Nissl staining, and silver staining. Computational systems pharmacology analysis using the chemogenomics knowledgebase was applied for network studies. Compound-target, target-pathway, and target-disease networks were constructed, integrating both in silico analysis and reported experimental data. The results show that AMG-1 can demonstrate its therapeutic effects in a one-molecule, multiple-targets manner to remarkably ameliorate neurological changes and reverse behavioral deficits in AD model rats. The improved cognitive function and alleviated neuronal injury can be observed. The ability of AMG-1 to scavenge β-amyloid in the hippocampus was validated in AD model rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- College
of Pharmacology Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences and Computational Chemical
Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy; NIH National Center of Excellence
for Computational Drug Abuse Research; Drug Discovery Institute; Departments of Computational
Biology and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Yuemin Bian
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences and Computational Chemical
Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy; NIH National Center of Excellence
for Computational Drug Abuse Research; Drug Discovery Institute; Departments of Computational
Biology and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Jian-Wei Wang
- College
of Pharmacology Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Ting-Ting Gong
- College
of Pharmacology Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - You-Min Ying
- College
of Pharmacology Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Lie-Feng Ma
- College
of Pharmacology Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Guang Shan
- College
of Pharmacology Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Qun Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences and Computational Chemical
Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy; NIH National Center of Excellence
for Computational Drug Abuse Research; Drug Discovery Institute; Departments of Computational
Biology and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Zha-Jun Zhan
- College
of Pharmacology Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
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27
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Kong L, Li XT, Ni YN, Xiao HH, Yao YJ, Wang YY, Ju RJ, Li HY, Liu JJ, Fu M, Wu YT, Yang JX, Cheng L. Transferrin-Modified Osthole PEGylated Liposomes Travel the Blood-Brain Barrier and Mitigate Alzheimer's Disease-Related Pathology in APP/PS-1 Mice. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:2841-2858. [PMID: 32425521 PMCID: PMC7186891 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s239608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osthole (Ost) is a coumarin compound that strengthens hippocampal neurons and neural stem cells against Aβ oligomer-induced neurotoxicity in mice, and is a potential drug for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the effectiveness of the drug is limited by its solubility and bioavailability, as well as by the low permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In this study, a kind of transferrin-modified Ost liposomes (Tf-Ost-Lip) was constructed, which could improve the bioavailability and enhance brain targeting. METHODS Tf-Ost-Lip was prepared by thin-film hydration method. The ability of liposomal formulations to translocate across BBB was investigated using in vitro BBB model. And the protective effect of Tf-Ost-Lip was evaluated in APP-SH-SY5Y cells. In addition, we performed pharmacokinetics study and brain tissue distribution analysis of liposomal formulations in vivo. We also observed the neuroprotective effect of the varying formulations in APP/PS-1 mice. RESULTS In vitro studies reveal that Tf-Ost-Lip could increase the intracellular uptake of hCMEC/D3 cells and APP-SH-SY5Y cells, and increase the drug concentration across the BBB. Additionally, Tf-Ost-Lip was found to exert a protective effect on APP-SH-SY5Y cells. In vivo studies of pharmacokinetics and the Ost distribution in brain tissue indicate that Tf-Ost-Lip prolonged the cycle time in mice and increased the accumulation of Ost in the brain. Furthermore, Tf-Ost-Lip was also found to enhance the effect of Ost on the alleviation of Alzheimer's disease-related pathology. CONCLUSION Transferrin-modified liposomes for delivery of Ost has great potential for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Kong
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian116600, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue-tao Li
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian116600, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying-nan Ni
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian116600, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-he Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian116600, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying-jia Yao
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang110819, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan-yuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning116001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui-jun Ju
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing102617, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-yan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian116600, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-jing Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian116600, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian116600, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-tong Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian116600, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-xian Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian116600, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian116600, People’s Republic of China
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28
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Xiong R, Wang XL, Wu JM, Tang Y, Qiu WQ, Shen X, Teng JF, Pan R, Zhao Y, Yu L, Liu J, Chen HX, Qin DL, Yu CL, Wu AG. Polyphenols isolated from lychee seed inhibit Alzheimer's disease-associated Tau through improving insulin resistance via the IRS-1/PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 251:112548. [PMID: 31917277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Lychee seed, the seed of Litchi chinensis Sonn. is one of the commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It possesses many pharmacological effects such as blood glucose and lipid-lowering effects, liver protection, and antioxidation. Our preliminary studies have proven that an active fraction derived from lychee seed (LSF) can significantly decrease the blood glucose level, inhibit amyloid-β (Aβ) fibril formation and Tau hyperphosphorylation, and improve the cognitive function and behavior of Alzheimer's disease (AD) model rats. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to identify the main active components in LSF that can inhibit the hyperphosphorylation of Tau through improving insulin resistance (IR) in dexamethasone (DXM)-induced HepG2 and HT22 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The isolation was guided by the bioactivity evaluation of the improvement effect of IR in HepG2 and HT22 cells. The mRNA and protein expressions of IRS-1, PI3K, Akt, GSK-3β, and Tau were measured by RT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence methods, respectively. RESULTS After extraction, isolation, and elucidation using chromatography and spectrum technologies, three polyphenols including catechin, procyanidin A1 and procyanidin A2 were identified from fractions 3, 5, and 9 derived from LSF. These polyphenols inhibit hyperphosphorylated Tau via the up-regulation of IRS-1/PI3K/Akt and down-regulation of GSK-3β. Molecular docking result further demonstrate that these polyphenols exhibit good binding property with insulin receptor. CONCLUSIONS catechin, procyanidin A1, and procyanidin A2 are the main components in LSF that inhibit Tau hyperphosphorylation through improving IR via the IRS-1/PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β pathway. Therefore, the findings in the current study provide novel insight into the anti-AD mechanism of the components in LSF derived from lychee seed, which is valuable for the further development of a novel drug or nutrient supplement for the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xiong
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Bioactivity Screening in Traditional Chinese Medicine and Druggability Evalution, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xiu-Ling Wang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Bioactivity Screening in Traditional Chinese Medicine and Druggability Evalution, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Department of Pharmacy, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Jian-Ming Wu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Bioactivity Screening in Traditional Chinese Medicine and Druggability Evalution, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Research, The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education of China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yong Tang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Bioactivity Screening in Traditional Chinese Medicine and Druggability Evalution, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Wen-Qiao Qiu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Bioactivity Screening in Traditional Chinese Medicine and Druggability Evalution, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xin Shen
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Bioactivity Screening in Traditional Chinese Medicine and Druggability Evalution, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Department of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jin-Feng Teng
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Bioactivity Screening in Traditional Chinese Medicine and Druggability Evalution, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Rong Pan
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Bioactivity Screening in Traditional Chinese Medicine and Druggability Evalution, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Department of Human Anatomy, School of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Ya Zhao
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Bioactivity Screening in Traditional Chinese Medicine and Druggability Evalution, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Lu Yu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Bioactivity Screening in Traditional Chinese Medicine and Druggability Evalution, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jian Liu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Bioactivity Screening in Traditional Chinese Medicine and Druggability Evalution, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hai-Xia Chen
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Bioactivity Screening in Traditional Chinese Medicine and Druggability Evalution, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Da-Lian Qin
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Bioactivity Screening in Traditional Chinese Medicine and Druggability Evalution, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Research, The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education of China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Chong-Lin Yu
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - An-Guo Wu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Bioactivity Screening in Traditional Chinese Medicine and Druggability Evalution, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Research, The Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education of China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
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Shao X, Cui W, Xie X, Ma W, Zhan Y, Lin Y. Treatment of Alzheimer's disease with framework nucleic acids. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12787. [PMID: 32162733 PMCID: PMC7162803 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide a new research direction for nerve regeneration and strategy for Alzheimer's disease treatment, tetrahedral DNA nanostructures (TDNs)-novel tetrahedral framework nucleic acid molecule nanoparticles (tFNA) that can inhibit the apoptosis of nerve cells are employed in the experiment. MATERIALS AND METHODS To verify the successful preparation of TDNs, the morphology of TDNs was observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The expression of apoptosis-related genes and proteins was investigated by confocal microscope, flow cytometry, PCR and Western blot to detect the impact of TDNs on the Alzheimer's model. And finally, Morris water maze experiment was used to test behavioural changes and Nissl stain was detected to observe the morphology and quantity of neurons in the hippocampus. Immunofluorescence stain was used to observe the Aβ stain, and TUNEL dyeing was utilized to observe neuronal apoptosis. RESULTS In vitro and in vivo experiments confirm that TDNs, in a specific concentration range, have no toxic or side effects on nerve cells, can effectively inhibit apoptosis in an Alzheimer's disease cell model and effectively improve memory and learning ability in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that TDNs may be a promising drug for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoru Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Weitong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xueping Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuxi Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Ma Y, Yan F, Wei W, Deng J, Li L, Liu L, Sun J. Litchi Seed Aqueous Extracts play a role in suppression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion and migration in breast cancer cells. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:317-325. [PMID: 31918603 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1710912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We carried out this study to unravel the function of Litchi Seed Aqueous Extracts (LSAE) on biological functions of breast cancer (BC) cells. MTT assay was adopted to measure proliferation of BC cells (MCF7, BT474 and MDA-MB-231) and normal mammary cells (MCF10A) under different time points (24, 48 and 72 h) and different concentrations (50, 100, 200 and 400 μg/mL). MCF-7 cells were selected for subsequent experiments and were grouped into blank group, negative control (NC) group, low-, medium- and high-dose LSAE (L-LSAE, M-LSAE, H-LSAE) groups. Cell viability, invasion, migration and apoptosis were measured by functional assays. Low dosage of LSAE (50 and 100 μg/mL) enhanced proliferation of MCF10A cells, while high dosage of LSAE (200 and 400 μg/mL) suppressed proliferation of MCF10A cells. The proliferation inhibition rate in BT474 and MDA-MB-231cells was increased relative to that in MCF7 cells. MCF-7 cells in the L-LSAE, M-LSAE and H-LSAE groups were rounded and epithelial-like, in which cell survival rate, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion and migration abilities were reduced versus the blank and NC groups. The tendency in the H-LSAE group was substantially obvious than those in the L-LSAE and M-LSAE groups (both P < 0.05). We found that LSAE is able to inhibit EMT, invasion and migration in BC cells based on concentration and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Ma
- Department of Oncology, Hubei No.3 People's Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR. China
| | - Fei Yan
- Department of Oncology, Hubei No.3 People's Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR. China
| | - Wujie Wei
- Department of Oncology, Hubei No.3 People's Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR. China
| | - Jie Deng
- Department of Oncology, Hubei No.3 People's Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR. China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Oncology, Hubei No.3 People's Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR. China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Oncology, Hubei No.3 People's Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR. China
| | - Jianhai Sun
- Department of Oncology, Hubei No.3 People's Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR. China
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Jia X, Liu Y, Li X, Huo C, Li D, Xu R, Hou L, Wang X. Norcepharadione B attenuates H 2O 2-induced neuronal injury by upregulating cellular antioxidants and inhibiting volume-sensitive Cl - channel. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:1463-1474. [PMID: 31583895 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219881358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress acts as an essential culprit factor in the development of stroke and Alzheimer’s disease. Norcepharadione B possesses various pharmacologic features as an extract obtained from Houttuynia cordata. Nevertheless, the anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective characteristics of norcepharadione B remain unclear. In this study, the neuronal protection effect provided by norcepharadione B against injury caused by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in HT22 cell as well as the fundamental mechanism was systematically explored. The neurotoxicity assays of hippocampal cells, which were co-cultured with H2O2, showed that norcepharadione B had the ability to insulate the toxicity induced by H2O2 with significant reduced cell apoptosis. Besides, norcepharadione B potentiated the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), increased the level of glutathione (GSH), and decreased malondialdehyde content. The H2O2-induced apoptotic protein Bax was suppressed, and the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was boosted by norcepharadione B. Norcepharadione B promoted Akt phosphorylation and further upregulated heme oxygenase (HO-1) in cells exposed to oxidative stress. However, the inductive effect of HO-1 by norcepharadione B was shut off via the PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002. Furthermore, 2-h incubation with H2O2 substantially increased cell volume in HT22 cells, while norcepharadione B effectively alleviated such effect by interrupting the activation of VSOR Cl− channel. Collectively, our data revealed protective properties of norcepharadione B in resisting oxidative stress induced by H2O2 through elevation of HO-1 in the dependence of PI3K/Akt and in inhibiting H2O2-induced cell swelling by VSOR Cl− channel obstruction in HT22 cells. Impact statement Norcepharadione B is an aporphine alkaloid compound extracted from Chinese herb Houttuynia cordata. It was well known for its anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-platelet aggregation outcomes. Our study demonstrated that Norcepharadione B protected hippocampal neurons against oxidative stress and the resultant cell apoptosis upon H2O2 exposure. Meanwhile, Norcepharadione B also substantially reduced cell swelling induced by H2O2 via inhibiting VSOR Cl− channel in neurons. These findings uncovered the potential mechanisms of Norcepharadione B in protecting neuron apoptosis under oxidative stress and propose that Norcepharadione B may serve as a favorable herb medicine for restoring neuronal injury in the pathogenesis of stroke together with other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jia
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Airforce Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Airforce Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Airforce Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Cong Huo
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Airforce Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Dongtao Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Airforce Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Rong Xu
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Airforce Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Liming Hou
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Airforce Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, Airforce Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
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Shanmuganathan B, Sathya S, Balasubramaniam B, Balamurugan K, Devi KP. Amyloid-β induced neuropathological actions are suppressed by Padina gymnospora (Phaeophyceae) and its active constituent α-bisabolol in Neuro2a cells and transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans Alzheimer's model. Nitric Oxide 2019; 91:52-66. [PMID: 31362072 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of Aβ peptide development and aggregation is a hopeful curative approach for the discovery of disease modifying drugs for Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment. Recent research mainly focuses on the discovery of drugs from marine setting due to their immense therapeutic potential. The present study aims to evaluate the brown macroalga Padina gymnospora and its active constituent α-bisabolol against Aβ25-35 induced neurotoxicity in Neuro2a cells and transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans (CL2006 and CL4176). The results of the in vitro study revealed that the acetone extract of P. gymnospora (ACTPG) and its active constituent α-bisabolol restores the Aβ25-35 induced alteration in the oxidation of intracellular protein and lipids. In addition, ACTPG and α-bisabolol inhibited cholinesterase and β-secretase activity in Neuro2a cells. Moreover, the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) production was reduced by ACTPG and α-bisabolol in Neuro2a cells. The decrease in the expression level of apoptotic proteins such as Bax and caspase-3 in ACTPG and α-bisabolol treated group indicates that the seaweed and its bioactive compound have anti-apoptotic property. Further, the in vivo study revealed that the ACTPG and α-bisabolol exerts neuroprotective effect against Aβ induced proteotoxicity in transgenic C. elegans strains of AD. Moreover it altered the Aβ mediated pathways, lifespan, macromolecular damage and down regulated the AD related gene expression of ace-1, hsp-4 and Aβ, thereby preventing Aβ synthesis. Overall, the outcome of the study signifies the neuroprotective effect of ACTPG and α-bisabolol against Aβ mediated AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sethuraman Sathya
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | | | - Kasi Pandima Devi
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630003, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Yu H, Yuan B, Chu Q, Wang C, Bi H. Protective roles of isoastilbin against Alzheimer's disease via Nrf2‑mediated antioxidation and anti‑apoptosis. Int J Mol Med 2019; 43:1406-1416. [PMID: 30664148 PMCID: PMC6365075 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
By analyzing the L‑glutamic acid (L‑Glu)‑induced apoptosis of PC12 cells and an AlCl3 combined with D‑galactose (D‑gal)‑developed Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse model, the protective effects of isoastilbin (IAB) against AD were systematically investigated in the present study. Pre‑incubation with IAB for 3 h prior to treatment with 25 mM L‑Glu decreased cell viability and inhibited apoptosis, suppressed the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species, and restored mitochondrial membrane potential in PC12 cells induced by L‑Glu. In mice with AD, the reduced escape latency time in the water maze test, suppressed chronic movement in the center area of an open field test and enhanced ability to seek hidden food in a Y maze test indicated that abnormal behaviors had improved after 28 days of treatment with IAB. Furthermore, IAB reduced the deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) and the expression of phosphorylated‑Tau in the mouse brain and enhanced the serum levels of Aβ. IAB ameliorated the oxidative stress via modulating the levels of associated enzymes and improved the functioning of the central cholinergic system, as indicated by an increase in acetylcholine and choline acetyltransferase concentrations. The expression levels of acetylcholine esterase were reduced in the mouse brain in response to IAB pre‑treatment. In cells and brain tissue, IAB regulated the expression levels of pro‑ and anti‑apoptotic proteins and enhanced the nuclear levels of NF‑E2p45‑related factor 2 (Nrf2); subsequently, IAB further enhanced the expression of superoxide dismutase 1, catalase, and heme oxygenase‑1 and ‑2. The findings of the present study indicated that the protection of IAB against AD is at least partially associated with its antioxidation and anti‑apoptotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yu
- Departments of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Qiubo Chu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Chunyue Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Hui Bi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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Wang C, Cai X, Hu W, Li Z, Kong F, Chen X, Wang D. Investigation of the neuroprotective effects of crocin via antioxidant activities in HT22 cells and in mice with Alzheimer's disease. Int J Mol Med 2018; 43:956-966. [PMID: 30569175 PMCID: PMC6317678 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.4032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its complex pathogenesis, the prevention and therapization of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains a serious challenge. Crocin, the main compound isolated from Crocus sativus L., demonstrates various pharmacological activities including anti-apoptotic properties. The present study investigated the neuroprotective effect of crocin and the underlying mechanisms. In l-glutamate-damaged HT22 cells, 3-h crocin pretreatment strongly enhanced the HT22 cell viability, reduced the apoptotic rate, mitigated mitochondrial dysfunction, suppressed intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and Ca2+ overload compared with untreated cells. Additionally, crocin significantly decreased the expression levels of Bax, Bad and cleaved caspase-3 and increased the expression levels of B-cell lymphoma-extra large, phosphorylated (P-) protein kinase B and P-mammalian target of rapamycin compared with untreated cells. In mice with AD induced by d-galactose and aluminum trichloride, crocin substantially improved the cognition and memory abilities of the mice as measured by their coordination of movement in an open field test, and reduced their escape time in the Morris water maze test compared with untreated mice. Biochemical analysis confirmed that crocin was able to reduce the Aβ1-42 content in the mouse brains, increase the levels of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, acetylcholine and choline acetyltransferase, and reduce the levels of ROS and acetylcholinesterase in the serum, cerebral cortex and hypothalamus compared with untreated mice. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that crocin reduced Aβ1-42 deposition in the hippocampus of the brains of treated mice compared with untreated mice. In conclusion, crocin demonstrates good prospects in the treatment of AD through the oxidative stress-associated apoptosis signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyue Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Xueying Cai
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Wenji Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Zhiping Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130006, P.R. China
| | - Fange Kong
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Xia Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
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Polyphenols Derived from Lychee Seed Suppress Aβ (1-42)-Induced Neuroinflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072109. [PMID: 30036972 PMCID: PMC6073121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) is commonly recognized as the most important factor that results in neuronal cell death and accelerates the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Increasing evidence suggests that microglia activated by Aβ release an amount of neurotoxic inflammatory cytokines that contribute to neuron death and aggravate AD pathology. In our previous studies, we found that lychee seed fraction (LSF), an active fraction derived from the lychee seed, could significantly improve the cognitive function of AD rats and inhibit Aβ-induced neuroinflammation in vitro, and decrease neuronal injuries in vivo and in vitro. In the current study, we aimed to isolate and identify the specific components in LSF that were responsible for the anti-neuroinflammation effect using preparative high performance liquid chromatography (pre-HPLC), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods. To this end, we confirmed two polyphenols including catechin and procyanidin A2 that could improve the morphological status of BV-2 cells and suppress the release, mRNA levels, and protein expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) through downregulating the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway using ELISA, RT-PCR, and Western blotting methods. Furthermore, catechin and procyanidin A2 could inhibit Aβ-induced apoptosis in BV-2 cells by upregulating Bcl-2 and downregulating Bax protein expression. Therefore, the current study illustrated the active substances in lychee seed, and first reported that catechin and procyanidin A2 could suppress neuroinflammation in Aβ-induced BV-2 cells, which provides detailed insights into the molecular mechanism of catechin and procyanidin A2 in the neuroprotective effect, and their further validations of anti-neuroinflammation in vivo is also essential in future research.
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Zhao Y, Zeng Y, Wu A, Yu C, Tang Y, Wang X, Xiong R, Chen H, Wu J, Qin D. Lychee Seed Fraction Inhibits Aβ(1-42)-Induced Neuroinflammation in BV-2 Cells via NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:380. [PMID: 29740316 PMCID: PMC5925968 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous studies, an active fraction derived from lychee seed could inhibit β-amyloid-induced apoptosis of PC12 cells and neurons. The primarily microglia cells are recognized as the brain’s resident macrophages and thought to remodel of the brain by removing presumably redundant, apoptotic neurons. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the anti-neuroinflammation effect of lychee seed fraction (LSF) in Aβ(1-42)-induced BV-2 cells and the underlying mechanism. The morphology results displayed that LSF could improve the status of Aβ(1-42)-induced BV-2 cells. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, real-time PCR, and Western blotting results showed that LSF could significantly reduce the release, mRNA levels, and protein expressions of the pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in Aβ(1-42)-induced BV-2 cells, which were downregulated through suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway. Furthermore, LSF could upregulate Bcl-2 and downregulate Bax, Caspase-3, and cleaved-PARP protein expressions. Taken together, our results first demonstrated that LSF could suppress the inflammatory response via inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway, and inhibit apoptosis in Aβ(1-42)-induced BV-2 cells. Our findings further prove that LSF as a potential drug may be used for treating AD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhao
- Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yuan Zeng
- Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Anguo Wu
- Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chonglin Yu
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiuling Wang
- Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Rui Xiong
- Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Haixia Chen
- Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jianming Wu
- Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Dalian Qin
- Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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37
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Du K, Liu M, Zhong X, Yao W, Xiao Q, Wen Q, Yang B, Wei M. Epigallocatechin Gallate Reduces Amyloid β-Induced Neurotoxicity via Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Apoptosis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1700890. [PMID: 29446867 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE We investigated the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the protective effects of EGCG against the neuronal apoptosis in Aβ1-42 -induced SH-SY5Y cells and APP/PS1 transgenic mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Cell viability (CCK8 assay), flow cytometry, Hoechst 33258 staining, immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and western blotting were used. EGCG prevented Aβ1-42-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells, increased cell viability, and decreased apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. In a subsequent mechanism study, it was found that this effect contributed to the down-regulation of GRP78, CHOP, cleaved-caspase-12 and -3. Moreover, EGCG also reduced the cytotoxicity induced by tunicamycin (TM) and thapsigargin (TG), two ER stress activators. Consistent with the in vitro study, EGCG inhibited neuronal apoptosis in the cortex of APP/PS1 transgenic mice, with the mitigation of ER abnormal ultrastructural swelling and the downregulation of ER-stress-associated proteins. CONCLUSION These results indicate that EGCG attenuates the neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease (AD) via a novel mechanism that involves inhibition of ER-stress-associated neuronal apoptosis in vitro and in vivo, suggesting the tremendous potential of EGCG for use in a nutritional preventive strategy against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Du
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Mingyan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xin Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Weifan Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Qinghuan Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Ion Channel Pharmacology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Quan Wen
- Shanghai Newsummit Biopharma Group, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong District, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Shanghai Newsummit Biopharma Group, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong District, Shanghai, China
| | - Minjie Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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38
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Song D, Jiang X, Liu Y, Sun Y, Cao S, Zhang Z. Asiaticoside Attenuates Cell Growth Inhibition and Apoptosis Induced by Aβ 1-42 via Inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:28. [PMID: 29441018 PMCID: PMC5797575 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a very common progressive neurodegenerative disorder with the highest incidence in the world. Dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) may be responsible for the pathogenesis and pathology of AD for abnormally transporting amyloid-β (Aβ, the main component of the senile plaques) from the sera into the central nervous system. Aβ peptides induce apoptosis in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs), the main component of BBB. Apoptosis in neuronal cells plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of AD. Asiaticoside, a natural glycoside extracted from Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, has an anti-apoptotic effect on hBMECs but the molecule mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, we investigate the protective effect of asiaticoside on Aβ1-42-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis as well as associated mechanism in hBMECs with commonly used in vitro methods for clinical development of asiaticoside as a novel anti-AD agent. In the present study, we investigated the effects of asiaticoside on cytotoxicity by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, mitochondrial membrane potential by JC-1 fluorescence analysis, anti-apoptosis by Hoechst 33258 staining and Annexin V-FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate) and propidium iodide (PI) analyses, the expressions of TNF-α and IL-6 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6, p-NF-κB p65, and total NF-κB p65 by Western blotting, and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 by immunofluorescence analysis in hBMECs. The results showed that pretreatment of asiaticoside (25, 50, and 100 μM) for 12 h significantly attenuated cell growth inhibition and apoptosis, and restored declined mitochondrial membrane potential induced by Aβ1-42 (50 μM) in hBMECs. Asiaticoside also significantly downregulated the elevated expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6, and p-NF-κB p65, as well as inhibited NF-κB p65 translocation from cytoplasm to nucleus induced by Aβ1-42 in hBMECs in a concentration-dependent manner. The possible underlying molecular mechanism of asiaticoside may be through inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Therefore, asiaticoside may be developed as a novel agent for the prevention and/or treatment of AD clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daqiang Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xian Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yiliu Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yuhong Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Shousong Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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39
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Zhang X, Qiao L, Chen Y, Zhao B, Gu Y, Huo X, Zhang Y, Li G. In Silico Analysis of the Association Relationship between Neuroprotection and Flavors of Traditional Chinese Medicine Based on the mGluRs. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010163. [PMID: 29320397 PMCID: PMC5796112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are known as both synaptic receptors and taste receptors. This feature is highly similar to the Property and Flavor theory of Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which has the pharmacological effect and flavor. In this study, six ligand based pharmacophore (LBP) models, seven homology modeling models, and fourteen molecular docking models of mGluRs were built based on orthosteric and allosteric sites to screening potential compounds from Traditional Chinese Medicine Database (TCMD). Based on the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China, TCMs of compounds and their flavors were traced and listed. According to the tracing result, we found that the TCMs of the compounds which bound to orthosteric sites of mGluRs are highly correlated to a sweet flavor, while the allosteric site corresponds to a bitter flavor. Meanwhile, the pharmacological effects of TCMs with highly frequent flavors were further analyzed. We found that those TCMs play a neuroprotective role through the efficiencies of detumescence, promoting blood circulation, analgesic effect, and so on. This study provides a guide for developing new neuroprotective drugs from TCMs which target mGluRs. Moreover, it is the first study to present a novel approach to discuss the association relationship between flavor and the neuroprotective mechanism of TCM based on mGluRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of TCM-Information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Liansheng Qiao
- Key Laboratory of TCM-Information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Yankun Chen
- Key Laboratory of TCM-Information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Bowen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of TCM-Information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Yu Gu
- Key Laboratory of TCM-Information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Xiaoqian Huo
- Key Laboratory of TCM-Information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Yanling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of TCM-Information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Gongyu Li
- Key Laboratory of TCM-Information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
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40
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Emanuele S, Lauricella M, Calvaruso G, D'Anneo A, Giuliano M. Litchi chinensis as a Functional Food and a Source of Antitumor Compounds: An Overview and a Description of Biochemical Pathways. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9090992. [PMID: 28885570 PMCID: PMC5622752 DOI: 10.3390/nu9090992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Litchi is a tasty fruit that is commercially grown for food consumption and nutritional benefits in various parts of the world. Due to its biological activities, the fruit is becoming increasingly known and deserves attention not only for its edible part, the pulp, but also for its peel and seed that contain beneficial substances with antioxidant, cancer preventive, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory functions. Although literature demonstrates the biological activity of Litchi components in reducing tumor cell viability in in vitro or in vivo models, data about the biochemical mechanisms responsible for these effects are quite fragmentary. This review specifically describes, in a comprehensive analysis, the antitumor properties of the different parts of Litchi and highlights the main biochemical mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Emanuele
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Marianna Lauricella
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Calvaruso
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Antonella D'Anneo
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Michela Giuliano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
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41
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Huang X, Lu G, Li G, Li H, Li B, Yin J, Cao S. Dynamic Changes in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System and the Beneficial Effects of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Inhibitors on Spatial Learning and Memory in a Rat Model of Chronic Cerebral Ischemia. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:359. [PMID: 28690496 PMCID: PMC5481390 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure and brain function. Therefore, we studied the dynamic changes in the RAAS in the blood, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus and the effects of RAAS inhibitors on spatial learning and memory and hippocampal apoptosis in a rat model of chronic cerebral ischemia (CCI) established by bilateral ligation of the common carotid arteries of rats. The levels of renin, angiotensin II (Ang II), and aldosterone (ALD) in the plasma, and the homogenates of the left side of cerebral cortex and whole hippocampus of rats were detected on day 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 30 by radioimmunoassay. Spatial learning and memory and hippocampal apoptosis were evaluated on day 30 by Morris water maze test (navigation and space exploration tests) and terminal dexynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, respectively, after rats were orally administered with distilled water (DW), renin inhibitor aliskiren (30 mg/kg), Ang converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril (4 mg/kg), or Ang II receptor antagonist candesartan (2 mg/kg) daily for 30 days. The results showed that the levels of renin and Ang II were significantly higher but ALD fluctuated in the blood, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus in CCI rats compared to normal rats. However, aliskiren and enalapril could significantly decrease (p < 0.05) the levels of renin, Ang II and ALD in the blood, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus compared to DW treatment; while candesartan had similar effect on renin and ALD but no effect on Ang II in CCI rats. Furthermore, spatial learning and memory were significantly decreased but apoptosis in the hippocampus was obviously increased in CCI rats compared to normal rats (p < 0.05). However, aliskiren, enalapril, and candesartan were equally effective to improve spatial learning and memory and decrease apoptosis in the hippocampus. Therefore, RAAS plays an important role in the development of cerebral ischemia and RAAS inhibitors aliskiren, enalapril, and candesartan improve spatial learning and memory and protect brain injury by inhibiting hippocampal apoptosis in CCI rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwu Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhou, China
| | - Guozhou Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xichang People's HospitalXichang, China
| | - Guochun Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhou, China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhou, China
| | - Beihua Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhou, China
| | - Jiazhen Yin
- Department of Pharmacology, Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhou, China
| | - Shousong Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhou, China
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42
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Wang X, Zhang H, Liu J, Chen R, Tang Y, Chen H, Gu L, Li M, Cao S, Qin D, Wu J. Inhibitory Effect of Lychee Seed Saponins on Apoptosis Induced by Aβ 25-35 through Regulation of the Apoptotic and NF-κB Pathways in PC12 Cells. Nutrients 2017; 9:E337. [PMID: 28353652 PMCID: PMC5409676 DOI: 10.3390/nu9040337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal apoptosis plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous studies have shown that lychee seed saponins (LSS), isolated and extracted from traditional Chinese medicine lychee seeds, possess many beneficial activities including anti-oxidation, anti-diabetes, anti-AD, etc. In the present study, we established an in vitro neuronal apoptotic model of PC12 cells induced by Aβ25-35 and studied the effect of LSS on apoptosis by the methods of Hoechst 33342/propidium iodide (PI) fluorescence double staining, Annexin V/PI double staining, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). We also investigated the effects of LSS on mitochondria membrane potential, the expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins, and the mRNA expression and the nuclear translocation of NF-κBp65 in PC12 cells. The results showed that LSS markedly inhibited apoptosis, improved the mitochondria membrane potentials, upregulated the expression of Bcl-2 protein, downregulated the expression of Bax protein, and decreased the mRNA expression and nuclear translocation of NF-κBp65 in PC12 cells. The study demonstrated that LSS significantly inhibited apoptosis induced by Aβ25-35 via regulation of the apoptotic and NF-κB pathways in PC12 cells. Therefore, LSS has the potential to be developed as a novel agent or nutrient supplement for the prevention and/or treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Preclinical Medicine, Sichuan Vocational College of Health and Rehabilitation, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
- Pharmacy Intravenous Admixture Services, Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Haixia Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Li Gu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Mao Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Shousong Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Dalian Qin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Jianming Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
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