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de Sá Leitão CS, dos Santos CHDA, Valente J, Maia B, Pereira RS, Batista LM, Amorim FG, Fé-Gonçalves LM, Lacerda M, Almeida-Val F, Val AL. Amazon tropical fishes of commercial interest show human-cell contamination but no SARS-CoV-2 in a real-life scenario. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306985. [PMID: 39008462 PMCID: PMC11249228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amazonas was one of the most impacted Brazilian states by the COVID-19 pandemic. Mortality rates were high, and the health systems collapsed. It is important to identify possible intermediate reservoirs to avoid animal-to-human contamination. Several tropical fish are of commercial interest and are sold in large open-air markets in the region, representing a large economic and dietary importance. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to verify if fish species of commercial importance, aerosols, and fish wastewater in local open-air markets, at a major capital city in the western Brazilian Amazon, are contaminated by SARS-CoV-2. METHODS 488 fish, 50 aerosol, and 45 wastewater samples were analyzed for the presence of SARS-CoV-2. The samples were subjected to extraction using the BIOGENE Viral DNA/RNA Extraction kit, and the molecular diagnosis was tested for SARS-CoV-2 using the Bio-Manguinhos SARS-CoV-2 (EDx) Molecular Kit. RESULTS It was not possible to detect the virus (Ct≤40, for Gene E) in these samples, however, in 181 samples of fish it was possible to detect the human RP gene (Ct≤35, for the RP Gene), indicating human contact. There was a high number of COVID-19 diagnoses in all city districts in which the samples were collected, showing that SARS-CoV-2 was circulating. CONCLUSION This study indicates that fish of local commercial importance do not carry SARS-CoV-2 viral particles, despite circulation of SARS-CoV-2, and are not an important source of animal-to-human contamination. Despite these results, the human RP gene was found detectable in fish, air, and fish wastewater, showing that such places may carry human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Sousa de Sá Leitão
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Evolução Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Evolução Molecular, Manaus, Amazonas (AM), Brasil
| | - Carlos Henrique dos Anjos dos Santos
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Evolução Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Evolução Molecular, Manaus, Amazonas (AM), Brasil
- Unidade Acadêmica de Serra Talhada, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Serra Talhada, Pernambuco (PE), Brasil
| | | | - Bernardo Maia
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Rogério Santos Pereira
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Evolução Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Evolução Molecular, Manaus, Amazonas (AM), Brasil
| | - Larissa Matos Batista
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Evolução Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Evolução Molecular, Manaus, Amazonas (AM), Brasil
| | - Felipe Guedes Amorim
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Evolução Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Evolução Molecular, Manaus, Amazonas (AM), Brasil
| | | | - Marcus Lacerda
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brasil
- Instituto Leonidas e Maria Deane, FIOCRUZ-AM, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Fernando Almeida-Val
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brasil
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Adalberto Luis Val
- Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Evolução Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Laboratório de Ecofisiologia e Evolução Molecular, Manaus, Amazonas (AM), Brasil
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Yang R, Han P, Han P, Li D, Zhao R, Niu S, Liu K, Li S, Tian WX, Gao GF. Molecular basis of hippopotamus ACE2 binding to SARS-CoV-2. J Virol 2024; 98:e0045124. [PMID: 38591877 PMCID: PMC11092335 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00451-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has a wide range of hosts, including hippopotami, which are semi-aquatic mammals and phylogenetically closely related to Cetacea. In this study, we characterized the binding properties of hippopotamus angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hiACE2) to the spike (S) protein receptor binding domains (RBDs) of the SARS-CoV-2 prototype (PT) and variants of concern (VOCs). Furthermore, the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the SARS-CoV-2 PT S protein complexed with hiACE2 was resolved. Structural and mutational analyses revealed that L30 and F83, which are specific to hiACE2, played a crucial role in the hiACE2/SARS-CoV-2 RBD interaction. In addition, comparative and structural analysis of ACE2 orthologs suggested that the cetaceans may have the potential to be infected by SARS-CoV-2. These results provide crucial molecular insights into the susceptibility of hippopotami to SARS-CoV-2 and suggest the potential risk of SARS-CoV-2 VOCs spillover and the necessity for surveillance. IMPORTANCE The hippopotami are the first semi-aquatic artiodactyl mammals wherein SARS-CoV-2 infection has been reported. Exploration of the invasion mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 will provide important information for the surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in hippopotami, as well as other semi-aquatic mammals and cetaceans. Here, we found that hippopotamus ACE2 (hiACE2) could efficiently bind to the RBDs of the SARS-CoV-2 prototype (PT) and variants of concern (VOCs) and facilitate the transduction of SARS-CoV-2 PT and VOCs pseudoviruses into hiACE2-expressing cells. The cryo-EM structure of the SARS-CoV-2 PT S protein complexed with hiACE2 elucidated a few critical residues in the RBD/hiACE2 interface, especially L30 and F83 of hiACE2 which are unique to hiACE2 and contributed to the decreased binding affinity to PT RBD compared to human ACE2. Our work provides insight into cross-species transmission and highlights the necessity for monitoring host jumps and spillover events on SARS-CoV-2 in semi-aquatic/aquatic mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Pu Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Pengcheng Han
- School of Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dedong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Runchu Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Sheng Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Kefang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Shihua Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Xia Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - George Fu Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
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3
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Chen C, Martins M, Nooruzzaman M, Yettapu D, Diel DG, Reinhart JM, Urbasic A, Robinson H, Varga C, Fang Y. Spatial and temporal clustering of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Illinois household cats, 2021-2023. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299388. [PMID: 38696456 PMCID: PMC11065222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence and spatial and temporal clustering of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in household cats within 63 counties in Illinois from October 2021 to May 2023. The analysis followed a stepwise approach. First, in a choropleth point map, we illustrated the distribution of county-level seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Next, spatial interpolation was used to predict the seroprevalence in counties without recorded data. Global and local clustering methods were used to identify the extent of clustering and the counties with high or low seroprevalence, respectively. Next, temporal, spatial, and space-time scan statistic was used to identify periods and counties with higher-than-expected seroprevalence. In the last step, to identify more distinct areas in counties with high seroprevalence, city-level analysis was conducted to identify temporal and space-time clusters. Among 1,715 samples tested by serological assays, 244 samples (14%) tested positive. Young cats had higher seropositivity than older cats, and the third quarter of the year had the highest odds of seropositivity. Three county-level space-time clusters with higher-than-expected seroprevalence were identified in the northeastern, central-east, and southwest regions of Illinois, occurring between June and October 2022. In the city-level analysis, 2 space-time clusters were identified in Chicago's downtown and the southwestern suburbs of Chicago between June and September 2022. Our results suggest that the high density of humans and cats in large cities such as Chicago, might play a role in the transmission and clustering of SARS-CoV-2. Our study provides an in-depth analysis of SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology in Illinois household cats, which will aid in COVID-19 control and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Chen
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mathias Martins
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Mohammed Nooruzzaman
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Dipankar Yettapu
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Diego G. Diel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Reinhart
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ashlee Urbasic
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory at Veterinary Specialty Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Buffalo Grove, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Hannah Robinson
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory at Veterinary Specialty Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Buffalo Grove, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Csaba Varga
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
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Lina A, Keith H, Jenny H, Mariana M, Gregorio T, Laure WV, Paolo T. Facing SARS-CoV-2 emergence on the animal health perspective: The role of the World Organisation for Animal Health in preparedness and official reporting of disease occurrence. Zoonoses Public Health 2024. [PMID: 38584342 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Current data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) emerged from an animal source. However, to date, there is insufficient scientific evidence to identify the source of SARS-CoV-2 or to explain the original route of transmission to humans. A wide range of mammalian species have been shown to be susceptible to the virus through experimental infection, and in natural environments when in contact with infected humans. The main objective of this work was to provide a summary of the official data shared by countries on SARS-CoV-2 in animals with the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), to highlight the role of WOAH as an international organization in coordinating scientific information actions and to discuss the implications and impact of these activities. METHODS AND RESULTS Between January 2020 and December 2022, 36 countries in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa officially reported SARS-CoV-2 identification in 26 animal species. Affected countries were generally responsive in confirming the pathogen (median of 5 days after onset) and reporting to WOAH (median of 7 days after confirmation). CONCLUSIONS During the pandemic, WOAH, supported by its network of experts, played a crucial role in collecting, analysing and disseminating veterinary scientific information, acting as the reference organization on these issues, thus avoiding misinformation and disinformation. Future perspectives to avoid new emerging threats are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awada Lina
- World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), Paris, France
| | - Hamilton Keith
- World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Tizzani Paolo
- World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), Paris, France
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Mena J, Hidalgo C, Estay-Olea D, Sallaberry-Pincheira N, Bacigalupo A, Rubio AV, Peñaloza D, Sánchez C, Gómez-Adaros J, Olmos V, Cabello J, Ivelic K, Abarca MJ, Ramírez-Álvarez D, Torregrosa Rocabado M, Durán Castro N, Carreño M, Gómez G, Cattan PE, Ramírez-Toloza G, Robbiano S, Marchese C, Raffo E, Stowhas P, Medina-Vogel G, Landaeta-Aqueveque C, Ortega R, Waleckx E, Gónzalez-Acuña D, Rojo G. Molecular surveillance of potential SARS-CoV-2 reservoir hosts in wildlife rehabilitation centers. Vet Q 2023; 43:1-10. [PMID: 36594266 PMCID: PMC9858396 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2023.2164909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, has become the most devastating zoonotic event in recent times, with negative impacts on both human and animal welfare as well as on the global economy. Although SARS-CoV-2 is considered a human virus, it likely emerged from animals, and it can infect both domestic and wild animals. This constitutes a risk for human and animal health including wildlife with evidence of SARS-CoV-2 horizontal transmission back and forth between humans and wild animals. AIM Molecular surveillance in different wildlife rehabilitation centers and wildlife associated institutions in Chile, which are critical points of animal-human interaction and wildlife conservation, especially since the aim of wildlife rehabilitation centers is to reintroduce animals to their original habitat. MATERIALS AND METHODS The survey was conducted in six WRCs and three wildlife associated institutions. A total of 185 samples were obtained from 83 individuals belonging to 15 different species, including vulnerable and endangered species. Each specimen was sampled with two different swabs: one oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal according to the nostril diameter, and/or a second rectal sample. RNA was extracted from the samples and two different molecular assays were performed: first, a conventional RT-PCR with pan-coronavirus primers and a second SARS-CoV-2 qPCR targeting the N and S genes. RESULTS All 185 samples were negative for SARS-CoV-2. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study constitutes the first report on the surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 from wildlife treated in rehabilitation centers in Chile, and supports the biosafety procedures adopted in those centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Mena
- Instituto de Ciencias Agroalimentarias, Animales y Ambientales (ICA3), Universidad de O'Higgins, San Fernando, Chile
| | - Christian Hidalgo
- Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (NIAVA), Universidad de Las Américas, Chile
| | - Daniela Estay-Olea
- Instituto de Ciencias Agroalimentarias, Animales y Ambientales (ICA3), Universidad de O'Higgins, San Fernando, Chile
| | - Nicole Sallaberry-Pincheira
- Unidad de Rehabilitación de Fauna Silvestre (UFAS), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Antonella Bacigalupo
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - André V. Rubio
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas Animales, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Peñaloza
- Departamento de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas, Corporación Nacional Forestal (CONAF), Región del Libertador General Bernardo O’Higgins, Rancagua, Chile
| | - Carolina Sánchez
- Unidad de Rehabilitación de Fauna Silvestre (UFAS), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Valeria Olmos
- Centro de Rehabilitación y Exhibición de Fauna Silvestre, Rancagua, Chile
| | - Javier Cabello
- Centro de Conservación de la Biodiversidad, Ancud, Chile
| | - Kendra Ivelic
- Refugio Animal Cascada, Centro de Rehabilitación y Exhibición de fauna nativa de la Fundación Acción Fauna, Santiago, Chile
| | - María José Abarca
- Comité Nacional Pro Defensa de la Fauna y Flora (CODEFF), Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Ramírez-Álvarez
- Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero de Chile (SAG), Unidad de Vida Silvestre, Rancagua, Chile
| | - Marisol Torregrosa Rocabado
- Médico Veterinaria Encargada Sección Salud Animal, Zoológico Nacional del Parque Metropolitano, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Durán Castro
- Médico Veterinaria Sección Salud Animal, Zoológico Nacional del Parque Metropolitano, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Gabriela Gómez
- Departamento de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas, Corporación Nacional Forestal (CONAF), Región de Aysén, Chile
| | - Pedro E. Cattan
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas Animales, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Galia Ramírez-Toloza
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sofía Robbiano
- Centro de Rehabilitación de Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Carla Marchese
- Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero de Chile (SAG), Unidad de Vida Silvestre, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Eduardo Raffo
- Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero de Chile (SAG), Unidad de Vida Silvestre, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Paulina Stowhas
- Programa Nacional Integrado de Gestión de Especies Exóticas Invasoras, Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Medina-Vogel
- Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad (CIS), Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Landaeta-Aqueveque
- Departamento Patología y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - René Ortega
- Departamento Patología y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Etienne Waleckx
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR INTERTRYP IRD, CIRAD, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France,Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr Hideyo Noguchi”, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, México
| | - Daniel Gónzalez-Acuña
- Departamento Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - Gemma Rojo
- Instituto de Ciencias Agroalimentarias, Animales y Ambientales (ICA3), Universidad de O'Higgins, San Fernando, Chile,CONTACT Gemma Rojo Instituto de Ciencias Agroalimentarias, Animales y Ambientales (ICA3), Universidad de O'Higgins, San Fernando, Chile
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Marquez DR, Agnew J, Barnett DJ, Davis MF, Dalton KR. Assessing US Small Animal Veterinary Clinic Adaptations and Their Impacts on Workforce COVID-19 Preparedness and Response. Health Secur 2023; 21:450-458. [PMID: 37971808 PMCID: PMC10777815 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2023.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Veterinary personnel are an essential yet often underappreciated workforce, critical for zoonotic disease prevention and response efforts that impact human health. During the early COVID-19 pandemic, the veterinary workforce supported emergency responses by promoting zoonotic disease risk communication, sharing animal health expertise, and boosting laboratory surge capacity against SARS-CoV-2 in animals and people. However, small animal veterinary workers (SAVWs), similar to healthcare workers, faced organizational challenges in providing clinical care to family pets, including those susceptible to SARS-CoV-2. We analyzed a cross-sectional survey of 1,204 SAVWs in the United States to assess veterinary clinic adaptations and their associations with SAVWs' self-perceived readiness, willingness, and ability to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic as a workforce. SAVWs who worked fewer hours than before the pandemic (ready, OR 0.59; willing, OR 0.66; able, OR 0.52) or used personal protective equipment less frequently for protection in the clinic (ready, OR 0.69; willing, OR 0.69; able, OR 0.64) felt less ready, willing, and able to respond to COVID-19. SAVWs working remotely felt less ready (OR 0.46) but not less willing or able to respond to COVID-19. Lastly, SAVWs with dependents felt less ready (OR 0.67) and able (OR 0.49) to respond to COVID-19 than SAVWs without dependents. Our findings highlight the importance of proactively managing work schedules, having access to personal protective equipment, and addressing caregiving concerns to enhance SAVW preparedness and response outcomes. SAVWs are knowledgeable, motivated personnel who should be integrated into local public health emergency preparedness and response plans, supporting a One Health framework that unites multidisciplinary teams to respond to future zoonotic disease threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Marquez
- David R. Marquez, DVM, MPH, DACVPM, is a Postdoctoral Fellow, in the Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
- David Marquez is also a Veterinary Preventive Medicine Officer, US Army Veterinary Corps, Medical Center of Excellence, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX
| | - Jacqueline Agnew
- Jacqueline Agnew, MPH, PhD, is a Professor Emeritus, in the Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Daniel J. Barnett
- Daniel J. Barnett, MD, MPH, in the Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Meghan F. Davis
- Meghan F. Davis, DVM, MPH, PhD, are Associate Professors, in the Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kathryn R. Dalton
- Kathryn R. Dalton, DVM, PhD, MPH, is an IRTA Postdoctoral Fellow, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
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7
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Jaramillo Hernández DA, Chacón MC, Velásquez MA, Vásquez-Trujillo A, Sánchez AP, Salazar Garces LF, García GL, Velasco-Santamaría YM, Pedraza LN, Lesmes-Rodríguez LC. Seroprevalence of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in domestic dogs and cats and its relationship with COVID-19 cases in the city of Villavicencio, Colombia. F1000Res 2023; 11:1184. [PMID: 37965037 PMCID: PMC10643872 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.125780.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Since the beginning of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak, different animal species have been implicated as possible intermediate hosts that could facilitate the transmission of the virus between species. The detection of these hosts has intensified, reporting wild, zoo, farm, and pet animals. The goal of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulins (IgG) in domestic dogs and cats and its epidemiological association with the frequency of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients in Villavicencio, Colombia. Methods: 300 dogs and 135 cats were randomly selected in a two-stage distribution by clusters according to COVID-19 cases (positive RT-qPCR for SARS-CoV-2) within the human population distributed within the eight communes of Villavicencio. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique was applied in order to determine anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG in sera samples. Kernel density estimation was used to compare the prevalence of COVID-19 cases with the seropositivity of dogs and cats. Results: The overall seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG was 4.6% (95% CI=3.2-7.4). In canines, 3.67% (95% CI=2.1-6.4) and felines 6.67% (95% CI=3.6-12.18). Kernel density estimation indicated that seropositive cases were concentrated in the southwest region of the city. There was a positive association between SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity in pet animals and their habitat in Commune 2 (adjusted OR=5.84; 95% CI=1.1-30.88). Spearman's correlation coefficients were weakly positive ( p=0.32) between the ratio of COVID-19 cases in November 2020 and the results for domestic dogs and cats from the eight communes of Villavicencio. Conclusions: In the present research cats were more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection than dogs. This study provides the first positive results of anti-SARS-CoV-2 ELISA serological tests in domestic dogs and cats in Colombia with information about the virus transmission dynamics in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Clara Chacón
- Programa de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Escuela de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de los Llanos, Villavicencio, Meta, 1745, Colombia
| | - María Alejandra Velásquez
- Programa de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Escuela de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de los Llanos, Villavicencio, Meta, 1745, Colombia
| | - Adolfo Vásquez-Trujillo
- Escuela de Ciencias Animales, Universidad de los Llanos, Villavicencio, Meta, 1745, Colombia
| | - Ana Patricia Sánchez
- Secretaria de Salud Municipal, Alcaldía de Villavicencio, Villavicencio, Meta, 110221, Colombia
| | - Luis Fabian Salazar Garces
- Research and Development Department (DIDE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Technical University of Ambato, Ambato, Ambato, Av. Colombia and Chile s/n, Ecuador
| | - Gina Lorena García
- Escuela de Ciencias Animales, Universidad de los Llanos, Villavicencio, Meta, 1745, Colombia
| | | | - Luz Natalia Pedraza
- Escuela de Ciencias Animales, Universidad de los Llanos, Villavicencio, Meta, 1745, Colombia
| | - Lida Carolina Lesmes-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología & Química, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad de los Llanos, Villavicencio, Meta, 1745, Colombia
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8
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Olivier T, Blomet J, Desmecht D. Central role of lung macrophages in SARS-CoV-2 physiopathology: a cross-model single-cell RNA-seq perspective. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1197588. [PMID: 37350967 PMCID: PMC10282834 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1197588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokine storms are considered a driving factor in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity. However, the triggering and resolution of this cytokine production, as well as the link between this phenomenon and infected cells, are still poorly understood. In this study, a cross-species scRNA-seq analysis showed that cytokine-producing macrophages together with pneumocytes were found to be the main contributors of viral transcripts in both Syrian hamsters and African green monkeys. Whatever the cell type, viral read-bearing cells show an apoptotic phenotype. A comparison of SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor candidates showed that Fc receptors are better correlated with infected cells than ACE2, NRP1, or AXL. Although both species show similar interferon responses, differences in adaptive immunity were highlighted. Lastly, Fc receptor and cytokine upregulation in M1 macrophages was found to correlate with a comprehensive interferon response. Based on these results, we propose a model in which lung macrophages play a central role in COVID-19 severity through antibody-dependent enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Olivier
- GAS Department, Prevor Research Laboratories, Valmondois, France
- Department of Pathology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - Joël Blomet
- GAS Department, Prevor Research Laboratories, Valmondois, France
| | - Daniel Desmecht
- Department of Pathology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
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9
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Elamin MR, Yousef TA, Elzupir AO. Insight into Tyrosine-Containing Pharmaceuticals as Potential Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and NSP16: Structural Analysis, Docking Studies, Molecular Dynamics Simulations, and Density Functional Theory Investigations. CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry5020054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine-containing pharmaceuticals’ (TPh) potential to inhibit SARS CoV-2 3-chymotrypsin-like proteases (3CLpro) and nonstructural protein 16 (NSP16) has been explored using docking studies, molecular dynamics simulations, and density functional theory. The TPh with FDA approval showed excellent contact with the active site pockets of 3CLpro and NSP16. Their binding affinity scores ranged from −5.8 to −4.9 kcal/mol and −6.3 to −4.8 for 3CLpro and NSP16, respectively. A 100-ns molecular dynamics simulation confirmed the stability of the carbidopa/NSP16 complex and N-acetyl tyrosine with both target enzymes. Further, the HOMO-LUMO transitions, molecular orbitals, and dipole moments of carbidopa, droxidopa, and N-acetyl tyrosine were computed using density functional theory (DFT). Considering N-acetyl tyrosine and carbidopa’s substantial inhibitory activity, it is recommended to investigate them further in order to explore their application for the treatment of COVID-19 or any other coronaviruses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed R. Elamin
- Chemistry Department, Science College, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, P.O. Box 90905, Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarek A. Yousef
- Chemistry Department, Science College, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, P.O. Box 90905, Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Toxic and Narcotic Drug, Forensic Medicine, Mansoura Laboratory, Medicolegal Organization, Ministry of Justice, Cairo 11435, Egypt
| | - Amin O. Elzupir
- Chemistry Department, Science College, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, P.O. Box 90905, Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
- Deanship of Scientific Research, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 90905, Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Jeon GT, Kim HR, Kim JM, Baek JS, Shin YK, Kwon OK, Kang HE, Cho HS, Cheon DS, Park CK. Tailored Multiplex Real-Time RT-PCR with Species-Specific Internal Positive Controls for Detecting SARS-CoV-2 in Canine and Feline Clinical Samples. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040602. [PMID: 36830388 PMCID: PMC9951688 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections have been frequently reported in companion dogs and cats worldwide during the ongoing coronavirus disease. However, RT-qPCR methods developed for humans have been used for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infections in suspected companion dogs and cats owing to the lack of the companion animal-tailored methods. Therefore, we developed a multiplex RT-qPCR (mRT-qPCR) using newly designed primers and probes targeting RdRp and N genes of all currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants as well as the canine or feline 16S rRNA gene as an endogenous internal positive control (EIPC) for reliable diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection from suspected dogs and cats. The developed mRT-qPCR assay specifically detected the target genes of SARS-CoV-2 but no other canine or feline pathogens. Furthermore, canine and feline EIPCs were stably amplified by mRT-qPCR in samples containing canine- or feline-origin cellular materials. This assay has high repeatability and reproducibility, with an optimal limit of detection (<10 RNA copies per reaction) and coefficients of variation (<1.0%). The detection rate of SARS-CoV-2 of the developed mRT-qPCR was 6.6% for canine and feline nasopharyngeal samples, which was consistent with that of a commercial mRT-qPCR kit for humans. Collectively, the newly developed mRT-qPCR with canine and feline EIPC can efficiently diagnose and evaluate the viral load in field specimens and will be a valuable tool for etiological diagnosis, epidemiological study, and controlling SARS-CoV-2 infections in canine and feline populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu-Tae Jeon
- Animal Disease Intervention Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ryung Kim
- Animal Disease Intervention Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Min Kim
- Animal Disease Intervention Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Su Baek
- Animal Disease Intervention Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeun-Kyung Shin
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh-Kyu Kwon
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Eun Kang
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Seong Cho
- Bio-Safety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Choi-Kyu Park
- Animal Disease Intervention Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-950-5973
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11
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Antimicrobial Resistance and Recent Alternatives to Antibiotics for the Control of Bacterial Pathogens with an Emphasis on Foodborne Pathogens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020274. [PMID: 36830185 PMCID: PMC9952301 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most important global public health problems. The imprudent use of antibiotics in humans and animals has resulted in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The dissemination of these strains and their resistant determinants could endanger antibiotic efficacy. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify and develop novel strategies to combat antibiotic resistance. This review provides insights into the evolution and the mechanisms of AMR. Additionally, it discusses alternative approaches that might be used to control AMR, including probiotics, prebiotics, antimicrobial peptides, small molecules, organic acids, essential oils, bacteriophage, fecal transplants, and nanoparticles.
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12
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Pourbagher-Shahri AM, Mohammadi G, Ghazavi H, Forouzanfar F. Susceptibility of domestic and companion animals to SARS-CoV-2: a comprehensive review. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:60. [PMID: 36725815 PMCID: PMC9891761 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03470-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused a large global outbreak. The reports of domestic animals' infection with SARS-CoV-2 raise concerns about the virus's longer-lasting spread, the establishment of a new host reservoir, or even the evolution of a new virus, as seen with COVID-19. In this review, we focus on the susceptibility of domestic animals, especially companion animals, towards SARS-CoV-2 in light of existing studies of natural infection, experimental infection, and serological surveys. Susceptibility of domestic and companion animals to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mohammad Pourbagher-Shahri
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Mohammadi
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamed Ghazavi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Forouzanfar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran ,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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13
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Gass JD, Waite KB, Hill NJ, Dalton KR, Sawatzki K, Runstadler JA, Davis MF. A standardized instrument quantifying risk factors associated with bi-directional transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and other zoonotic pathogens: The COVID-19 human-animal interactions survey (CHAIS). One Health 2022; 15:100422. [PMID: 35910303 PMCID: PMC9327186 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Similar to many zoonotic pathogens which transmit from animals to humans, SARS-CoV-2 (CoV-2), the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, most likely originated in Rhinolophus bats before spreading among humans globally. Early into the pandemic, reports of CoV-2 diagnoses in animals from various countries emerged. While most CoV-2 positive animals were confirmed to have been in close contact with CoV-2 positive humans, there has been a paucity of published evidence to-date describing risk factors associated with CoV-2 transmission among humans and animals. The COVID-19 Human-Animal Interactions Survey (CHAIS) was developed to provide a standardized instrument describing human-animal interactions during the pandemic and to evaluate behavioral, spatiotemporal, and biological risk factors associated with bi-directional zoonotic transmission of CoV-2 within shared environments, predominantly households with limited information about human-wildlife or human-livestock interactions. CHAIS measures four broad domains of transmission risk: 1) risk and intensity of infection in human hosts, 2) spatial characteristics of shared environments, 3) behaviors and human-animal interactions, and 4) susceptible animal subpopulations. Following the development of CHAIS, with a One Health approach, a multidisciplinary group of experts (n = 20) was invited to review and provide feedback on the survey for content validity. Expert feedback was incorporated into two final survey formats—an extended version and an abridged version for which specific core questions addressing zoonotic and reverse zoonotic transmission were identified. Both versions are modularized, with each section having the capacity to serve as independent instruments, allowing researchers to customize the survey based on context and research-specific needs. Further adaptations for studies seeking to investigate other zoonotic pathogens with similar routes of transmission (i.e. respiratory, direct contact) are also possible. The CHAIS instrument is a standardized human-animal interaction survey developed to provide important data on risk factors that guide transmission of CoV-2, and other similar pathogens, among humans and animals. The CHAIS instrument is a standardized instrument evaluating risk factors for bi-directional CoV-2 zoonotic transmission It evaluates settings where humans and animals share close contact, mainly households It is highly adaptable for investigating other zoonotic pathogens such as influenza viruses It will enable pooling of data across studies for meta-analyses to improve predictive models It can help inform public health prevention and mitigation measures
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon D Gass
- Dept. of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, United States
| | - Kaitlin B Waite
- Dept. of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States
| | - Nichola J Hill
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, United States
| | - Kathryn R Dalton
- Dept. of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States
| | - Kaitlin Sawatzki
- Dept. of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, United States
| | - Jonathan A Runstadler
- Dept. of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, United States
| | - Meghan F Davis
- Dept. of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States.,Dept. of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology; Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, United States
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14
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Huang K, Gan E, Zhang Z. Editorial: Detection and genomic evolution of viruses causing emerging and zoonotic infectious diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1009372. [PMID: 36211968 PMCID: PMC9533059 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1009372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Huang
- One Health Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Kai Huang,
| | - Esther Gan
- Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zengfeng Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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15
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Islam A, Ferdous J, Islam S, Sayeed MA, Rahman MK, Saha O, Hassan MM, Shirin T. Transmission dynamics and susceptibility patterns of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic, farmed and wild animals: Sustainable One Health surveillance for conservation and public health to prevent future epidemics and pandemics. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:2523-2543. [PMID: 34694705 PMCID: PMC8662162 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The exact origin of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and source of introduction into humans has not been established yet, though it might be originated from animals. Therefore, we conducted a study to understand the putative reservoirs, transmission dynamics, and susceptibility patterns of SARS-CoV-2 in animals. Rhinolophus bats are presumed to be natural progenitors of SARS-CoV-2-related viruses. Initially, pangolin was thought to be the source of spillover to humans, but they might be infected by human or other animal species. So, the virus spillover pathways to humans remain unknown. Human-to-animal transmission has been testified in pet, farmed, zoo and free-ranging wild animals. Infected animals can transmit the virus to other animals in natural settings like mink-to-mink and mink-to-cat transmission. Animal-to-human transmission is not a persistent pathway, while mink-to-human transmission continues to be illuminated. Multiple companions and captive wild animals were infected by an emerging alpha variant of concern (B.1.1.7 lineage) whereas Asiatic lions were infected by delta variant, (B.1.617.2). To date, multiple animal species - cat, ferrets, non-human primates, hamsters and bats - showed high susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 in the experimental condition, while swine, poultry, cattle showed no susceptibility. The founding of SARS-CoV-2 in wild animal reservoirs can confront the control of the virus in humans and might carry a risk to the welfare and conservation of wildlife as well. We suggest vaccinating pets and captive animals to stop spillovers and spillback events. We recommend sustainable One Health surveillance at the animal-human-environmental interface to detect and prevent future epidemics and pandemics by Disease X.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariful Islam
- EcoHealth AllianceNew YorkUnited States
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental ScienceDeakin UniversityVictoriaAustralia
- Institute of EpidemiologyDisease Control and Research (IEDCR)DhakaBangladesh
| | - Jinnat Ferdous
- EcoHealth AllianceNew YorkUnited States
- Institute of EpidemiologyDisease Control and Research (IEDCR)DhakaBangladesh
| | - Shariful Islam
- EcoHealth AllianceNew YorkUnited States
- Institute of EpidemiologyDisease Control and Research (IEDCR)DhakaBangladesh
| | - Md. Abu Sayeed
- EcoHealth AllianceNew YorkUnited States
- Institute of EpidemiologyDisease Control and Research (IEDCR)DhakaBangladesh
| | - Md. Kaisar Rahman
- EcoHealth AllianceNew YorkUnited States
- Institute of EpidemiologyDisease Control and Research (IEDCR)DhakaBangladesh
| | - Otun Saha
- EcoHealth AllianceNew YorkUnited States
- Institute of EpidemiologyDisease Control and Research (IEDCR)DhakaBangladesh
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of DhakaDhakaBangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineChattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences UniversityChattogramBangladesh
| | - Tahmina Shirin
- Institute of EpidemiologyDisease Control and Research (IEDCR)DhakaBangladesh
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16
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Kim Y, Gaudreault NN, Meekins DA, Perera KD, Bold D, Trujillo JD, Morozov I, McDowell CD, Chang KO, Richt JA. Effects of Spike Mutations in SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern on Human or Animal ACE2-Mediated Virus Entry and Neutralization. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0178921. [PMID: 35638818 PMCID: PMC9241865 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01789-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a zoonotic agent capable of infecting humans and a wide range of animal species. Over the duration of the pandemic, mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein have arisen, culminating in the spread of several variants of concern (VOCs) with various degrees of altered virulence, transmissibility, and neutralizing antibody escape. In this study, we used pseudoviruses that express specific SARS-CoV-2 S protein substitutions and cell lines that express angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) from nine different animal species to gain insights into the effects of VOC mutations on viral entry and antibody neutralization capability. All animal ACE2 receptors tested, except mink, support viral cell entry for pseudoviruses expressing the ancestral prototype S at levels comparable to human ACE2. Most single S substitutions did not significantly change virus entry, although 614G and 484K resulted in a decreased efficiency. Conversely, combinatorial VOC substitutions in the S protein were associated with increased entry of pseudoviruses. Neutralizing titers in sera from various animal species were significantly reduced against pseudoviruses expressing the S proteins of Beta, Delta, or Omicron VOCs compared to the parental S protein. Especially, substitutions in the S protein of the Omicron variant significantly reduced the neutralizing titers of the sera. This study reveals important insights into the host range of SARS-CoV-2 and the effect of recently emergent S protein substitutions on viral entry, virus replication, and antibody-mediated viral neutralization. IMPORTANCE The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), continues to have devastating impacts on global health and socioeconomics. The recent emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, which contain mutations that can affect the virulence, transmission, and effectiveness of licensed vaccines and therapeutic antibodies, are currently becoming the common strains circulating in humans worldwide. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to infect a wide variety of animal species, which could result in additional mutations of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In this study, we investigate the effect of mutations present in SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and determine the effects of these mutations on cell entry, virulence, and antibody neutralization activity in humans and a variety of animals that might be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. This information is essential to understand the effects of important SARS-CoV-2 mutations and to inform public policy to create better strategies to control the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjeong Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Natasha N. Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - David A. Meekins
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Krishani D. Perera
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Dashzeveg Bold
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Jessie D. Trujillo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Igor Morozov
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Chester D. McDowell
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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17
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Thakor JC, Dinesh M, Manikandan R, Bindu S, Sahoo M, Sahoo D, Dhawan M, Pandey MK, Tiwari R, Emran TB, Dhama K, Chaicumpa W. Swine coronaviruses (SCoVs) and their emerging threats to swine population, inter-species transmission, exploring the susceptibility of pigs for SARS-CoV-2 and zoonotic concerns. Vet Q 2022; 42:125-147. [PMID: 35584308 PMCID: PMC9225692 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2022.2079756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine coronaviruses (SCoVs) are one of the most devastating pathogens affecting the livelihoods of farmers and swine industry across the world. These include transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV), swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), and porcine delta coronavirus (PDCoV). Coronaviruses infect a wide variety of animal species and humans because these are having single stranded-RNA that accounts for high mutation rates and thus could break the species barrier. The gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and nervous systems are the primary organ systems affected by SCoVs. Infection is very common in piglets compared to adult swine causing high mortality in the former. Bat is implicated to be the origin of all CoVs affecting animals and humans. Since pig is the only domestic animal in which CoVs cause a wide range of diseases; new coronaviruses with high zoonotic potential could likely emerge in the future as observed in the past. The recently emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing COVID-19 pandemic in humans, has been implicated to have animal origin, also reported from few animal species, though its zoonotic concerns are still under investigation. This review discusses SCoVs and their epidemiology, virology, evolution, pathology, wildlife reservoirs, interspecies transmission, spill-over events and highlighting their emerging threats to swine population. The role of pigs amid ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic will also be discussed. A thorough investigation should be conducted to rule out zoonotic potential of SCoVs and to design appropriate strategies for their prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigarji C Thakor
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh-243122, India
| | - Murali Dinesh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh-243122, India
| | - Rajendran Manikandan
- Immunology Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh-243122, India
| | - Suresh Bindu
- Immunology Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh-243122, India
| | - Monalisa Sahoo
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh-243122, India
| | - Diptimayee Sahoo
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh-243122, India
| | - Manish Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004, India.,The Trafford Group of Colleges, Manchester-WA14 5PQ, United Kingdom
| | - Megha Katare Pandey
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal-462043, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura-281001, India
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong-4381, Bangladesh
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh-243122, India
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok-10700, Thailand
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18
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Fagre AC, Cohen LE, Eskew EA, Farrell M, Glennon E, Joseph MB, Frank HK, Ryan SJ, Carlson CJ, Albery GF. Assessing the risk of human-to-wildlife pathogen transmission for conservation and public health. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:1534-1549. [PMID: 35318793 PMCID: PMC9313783 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic has led to increased concern over transmission of pathogens from humans to animals, and its potential to threaten conservation and public health. To assess this threat, we reviewed published evidence of human‐to‐wildlife transmission events, with a focus on how such events could threaten animal and human health. We identified 97 verified examples, involving a wide range of pathogens; however, reported hosts were mostly non‐human primates or large, long‐lived captive animals. Relatively few documented examples resulted in morbidity and mortality, and very few led to maintenance of a human pathogen in a new reservoir or subsequent “secondary spillover” back into humans. We discuss limitations in the literature surrounding these phenomena, including strong evidence of sampling bias towards non‐human primates and human‐proximate mammals and the possibility of systematic bias against reporting human parasites in wildlife, both of which limit our ability to assess the risk of human‐to‐wildlife pathogen transmission. We outline how researchers can collect experimental and observational evidence that will expand our capacity for risk assessment for human‐to‐wildlife pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Fagre
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.,Bat Health Foundation, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Lily E Cohen
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York City, USA
| | - Evan A Eskew
- Department of Biology, Pacific Lutheran University, Tacoma, Washington, USA
| | - Max Farrell
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emma Glennon
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maxwell B Joseph
- Earth Lab, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Hannah K Frank
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisina, USA
| | - Sadie J Ryan
- Quantitative Disease Ecology and Conservation (QDEC) Lab Group, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Colin J Carlson
- Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Gregory F Albery
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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19
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Yépez Y, Marcano-Ruiz M, Bezerra RS, Fam B, Ximenez JPB, Silva WA, Bortolini MC. Evolutionary history of the SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant of concern (P.1): a perfect storm. Genet Mol Biol 2022; 45:e20210309. [PMID: 35266951 PMCID: PMC8908351 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2021-0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Our goal was to describe in more detail the evolutionary history of Gamma and two derived lineages (P.1.1 and P.1.2), which are part of the arms race that SARS-CoV-2 wages with its host. A total of 4,977 sequences of the Gamma strain of SARS-CoV-2 from Brazil were analyzed. We detected 194 sites under positive selection in 12 genes/ORFs: Spike, N, M, E, ORF1a, ORF1b, ORF3, ORF6, ORF7a, ORF7b, ORF8, and ORF10. Some diagnostic sites for Gamma lacked a signature of positive selection in our study, but these were not fixed, apparently escaping the action of purifying selection. Our network analyses revealed branches leading to expanding haplotypes with sites under selection only detected when P.1.1 and P.1.2 were considered. The P.1.2 exclusive haplotype H_5 originated from a non-synonymous mutational step (H3509Y) in H_1 of ORF1a. The selected allele, 3509Y, represents an adaptive novelty involving ORF1a of P.1. Finally, we discuss how phenomena such as epistasis and antagonistic pleiotropy could limit the emergence of new alleles (and combinations thereof) in SARS-COV-2 lineages, maintaining infectivity in humans, while providing rapid response capabilities to face the arms race triggered by host immuneresponses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Yépez
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética,
Laboratório de Evolução Humana e Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariana Marcano-Ruiz
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética,
Laboratório de Evolução Humana e Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael S Bezerra
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto,
Departamento de Genética, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Bibiana Fam
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética,
Laboratório de Evolução Humana e Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - João PB Ximenez
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto,
Departamento de Genética, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Wilson A Silva
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto,
Departamento de Genética, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Instituto de Pesquisa do Câncer de Guarapuava, Guarapuava, PR,
Brazil
| | - Maria Cátira Bortolini
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética,
Laboratório de Evolução Humana e Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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20
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Touati R, Elngar AA. Intelligent system based comparative analysis study of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and antigenic proteins in different types of vaccines. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2022; 11:34. [PMID: 35284579 PMCID: PMC8899449 DOI: 10.1186/s43088-022-00216-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Coronaviruses, members of the Coronavirinae subfamily in the Coronaviridae family, are enveloped and positive-stranded RNA viruses that infect animals and humans, causing intestinal and respiratory infections. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a novel coronavirus, named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This disease appeared, for the first time (December 2019), in China and has spread quickly worldwide causing a large number of deaths. Considering the global threat, the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared, in March 2020, COVID-19 as a pandemic. Many studies suggest the great effect of the existing vaccines to protect against symptomatic cases of death by the COVID-19 virus. This paper, proposes to compare the main antigenic proteins sequences of the existing vaccines with Spike (S) protein of the SARS-CoV-2 genome. Our choice of S protein is justified by the major role that plays it in the receptor recognition and membrane fusion process based on an intelligent system. Herein, we focus on finding a correlation between S protein and compulsory vaccines in the countries that have a less death number by COVID-19 virus. In this work, we have used a combination of coding methods, signal processing, and bioinformatic techniques with the goal to localize the similar patterns between the S gene of the SARS-Cov-2 genome and 14 investigated vaccines.
Results
A total of 8 similar sequences which have a size more than 6 amino acids were identified. Further, these comparisons propose that these segments can be implicated in the immune response against COVID-19, which may explain the wide variation by country in the severity of this viral threat.
Conclusions
Our in silico study suggests a possible protective effect of Poliovirus, HIB, Hepatitis B, PCV10, Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccines against COVID-19.
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21
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Badiola JJ, Otero A, Sevilla E, Marín B, García Martínez M, Betancor M, Sola D, Pérez Lázaro S, Lozada J, Velez C, Chiner-Oms Á, Comas I, Cancino-Muñoz I, Monleón E, Monzón M, Acín C, Bolea R, Moreno B. SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak on a Spanish Mink Farm: Epidemiological, Molecular, and Pathological Studies. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:805004. [PMID: 35127883 PMCID: PMC8814420 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.805004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Farmed minks have been reported to be highly susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and may represent a risk to humans. In this study, we describe the first outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 occurred on a mink farm in Spain, between June and July 2020, involving 92,700 animals. The outbreak started shortly after some farm workers became seropositive for SARS-CoV-2. Minks showed no clinical signs compatible with SARS-CoV-2 infection throughout the outbreak. Samples from 98 minks were collected for histopathological, serological, and molecular studies. Twenty out of 98 (20.4%) minks were positive by RT-qPCR and 82 out 92 (89%) seroconverted. This finding may reflect a rapid spread of the virus at the farm with most of the animals overcoming the infection. Additionally, SARS-CoV-2 was detected by RT-qPCR in 30% of brain samples from positive minks. Sequencing analysis showed that the mink sequences were not closely related with the other mink SARS-CoV-2 sequences available, and that this mink outbreak has its probable origin in one of the genetic variants that were prevalent in Spain during the first COVID-19 epidemic wave. Histological studies revealed bronchointerstitial pneumonia in some animals. Immunostaining of viral nucleocapsid was also observed in nasal turbinate tissue. Farmed minks could therefore constitute an important SARS-CoV-2 reservoir, contributing to virus spread among minks and humans. Consequently, continuous surveillance of mink farms is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Badiola
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alicia Otero
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA), Zaragoza, Spain
- *Correspondence: Alicia Otero
| | - Eloisa Sevilla
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Belén Marín
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Mirta García Martínez
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marina Betancor
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Diego Sola
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sonia Pérez Lázaro
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jenny Lozada
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carolina Velez
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, General Pico, Argentina
| | - Álvaro Chiner-Oms
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Iñaki Comas
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientìficas (IBV-CSIC), CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health, Valencia, Spain
| | - Irving Cancino-Muñoz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Eva Monleón
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Monzón
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Acín
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rosa Bolea
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Bernardino Moreno
- Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IISA), Zaragoza, Spain
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22
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DEMİRCİ M, YIĞIN A, KOCAZEYBEK B, KESKİN O. COVID-19 infections in pets such as cats and dogs. MEHMET AKIF ERSOY ÜNIVERSITESI VETERINER FAKÜLTESI DERGISI 2021. [DOI: 10.24880/maeuvfd.953646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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23
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SARS-CoV-2 evolution in animals suggests mechanisms for rapid variant selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2105253118. [PMID: 34716263 PMCID: PMC8612357 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2105253118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 spillback from humans into domestic and wild animals has been well documented, and an accumulating number of studies illustrate that human-to-animal transmission is widespread in cats, mink, deer, and other species. Experimental inoculations of cats, mink, and ferrets have perpetuated transmission cycles. We sequenced full genomes of Vero cell-expanded SARS-CoV-2 inoculum and viruses recovered from cats (n = 6), dogs (n = 3), hamsters (n = 3), and a ferret (n = 1) following experimental exposure. Five nonsynonymous changes relative to the USA-WA1/2020 prototype strain were near fixation in the stock used for inoculation but had reverted to wild-type sequences at these sites in dogs, cats, and hamsters within 1- to 3-d postexposure. A total of 14 emergent variants (six in nonstructural genes, six in spike, and one each in orf8 and nucleocapsid) were detected in viruses recovered from animals. This included substitutions in spike residues H69, N501, and D614, which also vary in human lineages of concern. Even though a live virus was not cultured from dogs, substitutions in replicase genes were detected in amplified sequences. The rapid selection of SARS-CoV-2 variants in vitro and in vivo reveals residues with functional significance during host switching. These observations also illustrate the potential for spillback from animal hosts to accelerate the evolution of new viral lineages, findings of particular concern for dogs and cats living in households with COVID-19 patients. More generally, this glimpse into viral host switching reveals the unrealized rapidity and plasticity of viral evolution in experimental animal model systems.
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24
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TAMTA SHIKA, VINODHKUMAR OR, KARTHIKEYAN A, DUBAL ZB, KHAN SHARUN, A SAIED ABDULRAHMAN, DHAWAN MANISH, DHAMA KULDEEP, MALIK YS. Epidemiological profiling of SARS-CoV-2 with focus on one-health approaches in mitigating COVID-19 pandemic. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v91i10.117206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Of the 1,415 human pathogens identified, 175 are responsible for causing emerging diseases, 132 are zoonotic and majority of the diseases are categorized as emerging or re-emerging. Emerging novel Coronavirus (COVID- 19) is one of them, and it is responsible for causing social and economically critical disease in both humans and animals. This review presents the understanding of epidemiological characteristics of the COVID-19 pandemic related to host, agent, and the environment with transmission and spread of the disease for better prevention of the COVID-19. The inclination of the viruses to spillover between different species and determining the number of the reservoir of coronaviruses in an entirely new host to create infection is of emerging importance. The understanding of disease patterns will potentiate our expertise to alert how, when, and where the potential epidemic will occur. One health approach involves co-operation from all the sectors, including healthcare (medical and veterinary), environmental, pharmaceutical, educational, research, police, and administration, to combat the COVID-19 pandemic and reduce the public health threat.
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25
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El-Sayed A, Abdel-Daim MM, Kamel M. Zoonotic and anthropozoonotic potential of COVID-19 and its implications for public health. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:52599-52609. [PMID: 34523089 PMCID: PMC8439532 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16415-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amr El-Sayed
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jeddah, 21442, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Kamel
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
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26
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Anand H, Ende V, Singh G, Qureshi I, Duong TQ, Mehler MF. Nervous System-Systemic Crosstalk in SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19: A Unique Dyshomeostasis Syndrome. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:727060. [PMID: 34512253 PMCID: PMC8430330 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.727060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with a spectrum of acute neurological syndromes. A subset of these syndromes promotes higher in-hospital mortality than is predicted by traditional parameters defining critical care illness. This suggests that deregulation of components of the central and peripheral nervous systems compromises the interplay with systemic cellular, tissue and organ interfaces to mediate numerous atypical manifestations of COVID-19 through impairments in organismal homeostasis. This unique dyshomeostasis syndrome involves components of the ACE-2/1 lifecycles, renin-angiotensin system regulatory axes, integrated nervous system functional interactions and brain regions differentially sculpted by accelerated evolutionary processes and more primordial homeostatic functions. These biological contingencies suggest a mechanistic blueprint to define long-term neurological sequelae and systemic manifestations such as premature aging phenotypes, including organ fibrosis, tissue degeneration and cancer. Therapeutic initiatives must therefore encompass innovative combinatorial agents, including repurposing FDA-approved drugs targeting components of the autonomic nervous system and recently identified products of SARS-CoV-2-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harnadar Anand
- The Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Victoria Ende
- Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Gurinder Singh
- Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Irfan Qureshi
- The Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- Biohaven Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Tim Q. Duong
- Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Mark F. Mehler
- The Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- Institute for Brain Disorders and Neural Regeneration, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- Rose F. Kennedy Center for Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
- Center for Epigenomics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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27
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Kim Y, Gaudreault NN, Meekins DA, Perera KD, Bold D, Trujillo JD, Morozov I, McDowell CD, Chang KO, Richt JA. Effects of Spike Mutations in SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern on Human or Animal ACE2-Mediated Virus Entry and Neutralization. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.08.25.457627. [PMID: 34462749 PMCID: PMC8404895 DOI: 10.1101/2021.08.25.457627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a zoonotic agent capable of infecting humans and a wide range of animal species. Over the duration of the pandemic, mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein (S) have arisen in circulating viral populations, culminating in the spread of several variants of concern (VOC) with varying degrees of altered virulence, transmissibility, and neutralizing antibody escape. In this study, we employed lentivirus-based pseudotyped viruses that express specific SARS-CoV-2 S protein substitutions and cell lines that stably express ACE2 from nine different animal species to gain insights into the effects of VOC mutations on viral entry and antibody neutralization capability. All animal ACE2 receptors tested, except mink, support viral cell entry for pseudoviruses expressing the parental (prototype Wuhan-1) S at levels comparable to human ACE2. Most single S substitutions (e.g., 452R, 478K, 501Y) did not significantly change virus entry, although 614G and 484K resulted in a decreased efficiency in viral entry. Conversely, combinatorial VOC substitutions in the S protein were associated with significantly increased entry capacity of pseudotyped viruses compared to that of the parental Wuhan-1 pseudotyped virus. Similarly, infection studies using live ancestral (USA-WA1/2020), Alpha, and Beta SARS-CoV-2 viruses in hamsters revealed a higher replication potential for the Beta variant compared to the ancestral prototype virus. Moreover, neutralizing titers in sera from various animal species, including humans, were significantly reduced by single substitutions of 484K or 452R, double substitutions of 501Y-484K, 452R-484K and 452R-478K and the triple substitution of 501Y-484K-417N, suggesting that 484K and 452R are particularly important for evading neutralizing antibodies in human, cat, and rabbit sera. Cumulatively, this study reveals important insights into the host range of SARS-CoV-2 and the effect of recently emergent S protein substitutions on viral entry, virus replication and antibody-mediated viral neutralization. AUTHOR SUMMARY Cells stably expressing ACE2 from various animals and a lentivirus-based SARS-CoV-2 pseudotyped virus assay were established to study SARS-CoV-2 cell entry. The results demonstrated that ACE2 from a wide range of animal species facilitate S-mediated virus entry into cells, which is supported by in silico data as well as natural and experimental infection studies. Pseudotyped viruses containing mutations in the RBD of S representative of the Alpha, Gamma, and especially Beta, variants of concern demonstrated that certain mutations are associated with increased viral entry compared to the parental S. The Beta variant was also observed to have a replicative advantage in vitro and in vivo compared to the prototype virus. Pseudotyped viruses containing combinatorial substitutions of 501Y-484K-417K, 614G-501Y-484K and 614G-501Y-484K-417N increased viral entry via ACE2 across multiple species. The 501Y or 478K single substitution did not significantly affect neutralizing capacity of immune sera compared to the prototype strain, but the addition of 484K or 452R substitutions significantly reduced the neutralizing titers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjeong Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Natasha N Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - David A. Meekins
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Krishani D Perera
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Dashzeveg Bold
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jessie D. Trujillo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Igor Morozov
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Chester D. McDowell
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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28
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Bashor L, Gagne RB, Bosco-Lauth A, Bowen R, Stenglein M, VandeWoude S. SARS-CoV-2 evolution in animals suggests mechanisms for rapid variant selection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.03.05.434135. [PMID: 33758844 PMCID: PMC7987003 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.05.434135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 spillback from humans into domestic and wild animals has been well-documented. We compared variants of cell culture-expanded SARS-CoV-2 inoculum and virus recovered from four species following experimental exposure. Five nonsynonymous changes in nsp12, S, N and M genes were near fixation in the inoculum, but reverted to wild-type sequences in RNA recovered from dogs, cats and hamsters within 1-3 days post-exposure. Fourteen emergent variants were detected in viruses recovered from animals, including substitutions at spike positions H69, N501, and D614, which also vary in human lineages of concern. The rapidity of in vitro and in vivo SARS-CoV-2 selection reveals residues with functional significance during host-switching, illustrating the potential for spillback reservoir hosts to accelerate evolution, and demonstrating plasticity of viral adaptation in animal models. ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARY SARS-CoV-2 variants rapidly arise in non-human hosts, revealing viral evolution and potential risk for human reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bashor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University; Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Roderick B. Gagne
- Department of Pathobiology, Wildlife Futures Program, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine; Kennett Square, PA, 19348, USA
| | - Angela Bosco-Lauth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University; Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Richard Bowen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University; Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Mark Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University; Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University; Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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Decaro N, Lorusso A, Capua I. Erasing the Invisible Line to Empower the Pandemic Response. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020348. [PMID: 33672217 PMCID: PMC7926678 DOI: 10.3390/v13020348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A challenging debate has arisen on the role of veterinary expertise in facing the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. It seems totally unreasonable that in most countries, veterinary diagnostic and tracing forces were not deployed at the start to perform strategic tasks, which could have mitigated the outcome of this dramatic health emergency. Erasing the invisible line between human and veterinary virology will empower the response to future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0804679832
| | - Alessio Lorusso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise ‘G. Caporale’, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Ilaria Capua
- One Health Center of Excellence, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
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