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Gibbs VJ, Lin YH, Ghuge AA, Anderson RA, Schiemann AH, Conaglen L, Sansom BJM, da Silva RC, Sattlegger E. GCN2 in Viral Defence and the Subversive Tactics Employed by Viruses. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168594. [PMID: 38724002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and associated COVID19 disease illustrates the important role of viral defence mechanisms in ensuring survival and recovery of the host or patient. Viruses absolutely depend on the host's protein synthesis machinery to replicate, meaning that impeding translation is a powerful way to counteract viruses. One major approach used by cells to obstruct protein synthesis is to phosphorylate the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2α). Mammals possess four different eIF2α-kinases: PKR, HRI, PEK/PERK, and GCN2. While PKR is currently considered the principal eIF2α-kinase involved in viral defence, the other eIF2α-kinases have also been found to play significant roles. Unsurprisingly, viruses have developed mechanisms to counteract the actions of eIF2α-kinases, or even to exploit them to their benefit. While some of these virulence factors are specific to one eIF2α-kinase, such as GCN2, others target all eIF2α-kinases. This review critically evaluates the current knowledge of viral mechanisms targeting the eIF2α-kinase GCN2. A detailed and in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which viruses evade host defence mechanisms will help to inform the development of powerful anti-viral measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J Gibbs
- School of Food Technology and Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Yu H Lin
- School of Food Technology and Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Aditi A Ghuge
- School of Food Technology and Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Reuben A Anderson
- School of Food Technology and Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Anja H Schiemann
- School of Food Technology and Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Layla Conaglen
- School of Food Technology and Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Bianca J M Sansom
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard C da Silva
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand; Genome Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Evelyn Sattlegger
- School of Food Technology and Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular BioDiscovery, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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2
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Yan Z, Yue J, Zhang Y, Hou Z, Li D, Yang Y, Li X, Idris A, Li H, Li S, Xie J, Feng R. Pseudorabies virus VHS protein abrogates interferon responses by blocking NF-κB and IRF3 nuclear translocation. Virol Sin 2024:S1995-820X(24)00078-6. [PMID: 38823782 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses antagonize host antiviral responses through a myriad of molecular strategies culminating in the death of the host cells. Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a significant veterinary pathogen in pigs, causing neurological sequalae that ultimately lead to the animal's demise. PRV is known to trigger apoptotic cell death during the late stages of infection. The virion host shutdown protein (VHS) encoded by UL41 plays a crucial role in the PRV infection process. In this study, we demonstrate that UL41 inhibits PRV-induced activation of inflammatory cytokine and negatively regulates the cGAS-STING-mediated antiviral activity by targeting IRF3, thereby inhibiting the translocation and phosphorylation of IRF3. Notably, mutating the conserved amino acid sites (E192, D194, and D195) in the RNase domain of UL41 or knocking down UL41 inhibits the immune evasion of PRV, suggesting that UL41 may play a crucial role in PRV's evasion of the host immune response during infection. These results enhance our understanding of how PRV structural proteins assist the virus in evading the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Jiayu Yue
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Zhengyang Hou
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Dianyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Yanmei Yang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Xiangrong Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China; Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China; Engineering Research Center of Key Technology and Industrialization of Cell-based Vaccine, Ministry of Education, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Adi Idris
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, 4702, Australia
| | - Huixia Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Shasha Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Jingying Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China; College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China.
| | - Ruofei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China; Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China; Engineering Research Center of Key Technology and Industrialization of Cell-based Vaccine, Ministry of Education, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China.
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Liu Y, Qin Y, Yang B, Zheng H, Qiao S, Luo Z, Li R. Pseudorabies virus usurps non-muscle myosin heavy chain IIA to dampen viral DNA recognition by cGAS for antagonism of host antiviral innate immunity. J Virol 2024; 98:e0048324. [PMID: 38639486 PMCID: PMC11092326 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00483-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV) causes severe economic losses to the global pig industry and has garnered increasing attention due to its broad host range including humans. PRV has developed a variety of strategies to antagonize host antiviral innate immunity. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In our previous work, we demonstrated that non-muscle myosin heavy chain IIA (NMHC-IIA), a multifunctional cytoskeleton protein, attenuates innate immune responses triggered by RNA viruses. In the current study, we reported a previously unrecognized role of NMHC-IIA in counteracting PRV-induced cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-dependent type I interferon (IFN-I) production. Mechanistically, PRV infection led to an elevation of NMHC-IIA, strengthening the interaction between poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) and cGAS. This interaction impeded cGAS recognition of PRV DNA and hindered downstream signaling activation. Conversely, inhibition of NMHC-IIA by Blebbistatin triggered innate immune responses and enhanced resistance to PRV proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our findings unveil that PRV utilizes NMHC-IIA to antagonize host antiviral immune responses via impairing DNA sensing by cGAS. This in-depth understanding of PRV immunosuppression not only provides insights for potential PRV treatment strategies but also highlights NMHC-IIA as a versatile immunosuppressive regulator usurped by both DNA and RNA viruses. Consequently, NMHC-IIA holds promise as a target for the development of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.IMPORTANCECyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) axis plays a vital role in counteracting alphaherpesvirus infections. Alphaherpesviruses exploit various strategies for antagonizing cGAS-STING-mediated antiviral immune responses. However, limited examples of pseudorabies virus (PRV)-caused immunosuppression have been documented. Our findings reveal a novel role of non-muscle myosin heavy chain IIA (NMHC-IIA) in suppressing PRV-triggered innate immune responses to facilitate viral propagation both in vitro and in vivo. In detail, NMHC-IIA recruits poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) to augment its interaction with cGAS, which impairs cGAS recognition of PRV DNA. Building on our previous demonstration of NMHC-IIA's immunosuppressive role during RNA virus infections, these findings indicate that NMHC-IIA acts as a broad-spectrum suppressor of host antiviral innate immunity in response to both DNA and RNA viruses. Therefore, NMHC-IIA will be a promising target for the development of comprehensive antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yidan Qin
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bingbing Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongmei Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Songlin Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhong Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Wang J, Jin X, Yan S, Zhao H, Pang D, Ouyang H, Tang X. Yeast β-glucan promotes antiviral type I interferon response via dectin-1. Vet Microbiol 2024; 295:110107. [PMID: 38838382 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV), an alphaherpesvirus, is a neglected zoonotic pathogen. Dectin-1 sensing of β-glucan (BG) induces trained immunity, which can possibly form a new strategy for the prevention of viral infection. However, alphaherpesvirus including PRV have received little to no investigation in the context of trained immunity. Here, we found that BG pretreatment improved the survival rate, weight loss outcomes, alleviated histological injury and decreased PRV copy number of tissues in PRV-infected mice. Type I interferons (IFNs) including IFN-α/β levels in serum were significantly increased by BG. However, these effects were abrogated in the presence of Dectin-1 antagonist. Dectin-1-mediated effect of BG was also confirmed in porcine and murine macrophages. These results suggested that BG have effects on type I IFNs with antiviral property involved in Dectin-1. In piglets, oral or injected immunization with BG and PRV vaccine could significantly elevated the level of PRV-specific IgG and type I IFNs. And it also increased the antibody levels of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine and classical swine fever vaccine that were later immunized, indicating a broad-spectrum effect on improving vaccine immunity. On the premise that the cost was greatly reducing, the immunological effect of oral was better than injection administration. Our findings highlighted that BG induced type I IFNs related antiviral effect against PRV involved in Dectin-1 and potential application value as a feed additive to help control the spread of PRV and future emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wang
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Animal Genome Editing Technology Innovation Center, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Xuemin Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Shihan Yan
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Animal Genome Editing Technology Innovation Center, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Haoran Zhao
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Animal Genome Editing Technology Innovation Center, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Daxin Pang
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Animal Genome Editing Technology Innovation Center, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China; Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401123, China; Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co. Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Animal Genome Editing Technology Innovation Center, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China; Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401123, China; Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co. Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaochun Tang
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Animal Genome Editing Technology Innovation Center, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China; Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401123, China; Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co. Ltd., Chongqing, China.
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5
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Zhang Y, Xu L, Tao Q, Liu Z, Wen J, Xu T, Lai S, Ai Y, Xu Z, Zhu L. The immunity protection of intestine induced by pseudorabies virus del gI/gE/TK in piglets. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1295524. [PMID: 38249453 PMCID: PMC10796999 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1295524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Compared to the classical strain of Pseudorabies virus (PRV), the PRV variant exhibits stronger transmissibility and pathogenicity, causing immense disasters for the global pig industry. Based on this variant, our laboratory has preliminarily constructed a modified pseudorabies virus with deletions in the gE/gI/TK genes. In this study, the protective efficacy of PRV XJ del gI/gE/TK against piglet intestinal damage was evaluated. The results demonstrated that piglets immunized with PRV XJ del gI/gE/TK exhibited alleviated intestinal damage caused by the PRV XJ variant strain. This included reduced viral load, suppressed inflammation, and maintenance of intestinal structure and function. Additionally, PRV XJ del gI/gE/TK also strongly activated the innate immune response in the intestines, increasing the expression of antiviral factor mRNA and the secretion of SIgA to counteract the attack of the PRV XJ variant strain. Our study indicates that PRV XJ del gI/gE/TK can inhibit intestinal damage caused by PRV XJ variant strain and activate the innate immune response in the intestines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Tao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zheyan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianhua Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tong Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyuan Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanru Ai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
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Moreno A, Musto C, Gobbi M, Maioli G, Menchetti M, Trogu T, Paniccià M, Lavazza A, Delogu M. Detection and molecular analysis of Pseudorabies virus from free-ranging Italian wolves (Canis lupus italicus) in Italy - a case report. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:9. [PMID: 38172819 PMCID: PMC10765938 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03857-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The only natural hosts of Pseudorabies virus (PRV) are members of the family Suidae (Sus scrofa scrofa). In mammals, the infection is usually fatal and typically causes serious neurologic disease. This study describes four Aujeszky's disease cases in free-ranging Italian wolves (Canis lupus italicus). In Italy, the wolf is a strictly protected species and is in demographic expansion. CASE PRESENTATION Three wolves (Wolf A, B, and C) were found in a regional park in Northern Italy, and one (Wolf D) was found in Central Italy. Wolf A and D were alive at the time of the finding and exhibited a fatal infection with epileptic seizures and dyspnoea, dying after a few hours. Wolf B presented scratching lesions under the chin and a detachment of the right earlobe, whilst Wolf C was partially eaten. The wolves showed hepatic congestion, diffuse enteritis, moderate pericardial effusion, severe bilateral pneumonia, and diffuse hyperaemia in the brain. The diagnostic examinations included virological analyses and detection of toxic molecules able to cause serious neurological signs. All four wolves tested positive for pseudorabies virus (PrV). The analysed sequences were placed in Italian clade 1, which is divided into two subclades, "a" and "b". The sequences of Wolf A, B, and C were closely related to other Italian sequences in the subclade b, originally obtained from wild boars and hunting dogs. The sequence from Wolf D was located within the same clade and was closely related to the French hunting dog sequences belonging to group 4. CONCLUSION Results showed the presence of PrV strains currently circulating in wild boars and free-ranging Italian wolves. The genetic characterisation of the PrV UL44 sequences from the four wolves confirmed the close relationship with the sequences from wild boars and hunting dogs. This fact supports a possible epidemiological link with the high PrV presence in wild boars and the possibility of infection in wolves through consumption of infected wild boar carcasses or indirect transmission. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first detection of Pseudorabies virus in free-ranging Italian wolves in northern and central Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Moreno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Carmela Musto
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, 40064, Italy.
| | - Marco Gobbi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, 06126, Italy
| | - Giulia Maioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marika Menchetti
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Division, San Marco Veterinary Clinic, Veggiano, Padua, 35030, Italy
| | - Tiziana Trogu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marta Paniccià
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, 06126, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mauro Delogu
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, 40064, Italy
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Sun W, Liu S, Yan Y, Wang Q, Fan Y, Okyere SK. Pseudorabies virus causes splenic injury via inducing oxidative stress and apoptosis related factors in mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:23011. [PMID: 38155259 PMCID: PMC10754911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50431-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is an immunosuppressive virus that causes significant damage to the pig industry. This study aimed to investigate the effects of PRV on oxidative stress and apoptotic related in the spleen of mice to provide basis knowledge for further research on the pathogenesis of PRV in mice model. 36 mice were randomly two groups, the control group which only received 200 μL PBS and infection group which was subcutaneously infected with 200 μL of 1 × 103 TCID50/100 μL PRV, respectively. Spleen tissues in each group were collected for further experiments at 48, 72, and 96 h post-infection (hpi). Pathological observation was performed by hematoxylin and eosin Y staining. Biochemical and Flow cytometry methods were used to determine the reactive oxygen species profile and apoptosis of the spleen post-infection and apoptosis detection. In addition, q-PCR and Western blot were adopted to measure the apoptotic conditions of the spleen infected with PRV. The results indicated that the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in the PRV infection group was remarkedly increased (p < 0.01) at a time-dependent pattern. Furthermore, the Malondialdehyde levels in the spleen of mice in the infection group increased (p < 0.01) in a time-dependent mode. However, the activity of Catalase, Superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase and the content of Glutathione in the infection group were decreased with the control group (p < 0.01) at a time-dependent manner. In addition, the ratio of splenocyte apoptosis in the infection group significantly increased (p < 0.01) in a time-dependent manner. In conclusion, PRV infection causes apoptosis of the spleen via oxidative stress in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- College of Agriculture, Tongren Polytechnic College, Bijiang District, Tongren City, 554300, Guizhou, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- College of Agriculture, Tongren Polytechnic College, Bijiang District, Tongren City, 554300, Guizhou, China.
- National and Local Engineering Research Centre for Separation and Purification Ethnic Chinese Veterinary Herbs, Tongren City, 554300, Guizhou, China.
| | - Yi Yan
- College of Agriculture, Tongren Polytechnic College, Bijiang District, Tongren City, 554300, Guizhou, China
| | - Qingyan Wang
- College of Animal Science, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science & Technology, Wenzhou, 325006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Fan
- College of Agriculture, Tongren Polytechnic College, Bijiang District, Tongren City, 554300, Guizhou, China
| | - Samuel Kumi Okyere
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA.
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8
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Wang X, Hao G, Zhou M, Chen M, Ling H, Shang Y. Secondary metabolites of Bacillus subtilis L2 show antiviral activity against pseudorabies virus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1277782. [PMID: 37965547 PMCID: PMC10642297 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1277782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) is a commercially important probiotic known to produce secondary metabolites with antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the potential ability of B. subtilis to combat viruses, especially DNA viruses, has not been extensively investigated. In this study, we identified two distinct B. subtilis strains and examined the efficiency of their secondary metabolites against pseudorabies virus (PRV), a swine herpesvirus resulting in economic losses worldwide. We found that treatment with the secondary metabolites of B. subtilis L2, but not the metabolites of B. subtilis V11, significantly inhibited PRV replication in multiple cells. Notably, the antiviral activity of the metabolites of B. subtilis L2 was thermal stable, resistant to protease digestion. Moreover, these metabolites effectively impeded PRV binding, entry and replication. Importantly, oral administration of the metabolites of B. subtilis L2 protected mice from lethal PRV infection, rescuing weight loss and reducing the viral load in vivo. In summary, our results reveal that the metabolites of B. subtilis L2 exhibit anti-PRV activity both in vitro and in vivo, providing a potential candidate for novel antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Guijuan Hao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Meng Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Meng Chen
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | | | - Yingli Shang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
- Institute of Immunology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
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9
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Cai X, Wang Z, Li X, Zhang J, Ren Z, Shao Y, Xu Y, Zhu Y. Emodin as an Inhibitor of PRV Infection In Vitro and In Vivo. Molecules 2023; 28:6567. [PMID: 37764342 PMCID: PMC10537396 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies (PR) is an acute and severe infectious disease caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV). Once the virus infects pigs, it is difficult to eliminate, resulting in major economic losses to the global pig industry. In addition, reports of human infection with PRV suggest that the virus is a potential threat to human health; thus, its significance to public health should be considered. In this paper, the anti-PRV activities of emodin in vitro and in vivo, and its mechanism of action were studied. The results showed that emodin inhibited the proliferation of PRV in PK15 cells in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 of 0.127 mg/mL and a selection index of 5.52. The addition of emodin at different stages of viral infection showed that emodin inhibited intracellular replication. Emodin significantly inhibited the expression of the IE180, EP0, UL29, UL44, US6, and UL27 genes of PRV within 48 h. Emodin also significantly inhibited the expression of PRV gB and gD proteins. The molecular docking results suggested that emodin might form hydrogen bonds with PRV gB and gD proteins and affect the structure of viral proteins. Emodin effectively inhibited the apoptosis induced by PRV infection. Moreover, emodin showed a good protective effect on PRV-infected mice. During the experimental period, all the control PRV-infected mice died resulting in a survival rate of 0%, while the survival rate of emodin-treated mice was 28.5%. Emodin also significantly inhibited the replication of PRV in the heart, liver, brain, kidneys and lungs of mice and alleviated tissue and organ damage caused by PRV infection. Emodin was able to combat viral infection by regulating the levels of the cytokines TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-4 in the sera of infected mice. These results indicate that emodin has good anti-PRV activity in vitro and in vivo, and is expected to be a new agent for the prevention and control of PRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.C.); (Z.W.); (Z.R.); (Y.S.); (Y.X.)
| | - Zhiying Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.C.); (Z.W.); (Z.R.); (Y.S.); (Y.X.)
| | - Xiaocheng Li
- Harbin Da BEINONG Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd., Harbin 150030, China; (X.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jing Zhang
- Harbin Da BEINONG Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd., Harbin 150030, China; (X.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Zhiyuan Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.C.); (Z.W.); (Z.R.); (Y.S.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yi Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.C.); (Z.W.); (Z.R.); (Y.S.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yongkang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.C.); (Z.W.); (Z.R.); (Y.S.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (X.C.); (Z.W.); (Z.R.); (Y.S.); (Y.X.)
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10
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Maes D, Peltoniemi O, Malik M. Abortion and fetal death in sows. Reprod Domest Anim 2023; 58 Suppl 2:125-136. [PMID: 37724658 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Abortion in sows or the expulsion of foetuses between days 35 and 109 of gestation results in major financial losses. Abortion is the result of maternal failure due to factors interfering with either the endocrine control of pregnancy or causing endometrial damage. In addition, causes of fetal origin, due to infections with a special affinity for the fetus, can also lead to abortion. Many different non-infectious and infectious factors may be involved. Non-infectious risk factors include inappropriate ambient temperature, seasonal effects, different stress factors, and toxic substances. Microorganisms that may cause abortion can be classified as facultative pathogenic and specific pathogenic microorganisms. The first category includes mostly bacteria that are endemic in many pig farms and that are normally harmless commensals. They can cause abortion only in case of decreased immunity or other predisposing factors. Different specific pathogenic microorganisms, especially viruses and bacteria, can cause fetal death and abortion. Some may have a special affinity for the reproductive tract and the foetuses (e.g. Aujeszky's disease virus, parvovirus, Leptospira sp.), while others may cause clinical disease or fever in sows (e.g. swine influenza viruses, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae), subsequently leading to abortion. Diagnosis of fetal death and abortion is challenging due to the broad array of processes that may be involved, and the fact that the inciting cause may happen well in advance of the abortion. The diagnostic process should start with a thorough evaluation of the clinical problem and the farm. In case an infectious cause is suspected, proper samples should be collected, preferably from different sows and foetuses, for the detection of specific pathogens. Prevention of abortion mainly relies on the implementation of good management practices, hygiene and biosecurity measures, and for some pathogens also on vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominiek Maes
- Unit of Porcine Health Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Olli Peltoniemi
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki Finland, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mateusz Malik
- Unit of Porcine Health Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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11
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Freuling CM, Hlinak A, Schulze C, Sehl-Ewert J, Wysocki P, Szentiks CA, Schmitt K, Wohlsein P, Kluth G, Reinhardt I, Mettenleiter TC, Müller T. Suid alphaherpesvirus 1 of wild boar origin as a recent source of Aujeszky's disease in carnivores in Germany. Virol J 2023; 20:110. [PMID: 37264455 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high susceptibility of carnivores to Suid Alphaherpesvirus 1 [SuAHV1, synonymous pseudorabies virus (PrV)], renders them inadvertent sentinels for the possible occurrence of Aujeszky's disease (AD) in domestic and wild swine populations. The aim of this study was to epidemiologically analyse the occurrence of PrV infections in domestic and wild animals in Germany during the last three decades and to genetically characterise the causative PrV isolates. METHODS PrV in dogs was detected using standard virological techniques including conventional and real time PCR, virus isolation or by immunohistochemistry. Available PrV isolates were characterized by partial sequencing of the open gC reading frame and the genetic traits were compared with those of archived PrV isolates from carnivores and domestic pigs from Germany before the elimination of AD in the domestic pig population. RESULTS During 1995 and 2022, a total of 38 cases of AD in carnivores, e.g. dogs and red foxes, were laboratory confirmed. Sequencing and subsequent phylogenetic analysis of PrV isolates established a strong connection between AD cases in carnivores and the occurrence of PrV infections in European wild boars in the end phase of and after elimination of AD from the domestic pig population. While PrV infections occur at low numbers but regularly in hunting dogs, interestingly, PrV was not observed in grey wolves in Germany. In none of 682 dead-found grey wolves and wolf-dog hybrids tested from Germany during 2006-2022 could PrV infection be detected by molecular means. CONCLUSIONS Although PrV has been eliminated from domestic pigs, spillover infections in domestic and wild carnivores should always be expected given the endemic presence of PrV in wild pig populations. Since detection of PrV DNA and virus in carnivores is sporadic even in areas with high seroprevalence of PrV in wild pigs, it may not reflect the full diversity of PrV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad M Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald- Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Andreas Hlinak
- Berlin-Brandenburg State Laboratory, 15236, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
| | - Christoph Schulze
- Berlin-Brandenburg State Laboratory, 15236, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
| | - Julia Sehl-Ewert
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald- Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Patrick Wysocki
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Epidemiology, 17493, Greifswald- Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Claudia A Szentiks
- IZW - Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, 10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Schmitt
- Landesamt für Verbraucherschutz Saarland, 66115, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Peter Wohlsein
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gesa Kluth
- LUPUS - German Institute for Wolf Monitoring and Research, 02826, Görlitz, Germany
| | - Ilka Reinhardt
- LUPUS - German Institute for Wolf Monitoring and Research, 02826, Görlitz, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493, Greifswald- Insel Riems, Germany.
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12
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Chen X, Xue J, Zou J, Zhao X, Li L, Jia R, Zou Y, Wan H, Chen Y, Zhou X, Ye G, Yin L, Liang X, He C, Zhao L, Tang H, Lv C, Song X, Yin Z. Resveratrol alleviated neuroinflammation induced by pseudorabies virus infection through regulating microglial M1/M2 polarization. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 160:114271. [PMID: 36724642 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudorabies virus (PRV) infections in susceptible non-porcine species trigger uncontrolled inflammations and eventually fatal encephalitis. Resveratrol (Res) has broad pharmacological functions including anti-virus, anti-inflammation, and neuroprotective. PURPOSE We attempted to investigate the potential of Res in ameliorating PRV infection pathology in mice and decipher the mechanism of Res in treating PRV. METHODS The mice were infected by PRV to investigate the protective effect of Res. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, H&E/Nissl/TUNEL staining, Real-time PCR and ELISA analyses were performed. Primary microglia and neuron were isolated from mice and cultured. The co-culture model of microglia and neuron was established by transwell. Immunofluorescence assay and flow cytometry were used. RESULTS In this study, we showed that Res ameliorated brain damage by reducing BBB permeability in PRV-infected mice, and diminished the expressions of MMP-2, MMP-9 and ZO-1 in the cortex. Pathological changes of neurons by H&E/Nissl/TUNEL staining suggested that Res could alleviate neuronal lesions. Moreover, Res inhibited the expressions of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-6, TNF-α) and chemokines (CCL3, CXCL10, MCP-1), but increased the expressions of anti-inflammatory factors (IL-4, IL-10) and neurotrophic factor (TGF-β, NGF and GDNF) in brain. In vitro cultured microglia cells, Res could suppress M1 microglia polarization and activate M2 microglia polarization. Co-culture of PRV-infected microglia with neuron cells by transwell system indicated that Res alleviated inflammatory response and neuronal apoptosis. CONCLUSION This study provided evidence that Res could protect mice from PRV-induced encephalitis through regulation of microglia polarization and neuronal apoptosis suggesting the potential for treatment of viral encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxiu Chen
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Junshu Xue
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Junjie Zou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xinghong Zhao
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lixia Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuanfeng Zou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hongping Wan
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yaqin Chen
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xun Zhou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Gang Ye
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lizi Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Changliang He
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Huaqiao Tang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Cheng Lv
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xu Song
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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13
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Serena MS, Cappuccio J, Fossaroli M, Williman MM, Dibarbora M, Brizzio R, Metz GE, Aspitia CG, Perez A, Carpinetti BN, Echeverría MG. Characterization of new strains of Pseudorabies virus in Argentina: Detection of interspecies transmission. Open Vet J 2023; 13:419-426. [PMID: 37251267 PMCID: PMC10219816 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2023.v13.i4.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aujeszky's disease is mainly a swine disease, still endemic worldwide. It can infect other mammalians, including human beings, and it is usually fatal with nervous symptoms. Ever since the disease was detected in 1988 in Argentina, many outbreaks have been reported involving both feral swine and dogs. Aim At present, in Argentina, Pseudorabies virus (PRV) cases are sporadically reported; however, clinical cases are informed. This study aims to obtain information about the seroprevalence of PRV in wild boars and to isolate and characterize PRV from clinical samples. Methods From 2018 to 2019, 78 wild boars' serum samples from Bahía de Samborombón natural reserve were analyzed for antibodies to PRV using a virus neutralization test. Clinical samples from 17 pigs, 2 wild boars, 1 dog, and 1 cat were collected from 2013 to 2019 for viral isolation and detection of the presence of the gD gene by PCR. For sequence analysis, the gC partial gene was amplified. Results Five strains were isolated from the dog, cat, and swine samples. The new PRV strains identified were confirmed by BLAST analysis, which revealed between 99.74% and 100% of similarity to the NIA-3 strain and phylogenetic analysis of the partial gene encoding the gC protein revealed that the PRV strains have divided into two main clades, clade 1 and clade 2. Conclusion This report informed that most new cases of PRV were detected in the central regions of Argentina, where pig production is concentrated. The study in Bahía de Samborombón revealed a high percentage of detection but, the sampling is not representative of that of the rest of the country. Therefore, a systematic sampling effort of wild boar throughout the country should be included in the national program control. Although in Argentina only the inactivated Bartha vaccine is allowed, recombination risk should not be ignored if attenuated vaccines are incorporated into the National control plan. The two strains, one from the cat and one from the dog sample, are directly related to infected swine. The information about clinical cases and molecular characterization of new strains is important for a better understanding of the dynamics of PRV and to promote preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Soledad Serena
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
- CONICET, CABA, Argentina
| | - Javier Cappuccio
- CONICET, CABA, Argentina
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Marcos Juárez, Marcos Juárez, Argentina
| | - Melisa Fossaroli
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Macarena Marta Williman
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
- Becaria de la Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marina Dibarbora
- Cátedra de Histología II y Embriología Especial, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Renata Brizzio
- Patología General Veterinaria, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Patología General Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina
| | - Germán Ernesto Metz
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
- CONICET, CABA, Argentina
| | - Carolina Gabriela Aspitia
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Perez
- Programa Sanitario Porcino, Dirección Nacionad de Sanidad Animal, SENASA, CABA, Argentina
| | - Bruno Nicolás Carpinetti
- Instituto de Ciencias Sociales y Administración, Universidad Nacional Arturo Jauretche, Florencio Varela, Argentina
| | - María Gabriela Echeverría
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
- CONICET, CABA, Argentina
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14
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Zhou Q, Zhang L, Lin Q, Liu H, Ye G, Liu X, Jiao S, Li J, Tang Y, Shi D, Huang L, Weng C. Pseudorabies Virus Infection Activates the TLR-NF-κB Axis and AIM2 Inflammasome To Enhance Inflammatory Responses in Mice. J Virol 2023; 97:e0000323. [PMID: 36877049 PMCID: PMC10062126 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00003-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection activates inflammatory responses to release robust proinflammatory cytokines, which are critical for controlling viral infection and clearance of PRV. However, the innate sensors and inflammasomes involved in the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines during PRV infection remain poorly studied. In this study, we report that the transcription and expression levels of some proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), are upregulated in primary peritoneal macrophages and in mice during PRV infection. Mechanistically, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR3, TLR4, and TLR5 were induced by the PRV infection to enhance the transcription levels of pro-IL-1β, pro-IL-18, and gasdermin D (GSDMD). Additionally, we found that PRV infection and transfection of its genomic DNA triggered AIM2 inflammasome activation, apoptosis-related speckle-like protein (ASC) oligomerization, and caspase-1 activation to enhance the secretion of IL-1β and IL-18, which was mainly dependent on GSDMD, but not GSDME, in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our findings reveal that the activation of the TLR2-TLR3-TRL4-TLR5-NF-κB axis and AIM2 inflammasome, as well as GSDMD, is required for proinflammatory cytokine release, which resists the PRV replication and plays a critical role in host defense against PRV infection. Our findings provide novel clues to prevent and control PRV infection. IMPORTANCE PRV can infect several mammals, including pigs, other livestock, rodents, and wild animals, causing huge economic losses. As an emerging and reemerging infectious disease, the emergence of PRV virulent isolates and increasing human PRV infection cases indicate that PRV is still a high risk to public health. It has been reported that PRV infection leads to robust release of proinflammatory cytokines through activating inflammatory responses. However, the innate sensor that activates IL-1β expression and the inflammasome involved in the maturation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines during PRV infection remain poorly studied. In this study, our findings reveal that, in mice, activation of the TLR2-TLR3-TRL4-TLR5-NF-κB axis and AIM2 inflammasome, as well as GSDMD, is required for proinflammatory cytokine release during PRV infection, and it resists PRV replication and plays a critical role in host defense against PRV infection. Our findings provide novel clues to prevent and control PRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongqiong Zhou
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Longfeng Zhang
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Qihong Lin
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongyang Liu
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Guangqiang Ye
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shuang Jiao
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jiangnan Li
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yandong Tang
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Deshi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Li Huang
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Changjiang Weng
- Division of Fundamental Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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15
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Cai X, Shao Y, Wang Z, Xu Y, Ren Z, Fu L, Zhu Y. Antiviral activity of dandelion aqueous extract against pseudorabies virus both in vitro and in vivo. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1090398. [PMID: 36699332 PMCID: PMC9870063 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1090398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is one of the most significant pathogens of swine. In recent years, the continual emergence of novel PRV variants has caused substantial economic losses in the global pig industry. PRV can infect humans leading to symptoms of acute encephalitis with implications for public health. Thus, new measures are urgently needed to prevent PRV infection. This study evaluated the anti-PRV capability of dandelion aqueous extract (DAE) in vitro and in vivo. DAE was found to inhibit the multiplication of the PRV TJ strain in PK15 cells in a concentration-dependent manner, with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.2559 mg/mL and a selectivity index (SI) of 14.4. DAE inhibited the adsorption and replication stages of the PRV life cycle in vitro, and the expression of IE180, EP0, UL29, UL44, and UL52 was inhibited in the presence of DAE. In vivo experiment results of mice show that a 0.5 g/kg dose of DAE injected intraperitoneally protected 28.6% of the mice from the lethal challenge; decreased the viral load in the liver, lung, brain, heart, and kidney of PRV-infected mice; and attenuated brain damage caused by PRV infection. Furthermore, DAE could also ameliorate viral infection through regulation of the levels of cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-4) in PRV-infected mouse serum. These results demonstrated that DAE exhibited potent inhibitory capability against PRV infection in vitro and in vivo; DAE is therefore expected to be a candidate TCM herb for use against PRV infection.
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16
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Nie Z, Zhu S, Wu L, Sun R, Shu J, He Y, Feng H. Progress on innate immune evasion and live attenuated vaccine of pseudorabies virus. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1138016. [PMID: 36937252 PMCID: PMC10020201 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1138016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a highly infectious disease that can infect most mammals, with pigs as the only natural host, has caused considerable economic losses to the pig husbandry of the world. Innate immunity is the first defense line of the host against the attack of pathogens and is essential for the proper establishment of adaptive immunity. The host uses the innate immune response to against the invasion of PRV; however PRV makes use of various strategies to inhibit the innate immunity to promote the virus replication. Currently, live attenuated vaccine is used to prevent pig from infection with the PRV worldwide, such as Bartha K61. However, a growing number of data indicates that these vaccines do not provide complete protection against new PRV variants that have emerged since late 2011. Here we summarized the interactions between PRV and host innate immunity and the current status of live attenuated PRV vaccines to promote the development of novel and more effective PRV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Nie
- Department of Biopharmacy, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- Shaoxing Academy of Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Shunfan Zhu
- Department of Biopharmacy, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- Shaoxing Academy of Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Li Wu
- Department of Biology, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruolin Sun
- Department of Biopharmacy, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhong Shu
- Department of Biopharmacy, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yulong He
- Department of Biopharmacy, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huapeng Feng
- Department of Biopharmacy, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Huapeng Feng,
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17
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Tong C, Fu PF, Ming SL, Zeng L, Zhu HS, Wang J. Acute transcriptomic changes in murine RAW 264.7 cells following pseudorabies virus infection. Arch Virol 2022; 167:2623-2631. [PMID: 36269412 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05598-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing enables the evaluation of gene expression changes resulting from virus-host interactions at the RNA level. Pseudorabies virus (PRV) causes substantial economic loss in the swine industry. Recent research has revealed that PRV can be transmitted to and infect humans as well. To identify physiopathological and pathological responses post-PRV infection, we characterized transcriptomic changes in the murine RAW 264.7 cell line over the course of 36 h. In total, 156, 153, and 190 differentially expressed genes were identified at 2 h, 12 h, and 36 h, respectively. Seven differentially expressed genes (Trim27, Ccdc117, Mrps12, Ccl4, Cerkl, Ubald1, and Hmga1-rs1) were present across all treatment groups. Our findings expand our knowledge of gene regulation and immune response following PRV infection. These differentially expressed genes can subsequently improve our understanding of PRV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 450000, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China.,Wuhu Overseas Student Pioneer Park, 241006, Wuhu, China
| | - Peng-Fei Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 450000, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Henan Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, 450046, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, The Education Department of Henan Province, 450046, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Sheng-Li Ming
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 450000, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Henan Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, 450046, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, The Education Department of Henan Province, 450046, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Lei Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 450000, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Henan Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, 450046, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, The Education Department of Henan Province, 450046, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - He-Shui Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 450000, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Henan Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, 450046, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, The Education Department of Henan Province, 450046, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.
| | - Jiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 450000, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Henan Agricultural University, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, 450046, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, The Education Department of Henan Province, 450046, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.
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18
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Liu A, Xue T, Zhao X, Zou J, Pu H, Hu X, Tian Z. Pseudorabies Virus Associations in Wild Animals: Review of Potential Reservoirs for Cross-Host Transmission. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102254. [PMID: 36298809 PMCID: PMC9609849 DOI: 10.3390/v14102254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) has received widespread attention for its potential health effects on humans, wildlife, domestic animals, and livestock. In this review, we focus on PRV dynamics in wildlife, given the importance of wild-origin PRV transmission to domestic and farm animals. Wild boars, pigs, and raccoons can serve as reservoirs of PRV, with viral transmission to domestic livestock occurring via several routes, such as wild herd exposure, contaminated meat consumption, and insect vector transmission. Many endangered feline and canine species can be infected with PRV, with acute disease and death within 48 h. The first confirmed human case of PRV infection in mainland China was reported in 2017. Thus, PRV exhibits potentially dangerous cross-host transmission, which is likely associated with inappropriate vaccination, poor awareness, and insufficient biosecurity. Currently, no vaccine provides full protection against PRV in all animals. Here, we summarize the epidemiology and pathogenesis of PRV infection in wild, domestic, and farmed animals, which may facilitate the design of novel therapeutics and strategies for controlling PRV infection and improving wildlife protection in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijing Liu
- Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry, and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Tong Xue
- School of Mathematical Science, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry, and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Jie Zou
- Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry, and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Hongli Pu
- Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry, and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Xiaoliang Hu
- Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry, and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Zhige Tian
- Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry, and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
- Correspondence:
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19
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Laidoudi Y, Davoust B, Watier-Grillot S, Oger A, Le Potier MF, Deblanc C. Serological Survey of Aujeszky's Disease in Wild Boar from Southeastern France. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101107. [PMID: 36297164 PMCID: PMC9610145 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aujeszky’s disease virus (ADV), also known as pseudorabies virus, causes an important neurological infection with a major economic and health impact on animal husbandry. Here, we serologically screened muscle fluid from wild boar (Sus scrofa) for the presence of anti-ADV antibodies. Animals were caught during two hunting seasons (2019−2020 and 2021−2022) from three areas in southeastern France known to be endemic with wild boar populations. A total of 30.33% of the 399 tested animals scored positive for anti-glycoprotein B antibodies directed against ADV using a commercial competitive ELISA test. A significant effect (p-value < 0.0001) of the geographical location and animal age on ADV seroprevalence was observed. The results of this study confirmed the importance of wild boar in the epidemiology of ADV in southeastern France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Laidoudi
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Davoust
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Animal Epidemiology Expert Group, French Military Health Service, 37076 Tours, France
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Aurélie Oger
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Swine Virology Immunology Unit, National Reference Laboratory and OIE Reference Laboratory for Aujeszky’s Disease, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Marie-Frédérique Le Potier
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Swine Virology Immunology Unit, National Reference Laboratory and OIE Reference Laboratory for Aujeszky’s Disease, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Céline Deblanc
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Swine Virology Immunology Unit, National Reference Laboratory and OIE Reference Laboratory for Aujeszky’s Disease, 22440 Ploufragan, France
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20
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Cao Z, Zhang K, Zhang H, Zhang H, Yu Y, Yin D, Shan H, Qin Z. Efficacy of a gB + gD-based subunit vaccine and the adjuvant granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor for pseudorabies virus in rabbits. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:965997. [PMID: 35992660 PMCID: PMC9382107 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.965997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies (PR), which is caused by the pseudorabies virus (PRV), is a severe infectious disease that causes abortions in adult sows and fatal encephalitis in piglets; the disease can occur in pigs of all ages and other mammals, which can lead to significant economic loss around the worldwide. The new PRV variant invalidated the available commercial attenuated and inactivated vaccines. Consequently, subunit vaccines have been suggested as novel strategies for PR control, while they are usually formulated with adjuvants due to their lower immunogenicity. We aimed to select a safe and efficient adjuvant for subunit vaccines for PR. In our study, glycoprotein B (gB) and glycoprotein D (gD) were expressed based on a baculovirus expression system, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was expressed using an Escherichia coli (E. coli) expression system; subsequently, a gB + gD subunit vaccine adjuvanted by GM-CSF was constructed. A rabbit model infected with a PRV SD-2017 strain was established, the TCID50 and LD50 were measured, and the typical clinical symptoms were observed. After a lethal challenge of 5 LD50 with a PRV SD-2017 strain, the rabbits exhibited typical clinical symptoms, including itching and high temperature, and histopathology revealed severe inflammation in the brain, which is the dominant target organ of PRV. Rabbits immunized with the gB + gD + GM-CSF subunit vaccines produced higher levels of antibodies than those immunized with gB + gD + ISA 201, which was adjuvanted with a frequently used oil adjuvant. The survival rate of rabbits vaccinated with gB + gD + GM-CSF was 100%, which was superior to that of rabbits vaccinated with gB + gD + ISA 201 (80%), inactivated PRV + GM-CSF (60%) and commercial inactivated vaccine (60%) after challenge with PRV SD-2017. These data suggested that the gB + gD + GM-CSF-based subunit vaccine had good protective efficacy against the PRV SD-2017 strain in rabbits and that GM-CSF could be developed as a candidate adjuvant for use in a vaccine regimen to prevent and even eradicate PR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Shandong SINDER Technology Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ying Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dehua Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hu Shan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Hu Shan,
| | - Zhihua Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Zhihua Qin,
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21
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Liu Q, Kuang Y, Li Y, Guo H, Zhou C, Guo S, Tan C, Wu B, Chen H, Wang X. The Epidemiology and Variation in Pseudorabies Virus: A Continuing Challenge to Pigs and Humans. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071463. [PMID: 35891443 PMCID: PMC9325097 DOI: 10.3390/v14071463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) can infect most mammals and is well known for causing substantial economic losses in the pig industry. In addition to pigs, PRV infection usually leads to severe itching, central nervous system dysfunction, and 100% mortality in its non-natural hosts. It should be noted that increasing human cases of PRV infection have been reported in China since 2017, and these patients have generally suffered from nervous system damage and even death. Here, we reviewed the current prevalence and variation in PRV worldwide as well as the PRV-caused infections in animals and humans, and briefly summarized the vaccines and diagnostic methods used for pseudorabies control. Most countries, including China, have control programs in place for pseudorabies in domestic pigs, and thus, the disease is on the decline; however, PRV is still globally epizootic and an important pathogen for pigs. In countries where pseudorabies in domestic pigs have already been eliminated, the risk of PRV transmission by infected wild animals should be estimated and prevented. As a member of the alphaherpesviruses, PRV showed protein-coding variation that was relatively higher than that of herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and its evolution was mainly contributed to by the frequent recombination observed between different genotypes or within the clade. Recombination events have promoted the generation of new variants, such as the variant strains resulting in the outbreak of pseudorabies in pigs in China, 2011. There have been 25 cases of PRV infections in humans reported in China since 2017, and they were considered to be infected by PRV variant strains. Although PRV infections have been sporadically reported in humans, their causal association remains to be determined. This review provided the latest epidemiological information on PRV for the better understanding, prevention, and treatment of pseudorabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.L.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (C.Z.); (S.G.); (C.T.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yan Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.L.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (C.Z.); (S.G.); (C.T.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yafei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.L.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (C.Z.); (S.G.); (C.T.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huihui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.L.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (C.Z.); (S.G.); (C.T.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chuyue Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.L.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (C.Z.); (S.G.); (C.T.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shibang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.L.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (C.Z.); (S.G.); (C.T.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.L.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (C.Z.); (S.G.); (C.T.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.L.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (C.Z.); (S.G.); (C.T.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.L.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (C.Z.); (S.G.); (C.T.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiangru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.L.); (Y.K.); (Y.L.); (H.G.); (C.Z.); (S.G.); (C.T.); (B.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (X.W.)
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22
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Deng J, Wu Z, Liu J, Ji Q, Ju C. The Role of Latency-Associated Transcripts in the Latent Infection of Pseudorabies Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071379. [PMID: 35891360 PMCID: PMC9320458 DOI: 10.3390/v14071379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) can cause neurological, respiratory, and reproductive diseases in pigs and establish lifelong latent infection in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Latent infection is a typical feature of PRV, which brings great difficulties to the prevention, control, and eradication of pseudorabies. The integral mechanism of latent infection is still unclear. Latency-associated transcripts (LAT) gene is the only transcriptional region during latent infection of PRV which plays the key role in regulating viral latent infection and inhibiting apoptosis. Here, we review the characteristics of PRV latent infection and the transcriptional characteristics of the LAT gene. We also analyzed the function of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) produced by the LAT gene and its importance in latent infection. Furthermore, we provided possible strategies to solve the problem of latent infection of virulent PRV strains in the host. In short, the detailed mechanism of PRV latent infection needs to be further studied and elucidated.
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23
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Fabbri MC, Crovetti A, Tinacci L, Bertelloni F, Armani A, Mazzei M, Fratini F, Bozzi R, Cecchi F. Identification of candidate genes associated with bacterial and viral infections in wild boars hunted in Tuscany (Italy). Sci Rep 2022; 12:8145. [PMID: 35581286 PMCID: PMC9114367 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12353-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) is one of the large mammals most spread worldwide, highly adaptable, and its population rapidly increased in many areas in Europe, including Italy, where Tuscany is considered particularly suitable for wild boar. Wild boars are potential hosts for different etiological agents, such as Brucella spp., Leptospira spp. and Pseudorabies virus and they can contribute to maintain and/or to disseminate some bacterial or viral pathogens to humans and domestic animals, above all-in free-range farms. In order to identify hypothetical genomic regions associated with these infection diseases, 96 samples of wild boars hunted in Tuscany during the 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 hunting seasons were considered. Diagnosis was achieved by serological tests and 42 Pseudorabies, 31 Leptospira and 15 Brucella positive animals were identified. All animals were genotyped with Geneseek Genomic Profiler Porcine HD (70 k) and a genome-wide scan was then performed. Significant markers were highlighted for Pseudorabies (two SNPs), Brucella (seven SNPs), and Leptospira (four SNPs) and they were located within, or nearby, 29 annotated genes on chromosome 6, 9, 12, 13, 14 and 18. Eight genes are implicated in viral (SEC14L1, JMJD6, SRSF2, TMPRSS2, MX1, MX2) or bacterial (COL8A1, SPIRE1) infections, seven genes (MFSD11, METTL23, CTTNBP2, BACE2, IMPA2, MPPE1 and GNAL) are involved in mental disorders and one gene (MGAT5B) is related to the Golgi complex. Results presented here provide interesting starting points for future research, validation studies and fine mapping of candidate genes involved in bacterial and viral infections in wild boar.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Fabbri
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italy.
| | - A Crovetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - L Tinacci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Bertelloni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Armani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Mazzei
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Fratini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - R Bozzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - F Cecchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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24
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A Review of Pseudorabies Virus Variants: Genomics, Vaccination, Transmission, and Zoonotic Potential. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051003. [PMID: 35632745 PMCID: PMC9144770 DOI: 10.3390/v14051003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV), the causative agent of Aujeszky’s disease, has a broad host range including most mammals and avian species. In 2011, a PRV variant emerged in many Bartha K61-vaccinated pig herds in China and has attracted more and more attention due to its serious threat to domestic and wild animals, and even human beings. The PRV variant has been spreading in China for more than 10 years, and considerable research progresses about its molecular biology, pathogenesis, transmission, and host–virus interactions have been made. This review is mainly organized into four sections including outbreak and genomic evolution characteristics of PRV variants, progresses of PRV variant vaccine development, the pathogenicity and transmission of PRV variants among different species of animals, and the zoonotic potential of PRV variants. Considering PRV has caused a huge economic loss of animals and is a potential threat to public health, it is necessary to extensively explore the mechanisms involved in its replication, pathogenesis, and transmission in order to ultimately eradicate it in China.
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25
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Huan C, Xu Y, Zhang W, Pan H, Zhou Z, Yao J, Guo T, Ni B, Gao S. Hippophae rhamnoides polysaccharides dampen pseudorabies virus infection through downregulating adsorption, entry and oxidative stress. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 207:454-463. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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26
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Kong Z, Yin H, Wang F, Liu Z, Luan X, Sun L, Liu W, Shang Y. Pseudorabies virus tegument protein UL13 recruits RNF5 to inhibit STING-mediated antiviral immunity. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010544. [PMID: 35584187 PMCID: PMC9154183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) has evolved various immune evasion mechanisms that target host antiviral immune responses. However, it is unclear whether and how PRV encoded proteins modulate the cGAS-STING axis for immune evasion. Here, we show that PRV tegument protein UL13 inhibits STING-mediated antiviral signaling via regulation of STING stability. Mechanistically, UL13 interacts with the CDN domain of STING and recruits the E3 ligase RING-finger protein 5 (RNF5) to promote K27-/K29-linked ubiquitination and degradation of STING. Consequently, deficiency of RNF5 enhances host antiviral immune responses triggered by PRV infection. In addition, mutant PRV lacking UL13 impaired in antagonism of STING-mediated production of type I IFNs and shows attenuated pathogenicity in mice. Our findings suggest that PRV UL13 functions as an antagonist of IFN signaling via a novel mechanism by targeting STING to persistently evade host antiviral responses. Induction of type I interferons mediated by cGAS-STING axis is critical for host against DNA virus infection whereas herpesviruses employ multiple strategies to antagonize this signaling pathway for immune evasion. Herein, our findings provide strong evidence that PRV tegument protein UL13 functions as a suppressor of STING-mediated antiviral response via recruitment of E3 ligase RNF5 to induce K27-/K29-linked ubiquitination and degradation of STING. Therefore, our study reveals a novel evasion strategy of PRV against host defense and suggests UL13 could be a promising target for development of gene-deleted vaccine for pseudorabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjie Kong
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Hongyan Yin
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaohan Luan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingli Shang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
- Institute of Immunology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China
- * E-mail:
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Isolation and Characterization of Two Pseudorabies Virus and Evaluation of Their Effects on Host Natural Immune Responses and Pathogenicity. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040712. [PMID: 35458442 PMCID: PMC9032386 DOI: 10.3390/v14040712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies, caused by the pseudorabies virus (PRV), is an acute fatal disease, which can infect rodents, mammals, and other livestock and wild animals across species. Recently, the emergence of PRV virulent isolates indicates a high risk of a variant PRV epidemic and the need for continuous surveillance. In this study, PRV-GD and PRV-JM, two fatal PRV variants, were isolated and their pathogenicity as well as their effects on host natural immune responses were assessed. PRV-GD and PRV-JM were genetically closest to PRV variants currently circulating in Heilongjiang (HLJ8) and Jiangxi (JX/CH/2016), which belong to genotype 2.2. Consistently, antisera from sows immunized with PRV-Ea classical vaccination showed much lower neutralization ability to PRV-GD and PRV-JM. However, the antisera from the pigs infected with PRV-JM had an extremely higher neutralization ability to PRV-TJ (as a positive control), PRV-GD and PRV-JM. In vivo, PRV-GD and PRV-JM infections caused 100% death in mice and piglets and induced extensive tissue damage, cell death, and inflammatory cytokine release. Our analysis of the emergence of PRV variants indicate that pigs immunized with the classical PRV vaccine are incapable of providing sufficient protection against these PRV isolates, and there is a risk of continuous evolution and virulence enhancement. Efforts are still needed to conduct epidemiological monitoring for the PRV and to develop novel vaccines against this emerging and reemerging infectious disease.
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Ma Y, Tian S, Wan Q, Kong Y, Liu C, Tian K, Ning H, Xu X, Qi B, Yang G. Peptidomic Analysis on Mouse Lung Tissue Reveals AGDP as a Potential Bioactive Peptide against Pseudorabies Virus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063306. [PMID: 35328729 PMCID: PMC8951067 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection could cause severe histopathological damage via releasing multiple factors, including cytokines, peptides, etc. Here, peptidomic results showed that 129 peptides were identified in PRV-infected mouse lungs and were highly involved in the process of PRV infection. The role of one down-regulated biological peptide (designated as AGDP) during PRV infection was investigated. To verify the expression profiles of AGDP in response to PRV infection, the expression level of the precursor protein of AGDP mRNA was significantly decreased in PRV-infected mouse lungs and cells. The synthesized AGDP-treating cells were less susceptible to PRV challenges than the controls, as demonstrated by the decreased virus production and gE expression. AGDP not only inhibited the expression of TNF-α and IL-8 but also appeared to suppress the extracellular release of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) by inhibiting the output of nuclear HMGB1 in cells. AGDP could also inhibit the degradation of IκBα and the phosphorylation levels of P65 after PRV infection. In total, our results revealed many meaningful peptides involved in PRV infection, thereby enhancing the current understanding of the host response to PRV infection, and how AGDP may serve as a promising candidate for developing novel anti-PRV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.M.); (S.T.); (Q.W.); (Y.K.); (C.L.); (H.N.); (X.X.); (B.Q.)
| | - Shimao Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.M.); (S.T.); (Q.W.); (Y.K.); (C.L.); (H.N.); (X.X.); (B.Q.)
| | - Qianhui Wan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.M.); (S.T.); (Q.W.); (Y.K.); (C.L.); (H.N.); (X.X.); (B.Q.)
| | - Yingying Kong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.M.); (S.T.); (Q.W.); (Y.K.); (C.L.); (H.N.); (X.X.); (B.Q.)
| | - Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.M.); (S.T.); (Q.W.); (Y.K.); (C.L.); (H.N.); (X.X.); (B.Q.)
| | - Ke Tian
- College of JIN SHAN, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Hongya Ning
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.M.); (S.T.); (Q.W.); (Y.K.); (C.L.); (H.N.); (X.X.); (B.Q.)
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.M.); (S.T.); (Q.W.); (Y.K.); (C.L.); (H.N.); (X.X.); (B.Q.)
| | - Baomin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.M.); (S.T.); (Q.W.); (Y.K.); (C.L.); (H.N.); (X.X.); (B.Q.)
| | - Guihong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.M.); (S.T.); (Q.W.); (Y.K.); (C.L.); (H.N.); (X.X.); (B.Q.)
- Correspondence:
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Huan C, Zhang W, Xu Y, Ni B, Gao S. Antiviral Activity of Plantago asiatica Polysaccharide against Pseudorabies Virus In Vitro. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3570475. [PMID: 35096266 PMCID: PMC8794672 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3570475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Pseudorabies (PR) is an acute infectious disease of various domestic animals and wild animals caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV). It is mainly characterized by fever, itching, encephalomyelitis, and respiratory and neurological disorders. Plantago asiatica polysaccharide (PLP), extracted from the whole plant of Plantago asiatica L., showed immunomodulatory and antioxidation effects, but the antiviral activity had not been reported. In this study, the inhibitory effect of PLP on PRV infection was studied. Our study first revealed that PLP could inhibit PRV infection in a dose-dependent manner. By adding PLP at different stages of the virus's life cycle, we revealed that PLP could reduce the attachment and penetration of PRV into PK15 cells. The inhibition of PRV attachment was better than inhibition of PRV penetration. However, PLP did not affect PRV replication and inactivation. In addition, PLP decreased the intracellular ROS levels in infected cells significantly, and ROS scavenger NAC decreased PRV infection. Therefore, our study provided preliminary data of anti-PRV activity of PLP, which was established to be a novel anti-PRV infection agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchao Huan
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, China
| | - Yao Xu
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, China
| | - Bo Ni
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Song Gao
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou, 225009 Jiangsu, China
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, China
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30
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Ciarello FP, Moreno A, Miragliotta N, Antonino A, Fiasconaro M, Purpari G, Amato B, Ippolito D, Di Marco Lo Presti V. Aujeszky's disease in hunting dogs after the ingestion of wild boar raw meat in Sicily (Italy): clinical, diagnostic and phylogenetic features. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:27. [PMID: 34996475 PMCID: PMC8742332 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03138-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aujeszky's disease is caused by Suid Herpes Virus-1 and species belonging to the genus Sus scrofa are the main reservoir hosts. This virus, however, is capable of infecting and causing severe disease, with an almost constant fatal outcome in other species, both domestic and wild (carnivores, monogastric herbivores and ruminants). Moreover, the possibility of transmission to humans has been demonstrated. This study reports and describes the clinical, diagnostic, pathological and phylogenetic aspects of two cases of Aujeszky's disease in two hunting dogs following the ingestion of infected wild boar raw meat. These cases are contextualized in the province of Messina (Sicily), where a high prevalence of Aujeszky's disease has been recorded (average of 12,20% in the period 2010–2019) in farmed pig, and with evidence of spread to other species. A severe outbreak in cattle has recently been reported in these areas. Nevertheless, cases of Aujeszky's disease in dogs are rarely reported and this study represents the first well-documented report in this species in Sicily. Case presentation After a wild boar hunt, two dogs showed neurological symptoms and intense itching unresponsive to therapy. Diagnosis of Aujeszky's disease was made based on clinical suspicion, anamnestic information and confirmed by the isolation of the virus from the brain of both dogs. In addition, molecular typing, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the Real-Time PCR products were performed. The sequences studied were placed in the Italian Clade 1 along with the sequences obtained from wild boars and hunting dogs from Italy and France. Conclusions The finding of this disease in non-natural hosts in Sicilian multi-host epidemiological contexts suggests that the risk of inter-species transmission is concrete and that attention should be paid to developing disease control programs in these territories. The data obtained from genome sequencing of the two SuHV-1 isolates contribute to the enrichment of the GenBank with unknown sequences and the phylogenetic analysis implementation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03138-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Pruiti Ciarello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ana Moreno
- National Reference Center for Aujeszky's Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell'Emilia-Romagna " Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9 - 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicola Miragliotta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Aliberti Antonino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Michele Fiasconaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Purpari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Benedetta Amato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
| | - Dorotea Ippolito
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Di Marco Lo Presti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia "A. Mirri", Via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129, Palermo, Italy
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Retrieving Historical Cases of Aujeszky's Disease in Sicily (Italy): Report of a Natural Outbreak Affecting Sheep, Goats, Dogs, Cats and Foxes and Considerations on Critical Issues and Perspectives in Light of the Recent EU Regulation 429/2016. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101301. [PMID: 34684250 PMCID: PMC8540801 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aujeszky’s disease is caused by Suid alphaherpesvirus 1, and its main reservoir host is the pig. However, other species are also susceptible. Infection with this virus causes a severe neurological clinical picture named Aujeszky’s disease, usually accompanied by itching and death a few days after the onset of symptoms. This study reports a multi-species outbreak of Aujeszky’s disease that occurred in Sicily, which led to the death of 2 goats, 15 sheep, 2 dogs, 2 cats and 2 foxes. The diagnosis was made by culture, indirect immunofluorescence on brain samples and confirmed by biological test on rabbits. This study reports the first cases of Aujeszky’s disease in Italy in cats, goat and sheep. The finding of Aujeszky’s disease in several species in Sicily suggests a potential epizootic risk. In such areas where a multi-host system is recognised, an analysis of the risk factors should be carried out in order to develop targeted strategies for the control and eradication of the disease. The critical issues that hinder the control of Aujeszky’s disease in the studied territory and perspectives for eradication in the light of EU regulation 429/2016 are also discussed.
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32
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PSEUDORABIES (AUJESZKY'S DISEASE) IS AN UNDERDIAGNOSED CAUSE OF DEATH IN THE FLORIDA PANTHER (PUMA CONCOLOR CORYI). J Wildl Dis 2021; 57:784-798. [PMID: 34460918 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-20-00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Feral swine (Sus scrofa), an important prey species for the endangered Florida panther (Puma concolor coryi), is the natural host for pseudorabies virus (PRV). Prior to this study, PRV had been detected in just three panthers. To determine the effect of PRV on the panther population, we prospectively necropsied 199 panthers and retrospectively reviewed necropsy and laboratory findings, reexamined histology, and tested archived tissues using real-time PCR from 46 undiagnosed panther mortalities. Seven additional infections (two prospective, five retrospective) were detected for a total of 10 confirmed panther mortalities due to PRV. To further evaluate the effect of PRV, we categorized radio-collared (n=168) and uncollared panther mortalities (n=367) sampled from 1981 to 2018 based on the likelihood of PRV infection as confirmed, probable, suspected, possible, or unlikely/negative. Of 168 radio-collared panthers necropsied, PRV was the cause of death for between eight (confirmed; 4.8%) and 32 (combined confirmed, probable, suspected, and possible categories; 19.0%) panthers. The number of radio-collared panther mortalities due to PRV was estimated to be 15 (95% empirical limits: 12-19), representing 8.9% (confidence interval: 4.6-13.2%) of mortalities. Gross necropsy findings in 10 confirmed cases were nonspecific. Microscopic changes included slight to mild perivascular cuffing and gliosis (primarily in the brain stem), lymphoplasmacytic meningoencephalitis (cerebral cortex), and intranuclear inclusion bodies (adrenal medulla). The PRV glycoprotein C gene sequences from three positive panthers grouped with the sequence from a Florida feral swine. Our findings indicate that PRV may be an important and underdiagnosed cause of death in Florida panthers.
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33
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Ren CZ, Hu WY, Zhang JW, Wei YY, Yu ML, Hu TJ. Establishment of inflammatory model induced by Pseudorabies virus infection in mice. J Vet Sci 2021; 22:e20. [PMID: 33774936 PMCID: PMC8007442 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection leads to high mortality in swine. Despite extensive efforts, effective treatments against PRV infection are limited. Furthermore, the inflammatory response induced by PRV strain GXLB-2013 is unclear. OBJECTIVES Our study aimed to investigate the inflammatory response induced by PRV strain GXLB-2013, establish an inflammation model to elucidate the pathogenesis of PRV infection further, and develop effective drugs against PRV infection. METHODS Kunming mice were infected intramuscularly with medium, LPS, and different doses of PRV-GXLB-2013. Viral spread and histopathological damage to brain, spleen, and lung were determined at 7 days post-infection (dpi). Immune organ indices, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and inflammatory cytokines, as well as levels of activity of COX-2 and iNOS were determined at 4, 7, and 14 dpi. RESULTS At 10⁵-10⁶ TCID50 PRV produced obviously neurological symptoms and 100% mortality in mice. Viral antigens were detectable in kidney, heart, lung, liver, spleen, and brain. In addition, inflammatory injuries were apparent in brain, spleen, and lung of PRV-infected mice. Moreover, PRV induced increases in immune organ indices, ROS and NO levels, activity of COX-2 and iNOS, and the content of key pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ and MCP-1. Among the tested doses, 10² TCID50 of PRV produced a significant inflammatory mediator increase. CONCLUSIONS An inflammatory model induced by PRV infection was established in mice, and 10² TCID50 PRV was considered as the best concentration for the establishment of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhi Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China.,Guangxi Agricultural Vocational College, Nanning 530007, PR China
| | - Wen Yue Hu
- School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, PR China
| | - Jin Wu Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Ying Yi Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Mei Ling Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China.
| | - Ting Jun Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China.
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34
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Histopathological Analysis of Adrenal Glands after Simian Varicella Virus Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071245. [PMID: 34206909 PMCID: PMC8310062 DOI: 10.3390/v13071245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent varicella zoster virus (VZV) has been detected in human adrenal glands, raising the possibility of virus-induced adrenal damage and dysfunction during primary infection or reactivation. Rare cases of bilateral adrenal hemorrhage and insufficiency associated with VZV reactivation have been reported. Since there is no animal model for VZV infection of adrenal glands, we obtained adrenal glands from two non-human primates (NHPs) that spontaneously developed varicella from primary simian varicella virus (SVV) infection, the NHP VZV homolog. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis revealed SVV antigen and DNA in the adrenal medulla and cortex of both animals. Adrenal glands were observed to have Cowdry A inclusion bodies, cellular necrosis, multiple areas of hemorrhage, and varying amounts of polymorphonuclear cells. No specific association of SVV antigen with βIII-tubulin-positive nerve fibers was found. Overall, we found that SVV can productively infect NHP adrenal glands, and is associated with inflammation, hemorrhage, and cell death. These findings suggest that further studies are warranted to examine the contribution of VZV infection to human adrenal disease. This study also suggests that VZV infection may present itself as acute adrenal dysfunction with “long-hauler” symptoms of fatigue, weakness, myalgias/arthralgias, and hypotension.
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35
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Klupp BG. Pseudorabies Virus Infections. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060719. [PMID: 34201049 PMCID: PMC8226705 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Suid alphaherpesvirus 1 (SuHV-1), better known as Pseudorabies virus (PrV), an alphaherpesvirus of swine, is the causative agent of Aujeszky's Disease [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara G Klupp
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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36
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Gou H, Bian Z, Cai R, Chu P, Song S, Li Y, Jiang Z, Zhang K, Yang D, Li C. RIPK3-Dependent Necroptosis Limits PRV Replication in PK-15 Cells. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:664353. [PMID: 34149651 PMCID: PMC8211757 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.664353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs infected by pseudorabies virus (PRV) display necrotic pathology in multiple organs. The mechanism by which PRV induces cell death is still unclear. Recently, necroptosis was identified as a programmed process dependent on the receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) and mixed lineage kinase-like protein (MLKL). In this study, we demonstrated that PRV induced RIPK3-dependent necroptosis in PK-15 cells. The data showed that PRV infection caused cell death with Propidium Iodide (PI)-positive staining. Transmission electron microscopy analysis indicated plasma membrane disruption in PRV-infected cells. A pan-caspase inhibitor did not prevent PRV-induced necrotic cell death. Western blot analysis indicated that caspase-3 and caspase-8 were not cleaved during PRV infection. Although the transcription of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was increased by PRV infection, RIPK1 was shown to be not involved in PRV-induced necrotic cell death by use of its specific inhibitor. Further experiments indicated that the phosphorylation of RIPK3 and MLKL was upregulated in PRV-infected cells. Stable shRNA knockdown of RIPK3 or MLKL had a recovery effect on PRV-induced necrotic cell death. Meanwhile, viral titers were enhanced in RIPK3 and MLKL knockdown cells. Hence, we concluded that initiation of necroptosis in host cells plays a limiting role in PRV infection. Considering that necroptosis is an inflammatory form of programmed cell death, our data may be beneficial for understanding the necrotic pathology of pigs infected by PRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Gou
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhibiao Bian
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rujian Cai
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pinpin Chu
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Song
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Jiang
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kunli Zhang
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongxia Yang
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunling Li
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Guangzhou, China.,Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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Vallbracht M, Klupp BG, Mettenleiter TC. Influence of N-glycosylation on Expression and Function of Pseudorabies Virus Glycoprotein gB. Pathogens 2021; 10:61. [PMID: 33445487 PMCID: PMC7827564 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Envelope glycoprotein (g)B is conserved throughout the Herpesviridae and mediates fusion of the viral envelope with cellular membranes for infectious entry and spread. Like all viral envelope fusion proteins, gB is modified by asparagine (N)-linked glycosylation. Glycans can contribute to protein function, intracellular transport, trafficking, structure and immune evasion. gB of the alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PrV) contains six consensus sites for N-linked glycosylation, but their functional relevance is unknown. Here, we investigated the occupancy and functional relevance of N-glycosylation sites in PrV gB. To this end, all predicted N-glycosylation sites were inactivated either singly or in combination by the introduction of conservative mutations (N➔Q). The resulting proteins were tested for expression, fusion activity in cell-cell fusion assays and complementation of a gB-deficient PrV mutant. Our results indicate that all six sites are indeed modified. However, while glycosylation at most sites was dispensable for gB expression and fusogenicity, inactivation of N154 and N700 affected gB processing by furin cleavage and surface localization. Although all single mutants were functional in cell-cell fusion and viral entry, simultaneous inactivation of all six N-glycosylation sites severely impaired fusion activity and viral entry, suggesting a critical role of N-glycans for maintaining gB structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (M.V.); (B.G.K.)
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Savoret J, Mesnard JM, Gross A, Chazal N. Antisense Transcripts and Antisense Protein: A New Perspective on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:625941. [PMID: 33510738 PMCID: PMC7835632 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.625941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It was first predicted in 1988 that there may be an Open Reading Frame (ORF) on the negative strand of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) genome that could encode a protein named AntiSense Protein (ASP). In spite of some controversy, reports began to emerge some years later describing the detection of HIV-1 antisense transcripts, the presence of ASP in transfected and infected cells, and the existence of an immune response targeting ASP. Recently, it was established that the asp gene is exclusively conserved within the pandemic group M of HIV-1. In this review, we summarize the latest findings on HIV-1 antisense transcripts and ASP, and we discuss their potential functions in HIV-1 infection together with the role played by antisense transcripts and ASPs in some other viruses. Finally, we suggest pathways raised by the study of antisense transcripts and ASPs that may warrant exploration in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Savoret
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Michel Mesnard
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Antoine Gross
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Chazal
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Mettenleiter TC. Aujeszky's Disease and the Development of the Marker/DIVA Vaccination Concept. Pathogens 2020; 9:E563. [PMID: 32664700 PMCID: PMC7400435 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Aujeszky's disease or pseudorabies is an infection of animals caused by Suid alphaherpesvirus 1, also designated as pseudorabies virus (PrV). Whereas many mammals are susceptible to PrV, only pigs are able to survive productive infection. Early reports on this disease originate from cattle and companion animals with the hallmark sign of "mad itch", meaning development of pruritus. Although first reports date back to the early 19th century, it was Aladár Aujeszky who in 1902 described this disease, which has since been named after him, as a separate entity. AD expanded in the 20th century, despite efforts to control this infection in the growing pig farming industry. Live-attenuated vaccines were developed in the early 1960s, which assisted early eradication efforts. A major breakthrough in animal vaccinology occurred in the mid-1980s, when it was found that several live-attenuated PrV vaccine strains lacked a significant portion of the genome, including the gene encoding a major immunogenic viral envelope glycoprotein. Upon the development of a suitable serological assay, the first marker vaccine/DIVA concept (differentiating infected from vaccinated animals) was developed. Moreover, the first genetically modified live vaccines emanated from molecular work on PrV. Thus, AD serves as a hallmark for the history of veterinary virology as well as for pioneering novel strategies for controlling animal infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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