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Chae YR, Lee YR, Kim YS, Park HY. Diet-Induced Gut Dysbiosis and Leaky Gut Syndrome. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 34:747-756. [PMID: 38321650 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2312.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Chronic gut inflammation promotes the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity. There is growing evidence which suggests that dysbiosis in gut microbiota and metabolites disrupt the integrity of the intestinal barrier and significantly impact the level of inflammation in various tissues, including the liver and adipose tissues. Moreover, dietary sources are connected to the development of leaky gut syndrome through their interaction with the gut microbiota. This review examines the effects of these factors on intestinal microorganisms and the communication pathways between the gut-liver and gut-brain axis. The consumption of diets rich in fats and carbohydrates has been found to weaken the adherence of tight junction proteins in the gastrointestinal tract. Consequently, this allows endotoxins, such as lipopolysaccharides produced by detrimental bacteria, to permeate through portal veins, leading to metabolic endotoxemia and alterations in the gut microbiome composition with reduced production of metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids. However, the precise correlation between gut microbiota and alternative sweeteners remains uncertain, necessitating further investigation. This study highlights the significance of exploring the impact of diet on gut microbiota and the underlying mechanisms in the gut-liver and gut-brain axis. Nevertheless, limited research on the gut-liver axis poses challenges in comprehending the intricate connections between diet and the gut-brain axis. This underscores the need for comprehensive studies to elucidate the intricate gut-brain mechanisms underlying intestinal health and microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Rim Chae
- Food Functionality Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Ra Lee
- Food Functionality Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Soo Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Young Park
- Food Functionality Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea National University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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Huo A, Wang F. Berberine alleviates ischemia reperfusion injury induced AKI by regulation of intestinal microbiota and reducing intestinal inflammation. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:66. [PMID: 38291383 PMCID: PMC10826000 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04323-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been found that a variety of host disease states can exacerbate intestinal inflammation, leading to disruption of intestinal barrier function. Changes in the composition of the intestine microbiota, which affect downstream metabolites in turn, ultimately react against the host. OBJECTIVES We revealed the mechanism of berberine as an intestinal protective agent in rats with renal ischemia-reperfusion injury acute kidney injury (AKI). METHODS HE staining was performed to evaluate the pathological changes in the colon and kidney. 16 S rRNA analysis was performed to assess the intestinal microbiota. Intestine TLR4/NF-κB expression was assessed by western blot. Q-RT-PCR was performed to detect TLR4 in intestine and IL-6 and KIM-1 gene expression in the kidney. SPSS 22.0 was used to compare the data. RESULTS Rats with AKI exhibited increased relative abundances of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes and decreased relative abundances of Lactobacillus, Ruminococcus and Lachnospiraceae belonging to the phylum Firmicutes. The Sirt1-NF-κB-TLR4 pathway was involved in the occurrence process, accompanied by intestinal inflammation and oxidation. Berberine reversed the appeal change. CONCLUSION Berberine inhibits the intestinal biological barrier of Proteobacteria, reduces LPS production, exerts an anti-inflammatory effect, and delays the progression of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijing Huo
- Department of Nephropathy and Immunology, The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Fengmei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China.
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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Yoopum S, Wongmanee N, Rojanaverawong W, Rattanapunya S, Sumsakul W, Hanchang W. Mango (Mangifera indica L.) seed kernel extract suppresses hyperglycemia by modulating pancreatic β cell apoptosis and dysfunction and hepatic glucose metabolism in diabetic rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:123286-123308. [PMID: 37981611 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the anti-hyperglycemic action of mango seed kernel extract (MKE) and various mechanisms involved in its actions to improve pancreatic β cells and hepatic carbohydrate metabolism in diabetic rats. An intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ) followed by 30 consecutive days of treatment with MKE (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg body weight) was used to establish a study group of diabetic rats. Using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS) for identification, 26 chemical compounds were found in MKE and the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the MKE also revealed the existence of mangiferin, gallic acid, and quercetin. The results confirmed that in each diabetes-affected rat, MKE mitigated the heightened levels of fasting blood glucose, diabetic symptoms, glucose intolerance, total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C). As demonstrated by a remarkable increment in serum and pancreatic insulin, the diabetic pancreatic β cell function was potentiated by treating with MKE. The effect of MKE on diabetic pancreatic apoptosis clearly reduced the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells, which was related to diminished levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and Bax and an increase in Bcl-xL protein expression. Furthermore, diabetes-induced liver damage was clearly ameliorated along with a notable reduction in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and abnormal liver histology. By enhancing anti-oxidant superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, MKE alleviated diabetes-induced pancreatic and liver oxidative damage, as demonstrated by diminished levels of malondialdehyde. In minimizing the expression levels of glucose 6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase-1 proteins in the diabetic liver, MKE also enhanced glycogen content and hexokinase activity. Collectively, these findings indicate that by suppressing oxidative and inflammatory processes, MKE exerts a potent anti-hyperglycemic activity in diabetic rats which serve to protect pancreatic β cell apoptosis, enhance their function, and improve hepatic glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasiwat Yoopum
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Navinee Wongmanee
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Worarat Rojanaverawong
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Siwalee Rattanapunya
- Public Health Department, Science and Technology Faculty, Chiang Mai Rajabhat University, Chiang Mai, 50300, Thailand
| | - Wiriyaporn Sumsakul
- Expert Centre of Innovative Herbal Products, Institute of Scientific and Technology Research, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Wanthanee Hanchang
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
- Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
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Mishra D, Reddy I, Dey CS. PKCα Isoform Inhibits Insulin Signaling and Aggravates Neuronal Insulin Resistance. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6642-6659. [PMID: 37470970 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03486-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of PKCα has been linked to inhibit insulin signaling disrupting IRS-1 and Akt phosphorylations in skeletal muscle. PKCα inhibits IRS-1 and Akt phosphorylations, but not required for insulin-stimulated glucose transport in skeletal muscles. Inhibition of PKCα increased whereas in some studies decreased GLUT-4 levels at the plasma membrane in skeletal muscles and adipocytes. Controversial studies have reported opposite expression pattern of PKCα expression in insulin-resistant skeletal muscles. These findings indicate that the role of PKCα on insulin signaling is controversial and could be tissue specific. Evidently, studies are required to decipher the role of PKCα in regulating insulin signaling and preferably in other cellular systems. Utilizing neuronal cells, like Neuro-2a, SHSY-5Y and insulin-resistant diabetic mice brain tissues; we have demonstrated that PKCα inhibits insulin signaling, through IRS-Akt pathway in PP2A-dependent mechanism by an AS160-independent route involving 14-3-3ζ. Inhibition and silencing of PKCα improves insulin sensitivity by increasing GLUT-4 translocation to the plasma membrane and glucose uptake. PKCα regulates GSK3 isoforms in an opposite manner in insulin-sensitive and in insulin-resistant condition. Higher activity of PKCα aggravates insulin-resistant neuronal diabetic condition through GSK3β but not GSK3α. Our results mechanistically explored the contribution of PKCα in regulating neuronal insulin resistance and diabetes, which opens up new avenues in dealing with metabolic disorders and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devanshi Mishra
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, Hauz Khas, -110016, India
| | - Ishitha Reddy
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, Hauz Khas, -110016, India
| | - Chinmoy Sankar Dey
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, Hauz Khas, -110016, India.
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YAMASAKI M, MIYAMOTO Y, OGAWA K, NISHIYAMA K, TSEND-AYUSH C, LI Y, MATSUSAKI T, NAKANO T, TAKESHITA M, ARIMA Y. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 06CC2 upregulates intestinal ZO-1 protein and bile acid metabolism in Balb/c mice fed high-fat diet. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA, FOOD AND HEALTH 2023; 43:13-22. [PMID: 38188659 PMCID: PMC10767321 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2023-002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 06CC2 (LP06CC2), which was isolated from a Mongolian dairy product, on lipid metabolism and intestinal tight junction-related proteins in Balb/c mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) were evaluated. The mice were fed the HFD for eight weeks, and the plasma and hepatic lipid parameters, as well as the intestinal tight junction-related factors, were evaluated. LP06CC2 slightly reduced the adipose tissue mass. Further, it dose-dependently decreased plasma total cholesterol (TC). The HFD tended to increase the plasma level of endotoxin and suppressed intestinal ZO-1 expression, whereas a low LP06CC2 dose increased ZO-1 expression and tended to reduce the plasma lipopolysaccharide level. Furthermore, a low LP06CC2 dose facilitated a moderate accumulation of Lactobacillales, a significant decrease in Clostridium cluster IV, and an increase in Clostridium cluster XVIII. The results obtained from analyzing the bile acids (BAs) in feces and cecum contents exhibited a decreasing trend for secondary and conjugated BAs in the low LP06CC2-dose group. Moreover, a high LP06CC2 dose caused excess accumulation of Lactobacillales and failed to increase intestinal ZO-1 and occludin expression, while the fecal butyrate level increased dose dependently in the LP06CC2-fed mice. Finally, an appropriate LP06CC2 dose protected the intestinal barrier function from the HFD and modulated BA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao YAMASAKI
- Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1
Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yuko MIYAMOTO
- Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1
Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Kenjirou OGAWA
- Organization for Promotion of Tenure Track, University of
Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Kazuo NISHIYAMA
- Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1
Gakuen Kibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Chuluunbat TSEND-AYUSH
- School of Industrial Technology, Mongolian University of
Science and Technology, P.O. Box-46/520, Baga Toiruu, Sukhbaatar district, Ulaanbaatar-46,
Mongolia
| | - Yiran LI
- Research and Development Division, Minami Nihon Rakuno Kyodo
Co., Ltd., 5282 Takagi, Miyakonojo, Miyazaki 885-0003, Japan
| | - Tatsuya MATSUSAKI
- Research and Development Division, Minami Nihon Rakuno Kyodo
Co., Ltd., 5282 Takagi, Miyakonojo, Miyazaki 885-0003, Japan
| | - Tomoki NAKANO
- Research and Development Division, Minami Nihon Rakuno Kyodo
Co., Ltd., 5282 Takagi, Miyakonojo, Miyazaki 885-0003, Japan
| | - Masahiko TAKESHITA
- Research and Development Division, Minami Nihon Rakuno Kyodo
Co., Ltd., 5282 Takagi, Miyakonojo, Miyazaki 885-0003, Japan
| | - Yuo ARIMA
- Research and Development Division, Minami Nihon Rakuno Kyodo
Co., Ltd., 5282 Takagi, Miyakonojo, Miyazaki 885-0003, Japan
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Asuncion P, Liu C, Castro R, Yon V, Rosas M, Hooshmand S, Kern M, Hong MY. The effects of fresh mango consumption on gut health and microbiome – Randomized controlled trial. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:2069-2078. [PMID: 37051355 PMCID: PMC10084975 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Some individual fruits have been widely researched for their effects on overall health and correlations with chronic diseases. The beneficial effects of mango supplementation on metabolic diseases have been detected. However, research into mango consumption on gut health, including the microbiome, is limited to processed mango preparations or peels. Our goal was to examine the effects of fresh mango consumption on the gut microbiome, gut permeability proteins, and bowel movement habits in overweight/obese individuals. In a 12-week crossover design study, 27 participants consumed 100 kcal/day of either mangos or low-fat cookies with a washout period of 4 weeks. The mango intervention showed higher Shannon-Wiener and Simpson alpha diversity indices of the microbiome than the low-fat cookie intervention in week 4. Significant differences in beta diversity of the microbiome were found between diet interventions at week 12. Mango consumption increased the abundance of Prevotella maculosa, Corynebacterium pyruviciproducens, and Mogibacterium timidum while it decreased Prevotella copri. Low-fat cookie intake increased Cyanobacterium aponinum and Desulfovibrio butyratiphilus and reduced Alloscardovia omnicolens. There were no significant differences in circulating gut permeability protein (ZO-1, claudin-2, and occludin) levels. There was a slight increase in the amount of bowel movement with mango consumption, but no significant findings for frequency, consistency, strain, pain, and constipation in bowel movement between trials. Given these results, it can be concluded that consumption of mango may have positive effects on the gut health, which may yield possible health benefits for chronic disease that deserve further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Asuncion
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences San Diego State University San Diego California USA
| | - Changqi Liu
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences San Diego State University San Diego California USA
| | - Robert Castro
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences San Diego State University San Diego California USA
| | - Viviana Yon
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences San Diego State University San Diego California USA
| | - Martin Rosas
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences San Diego State University San Diego California USA
| | - Shirin Hooshmand
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences San Diego State University San Diego California USA
| | - Mark Kern
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences San Diego State University San Diego California USA
| | - Mee Young Hong
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences San Diego State University San Diego California USA
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Yadav Y, Dey CS. PP2Cα positively regulates neuronal insulin signalling and aggravates neuronal insulin resistance. FEBS J 2022; 289:7561-7581. [PMID: 35810470 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PP2Cα is one of the newly identified isoforms of metal-dependent protein phosphatases (PPM). The role of this phosphatase in neuronal insulin signalling is completely unknown. In the present study, we show insulin-mediated rapid upregulation of a protein of the insulin signalling cascade, PP2Cα, in mouse N2a cells and human SH-SY5Y cells. By contrast, such PP2Cα upregulation is not observed in insulin-resistant conditions despite insulin stimulation. Here, we report that, under insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant conditions, the translation of PP2Cα was regulated by insulin through c-Jun N-terminal kinase. PP2Cα in turn dephosphorylated a novel inhibitory site of insulin receptor substrate-1 at Ser522 and AMP-activated protein kinase, hence positively regulating neuronal insulin signalling and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamini Yadav
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
| | - Chinmoy Sankar Dey
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
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Effects of dietary Plantago ovata seed extract administration on growth performance and immune function of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerling exposed to ammonia toxicity. Vet Res Commun 2022; 47:731-744. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-10034-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Koh YC, Lin SJ, Nagabhushanam K, Ho CT, Pan MH. The Anti-Obesity and Anti-Inflammatory Capabilities of Pterostilbene and its Colonic Metabolite Pinostilbene Protect against Tight Junction Disruption from Western Diet Feeding. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2200146. [PMID: 35751615 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Tight junctions (TJs) are a member of the intestinal epithelium barrier that provides the first line of protection against external factors. Anti-obesity and protective effects of pterostilbene (PSB) on TJs have previously been reported, but the effect of its colonic metabolite, pinostilbene (PIN), is less understood. METHODS AND RESULTS A 16-week animal model fed with western-diet to induced colonic TJs disruption was designed, supplemented with PSB and PIN to evaluate their potent in colonic TJ protection. The results showed that both PSB and PIN exerted suppressive effects on obesity, hepatic steatosis, and chronic inflammation in western-diet-fed mice. Western-diet feeding significantly reduced expression of TJ proteins, including ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-1, while PSB and PIN supplementation effectively protected TJ proteins against disruption. Increment in serum, hepatic, and mesenteric pro-inflammatory cytokines suggest their probable involvement in TJ disruption supported with the findings in macrophage polarization. The adverse were revered by PSB and PIN. The protective effect of PSB and PIN on TJ proteins may stem from their anti-inflammation capabilities. CONCLUSION This is the first study suggesting that PIN, the metabolite of PSB, demonstrates a similar protective effect on colonic TJ proteins via its anti-obesity, hepatic protection and anti-inflammatory capabilities. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chun Koh
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Jhih Lin
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Min-Hsiung Pan
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Petersen N, Greiner TU, Torz L, Bookout A, Gerstenberg MK, Castorena CM, Kuhre RE. Targeting the Gut in Obesity: Signals from the Inner Surface. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12010039. [PMID: 35050161 PMCID: PMC8778595 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is caused by prolonged energy surplus. Current anti-obesity medications are mostly centralized around the energy input part of the energy balance equation by increasing satiety and reducing appetite. Our gastrointestinal tract is a key organ for regulation of food intake and supplies a tremendous number of circulating signals that modulate the activity of appetite-regulating areas of the brain by either direct interaction or through the vagus nerve. Intestinally derived messengers are manifold and include absorbed nutrients, microbial metabolites, gut hormones and other enterokines, collectively comprising a fine-tuned signalling system to the brain. After a meal, nutrients directly interact with appetite-inhibiting areas of the brain and induce satiety. However, overall feeding behaviour also depends on secretion of gut hormones produced by highly specialized and sensitive enteroendocrine cells. Moreover, circulating microbial metabolites and their interactions with enteroendocrine cells further contribute to the regulation of feeding patterns. Current therapies exploiting the appetite-regulating properties of the gut are based on chemically modified versions of the gut hormone, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) or on inhibitors of the primary GLP-1 inactivating enzyme, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). The effectiveness of these approaches shows that that the gut is a promising target for therapeutic interventions to achieve significant weigh loss. We believe that increasing understanding of the functionality of the intestinal epithelium and new delivery systems will help develop selective and safe gut-based therapeutic strategies for improved obesity treatment in the future. Here, we provide an overview of the major homeostatic appetite-regulating signals generated by the intestinal epithelial cells and how these signals may be harnessed to treat obesity by pharmacological means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Petersen
- Global Obesity and Liver Disease Research, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Park 1, 2670 Måløv, Denmark; (L.T.); (M.K.G.); (R.E.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Thomas U. Greiner
- The Wallenberg Laboratory and Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Lola Torz
- Global Obesity and Liver Disease Research, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Park 1, 2670 Måløv, Denmark; (L.T.); (M.K.G.); (R.E.K.)
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Angie Bookout
- Global Obesity and Liver Disease Research, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (A.B.); (C.M.C.)
| | - Marina Kjærgaard Gerstenberg
- Global Obesity and Liver Disease Research, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Park 1, 2670 Måløv, Denmark; (L.T.); (M.K.G.); (R.E.K.)
| | - Carlos M. Castorena
- Global Obesity and Liver Disease Research, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (A.B.); (C.M.C.)
| | - Rune Ehrenreich Kuhre
- Global Obesity and Liver Disease Research, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Park 1, 2670 Måløv, Denmark; (L.T.); (M.K.G.); (R.E.K.)
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Portincasa P, Bonfrate L, Khalil M, Angelis MD, Calabrese FM, D’Amato M, Wang DQH, Di Ciaula A. Intestinal Barrier and Permeability in Health, Obesity and NAFLD. Biomedicines 2021; 10:83. [PMID: 35052763 PMCID: PMC8773010 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The largest surface of the human body exposed to the external environment is the gut. At this level, the intestinal barrier includes luminal microbes, the mucin layer, gastrointestinal motility and secretion, enterocytes, immune cells, gut vascular barrier, and liver barrier. A healthy intestinal barrier is characterized by the selective permeability of nutrients, metabolites, water, and bacterial products, and processes are governed by cellular, neural, immune, and hormonal factors. Disrupted gut permeability (leaky gut syndrome) can represent a predisposing or aggravating condition in obesity and the metabolically associated liver steatosis (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD). In what follows, we describe the morphological-functional features of the intestinal barrier, the role of major modifiers of the intestinal barrier, and discuss the recent evidence pointing to the key role of intestinal permeability in obesity/NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Portincasa
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.B.); (M.K.); (A.D.C.)
| | - Leonilde Bonfrate
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.B.); (M.K.); (A.D.C.)
| | - Mohamad Khalil
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.B.); (M.K.); (A.D.C.)
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.D.A.); (F.M.C.)
| | - Maria De Angelis
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.D.A.); (F.M.C.)
| | - Francesco Maria Calabrese
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via Amendola 165/a, 70126 Bari, Italy; (M.D.A.); (F.M.C.)
| | - Mauro D’Amato
- Gastrointestinal Genetics Lab, CIC bioGUNE-BRTA, 48160 Derio, Spain;
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - David Q.-H. Wang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA;
| | - Agostino Di Ciaula
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Human Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy; (L.B.); (M.K.); (A.D.C.)
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Sharma M, Dey CS. Role of Akt isoforms in neuronal insulin signaling and resistance. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7873-7898. [PMID: 34724097 PMCID: PMC11073101 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03993-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the role of Akt isoforms in insulin signaling and resistance in neuronal cells. By silencing Akt isoforms individually and in pairs, in Neuro-2a and HT22 cells we observed that, in insulin-sensitive condition, Akt isoforms differentially reduced activation of AS160 and glucose uptake with Akt2 playing the major role. Under insulin-resistant condition, phosphorylation of all isoforms and glucose uptake were severely affected. Over-expression of individual isoforms in insulin-sensitive and resistant cells differentially reversed AS160 phosphorylation with concomitant reversal in glucose uptake indicating a compensatory role of Akt isoforms in controlling neuronal insulin signaling. Post-insulin stimulation Akt2 translocated to the membrane the most followed by Akt3 and Akt1, decreasing glucose uptake in the similar order in insulin-sensitive cells. None of the Akt isoforms translocated in insulin-resistant cells or high-fat-diet mediated diabetic mice brain cells. Based on our data, insulin-dependent differential translocation of Akt isoforms to the plasma membrane turns out to be the key factor in determining Akt isoform specificity. Thus, isoforms play parallel with predominant role by Akt2, and compensatory yet novel role by Akt1 and Akt3 to regulate neuronal insulin signaling, glucose uptake, and insulin-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medha Sharma
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Chinmoy Sankar Dey
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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Jin Z, Chen K, Zhou Z, Peng W, Liu W. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass potentially improved intestinal permeability by regulating gut innate immunity in diet-induced obese mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14894. [PMID: 34290269 PMCID: PMC8295358 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94094-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) has been demonstrated to be the most effective treatment for morbid obesity, yet the impact of RYGB on intestinal permeability is not fully known. In this work, we subjected obese mice to RYGB and sham operation procedures. Serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) level, inflammatory cytokines and intestinal permeability were measured at 8 weeks post surgery. In contrast to sham surgery, RYGB reduced body weight, improved glucose tolerance and insulin resistance, and decreased serum levels of LPS, IL6 and TNFα. Intestinal permeability of the common limb and colon was significantly improved in the RYGB group compared to the sham group. The mRNA levels of IL1β, IL6, and TLR4 in the intestine were significantly decreased in the RYGB group compared with the sham group. The expression levels of intestinal islet-derived 3β (REG3β), islet-derived 3γ (REG3γ) and intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) were higher in the RYGB group than in the sham group. In conclusion, in a diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model, both decreased intestinal permeability and attenuated systemic inflammation after RYGB surgery were associated with improved innate immunity, which might result from enhanced production of IAP and antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangliu Jin
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.,Department of Biliopancreatic and Metabolic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.,Department of Biliopancreatic and Metabolic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Zhe Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.,Department of Biliopancreatic and Metabolic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Weihui Peng
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.,Department of Biliopancreatic and Metabolic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China. .,Department of Biliopancreatic and Metabolic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
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Usuda H, Okamoto T, Wada K. Leaky Gut: Effect of Dietary Fiber and Fats on Microbiome and Intestinal Barrier. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147613. [PMID: 34299233 PMCID: PMC8305009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal tract is the boundary that prevents harmful molecules from invading into the mucosal tissue, followed by systemic circulation. Intestinal permeability is an index for intestinal barrier integrity. Intestinal permeability has been shown to increase in various diseases-not only intestinal inflammatory diseases, but also systemic diseases, including diabetes, chronic kidney dysfunction, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Chronic increase of intestinal permeability is termed 'leaky gut' which is observed in the patients and animal models of these diseases. This state often correlates with the disease state. In addition, recent studies have revealed that gut microbiota affects intestinal and systemic heath conditions via their metabolite, especially short-chain fatty acids and lipopolysaccharides, which can trigger leaky gut. The etiology of leaky gut is still unknown; however, recent studies have uncovered exogenous factors that can modulate intestinal permeability. Nutrients are closely related to intestinal health and permeability that are actively investigated as a hot topic of scientific research. Here, we will review the effect of nutrients on intestinal permeability and microbiome for a better understanding of leaky gut and a possible mechanism of increase in intestinal permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Usuda
- Correspondence: (H.U.); (T.O.); Tel.: +81-853-20-3067 (H.U.)
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