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Liu Y, Lu C, Zhou J, Zhou F, Gui A, Chu H, Shao Q. Chrysanthemum morifolium as a traditional herb: A review of historical development, classification, phytochemistry, pharmacology and application. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 330:118198. [PMID: 38621465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In recent years, Chinese herbal medicine has gained more and more recognition in disease prevention and control due to its low toxicity and comprehensive treatment. C. morifolium (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.), as the medicine food homology plant with the bioactivity of anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotection and cardiovascular protection, has important therapeutic effects and health benefits for colds, inflammation, cardiovascular diseases and various chronic diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY By reviewing the historical development, classification and distribution of germplasm resources, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and modern application of C. morifolium, the paper provides a reliable basis for the further research and application of chrysanthemum as therapeutic agents and functional additives. MATERIALS AND METHODS The literature and information about C. morifolium published in the last ten years were collected from various platforms, including Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science and China Knowledge Network. RESULTS A comprehensive analysis confirmed that C. morifolium originated in China, and it went through the development process from food and tea to medicine for more than 3000 years. During this period, different cultivars emerged through several breeding techniques and were distributed throughout the world. Moreover, A variety of chemical components such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, volatile oils, and terpenes in chrysanthemum have been proven they possess various pharmacology of anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and prevention of chronic diseases by regulating inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress responses and signaling pathways, which are the essential conditions to play a role in TCM, nutraceuticals and diet. CONCLUSION This paper provides a comprehensive review of historical development, classification, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and modern application of C. morifolium. However, future studies should continue to focus on the bioactive compounds and the synergistic mechanism of the "multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway" of chrysanthemum, and it is necessary to develop more innovative products with therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 311300, China; College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Chenfei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 311300, China; College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| | - Jing Zhou
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Fenfen Zhou
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Wenzhou Forestry Extension and Wildlife Conservation Station, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Aijun Gui
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Hongli Chu
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Qingsong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, 311300, China; College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
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2
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Zhao Z, Yuan Y, Li S, Wang X, Yang X. Natural compounds from herbs and nutraceuticals as glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease treatment. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14885. [PMID: 39129397 PMCID: PMC11317746 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis is complex. The pathophysiology is not fully understood, and safe and effective treatments are needed. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) mediates AD progression through several signaling pathways. Recently, several studies have found that various natural compounds from herbs and nutraceuticals can significantly improve AD symptoms. AIMS This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the potential neuroprotective impacts of natural compounds as inhibitors of GSK-3β in the treatment of AD. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a systematic literature search on PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, focusing on in vitro and in vivo studies that investigated natural compounds as inhibitors of GSK-3β in the treatment of AD. RESULTS The mechanism may be related to GSK-3β activation inhibition to regulate amyloid beta production, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, cell apoptosis, and cellular inflammation. By reviewing recent studies on GSK-3β inhibition in phytochemicals and AD intervention, flavonoids including oxyphylla A, quercetin, morin, icariin, linarin, genipin, and isoorientin were reported as potent GSK-3β inhibitors for AD treatment. Polyphenols such as schisandrin B, magnolol, and dieckol have inhibitory effects on GSK-3β in AD models, including in vivo models. Sulforaphene, ginsenoside Rd, gypenoside XVII, falcarindiol, epibrassinolides, 1,8-Cineole, and andrographolide are promising GSK-3β inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS Natural compounds from herbs and nutraceuticals are potential candidates for AD treatment. They may qualify as derivatives for development as promising compounds that provide enhanced pharmacological characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhao
- Department of Emergency MedicineShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Ye Yuan
- Department of NeurosurgeryShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Emergency MedicineShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of Emergency MedicineShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of NeurologyShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningChina
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3
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Feng M, Liu Y, He B, Zhong H, Qu-Bie A, Li M, Luo M, Bao X, Li Y, Yan X, Sheng H, Zhang Z, Zhang S. An efficient flavonoid glycosyltransferase NjUGT73B1 from Nardostachys jatamansi of alpine Himalayas discovered by structure-based protein clustering. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 227:114228. [PMID: 39074762 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.114228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Tilianin and linarin, two rare glycosylated flavonoids in the aromatic endangered medicinal plant Nardostachys jatamansi (D.on)DC., play an important role in the fields of medicine, cosmetics, food and dye industries. However, there remains a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding their biosynthetic pathway. In this study, the phytochemical investigation of N. jatamansi resulted in the isolation of linarin. With help of AlphaFold2 to cluster the entire glycosyltransferase family based on predicted structure similarities, we successfully identified a flavonoid glycosyltransferase NjUGT73B1, which could efficiently catalyze the glucosylation of acacetin at 7-OH to produce tilianin, also the key precursor in the biosynthesis of linarin. Additionally, NjUGT73B1 displayed a high degree of substrate promiscuity, enabling glucosylation at 7-OH of many flavonoids. Molecular modeling and site-directed mutagenesis revealed that H19, H21, H370, F126, and F127 play the crucial roles in the glycosylation ability of NjUGT73B1. Notably, comparation with the wild NjUGT73B1, mutant H19K led to a 50% increase in the activity of producing tilianin from acacetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkang Feng
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu 610225, China; Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology and Engineering Laboratory, Chengdu 610225, China; College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu 610225, China; Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology and Engineering Laboratory, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Bin He
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu 610225, China; Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology and Engineering Laboratory, Chengdu 610225, China; College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hairong Zhong
- Sichuan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Axiang Qu-Bie
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu 610225, China; Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology and Engineering Laboratory, Chengdu 610225, China; College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Min Li
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu 610225, China; Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology and Engineering Laboratory, Chengdu 610225, China; College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Mengting Luo
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu 610225, China; Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology and Engineering Laboratory, Chengdu 610225, China; College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoming Bao
- Shimadzu (China) Co., Ltd, Chengdu 610063, China
| | - Ying Li
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu 610225, China; Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology and Engineering Laboratory, Chengdu 610225, China; College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xinjia Yan
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu 610225, China; Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology and Engineering Laboratory, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Huachun Sheng
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu 610225, China; Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology and Engineering Laboratory, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Zhifeng Zhang
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu 610225, China; Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology and Engineering Laboratory, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Shaoshan Zhang
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Chengdu 610225, China; Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology and Engineering Laboratory, Chengdu 610225, China.
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Gontar Ł, Geszprych A, Drutowska A, Osińska E. Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Three Monarda Species: M. bradburiana L. C. Beck, M. × media Willd., and M. punctata L. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202301910. [PMID: 38634813 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Plants of the genus Monarda receive growing interest as the sources of herbal raw materials with wide range of potential applications in food, cosmetics, and phytopharmaceutical industry. This study aimed to evaluate the differences in chemical characteristics and biological activity among different organs of plants representing three underinvestigated species of this genus: Monarda bradburiana L. C. Beck, Monarda × media Willd., and Monarda punctata L. The content of phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity of leaves, stems, and inflorescences were determined. Essential oil (EO) content, composition, and antimicrobial activity were also examined. M. punctata leaves and inflorescences had the highest EO content (4.43 % and 5.59 %, respectively), with carvacrol as a dominant constituent. Leaf EO was also rich in thymoquinone (17.48 %). In EOs of M. bradburiana and M. × media, thymol dominated. EOs inhibited the growth of all tested strains of microorganisms at a concentration of 0.625 μL×mL-1. The studied plant organs were rich in phenolic compounds, especially rosmarinic acid. M. bradburiana inflorescences were distinguished by high linarin content. Differences in flavonoid distribution seem to have special chemotaxonomic importance. Further research is needed to facilitate standardisation of the investigated plant organs as potential new herbal raw materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Gontar
- Department of Vegetable and Medicinal Plants, Institute of Horticulture Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 159 Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Geszprych
- Department of Vegetable and Medicinal Plants, Institute of Horticulture Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 159 Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andżelika Drutowska
- Department of Vegetable and Medicinal Plants, Institute of Horticulture Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 159 Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
- Research and Innovation Centre Pro-Akademia, 9/11 Innowacyjna Street, 95-050, Konstantynów Łódzki, Poland
| | - Ewa Osińska
- Department of Vegetable and Medicinal Plants, Institute of Horticulture Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 159 Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
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5
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Jiang A, Liu L, Wang J, Liu Y, Deng S, Jiang T. Linarin Ameliorates Restenosis After Vascular Injury in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus via Regulating ADAM10-Mediated Notch Signaling Pathway. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2024; 24:587-597. [PMID: 38691303 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-024-09863-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Vascular lesions frequently arise as complication in patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM). Presently, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and antithrombotic therapy serve as primary treatments. However, in-stent restenosis persists as a challenging clinical issue following PCI, lacking sustained and effective treatment. Linarin (LN) exhibits diverse pharmacological activities and is regarded as a potential drug for treating various diseases, including DM. But its specific role in restenosis after vascular injury in DM patients remains unclear. A rat model of diabetes-related restenosis was established to evaluate the role of LN on neointimal hyperplasia. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated by high glucose (HG, 30 mM) underwent LN treatment. Additionally, an overexpression plasmid of A disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAM10) was constructed to transfect VSMCs. We employed CCK-8, Brdu, wound-healing scratch, and transwell migration assays to evaluate the proliferation and migration of VSMCs. Furthermore, western blot and immunofluorescence assays were utilized to investigate the expressions of ADAM10 and the downstream Notch signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro models. LN notably alleviated intimal hyperplasia after vascular injury in DM rats and reduced the protein expression of ADAM10, alongside its downstream Notch1 signaling pathway-related proteins (Notch1, NICD and Hes1) in rat carotid artery tissues. LN effectively suppressed the proliferation and migration of VSMCs induced by HG, downregulating the protein expression of ADAM10, Notch1, NICD and Hes1. Moreover, our findings indicated that ADAM10 overexpression significantly reversed LN's effects on proliferation, migration, and the expression of Notch1 signaling pathway-related proteins in HG-treated VSMCs. LN demonstrates potential therapeutic efficacy in addressing restenosis after diabetic-related vascular injury, with the ADAM10 mediated Notch signaling pathway playing a pivotal role.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- ADAM10 Protein/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Male
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Neointima
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Carotid Artery Injuries/pathology
- Carotid Artery Injuries/metabolism
- Carotid Artery Injuries/drug therapy
- Carotid Artery Injuries/enzymology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Hyperplasia
- Receptors, Notch/metabolism
- Receptor, Notch1/metabolism
- Transcription Factor HES-1/metabolism
- Transcription Factor HES-1/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Rats
- Coronary Restenosis/pathology
- Coronary Restenosis/etiology
- Coronary Restenosis/metabolism
- Coronary Restenosis/prevention & control
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, No. 35 Jiefang Road, Zhengxiang District, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hengyang Central Hospital, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, No. 35 Jiefang Road, Zhengxiang District, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yinglan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, No. 35 Jiefang Road, Zhengxiang District, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan Province, China
| | - Shanshan Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, No. 35 Jiefang Road, Zhengxiang District, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan Province, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, No. 35 Jiefang Road, Zhengxiang District, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan Province, China.
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Stavrakeva K, Metodieva K, Benina M, Bivolarska A, Dimov I, Choneva M, Kokova V, Alseekh S, Ivanova V, Vatov E, Gechev T, Mladenova T, Mladenov R, Todorov K, Stoyanov P, Gyuzeleva D, Popova M, Apostolova E. Metabolic Composition of Methanolic Extract of the Balkan Endemic Species Micromeria frivaldszkyana (Degen) Velen and Its Anti-Inflammatory Effect on Male Wistar Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5396. [PMID: 38791434 PMCID: PMC11121417 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracts from medicinal plants are widely used in the treatment and prevention of different diseases. Micromeria frivaldszkyana is a Balkan endemic species with reported antioxidant and antimicrobial characteristics; however, its phytochemical composition is not well defined. Here, we examined the metabolome of M. frivaldszkyana by chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS-MS), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Amino acids, organic acids, sugars, and sugar alcohols were the primary metabolites with the highest levels in the plant extract. Detailed analysis of the sugar content identified high levels of sucrose, glucose, mannose, and fructose. Lipids are primary plant metabolites, and the analysis revealed triacylglycerols as the most abundant lipid group. Potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), and calcium (Ca) were the elements with the highest content. The results showed linarin, 3-caffeoil-quinic acid, and rosmarinic acid, as well as a number of polyphenols, as the most abundant secondary metabolites. Among the flavonoids and polyphenols with a high presence were eupatorin, kaempferol, and apigenin-compounds widely known for their bioactive properties. Further, the acute toxicity and potential anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic extract were evaluated in Wistar rats. No toxic effects were registered after a single oral application of the extract in doses of between 200 and 5000 mg/kg bw. A fourteen-day pre-treatment with methanolic extract of M. frivaldszkyana in doses of 250, 400, and 500 mg/kg bw induced anti-inflammatory activity in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd hours after carrageenan injection in a model of rat paw edema. This effect was also present in the 4th hour only in the group treated with a dose of 500 mg/kg. In conclusion, M. frivaldszkyana extract is particularly rich in linarin, rosmarinic acid, and flavonoids (eupatorin, kaempferol, and apigenin). Its methanolic extract induced no toxicity in male Wistar rats after oral application in doses of up to 5000 mg/kg bw. Additionally, treatment with the methanolic extract for 14 days revealed anti-inflammatory potential in a model of rat paw edema on the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd hours after the carrageenan injection. These results show the anti-inflammatory potential of the plant, which might be considered for further exploration and eventual application as a phytotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Stavrakeva
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (K.S.); (V.K.)
| | - Kalina Metodieva
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (K.M.); (A.B.); (I.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Maria Benina
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 14, Sveti Knyaz Boris I Pokrastitel, Str., 4023 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (M.B.); (S.A.); (V.I.); (E.V.); (T.G.)
| | - Anelia Bivolarska
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (K.M.); (A.B.); (I.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Ivica Dimov
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (K.M.); (A.B.); (I.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Mariya Choneva
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (K.M.); (A.B.); (I.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Vesela Kokova
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (K.S.); (V.K.)
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 14, Sveti Knyaz Boris I Pokrastitel, Str., 4023 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (M.B.); (S.A.); (V.I.); (E.V.); (T.G.)
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 1 Am Muehlenberg, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Valentina Ivanova
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 14, Sveti Knyaz Boris I Pokrastitel, Str., 4023 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (M.B.); (S.A.); (V.I.); (E.V.); (T.G.)
| | - Emil Vatov
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 14, Sveti Knyaz Boris I Pokrastitel, Str., 4023 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (M.B.); (S.A.); (V.I.); (E.V.); (T.G.)
| | - Tsanko Gechev
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 14, Sveti Knyaz Boris I Pokrastitel, Str., 4023 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (M.B.); (S.A.); (V.I.); (E.V.); (T.G.)
| | - Tsvetelina Mladenova
- Department of Botany and Biological Education, Faculty of Biology, University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, 24 Tsar Assen Str., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (T.M.); (R.M.); (K.T.); (P.S.); (D.G.)
| | - Rumen Mladenov
- Department of Botany and Biological Education, Faculty of Biology, University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, 24 Tsar Assen Str., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (T.M.); (R.M.); (K.T.); (P.S.); (D.G.)
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Krasimir Todorov
- Department of Botany and Biological Education, Faculty of Biology, University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, 24 Tsar Assen Str., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (T.M.); (R.M.); (K.T.); (P.S.); (D.G.)
| | - Plamen Stoyanov
- Department of Botany and Biological Education, Faculty of Biology, University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, 24 Tsar Assen Str., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (T.M.); (R.M.); (K.T.); (P.S.); (D.G.)
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Donika Gyuzeleva
- Department of Botany and Biological Education, Faculty of Biology, University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, 24 Tsar Assen Str., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (T.M.); (R.M.); (K.T.); (P.S.); (D.G.)
| | - Mihaela Popova
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
| | - Elisaveta Apostolova
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, Vasil Aprilov Str. 15A, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (K.S.); (V.K.)
- Research Institute, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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7
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Mottaghipisheh J, Kamali M, Doustimotlagh AH, Nowroozzadeh MH, Rasekh F, Hashempur MH, Iraji A. A comprehensive review of ethnomedicinal approaches, phytochemical analysis, and pharmacological potential of Vitex trifolia L. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1322083. [PMID: 38576489 PMCID: PMC10991721 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1322083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants, renowned for their rich reservoir of metabolites, play a pivotal role in addressing health-related issues. The Verbenaceae family stands out, showcasing immense potential in preventing and treating chronic diseases. Vitex trifolia L. (V. trifolia), a shrub with a rich history in traditional medicine, particularly in Eastern Asia, has garnered attention for its diverse therapeutic applications. This comprehensive review aims to bridge traditional knowledge and contemporary insights by investigating ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacological effects of V. trifolia. The keyword "V. trifolia" and its synonyms were searched within the main scientific databases including PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Baidu Scholar (from 1974 to 2022, last search: 21.10.2023). Phytochemical analyses reveal a spectrum of secondary metabolites in V. trifolia, including terpenoids, flavonoids, lignans, phytosterols, anthraquinones, and fatty acids. Notably, terpenoids and flavonoids emerge as the main bioactive metabolites. Pharmacological studies validate its therapeutic potential, demonstrating significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anticancer, anti-amnesic, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-malaria, antispasmodic activities, and reported insecticidal effects. Despite existing literature exploring pharmacological attributes and secondary metabolites of related species, a conspicuous gap exists, specifically focusing on the pharmacological activities and novel methods of purification of pure metabolites from V. trifolia. This review aimed to fill this gap by delving into traditional medicinal applications, exploring secondary metabolites comprehensively, and providing an in-depth analysis of pharmacological effects of pure metabolites. Combining traditional uses with contemporary pharmacological insights, this article sought to serve as a crucial reference for future research and practical application of V. trifolia. This approach contributes substantially to understanding the plant, fostering scientific inquiry, and facilitating its broader application in healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Mottaghipisheh
- Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Department of Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marzie Kamali
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Doustimotlagh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nowroozzadeh
- Ophthalmology Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rasekh
- Department of Biology, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hashem Hashempur
- Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Department of Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Aida Iraji
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Villegas-Aguilar MDC, Sánchez-Marzo N, Fernández-Ochoa Á, Del Río C, Montaner J, Micol V, Herranz-López M, Barrajón-Catalán E, Arráez-Román D, Cádiz-Gurrea MDLL, Segura-Carretero A. Evaluation of Bioactive Effects of Five Plant Extracts with Different Phenolic Compositions against Different Therapeutic Targets. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:217. [PMID: 38397815 PMCID: PMC10886104 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant extracts rich in phenolic compounds have been reported to exert different bioactive properties. Despite the fact that there are plant extracts with completely different phenolic compositions, many of them have been reported to have similar beneficial properties. Thus, the structure-bioactivity relationship mechanisms are not yet known in detail for specific classes of phenolic compounds. In this context, this work aims to demonstrate the relationship of extracts with different phenolic compositions versus different bioactive targets. For this purpose, five plant matrices (Theobroma cacao, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Silybum marianum, Lippia citriodora, and Olea europaea) were selected to cover different phenolic compositions, which were confirmed by the phytochemical characterization analysis performed by HPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS. The bioactive targets evaluated were the antioxidant potential, the free radical scavenging potential, and the inhibitory capacity of different enzymes involved in inflammatory processes, skin aging, and neuroprotection. The results showed that despite the different phenolic compositions of the five matrices, they all showed a bioactive positive effect in most of the evaluated assays. In particular, matrices with very different phenolic contents, such as T. cacao and S. marianum, exerted a similar inhibitory power in enzymes involved in inflammatory processes and skin aging. It should also be noted that H. sabdariffa and T. cacao extracts had a low phenolic content but nevertheless stood out for their bioactive antioxidant and anti-radical capacity. Hence, this research highlights the shared bioactive properties among phenolic compounds found in diverse matrices. The abundance of different phenolic compound families highlights their elevated bioactivity against diverse biological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noelia Sánchez-Marzo
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Biotechnology of Elche (IDiBE) Miguel Hernández University (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain; (N.S.-M.); (V.M.); (M.H.-L.); (E.B.-C.)
| | - Álvaro Fernández-Ochoa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (M.d.C.V.-A.); (Á.F.-O.); (D.A.-R.); (A.S.-C.)
| | - Carmen Del Río
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain; (C.D.R.); (J.M.)
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Joan Montaner
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain; (C.D.R.); (J.M.)
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Vicente Micol
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Biotechnology of Elche (IDiBE) Miguel Hernández University (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain; (N.S.-M.); (V.M.); (M.H.-L.); (E.B.-C.)
- CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition CB12/03/30038), Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Herranz-López
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Biotechnology of Elche (IDiBE) Miguel Hernández University (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain; (N.S.-M.); (V.M.); (M.H.-L.); (E.B.-C.)
| | - Enrique Barrajón-Catalán
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Biotechnology of Elche (IDiBE) Miguel Hernández University (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain; (N.S.-M.); (V.M.); (M.H.-L.); (E.B.-C.)
| | - David Arráez-Román
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (M.d.C.V.-A.); (Á.F.-O.); (D.A.-R.); (A.S.-C.)
| | - María de la Luz Cádiz-Gurrea
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (M.d.C.V.-A.); (Á.F.-O.); (D.A.-R.); (A.S.-C.)
| | - Antonio Segura-Carretero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (M.d.C.V.-A.); (Á.F.-O.); (D.A.-R.); (A.S.-C.)
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Wang M, Wang S, Tang HP, Li JY, Zhang ZJ, Yang BY, Kuang HX. Buddleja officinalis Maxim.: A review of its botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutic potential for ophthalmic diseases. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:116993. [PMID: 37541402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Buddleja officinalis Maxim. (B. officinalis), commonly known as "Menghua" "Yangerduo" is a widely recognized traditional herbal medicine in China, Korea, and Vietnam. For thousands of years, it has been used to treat dry eye disease, conjunctivitis, keratitis, eye ulcers, eye pain, cough, asthma, hemoptysis, and other medical conditions. AIM OF THE REVIEW This review article aims to provide a concise summary of the botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, medicinal potential, and application of B. officinalis in treating ophthalmic diseases and critically evaluates the existing literature to establish a scientific basis for its reasonable utilization and further investigation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The information reviewed in this study was collected from various electronic resources, including the Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar. RESULTS To date, 80 structurally diverse compounds have been isolated and characterized from B. officinalis, primarily flavonoids, phenylethanoids, triterpenoids, and monoterpenes. Extracts and compounds derived from B. officinalis have been reported to possess broad pharmacological effects including anti-dry eye disease, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, anti-diabetes, anti-obesity, improving osteoporosis and treatment of skin diseases. This review provides a reference for the future studies on of B. officinalis. CONCLUSIONS As a natural medicinal plant, B. officinalis is worthy of further development in botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutic potential for ophthalmic diseases. Although some components have demonstrated multiple pharmacological activities, their mechanisms of action remain unclear. Further studies on the underlying molecular basis and mechanism of action are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Hai-Peng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Jia-Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Zhao-Jiong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Bing-You Yang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150000, China
| | - Hai-Xue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150000, China.
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10
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Fukuyama Y, Kubo M, Harada K. Neurotrophic Natural Products. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 123:1-473. [PMID: 38340248 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-42422-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Neurotrophins (NGF, BDNF, NT3, NT4) can decrease cell death, induce differentiation, as well as sustain the structure and function of neurons, which make them promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. However, neurotrophins have not been very effective in clinical trials mostly because they cannot pass through the blood-brain barrier owing to being high-molecular-weight proteins. Thus, neurotrophin-mimic small molecules, which stimulate the synthesis of endogenous neurotrophins or enhance neurotrophic actions, may serve as promising alternatives to neurotrophins. Small-molecular-weight natural products, which have been used in dietary functional foods or in traditional medicines over the course of human history, have a great potential for the development of new therapeutic agents against neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. In this contribution, a variety of natural products possessing neurotrophic properties such as neurogenesis, neurite outgrowth promotion (neuritogenesis), and neuroprotection are described, and a focus is made on the chemistry and biology of several neurotrophic natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyasu Fukuyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan.
| | - Miwa Kubo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan
| | - Kenichi Harada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan
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11
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Li L, Lan Y, Wang F, Gao T. Linarin Protects Against CCl 4-Induced Acute Liver Injury via Activating Autophagy and Inhibiting the Inflammatory Response: Involving the TLR4/MAPK/Nrf2 Pathway. Drug Des Devel Ther 2023; 17:3589-3604. [PMID: 38076631 PMCID: PMC10700044 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s433591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Linarin has been implicated in the inhibition of inflammatory responses and hepatoprotective effects. However, the precise mechanism by which Linarin integrates injury-induced signaling from inflammatory responses and oxidative stress remains unclear. Methods We evaluated the role of Linarin in a mouse model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury. Mice were orally pretreated with Linarin or vehicle for seven consecutive days, followed by intraperitoneal injection with 0.2% (v/v) CCl4. To investigate the mechanism of action on oxidative stress, CCl4-stimulated HepG2 cells were utilized. Results Our results revealed Linarin remarkably attenuated the loss of hepatic architecture, inflammatory cell infiltration, serum transaminases, and pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by CCl4. Linarin attenuated CCl4-induced oxidative stress by increasing the expression of cytosolic Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2), inducing nuclear localization of Nrf2, and increasing stress-induced protein heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Additionally, Linarin decreased the expression of toll-like receptors (TLR)-4, and its downstream proteins, MyD88, IRAK1, and TRAF6. Furthermore, Linarin reversed CCl4-induced phosphorylation of ERK, p38, and JNK. Importantly, Linarin increased the expression of both LC3II and Beclin 1, which are hallmarks of autophagic flux. Autophagy-mediated hepatoprotective effects in Linarin-treated HepG2 cells were mitigated by the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA. However, combined treatment of Linarin with 3-MA failed to significantly reverse cell apoptosis and the production of transaminases and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Conclusion Linarin prevents acute liver injury, possibly by alleviating ROS-induced oxidative stress, inhibiting TLR4/MyD88 and JNK/p38/ERK-mediated inflammatory responses, and promoting Beclin 1/LC3II-mediated autophagic flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Li
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan NO.1 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Lan
- Department of Pharmacy, Huangshi Central Hospital, Huangshi, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fuqian Wang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan NO.1 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tiexiang Gao
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
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12
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Zaib S, Younas MT, Khan I, Ali HS, McAdam CJ, White JM, Jaber F, Awwad NS, Ibrahium HA. Pyrimidine-morpholine hybrids as potent druggable therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease: Synthesis, biochemical and in silico analyses. Bioorg Chem 2023; 141:106868. [PMID: 37738768 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The identification of effective and druggable cholinesterase inhibitors to treat progressive neurodegenerative Alzheimer's disorder remains a continuous drug discovery hunt. In this perspective, the present study investigates the design and discovery of pyrimidine-morpholine hybrids (5a-l) as potent cholinesterase inhibitors. Palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction was employed to introduce the structural diversity on the pyrimidine heterocyclic core. A range of commercially available boronic acids was successfully coupled showing a high functional group tolerance. In vitro cholinesterase inhibitory potential using Ellman's method revealed significantly strong potency. Compound 5h bearing a meta-tolyl substituent at 2-position of pyrimidine ring emerged as a lead candidate against AChE with an inhibitory potency of 0.43 ± 0.42 µM, ∼38-fold stronger value than neostigmine (IC50 = 16.3 ± 1.12 µM). Compound 5h also showed the lead inhibition against BuChE with an IC50 value of 2.5 ± 0.04 µM. The kinetics analysis of 5h revealed the non-competitive mode of inhibition against AChE whereas computational modelling results of potent leads depicted diverse contacts with the binding site amino acid residues. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed the stability of biomolecular system, while, ADME analysis demonstrated druglikeness behaviour of potent compounds. Overall, the investigated pyrimidine-morpholine scaffold presented a remarkable potential to be developed as efficacious anti-Alzheimer's drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumera Zaib
- Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Tayyab Younas
- Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Imtiaz Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester MI 7DN, UK.
| | - Hafiz Saqib Ali
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the INEOS Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | | | - Jonathan M White
- School of Chemistry and Bio-21 Institute, University of Melbourne, 3052 Parkville, Australia
| | - Fadi Jaber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates; Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nasser S Awwad
- Department of Chemistry, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hala A Ibrahium
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
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Costanzo G, Vitale E, Iesce MR, Spinelli M, Fontanarosa C, Paradiso R, Amoresano A, Arena C. Modulation of Antioxidant Compounds in Fruits of Citrus reticulata Blanco Using Postharvest LED Irradiation. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1029. [PMID: 37508457 PMCID: PMC10376515 DOI: 10.3390/biology12071029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Phlegrean mandarin fruits are already known for health-promoting properties due to the high concentration of phytochemicals in peel, pulp, and seed. Biotic and abiotic factors, including light, may modulate their biosynthesis, metabolism, and accumulation. In this context, light-emitting diodes (LED) have recently been applied to control nutritional traits, ripening process, senescence, fruit shelf-life, and pathogenic microbial spoilage of fruits. This study investigated the effect of the seven-day exposure of Phlegrean mandarin fruits to two LED regimes, white (W) and red-blue (RB), to test the possibility that the storage under specific light wavelengths may be used as green preservation technology that enhances fruit phytochemical properties. To pursue this aim, the antioxidant activity and polyphenolic profile of the pulp and peel of mandarins under W and RB light regimes were evaluated and compared with Control fruits not exposed to LED treatment. Our results indicated that storage under W and RB treatments modulates the antioxidant content in pulp and peel differently. Compared to W, the RB regime increases the ascorbic acid, flavonoid, anthocyanin, and carotenoid concentrations, while the polyphenol profile analysis reveals that the number of important phytochemicals, i.e., quercetin rutinoside, chlorogenic acid, sinensetin, and rutin, are higher under W. The overall data demonstrated that postharvest LED irradiation is a valid tool for modifying fruit phytochemical properties, which also boosts specific bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Costanzo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Ermenegilda Vitale
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Iesce
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Michele Spinelli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Carolina Fontanarosa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberta Paradiso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Angela Amoresano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Carmen Arena
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
- NBFC-National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy
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Niu Y, Zhang J, Shi D, Zang W, Niu J. Glycosides as Potential Medicinal Components for Ulcerative Colitis: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:5210. [PMID: 37446872 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic, non-specific disease of unknown etiology. The disease develops mainly in the rectum or colon, and the main clinical symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, and purulent bloody stools, with a wide variation in severity. The specific causative factors and pathogenesis of the disease are not yet clear, but most scholars believe that the disease is caused by the interaction of genetic, environmental, infectious, immune, and intestinal flora factors. As for the treatment of UC, medications are commonly used in clinical practice, mainly including aminosalicylates, glucocorticoids, and immunosuppressive drugs. However, due to the many complications associated with conventional drug therapy and the tendency for UC to recur, there is an urgent need to discover new, safer, and more effective drugs. Natural compounds with biodiversity and chemical structure diversity from medicinal plants are the most reliable source for the development of new drug precursors. Evidence suggests that glycosides may reduce the development and progression of UC by modulating anti-inflammatory responses, inhibiting oxidative stress, suppressing abnormal immune responses, and regulating signal transduction. In this manuscript, we provide a review of the epidemiology of UC and the available drugs for disease prevention and treatment. In addition, we demonstrate the protective or therapeutic role of glycosides in UC and describe the possible mechanisms of action to provide a theoretical basis for preclinical studies in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Niu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Dianhua Shi
- Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Weibiao Zang
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Jianguo Niu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
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15
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Chen S, Wang X, Cheng Y, Gao H, Chen X. A Review of Classification, Biosynthesis, Biological Activities and Potential Applications of Flavonoids. Molecules 2023; 28:4982. [PMID: 37446644 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28134982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids represent the main class of plant secondary metabolites and occur in the tissues and organs of various plant species. In plants, flavonoids are involved in many biological processes and in response to various environmental stresses. The consumption of flavonoids has been known to reduce the risk of many chronic diseases due to their antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties. In the present review, we summarize the classification, distribution, biosynthesis pathways, and regulatory mechanisms of flavonoids. Moreover, we investigated their biological activities and discuss their applications in food processing and cosmetics, as well as their pharmaceutical and medical uses. Current trends in flavonoid research are also briefly described, including the mining of new functional genes and metabolites through omics research and the engineering of flavonoids using nanotechnology. This review provides a reference for basic and applied research on flavonoid compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Chen
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hongsheng Gao
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xuehao Chen
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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16
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Lu Q, Xie Y, Luo J, Gong Q, Li C. Natural flavones from edible and medicinal plants exhibit enormous potential to treat ulcerative colitis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1168990. [PMID: 37324477 PMCID: PMC10268007 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1168990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic aspecific gut inflammatory disorder that primarily involves the recta and colons. It mostly presents as a long course of repeated attacks. This disease, characterized by intermittent diarrhoea, fecal blood, stomachache, and tenesmus, severely decreases the living quality of sick persons. UC is difficult to heal, has a high recurrence rate, and is tightly related to the incidence of colon cancer. Although there are a number of drugs available for the suppression of colitis, the conventional therapy possesses certain limitations and severe adverse reactions. Thus, it is extremely required for safe and effective medicines for colitis, and naturally derived flavones exhibited huge prospects. This study focused on the advancement of naturally derived flavones from edible and pharmaceutical plants for treating colitis. The underlying mechanisms of natural-derived flavones in treating UC were closely linked to the regulation of enteric barrier function, immune-inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, gut microflora, and SCFAs production. The prominent effects and safety of natural-derived flavones make them promising candidate drugs for colitis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhuhai Campus, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yuhong Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhuhai Campus, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jingbin Luo
- China Traditional Chinese Medicine Holdings Company Limited, Foshan, China
| | - Qihai Gong
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Cailan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhuhai Campus, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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Sharma A, Sharma C, Shah OP, Chigurupati S, Ashokan B, Meerasa SS, Rashid S, Behl T, Bungau SG. Understanding the mechanistic potential of plant based phytochemicals in management of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114850. [PMID: 37172332 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Postmenopausal osteoporosis, an epidemic disorder is defined as a loss in bone mineral density and a greater possibility of fractures in older women. It is a multifactorial disease under the control of various genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors. Insufficiency of estrogen hormone, leads to postmenopausal osteoporosis. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), despite being the most effective treatment, it is associated with the risk of breast cancer and cardiovascular disorders. This review seeks to compile the most recent information on medicinal plants and natural compounds used to treat and prevent postmenopausal osteoporosis. Furthermore, the origin, chemical constituents and the molecular mechanisms responsible for this therapeutic and preventive effect are also discussed. Literature research was conducted using PubMed, Science direct, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Different plant extracts and pure compounds exerts their antiosteoporotic activity by inhibition of RANKL and upregulation of OPG. RANKL signaling regulates osteoclast formation, characterized by increased bone turnover and osteoprotegrin is a decoy receptor for RANKL thereby preventing bone loss from excessive resorption. In addition, this review also includes the chemical structure of bioactive compounds acting on NFκB, TNF α, RUNX2. In conclusion, we propose that postmenopausal osteoporosis could be prevented or treated with herbal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sceinces, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India
| | - Chakshu Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sceinces, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India
| | - Om Praksah Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sceinces, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India
| | - Sridevi Chigurupati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai, 602105 India
| | - Bhaskaran Ashokan
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra 15526, Saudi Arabia
| | - Semmal Syed Meerasa
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra 15526, Saudi Arabia
| | - Summya Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, PO Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tapan Behl
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Bidholi, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Simona Gabriela Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea 410028, Romania; Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, Oradea 410028, Romania.
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Kim M, Kim Y, Lee HW, Jung JC, Oh S. Chrysanthemum morifolium and Its Bioactive Substance Enhanced the Sleep Quality in Rodent Models via Cl - Channel Activation. Nutrients 2023; 15:1309. [PMID: 36986039 PMCID: PMC10059900 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dried Chrysanthemum morifolium (Chry) flowers have been used in Korea as a traditional insomnia treatment. In this study, the sleep-promoting activity and improving sleep quality of Chry extract (ext) and its active substance linarin were analyzed by pentobarbital-induced sleep experiment in mice and electroencephalography (EEG), electromyogram (EMG) analysis in rats. In a dose-dependent manner, Chry ext and linarin promoted longer sleep duration in the pentobarbital-induced sleep test compared to pentobarbital-only groups at both hypnotic and subhypnotic doses. Chry ext administration also significantly improved sleep quality, as seen in the relative power of low-frequency (delta) waves when compared with the control group. Linarin increased Cl- uptake in the SH-SY5Y human cell line and chloride influx was reduced by bicuculline. After administration of Chry ext, the hippocampus, frontal cortex, and hypothalamus from rodents were collected and blotted for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)65/67 and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptors subunit expression levels. The expression of α1-subunits, β2-subunits, and GAD65/67 of the GABAA receptor was modulated in the rodent brain. In conclusion, Chry ext augments pentobarbital-induced sleep duration and enhances sleep quality in EEG waves. These effects might be due to the activation of the Cl- channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijin Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Republic of Korea
| | - YuJaung Kim
- Department of Neurology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang Woon Lee
- Department of Neurology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Programs in Artificial Intelligence Convergence, Computational Medicine, System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03765, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Jung
- Life Science Research Institute, NOVAREX Co., Ltd., Cheongju 28220, Republic of Korea
| | - Seikwan Oh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Republic of Korea
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Oliveria decumbens Extract Exhibits Hepatoprotective Effects Against Bile Duct Ligation-Induced Liver Injury in Rats by Reducing Oxidative Stress. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2023. [DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon-131160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Background: Cholestasis is described as a disease in which bile flow from the liver is reduced or stopped, and due to its oxidative effects, irreversible consequences may occur. Due to the remarkable antioxidant properties of Oliveria decumbens (OD) and the contribution of oxidants to the progression of bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced cholestasis, Objectives: This research aimed to examine how the OD ethanolic extract affected liver damage and oxidant-antioxidant balance markers in BDL-induced cholestasis. Methods: Forty male Wistar rats weighing 200 - 250 g were used. Cholestasis was induced using the BDL approach. The rats were categorized into four groups: Group 1, sham control (SC); group 2, cholestatic; group 3, SC + OD; and group 4, cholestatic + OD. A dose of OD ethanolic extract was administered orally (500 mg/kg/day) to rats for seven days. Seven days following surgery, the rats’ blood samples were collected; after sacrifice, a part of the liver tissue was isolated. A histopathological examination was performed, while the rest was stored at -70°C in liquid nitrogen. Heparin-containing tubes were used to gather blood samples. In plasma and hepatic tissue, biochemical tests, histopathological evaluations, and oxidative stress markers staining levels were performed. Results: Our findings showed that OD could effectively reduce liver injury by reducing the activity of liver function enzymes (AST and ALP). At the same time, it did not affect total bilirubin and protein. Bile duct ligation-induced hepatic markers of protein oxidation (PCO) and reactive nitrogen species (NO) were significantly decreased by OD, and it also promoted liver antioxidant capacity by enhancing superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. Moreover, OD treatment prevented liver bile duct proliferative changes in histopathologic analysis. Conclusions: Our study confirmed that OD exerts substantial hepatoprotective activities against BDL-induced cholestasis by improving liver damage markers and regulating oxidative stress. It may be a beneficial therapeutic agent for managing cholestasis. Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of bioactive OD secondary metabolites can further direct the discovery of potential natural-based drug candidates.
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Guzmán-Gutiérrez SL, Reyes-Chilpa R, González-Diego LR, Silva-Miranda M, López-Caamal A, García-Cruz KP, Jiménez-Mendoza MS, Arciniegas A, Espitia C. Five centuries of Cirsium ehrenbergii Sch. Bip. (Asteraceae) in Mexico, from Huitzquilitl to Cardo Santo: History, ethnomedicine, pharmacology and chemistry. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 301:115778. [PMID: 36202165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Several medicinal plants, including the endemic herb Cirsum ehrenbergii (Asteraceae), have been documented in manuscripts, medical and botanical books written in Mexico since the XVI century until the present. This unique circumstance is a real window in the time that allows to investigate historical and contemporary ethnopharmacological knowledge. AIM OF THE STUDY To examine the persistence, disappearance, and transformation of ethnomedicinal knowledge of C. ehrenbergii along time. Also, to investigate the chemistry and pharmacology of this species in relation to its historical and present day main ethnomedical applications related to Central Nervous System and inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS A thorough review was performed of written sources of medicinal plants from XVI and onwards. For the pharmacological studies, the organic extracts were tested in mice models to assess its antidepressant and anti-inflammatory properties. The active extracts were studied chemically. The isolated compounds were identified by 1H, 13C NMR, or characterized by GC-MS. RESULTS Cirsum ehrenbergii was illustrated for the first time (1552) in the Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis (Booklet of Medicinal Plants of the Indians) and named in the Nahuatl native language as huitzquilitl (edible thistle). It was there recommended as nigris sanguinis remedium (remedy for black blood), and for the treatment of illnesses with an inflammatory component. Nigris sanguinis was well known in the European medicine of that time and currently it has been interpreted as "depression". At the present time, peasants and native population in Mexico mainly name C. ehrenbergii in Spanish as cardo Santo (holy thistle). Its original Nahuatl name has been almost forgotten. However, these communities use this species, among other maladies, to heal "nervios" (anxiety and/or depression) and for anti-inflammatory purposes. These ailments and treatments resemble those recorded in the Libellus and in several medicinal plant books along centuries. The ethanol extract of C. ehrenbergii roots showed antidepressant-like activity in mice administered at 300 mg/kg, as indicated by the forced swim test (FST). The glycosylated flavonoid linarin was identified as antidepressant principle and was active at the doses of 30 and 60 mg/kg in the FST. Regarding to anti-inflammatory activity, the most active was the methylene chloride extract of the aerial parts, which contains taraxasterol, pseudotaraxasterol, β-sitosterol and stigmasterol. CONCLUSIONS Cirsium ehrenbergii extracts possess antidepressant-like (roots, EtOH) and anti-inflammatory (aerial parts, CH2Cl2) properties, containing active compounds. Our results sustain historical and present day ethnomedical applications of this species documented along five centuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Laura Guzmán-Gutiérrez
- CONACyT - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Circuito Escolar S/N, Delegación Coyoacán, C.P 04510, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Reyes-Chilpa
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Av. Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior S/N, Delegación Coyoacán, C.P 04510, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Laura Rigel González-Diego
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Av. Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior S/N, Delegación Coyoacán, C.P 04510, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Mayra Silva-Miranda
- CONACyT - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Circuito Escolar S/N, Delegación Coyoacán, C.P 04510, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Alfredo López-Caamal
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Av. Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior S/N, Delegación Coyoacán, C.P 04510, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Karla Paola García-Cruz
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Av. Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior S/N, Delegación Coyoacán, C.P 04510, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - María Sofía Jiménez-Mendoza
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Av. Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior S/N, Delegación Coyoacán, C.P 04510, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Amira Arciniegas
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Av. Universidad 3000, Circuito Exterior S/N, Delegación Coyoacán, C.P 04510, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Clara Espitia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas. Departamento de Inmunología. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Nguyen TD. Rhamnosyltransferases in Chrysanthemum: Just a spoonful of sugar helps the flavonoid-based medicines abound. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:2061-2063. [PMID: 36149328 PMCID: PMC9706423 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Trinh-Don Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Irving K. Barber Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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22
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Wu QW, Wei M, Feng LF, Ding L, Wei WK, Yang JF, Lin XJ, Liang HL, Zhan RT, Ma DM. Rhamnosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of flavone rutinosides in Chrysanthemum species. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:2122-2136. [PMID: 35947689 PMCID: PMC9706480 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Linarin (acacetin-7-O-rutinoside), isorhoifolin (apigenin-7-O-rutinoside), and diosmin (diosmetin-7-O-rutinoside) are chemically and structurally similar flavone rutinoside (FR) compounds found in Chrysanthemum L. (Anthemideae, Asteraceae) plants. However, their biosynthetic pathways remain largely unknown. In this study, we cloned and compared FRs and genes encoding rhamnosyltransferases (RhaTs) among eight accessions of Chrysanthemum polyploids. We also biochemically characterized RhaTs of Chrysanthemum plants and Citrus (Citrus sinensis and Citrus maxima). RhaTs from these two genera are substrate-promiscuous enzymes catalyzing the rhamnosylation of flavones, flavanones, and flavonols. Substrate specificity analysis revealed that Chrysanthemum 1,6RhaTs preferred flavone glucosides (e.g. acacetin-7-O-glucoside), whereas Cs1,6RhaT preferred flavanone glucosides. The nonsynonymous substitutions of RhaTs found in some cytotypes of diploids resulted in the loss of catalytic function. Phylogenetic analysis and specialized pathways responsible for the biosynthesis of major flavonoids in Chrysanthemum and Citrus revealed that rhamnosylation activity might share a common evolutionary origin. Overexpression of RhaT in hairy roots resulted in 13-, 2-, and 5-fold increases in linarin, isorhoifolin, and diosmin contents, respectively, indicating that RhaT is mainly involved in the biosynthesis of linarin. Our findings not only suggest that the substrate promiscuity of RhaTs contributes to the diversity of FRs in Chrysanthemum species but also shed light on the evolution of flavone and flavanone rutinosides in distant taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Wen Wu
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Min Wei
- China Resources Sanjiu Medical & Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518110, China
| | - Ling-Fang Feng
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Li Ding
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wu-Ke Wei
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jin-Fen Yang
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Lin
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hui-Lin Liang
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | | | - Dong-Ming Ma
- Authors for correspondence: (D.-M.M.), (R.-T.Z.)
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Politanskaya L, Wang J, Troshkova N, Chuikov I, Bagryanskaya I. One-pot synthesis of fluorinated 2-arylchroman-4-one derivatives from 2-(triisopropylsilyl)ethynylphenols and aromatic aldehydes. J Fluor Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2022.110045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Duarte N. Special Issue on Plant and Marine-Derived Natural Product Research in Drug Discovery: Strengths and Perspective. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15101249. [PMID: 36297361 PMCID: PMC9608971 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Noélia Duarte
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMED.Ulisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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Jin C, Liu J, Jin R, Yao Y, He S, Lei M, Peng X. Linarin ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in C57BL/6J mice via the improvement of intestinal barrier, suppression of inflammatory responses and modulation of gut microbiota. Food Funct 2022; 13:10574-10586. [PMID: 36155608 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02128e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Linarin is a natural flavonoid compound found in Chrysanthemum indicum, Mentha species and other plants with various biological activities. The study aimed to investigate the protective effect of linarin supplementation on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in C57BL/6J mice and its potential mechanisms. The results showed that doses of linarin at 25 and 50 mg kg-1 day-1 alleviated the DSS-induced histopathological damage, and improved the mucosal layer and intestinal barrier function. Importantly, Linarin significantly suppressed the levels of myeloperoxidase activity and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-1β) in the colon, and enhanced the mRNA level of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10). Moreover, 50 mg kg-1 day-1 linarin reversed the gut microbiota damaged by DSS, including Alistipes, Rikenella and Clostridia UCG-014_norank. Linarin also partly increased the relative abundance of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing bacteria, including Lactobacillus, Roseburia, Parabacteroides and Blautia, and elevated the contents of SCFAs. Collectively, linarin attenuates DSS-induced colitis in mice, suggesting that linarin may be a promising nutritional strategy for reducing inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengni Jin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Jiayu Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Ruyi Jin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Yanpeng Yao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Silan He
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Min Lei
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Xiaoli Peng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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The In Vitro Inhibitory Effect of Selected Asteraceae Plants on Pancreatic Lipase Followed by Phenolic Content Identification through Liquid Chromatography High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911204. [PMID: 36232503 PMCID: PMC9569725 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic lipase (PNLIP, EC 3.1.1.3) plays a pivotal role in the digestion of dietary lipids, a metabolic pathway directly related to obesity. One of the effective strategies in obesity treatment is the inhibition of PNLIP, which is possible to be achieved by specific phenolic compounds occurring in high abundance in some plants. In this study, a multidisciplinary approach is presented investigating the PNLIP inhibitory effect of 33 plants belonging in the Asteraceae botanical family. In the first stage of the study, a rapid and cost-efficient PNLIP assay in a 96-microwell plate format was developed and important parameters were optimized, e.g., the enzyme substrate. Upon PNLIP assay optimization, aqueous and dichloromethane Asteraceae plant extracts were tested and a cut-off inhibition level was set to further analyze only the samples with a significant inhibitory effect (inhibitory rate > 40%), using an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-q-TOF-MS) method. Specifically, a metabolomic suspect screening was performed and 69 phenolic compounds were tentatively identified, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, flavonoid-3-O-glycosides, and flavonoid-7-O-glycosides, amongst others. In the case of aqueous extracts, phytochemicals known for inducing PNLIP inhibitory effect, e.g., compounds containing galloyl molecules or caffeoylquinic acids, were monitored in Chrysanthemum morifolium, Grindella camporum and Hieracium pilosella extracts. All in all, the presented approach combines in vitro bioactivity measurements to high-end metabolomics to identify phenolic compounds with potential medicinal and/or dietary applications.
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Design, synthesis, in silico and biological evaluations of novel polysubstituted pyrroles as selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitors against Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15236. [PMID: 36075926 PMCID: PMC9454393 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18224-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to design new polysubstituted pyrrole derivatives as selective acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors to target Alzheimer's disease. In this context, a highly efficient, one-pot, sequential, multi-component synthesis of a diverse range of polysubstituted pyrroles was developed through a sequential domino strategy by the condensation of amines with 1,1-bis(methylthio)-2-nitroethene (BMTNE), Knovenagle reaction of arylglyoxals with malono derivatives and subsequent Michael addition and intramolecular cyclization reaction in EtOH at reflux. Thirty-nine synthesized compounds were evaluated as AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitors. Among the synthesized compounds, compound 4ad (IC50 = 2.95 ± 1.31 µM) was the most potent and selective AChE inhibitor with no significant inhibition against butyrylcholinesterase BChE. A kinetic study of 4ad revealed that this compound inhibited AChE in an uncompetitive mode. Based on a molecular modeling study, compound 4ad due to its small size properly fitted into the active site of AChE compared to BChE and stabilized by H-bond and hydrophobic interactions with the critical residues of the AChE binding pocket. Consequently, it was proposed that the 4ad derivative can be an ideal lead candidate against AD with a simple and practical operation of synthetic procedures.
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28
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Determination of the Bioactive Effect of Custard Apple By-Products by In Vitro Assays. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169238. [PMID: 36012506 PMCID: PMC9409088 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Annona cherimola fruit, known as cherimoya or custard apple, is an exotic fruit from South America but is strongly produced in Andalusia, Spain. Its by-products (seeds and peel) are recognised as important sources of antioxidants, including phenolic acids, flavonoids and procyanidins. Therefore, the aim of this study was to carry out the characterization of its phenolic composition and to in vitro evaluate the bioactivity of custard apple seed and peel. Therefore, high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS) was performed in order to tentatively identify their phenolic composition. In the end, 19 compounds were identified and quantified, some of them for the first time in the custard apple matrix. Then, seed and peel total phenolic content, as well as antioxidant properties, radical scavenging capacity (O2, NO, HOCl) and inhibition of enzymes involved in different pathologies (hyaluronidase, elastase, collagenase, tyrosinase, acetylcholinesterase and xanthine oxidase), were evaluated. Although both extracts showed almost similar antioxidant capacities, custard apple seed stood out slightly more than peel (171 ± 2 vs. 130.0 ± 0.4 μmol TE/g DE, resp.), especially as ·NO scavenger (IC50 1.5 ± 0.2 vs. 11.8 ± 0.3 mg/L, resp.) and hyaluronidase inhibitor (IC50 170 ± 10 vs. 460 ± 20mg/L, resp.). Finally, the application of extracts on a real human model of platelet aggregation was performed, reporting antiaggregatory effects in agonist-promoted platelet thrombus formation. All these results show that custard apple by-products are stated as interesting sources of bioactive compounds with multiple industrial applications for the development of high-added-value products, such as functional foods, nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals, promoting the circular bioeconomy of these by-products.
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Bhat BA, Mir WR, Sheikh BA, Alkanani M, Mir MA. Metabolite fingerprinting of phytoconstituents from Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don and molecular docking analysis of bioactive peonidin with microbial drug target proteins. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7296. [PMID: 35508512 PMCID: PMC9068770 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10796-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don (Liliaceae), a valuable and critically endangered medicinal herb of northwest India, including Jammu and Kashmir, grows in temperate to alpine regions of the Himalaya. It is known as the traditional herb for cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, and metabolic disorders. The plant bulbs are precious and are used to cure many other health complications. The current study analysed the phytoconstituents by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) of different crude extracts (methanolic, petroleum ether, and ethyl acetate) of F. cirrhosa. The LC-MS analysis from the bulbs of F. cirrhosa yielded 88 bioactive compounds, with the vast majority having therapeutic applications. Further, determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) by broth microdilution method of F. cirrhosa against tested bacterial and fungal pathogens showed remarkable results with MICs ranging between 6.25-200 µg/mL and 50-400 µg/mL, respectively. Subsequently, these 88 identified phytocompounds were tested for their bioactivity through ADMET prediction by SwissADME and in silico molecular docking studies. Results revealed that Peonidin might have maximum antibacterial and antifungal activity against various microbial protein drug targets among the phytochemical compounds identified. Furthermore, the highest binding affinity complex was subjected to molecular dynamic simulation (MDS) analysis using Desmond Schrodinger v3.8. The root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) graphs obtained through the molecular dynamic simulations indicated the true bonding interactions, further validated using the root-mean-square fluctuation (RMSF) graphs which provided a better understanding of the amino acids present in the proteins responsible for the molecular motions and fluctuations. To our best knowledge, this is the first description of the phytochemical constituents of the bulbs of F.cirrhosa analyzed through LC-MS, which show pharmacological significance. The in silico molecular docking and molecular dynamics study of peonidin was also performed to confirm its broad-spectrum activities based on the binding interactions with the antibacterial and antifungal target proteins. The present study results will create a way for the invention of herbal medicines for several ailments by using F. cirrhosa plants, which may lead to the development of novel drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basharat Ahmad Bhat
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Wajahat Rashid Mir
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Bashir Ahmad Sheikh
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Mustafa Alkanani
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Almaarefa University, Riyadh, 11597, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Manzoor Ahmad Mir
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India.
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Gutierrez J, Bakke A, Vatta M, Merrill AR. Plant Natural Products as Antimicrobials for Control of Streptomyces scabies: A Causative Agent of the Common Scab Disease. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:833233. [PMID: 35154047 PMCID: PMC8828645 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.833233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The common scab disease caused by Streptomyces scabies, a soil-dwelling Gram-positive bacterium, is an economically important disease of potatoes and other tuber crops. The lack of effective treatments against this disease accounts for large economic losses globally. Plant extracts were screened to find several that effectively inhibited Streptomyces scabies growth in culture. Seven tinctures showed the greatest inhibition of S. scabies growth by reducing pathogen growth in culture by 75% or more. These extracts were myrrh, garlic, cayenne, barberry, frankincense, wild indigo root, and lavender. Myrrh extract from Commiphora myrrha, a resin made from tree sap, showed strong antibacterial activity by reducing the growth of S. scabies to 13% of the control. Additionally, a flavonoid library was screened to identify several compounds that were effective to control the pathogen growth. The flavonoids that showed the greatest inhibition of Streptomyces scabies growth were sophoraflavanone G, jaceosidin, baicalein, and quercetin. Minimum inhibitory concentrations for the effective flavonoids were calculated to be 6.8 ± 0.4 μM, 100.0 ± 2.1 μM, 202.9 ± 5.3 μM, and 285.2 ± 6.8 μM, respectively. The mean lethal doses for these flavonoids against Streptomyces scabies were 2.0 ± 0.1 μM, 22.6 ± 0.5 μM, 52.9 ± 1.3 μM, and 37.8 ± 1.0 μM, respectively. A live/dead assay showed complete cell death in the presence of sophoraflavanone G indicative of a bactericidal mechanism for flavonoid action on Streptomyces scabies. Scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy imaging showed damaged cell membrane morphologies when Streptomyces scabies was exposed to these flavonoids. Mycelia appeared as flat and deflated structures with contents seen as spewing from branching hyphae with numerous holes and tears in the membrane structure indicative of cell death. Sophoraflavanone G showed the greatest potency and potential as a natural antibiotic from the library of tested flavonoids. These results suggest that these plant compounds act on the pathogen through a bactericidal mechanism involving cell membrane destabilization and disruption leading to cell death.
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