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Thangarathinam K, Narayanan M, Kumar Ks A, Arjunan B, Raja DB. Single Method for Determination of Biocides Benzalkonium Chloride, Chloroxylenol and Chlorhexidine Gluconate in Cosmetics, Hygiene and Health Care Products by Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 2024:bmae039. [PMID: 38850564 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmae039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Benzalkonium chloride (BKC), chloroxylenol (PCMX) and chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) are widely recognized biocidal compounds that require precise control and monitoring in various applications, including cosmetics, hygiene, health and ophthalmic products. In this study, we present a straightforward and highly sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the detection of these substances. The HPLC method we developed allows for the detection of BKC at concentrations as low as 1.0 ppm, PCMX at 1.0 ppm and CHG at 2.0 ppm, all with a signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio exceeding 3.0. Additionally, the method enables quantification up to 2.0 ppm for BKC, 2.0 ppm for PCMX and 5 ppm for CHG, with an S/N ratio surpassing 10.0. This validated method serves as a versatile tool for the accurate quantification of BKC, PCMX and CHG in cosmetics, hygiene products, health products and ophthalmic products. Its applicability extends across a wide range of industries, ensuring the reliable assessment of these critical biocides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Thangarathinam
- Research and Development Division, CavinKare Private Limited, Research and Development Division, #12 Poonamalle Road, Ekkattuthangal, Chennai 600032, India
| | - Meenakshi Narayanan
- Research and Development Division, CavinKare Private Limited, Research and Development Division, #12 Poonamalle Road, Ekkattuthangal, Chennai 600032, India
| | - Ashwin Kumar Ks
- Research and Development Division, CavinKare Private Limited, Research and Development Division, #12 Poonamalle Road, Ekkattuthangal, Chennai 600032, India
| | - Banupriya Arjunan
- Research and Development Division, CavinKare Private Limited, Research and Development Division, #12 Poonamalle Road, Ekkattuthangal, Chennai 600032, India
| | - Divya Bhavani Raja
- Research and Development Division, CavinKare Private Limited, Research and Development Division, #12 Poonamalle Road, Ekkattuthangal, Chennai 600032, India
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Kang JY, Choi MR, Kim YM. Nasal instillation of povidone-iodine ameliorates ongoing mucosal inflammation in a pre-sensitized murine model of Der p1-induced allergic rhinitis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2024; 14:1046-1057. [PMID: 38078671 DOI: 10.1002/alr.23308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin (IL)-33, when cleaved into smaller fragments by proteases, becomes hyperactive, contributing to allergic inflammation. Povidone-iodine (PVP-I) is an iodine-based compound that exhibits antimicrobial properties and inhibits proteases. This study aimed to investigate whether PVP-I treatment inhibits IL-33 cleavage, improves allergic rhinitis (AR) symptoms, and suppresses allergic inflammation in a mouse model. METHODS In vitro experiments using full-length recombinant human IL-33 and allergens, including house dust mites or Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus 1, were conducted using western blotting. Fifty BALB/c mice were divided into five groups: control (CON), AR with phosphate-buffered saline treatment (AR), PVP-I treatment (AR + PVP), trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido(4-guanidino)butane (E64) treatment (AR + E64), and dexamethasone treatment (AR + Dexa). Nasal symptom scores, including rubbing and sneezing, were measured. The cytokine levels in the nasal lavage fluid (NLF) and the concentration of immunoglobulins in the blood serum were assessed. Nasal mucosa from each group was used for reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and histological analyses were conducted. RESULTS PVP-I treatment reduced nasal symptoms, suppressed allergic inflammation, and decreased the levels of IL-33, IL-5, and IL-13 in the NLF and total immunoglobulin E (IgE) and specific IgE in the serum. Histopathological analysis revealed a reduction in the number of eosinophils and goblet cells in the nasal mucosa of the AR + PVP group when compared to the AR group. RT-PCR and immunofluorescence staining confirmed the downregulation of genes and proteins associated with allergic inflammation. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that nasal irrigation with PVP-I may be a promising therapeutic option for managing AR by inhibiting IL-33 activation and suppressing allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Yoon Kang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Research Institute for Medical Science, Chungnam National University, College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Mi-Ra Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Research Institute for Medical Science, Chungnam National University, College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yong Min Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Research Institute for Medical Science, Chungnam National University, College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
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Munar-Bestard M, Rodríguez-Fernández A, Ramis JM, Monjo M. In Vitro Evaluation of Mangostanin as an Antimicrobial and Biocompatible Topical Antiseptic for Skin and Oral Tissues. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:1507-1517. [PMID: 38751630 PMCID: PMC11091975 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.4c00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Skin and oral tissue infections pose significant health challenges worldwide, necessitating the exploration of new antiseptic agents that are both effective and biocompatible. This study evaluated the antibacterial efficacy and biocompatibility of mangostanin (MGTN), a xanthone derived from Garcinia mangostana L., against commercial antiseptics across various bacterial strains (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Cutibacterium acnes) and in vitro models of skin and oral tissues. MGTN demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against all tested pathogens concurrently exhibiting negligible cytotoxic effects on human gingival fibroblasts as well as on three-dimensional (3D) models of human epidermis and oral epithelium. Furthermore, using pooled human saliva, MGTN effectively inhibited plaque biofilm formation, suggesting its potential as a natural, biocompatible antiseptic for skin and oral health applications. These findings position MGTN as a promising candidate for further development into antiseptic formulations, offering a natural alternative to current synthetic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Munar-Bestard
- Cell
Therapy and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Fundamental Biology
and Health Sciences, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Health
Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez-Fernández
- Cell
Therapy and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Fundamental Biology
and Health Sciences, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Health
Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
| | - Joana Maria Ramis
- Cell
Therapy and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Fundamental Biology
and Health Sciences, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Health
Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
- Department
of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Spain
| | - Marta Monjo
- Cell
Therapy and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Fundamental Biology
and Health Sciences, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Spain
- Health
Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma, Spain
- Department
of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Spain
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Slavinskienė G, Grigonis A, Ivaškienė M, Sinkevičienė I, Andrulevičiūtė V, Ivanauskas L, Juodžentė D, Ramanauskienė K, Daunoras G. A Comparative Study of the Chemical Properties and Antibacterial Activity of Four Different Ozonated Oils for Veterinary Purposes. Vet Sci 2024; 11:161. [PMID: 38668428 PMCID: PMC11053594 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11040161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious skin diseases are quite common in veterinary medicine. These diseases can be caused by both bacteria and pathogenic fungi. Antimicrobial drugs are usually used for treatment. An alternative to these drugs could be ozonated oils with antibacterial and antifungal properties. Four different ozonated oils (linseed, hemp seed, sunflower, and olive) were tested in order to develop an optimal pharmaceutical form for the treatment of skin infections in animals. Chemical parameters such as acid and acidity value, iodine and peroxide value, viscosity, and infrared spectres were analysed. The ozonation of oils resulted in changes in their chemical composition. The antimicrobial activity of the tested oils was evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentrations and zones of inhibition in agar. After ozonation, the acid content increased in all the tested oils. The highest acidity was found in linseed oil (13.00 ± 0.11 mg KOH/g; 6.1%). Hemp oil, whose acidity was also significant (second only to linseed oil), was the least acidified by ozonation (11.45 ± 0.09 mg KOH/g; 5.75%). After ozonation, the iodine value in oils was significantly reduced (45-93%), and the highest amounts of iodine value remained in linseed (47.50 ± 11.94 g Iodine/100 g oil) and hemp (44.77 ± 1.41 Iodine/100 g oil) oils. The highest number of peroxides after the ozonation of oils was found in sunflower oil (382 ± 9.8 meqO2/kg). It was found that ozonated hemp and linseed oils do not solidify and remain in liquid form when the temperature drops. The results showed a tendency for the reference strains of S. aureus, E. faecalis, and E. coli to have broader zones of inhibition (p < 0.001) than clinical strains. Overall, ozonated linseed oil had the highest antibacterial activity, and ozonated olive oil had the lowest, as determined by both methods. It was found that ozonated linseed oil was the most effective on bacteria, while the most sensitive were S. aureus ATCC 25923, MRSA, and S. pseudointermedius (MIC 13.5 mg/mL, 4.6 mg/mL, and 13.5 mg/mL, respectively, and sterile zones 20.67 ± 0.98 mm, 20.25 ± 0.45 mm, and 18.25 ± 0.45 mm, respectively). The aim and new aspect of this work is the characterisation of selected ozonated vegetable oils, especially hemp oil, according to chemical and antibacterial parameters, in order to select suitable candidates for preclinical and clinical animal studies in the treatment of bacterial or fungal skin infections in terms of safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielė Slavinskienė
- Dr. L. Kriaučeliūnas Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.G.); (M.I.); (D.J.)
| | - Aidas Grigonis
- Dr. L. Kriaučeliūnas Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.G.); (M.I.); (D.J.)
| | - Marija Ivaškienė
- Dr. L. Kriaučeliūnas Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.G.); (M.I.); (D.J.)
| | - Ingrida Sinkevičienė
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (I.S.); (V.A.)
| | - Vaida Andrulevičiūtė
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (I.S.); (V.A.)
| | - Liudas Ivanauskas
- Department of Analytical and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Dalia Juodžentė
- Dr. L. Kriaučeliūnas Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.G.); (M.I.); (D.J.)
| | - Kristina Ramanauskienė
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Gintaras Daunoras
- Dr. L. Kriaučeliūnas Small Animal Clinic, Veterinary Faculty, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.G.); (M.I.); (D.J.)
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Wang C, Zhang T, Wang Y, Wang Y, Pan H, Dong X, Liu S, Cao M, Wang S, Wang M, Li Y, Zhang J, Hu W. Proguanil and chlorhexidine augment the antibacterial activities of clarithromycin and rifampicin against Acinetobacter baumannii. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2024; 63:107065. [PMID: 38122947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2023.107065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of Acinetobacter baumannii infections as a significant healthcare concern in hospital settings, coupled with their association with poorer clinical outcomes, has prompted extensive investigation into novel therapeutic agents and innovative treatment strategies. Proguanil and chlorhexidine, both categorized as biguanide compounds, have displayed clinical efficacy as antimalarial and topical antibacterial agents, respectively. In this study, we conducted an investigation to assess the effectiveness of combining proguanil and chlorhexidine with clarithromycin or rifampicin against both laboratory strains and clinical isolates of A. baumannii. The combination therapy demonstrated rapid bactericidal activity against planktonic multidrug-resistant A. baumannii, exhibiting efficacy in eradicating mature biofilms and impeding the development of antibiotic resistance in vitro. Additionally, when administered in conjunction with clarithromycin or rifampicin, proguanil enhanced the survival rate of mice afflicted with intraperitoneal A. baumannii infections, and chlorhexidine expedited wound healing in mice with skin infections. These findings are likely attributable to the disruption of A. baumannii cell membrane integrity by proguanil and chlorhexidine, resulting in heightened membrane permeability and enhanced intracellular accumulation of clarithromycin and rifampicin. Overall, this study underscores the potential of employing proguanil and chlorhexidine in combination with specific antibiotics to effectively combat A. baumannii infections and improve treatment outcomes in clinically challenging scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuandong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yipeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Hongwei Pan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xinyu Dong
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Siyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Meng Cao
- Shandong Aobo Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Shuhua Wang
- Shandong Aobo Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Mingyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yuezhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
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Quiñones-Vico MI, Fernández-González A, Ubago-Rodríguez A, Moll K, Norrby-Teglund A, Svensson M, Gutiérrez-Fernández J, Torres JM, Arias-Santiago S. Antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa on Human Skin Cell Lines: Determination of the Highest Non-Cytotoxic Concentrations with Antibiofilm Capacity for Wound Healing Strategies. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:117. [PMID: 38258128 PMCID: PMC10818945 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most common microorganisms causing infections of severe skin wounds. Antibiotic or antiseptic treatments are crucial to prevent and curb these infections. Antiseptics have been reported to be cytotoxic to skin cells and few studies evaluate the impact of commonly used antibiotics. This study evaluates how clinical antibiotics affect skin cells' viability, proliferation, migration, and cytokine secretion and defines the highest non-cytotoxic concentrations that maintain antibacterial activity. Cell proliferation, viability, and migration were evaluated on cell monolayers. Cytokines related to the wound healing process were determined. The minimum inhibitory concentrations and the impact on bacterial biofilm were assessed. Results showed that 0.02 mg/mL ciprofloxacin and 1 mg/mL meropenem are the highest non-cytotoxic concentrations for fibroblasts and keratinocytes while 1.25 mg/mL amikacin and 0.034 mg/mL colistin do not affect fibroblasts' viability and cytokine secretion but have an impact on keratinocytes. These concentrations are above the minimum inhibitory concentration but only amikacin could eradicate the biofilm. For the other antibiotics, cytotoxic concentrations are needed to eradicate the biofilm. Combinations with colistin at non-cytotoxic concentrations effectively eliminate the biofilm. These results provide information about the concentrations required when administering topical antibiotic treatments on skin lesions, and how these antibiotics affect wound management therapies. This study set the basis for the development of novel antibacterial wound healing strategies such as antibiotic artificial skin substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María I. Quiñones-Vico
- Cell Production and Tissue Engineering Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain; (M.I.Q.-V.); (A.U.-R.); (S.A.-S.)
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain
- Andalusian Network of Design and Translation of Advanced Therapies, 41092 Seville, Spain
- Dermatology Department, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology III and Immunology Department, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Ana Fernández-González
- Cell Production and Tissue Engineering Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain; (M.I.Q.-V.); (A.U.-R.); (S.A.-S.)
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain
- Andalusian Network of Design and Translation of Advanced Therapies, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Ana Ubago-Rodríguez
- Cell Production and Tissue Engineering Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain; (M.I.Q.-V.); (A.U.-R.); (S.A.-S.)
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain
- Andalusian Network of Design and Translation of Advanced Therapies, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Kirsten Moll
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; (K.M.); (A.N.-T.); (M.S.)
| | - Anna Norrby-Teglund
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; (K.M.); (A.N.-T.); (M.S.)
| | - Mattias Svensson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; (K.M.); (A.N.-T.); (M.S.)
| | | | - Jesús M. Torres
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology III and Immunology Department, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Salvador Arias-Santiago
- Cell Production and Tissue Engineering Unit, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain; (M.I.Q.-V.); (A.U.-R.); (S.A.-S.)
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18014 Granada, Spain
- Andalusian Network of Design and Translation of Advanced Therapies, 41092 Seville, Spain
- Dermatology Department, School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Dermatology Department, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, 18014 Granada, Spain
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Ekram B, Tolba E, El-Sayed AF, Müller WEG, Schröder HC, Wang X, Abdel-Hady BM. Cell migration, DNA fragmentation and antibacterial properties of novel silver doped calcium polyphosphate nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2024; 14:565. [PMID: 38177275 PMCID: PMC10766647 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50849-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
To combat infections, silver was used extensively in biomedical field but there was a need for a capping agent to eliminate its cytotoxic effects. In this study, polymeric calcium polyphosphate was doped by silver with three concentrations 1, 3 or 5 mol.% and were characterized by TEM, XRD, FTIR, TGA. Moreover, cytotoxicity, antibacterial, cell migration and DNA fragmentation assays were done to assure its safety. The results showed that the increase in silver percentage caused an increase in particle size. XRD showed the silver peaks, which indicated that it is present in its metallic form. The TGA showed that thermal stability was increased by increasing silver content. The antibacterial tests showed that the prepared nanoparticles have an antibacterial activity against tested pathogens. In addition, the cytotoxicity results showed that the samples exhibited non-cytotoxic behavior even with the highest doping concentration (5% Ag-CaPp). The cell migration assay showed that the increase in the silver concentration enhances cell migration up to 3% Ag-CaPp. The DNA fragmentation test revealed that all the prepared nanoparticles caused no fragmentation. From the results we can deduce that 3% Ag-CaPp was the optimum silver doped calcium polyphosphate concentration that could be used safely for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma Ekram
- Polymers and Pigments Department, Chemical Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Emad Tolba
- Polymers and Pigments Department, Chemical Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed F El-Sayed
- Microbial Genetics Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
- Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine (ECRRM), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Werner E G Müller
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Heinz C Schröder
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 6, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bothaina M Abdel-Hady
- Polymers and Pigments Department, Chemical Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
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Rathee P, Sehrawat R, Rathee P, Khatkar A, Akkol EK, Khatkar S, Redhu N, Türkcanoğlu G, Sobarzo-Sánchez E. Polyphenols: Natural Preservatives with Promising Applications in Food, Cosmetics and Pharma Industries; Problems and Toxicity Associated with Synthetic Preservatives; Impact of Misleading Advertisements; Recent Trends in Preservation and Legislation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4793. [PMID: 37445107 PMCID: PMC10343617 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The global market of food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products requires continuous tracking of harmful ingredients and microbial contamination for the sake of the safety of both products and consumers as these products greatly dominate the consumer's health, directly or indirectly. The existence, survival, and growth of microorganisms in the product may lead to physicochemical degradation or spoilage and may infect the consumer at another end. It has become a challenge for industries to produce a product that is safe, self-stable, and has high nutritional value, as many factors such as physical, chemical, enzymatic, or microbial activities are responsible for causing spoilage to the product within the due course of time. Thus, preservatives are added to retain the virtue of the product to ensure its safety for the consumer. Nowadays, the use of synthetic/artificial preservatives has become common and has not been widely accepted by consumers as they are aware of the fact that exposure to preservatives can lead to adverse effects on health, which is a major area of concern for researchers. Naturally occurring phenolic compounds appear to be extensively used as bio-preservatives to prolong the shelf life of the finished product. Based on the convincing shreds of evidence reported in the literature, it is suggested that phenolic compounds and their derivatives have massive potential to be investigated for the development of new moieties and are proven to be promising drug molecules. The objective of this article is to provide an overview of the significant role of phenolic compounds and their derivatives in the preservation of perishable products from microbial attack due to their exclusive antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties and the problems associated with the use of synthetic preservatives in pharmaceutical products. This article also analyzes the recent trends in preservation along with technical norms that regulate the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products in the developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Rathee
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baba Mastnath University, Rohtak 124021, India;
| | - Renu Sehrawat
- School of Medical and Allied Sciences, K.R. Mangalam University, Gurugram 122103, India;
| | - Pooja Rathee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India;
| | - Anurag Khatkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India;
| | - Esra Küpeli Akkol
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara 06330, Turkey;
| | - Sarita Khatkar
- Vaish Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Rohtak 124001, India;
| | - Neelam Redhu
- Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India;
| | - Gizem Türkcanoğlu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara 06330, Turkey;
| | - Eduardo Sobarzo-Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigación y Postgrado, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago 8330507, Chile
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Jaldin-Crespo L, Silva N, Martínez J. Nanomaterials Based on Honey and Propolis for Wound Healing-A Mini-Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4409. [PMID: 36558262 PMCID: PMC9785851 DOI: 10.3390/nano12244409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Wound healing is a public health concern worldwide, particularly in chronic wounds due to delayed healing and susceptibility to bacterial infection. Nanomaterials are widely used in wound healing treatments due to their unique properties associated with their size and very large surface-area-to-volume ratio compared to the same material in bulk. The properties of nanomaterials can be expanded and improved upon with the addition of honey and propolis, due to the presence of bioactive molecules such as polyphenols, flavonoids, peptides, and enzymes. These bionanomaterials can act at different stages of wound healing and through different mechanisms, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, collagen synthesis stimulation, cell proliferation, and angiogenic effects. Biomaterials, at the nanoscale, show new alternatives for wound therapy, allowing for targeted and continuous delivery of beekeeping products at the injection site, thus avoiding possible systemic adverse effects. Here, we summarize the most recent therapies for wound healing based on bionanomaterials assisted by honey and propolis, with a focus on in vitro and in vivo studies. We highlight the type, composition (honey, propolis, and polymeric scaffolds), biological, physicochemical/mechanical properties, potential applications and patents related of the last eight years. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges, advantages, disadvantages and stability of different bionanomaterials related to their clinical translation and insight into the investigation and development of new treatments for wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limberg Jaldin-Crespo
- Regenerative Medicine Center, Faculty of Medicine, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile
| | - Nataly Silva
- Faculty of Design, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile
| | - Jessica Martínez
- Regenerative Medicine Center, Faculty of Medicine, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile
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Hemmingsen LM, Panchai P, Julin K, Basnet P, Nystad M, Johannessen M, Škalko-Basnet N. Chitosan-based delivery system enhances antimicrobial activity of chlorhexidine. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1023083. [PMID: 36246245 PMCID: PMC9557914 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1023083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infected chronic skin wounds and other skin infections are increasingly putting pressure on the health care providers and patients. The pressure is especially concerning due to the rise of antimicrobial resistance and biofilm-producing bacteria that further impair treatment success. Therefore, innovative strategies for wound healing and bacterial eradication are urgently needed; utilization of materials with inherent biological properties could offer a potential solution. Chitosan is one of the most frequently used polymers in delivery systems. This bioactive polymer is often regarded as an attractive constituent in delivery systems due to its inherent antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and wound healing properties. However, lipid-based vesicles and liposomes are generally considered more suitable as delivery systems for skin due to their ability to interact with the skin structure and provide prolonged release, protect the antimicrobial compound, and allow high local concentrations at the infected site. To take advantage of the beneficial attributes of the lipid-based vesicles and chitosan, these components can be combined into chitosan-containing liposomes or chitosomes and chitosan-coated liposomes. These systems have previously been investigated for use in wound therapy; however, their potential in infected wounds is not fully investigated. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether both the chitosan-containing and chitosan-coated liposomes tailored for infected wounds could improve the antimicrobial activity of the membrane-active antimicrobial chlorhexidine, while assuring both the anti-inflammatory activity and cell compatibility. Chlorhexidine was incorporated into three different vesicles, namely plain (chitosan-free), chitosan-containing and chitosan-coated liposomes that were optimized for skin wounds. Their release profile, antimicrobial activities, anti-inflammatory properties, and cell compatibility were assessed in vitro. The vesicles comprising chitosan demonstrated slower release rate of chlorhexidine and high cell compatibility. Additionally, the inflammatory responses in murine macrophages treated with these vesicles were reduced by about 60% compared to non-treated cells. Finally, liposomes containing both chitosan and chlorhexidine demonstrated the strongest antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus. Both chitosan-containing and chitosan-coated liposomes comprising chlorhexidine could serve as excellent platforms for the delivery of membrane-active antimicrobials to infected wounds as confirmed by improved antimicrobial performance of chlorhexidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Myrseth Hemmingsen
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Pimmat Panchai
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kjersti Julin
- Research Group for Host-Microbe Interaction, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Purusotam Basnet
- Women’s Health and Perinatology Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mona Nystad
- Women’s Health and Perinatology Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- IVF Clinic, Women’s Clinic, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mona Johannessen
- Research Group for Host-Microbe Interaction, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nataša Škalko-Basnet
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- *Correspondence: Nataša Škalko-Basnet,
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11
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Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride- and Polyhexamethylene Guanidine-Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Fecal Sludge and Their Potential Use in Biological Products for the Detoxification of Biocide-Contaminated Wastewater Prior to Conventional Biological Treatment. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091332. [PMID: 36138811 PMCID: PMC9495721 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Every year, more than a million tons of fecal sludge (FS) containing biocides based on quaternary ammonium compounds and guanidine derivatives, which are widely used for FS deodorization and control of microbial activity, are generated in the environmentally safe toilet complexes of Russian Railways trains. Higher disposal costs for such biocide-contaminated FS due to activated sludge toxicity increases pressure on sanitary equipment servicing companies («Ecotol Service» LLC) to more efficiently discharge FS to wastewater treatment plants. In this work, we have developed a new environmentally friendly approach to reducing the toxicity of FS, based on the use of biological products from biocide-resistant bacterial strains isolated from FS. Our approach has proven to be effective in a series of FS biodegradation experiments, biological oxygen demand tests, and a newly developed disk-diffusion bioassay. Abstract Toxic shock caused by the discharge of biocide-contaminated fecal sludge (FS) from chemical toilets to conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) can be a major problem in activated sludge operation. It is necessary to develop new environmental approaches to mitigate the toxicity of biocides in order to avoid degrading the performance of WWTP. “Latrina”, a chemical toilet additive containing didecyldimethylammonium chloride and polyhexamethylene guanidine, is widely used in environmentally safe toilet complexes (ESTC) on Russian railway trains to deodorize FS and control microbial activity. In this work, seven biocide-resistant bacterial strains were isolated and identified from the FS of ESTC. The values of the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of biocides for the isolated strains were 4.5–10 times higher than for the collection microorganisms. The bacterium Alcaligenes faecalis DOS7 was found to be particularly resistant to “Latrina”, the minimum inhibitory concentration of which was almost 30 times higher than recommended for ESTC. Biological products based on isolated bacterial strains proved to be effective for FS biodegradation under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The results of the biochemical oxygen demand test and the newly developed disk-diffusion bioassay confirmed that isolated strains contribute to reducing toxicity of biocidal agents in FS. Hyper-resistance, non-pathogenicity, and potential plant growth-promoting ability make A. faecalis DOS7 promising for use in various biological products for wastewater treatment and bioremediation of soils contaminated with biocides, as well as in agriculture to increase plant productivity.
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Molchanov VS, Shibaev AV, Karamov EV, Larichev VF, Kornilaeva GV, Fedyakina IT, Turgiev AS, Philippova OE, Khokhlov AR. Antiseptic Polymer-Surfactant Complexes with Long-Lasting Activity against SARS-CoV-2. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:2444. [PMID: 35746017 PMCID: PMC9228194 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiseptic polymer gel-surfactant complexes were prepared by incorporating the low-molecular-weight cationic disinfectant cetylpyridinium chloride into the oppositely charged, slightly cross-linked polymer matrices. Three types of polymers were used: copolymers of acrylamide and sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate; copolymers of acrylamide and sodium methacrylate; copolymers of vinylpyrrolidone and sodium methacrylate. It was shown that the rate of the release of the cationic disinfectant from the oppositely charged polymer gels could be tuned in a fairly broad range by varying the concentration of the disinfectant, the degree of swelling, and degree of cross-linking of the gel and the content/type of anionic repeat units in the polymer matrix. Polymer-surfactant complexes were demonstrated to reduce SARS-CoV-2 titer by seven orders of magnitude in as little as 5 s. The complexes retained strong virucidal activity against SARS-CoV-2 for at least one week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav S. Molchanov
- Physics Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.M.); (A.V.S.); (A.R.K.)
| | - Andrey V. Shibaev
- Physics Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.M.); (A.V.S.); (A.R.K.)
| | - Eduard V. Karamov
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Russian Ministry of Health, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.K.); (V.F.L.); (G.V.K.); (I.T.F.); (A.S.T.)
- National Medical Research Center of Phthisiopulmonology and Infectious Diseases of the Russian Ministry of Health, 127473 Moscow, Russia
| | - Viktor F. Larichev
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Russian Ministry of Health, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.K.); (V.F.L.); (G.V.K.); (I.T.F.); (A.S.T.)
| | - Galina V. Kornilaeva
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Russian Ministry of Health, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.K.); (V.F.L.); (G.V.K.); (I.T.F.); (A.S.T.)
| | - Irina T. Fedyakina
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Russian Ministry of Health, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.K.); (V.F.L.); (G.V.K.); (I.T.F.); (A.S.T.)
| | - Ali S. Turgiev
- Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Russian Ministry of Health, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.K.); (V.F.L.); (G.V.K.); (I.T.F.); (A.S.T.)
- National Medical Research Center of Phthisiopulmonology and Infectious Diseases of the Russian Ministry of Health, 127473 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga E. Philippova
- Physics Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.M.); (A.V.S.); (A.R.K.)
| | - Alexei R. Khokhlov
- Physics Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.S.M.); (A.V.S.); (A.R.K.)
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13
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Topical Film-Forming Chlorhexidine Gluconate Sprays for Antiseptic Application. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061124. [PMID: 35745696 PMCID: PMC9229052 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Topical film-forming sprays of chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG-FFS) were developed for antiseptic application. Various polymers and solvents were studied for their potential as film-forming polymers and solvent systems, respectively. To produce CHG-FFS, the optimal polymer and solvent were selected, and their physicochemical properties were evaluated. The in vivo evaluation of CHG-FFS was investigated for the satisfaction of the dosage forms, time required for the film formation, film appearance, and adhesion on the skin. Antibacterial activity was also studied in vitro and in vivo. The optimized formulation was assessed for the in vitro cell line evaluations of the cytotoxicity and wound healing. The results demonstrate that Eudragit® S100, Eudragit® L100, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) have the ability to be used as film-forming polymers in an ethanolic solution. A clear and flexible film was obtained from transparent homogenous solutions of CHG-FFS after actuation. They generated the fast thin film formation on the skin with the satisfaction of the dosage forms. Furthermore, the formulations inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and provided antiseptic activity in vivo. However, PVA was found to be an optimal film-forming polymer for promoting CHG adhesion on the skin. The CHG-FFS obtained from the PVA also provided a CHG film, which was non-toxic to human skin cells and did not interfere with the wound healing process. Therefore, the developed CHG-FFS could be a promising candidate for topical antiseptic application.
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14
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Hegde M, Thirunarayanan S. Value addition property of a cationic surfactant on endodontic irrigant: A confocal laser scanning microscope study. J Conserv Dent 2022; 25:380-384. [PMID: 36187855 PMCID: PMC9520653 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_135_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Chlorhexidine (CHX) is a commonly used root canal irrigant with high surface tension which prevents its penetration into the isthmus and fins of the root canal. Surfactants have known to reduce the surface tension of the liquid. Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) is a cationic surfactant. The aim of this study is to assess the contact angle formed and depth of penetration of the endodontic irrigant with and without the addition of surfactant. Methods: Contact angle analysis – Ninety-nine freshly extracted and cleaned single-rooted mandibular premolars were obtained. Thirty-three teeth were sectioned longitudinally and then transversely. The sections were mounted on an acrylic block, polished to obtain a flat dentin surface. Five microliter of Group 1: 2% CHX as control, Group 2: 2% CHX + 0.1% CPC, and Group 3: 2% CHX + 0.2% CPC were placed on the dentin surface and subjected to contact angle analysis. Depth of penetration – Access cavity was prepared in sixty-six teeth and instrumented to working length till Protaper Gold F2. The samples were assigned to Groups 1, 2, and 3 and irrigated accordingly, and subjected to a confocal laser scanning Microscopy. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparison test. Karl Pearson's correlation test was performed to analyze the correlation between the two. Results: Group 3 had the lowest contact angle (12.82°) and the highest depth of penetration (222.74 μm) when compared to Group 1 and Group 2. Karl Pearson's correlation showed no correlation between the contact angle and the depth of penetration. Conclusion: Higher the concentration of CPC, lower is the contact angle formed with the dentin and higher is the depth of penetration into the dentinal tubule.
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15
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Alam P, Shakeel F, Alqarni MH, Foudah AI, Alshehri S. A rapid, sensitive, and greener stability-indicating normal-phase HPTLC method with univariate calibration for the estimation of chlorhexidine acetate in its commercial formulations. SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACY 2021; 24:100552. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scp.2021.100552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
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Gomes A, Aguiar L, Ferraz R, Teixeira C, Gomes P. The Emerging Role of Ionic Liquid-Based Approaches for Enhanced Skin Permeation of Bioactive Molecules: A Snapshot of the Past Couple of Years. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11991. [PMID: 34769430 PMCID: PMC8584570 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Topical and transdermal delivery systems are of undeniable significance and ubiquity in healthcare, to facilitate the delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients, respectively, onto or across the skin to enter systemic circulation. From ancient ointments and potions to modern micro/nanotechnological devices, a variety of approaches has been explored over the ages to improve the skin permeation of diverse medicines and cosmetics. Amongst the latest investigational dermal permeation enhancers, ionic liquids have been gaining momentum, and recent years have been prolific in this regard. As such, this review offers an outline of current methods for enhancing percutaneous permeation, highlighting selected reports where ionic liquid-based approaches have been investigated for this purpose. Future perspectives on use of ionic liquids for topical delivery of bioactive peptides are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gomes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (A.G.); (L.A.); (R.F.); (C.T.)
| | - Luísa Aguiar
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (A.G.); (L.A.); (R.F.); (C.T.)
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (A.G.); (L.A.); (R.F.); (C.T.)
- Ciências Químicas e das Biomoléculas, CISA, Escola Superior de Saúde, Politécnico do Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 400, P-4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cátia Teixeira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (A.G.); (L.A.); (R.F.); (C.T.)
| | - Paula Gomes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (A.G.); (L.A.); (R.F.); (C.T.)
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The Influence of Tea Tree Oil on Antifungal Activity and Pharmaceutical Characteristics of Pluronic ® F-127 Gel Formulations with Ketoconazole. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111326. [PMID: 34768755 PMCID: PMC8582737 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal skin infections are currently a major clinical problem due to their increased occurrence and drug resistance. The treatment of fungal skin infections is based on monotherapy or polytherapy using the synergy of the therapeutic substances. Tea tree oil (TTO) may be a valuable addition to the traditional antifungal drugs due to its antifungal and anti-inflammatory activity. Ketoconazole (KTZ) is an imidazole antifungal agent commonly used as a treatment for dermatological fungal infections. The use of hydrogels and organogel-based formulations has been increasing for the past few years, due to the easy method of preparation and long-term stability of the product. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to design and characterize different types of Pluronic® F-127 gel formulations containing KTZ and TTO as local delivery systems that can be applied in cases of skin fungal infections. The influence of TTO addition on the textural, rheological, and bioadhesive properties of the designed formulations was examined. Moreover, the in vitro release of KTZ, its permeation through artificial skin, and antifungal activity by the agar diffusion method were performed. It was found that obtained gel formulations were non-Newtonian systems, showing a shear-thinning behaviour and thixotropic properties with adequate textural features such as hardness, compressibility, and adhesiveness. Furthermore, the designed preparations with TTO were characterized by beneficial bioadhesive properties. The presence of TTO improved the penetration and retention of KTZ through the artificial skin membrane and this effect was particularly visible in hydrogel formulation. The developed gels containing TTO can be considered as favourable formulations in terms of drug release and antifungal activity.
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