Back to Nature: Medicinal Plants as Promising Sources for Antibacterial Drugs in the Post-Antibiotic Era

Mass Spectrometric Based Metabolomics of the Saudi Cultivar of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.): A Combined GC-MS, Antimicrobial and Computational Approach

Background and Objective: In Saudi Arabia, numerous plant species with promising medicinal properties are cultivated, widely traded, and commonly utilized in traditional medicine, including fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum). This study aimed to comprehensively assess the phytochemical composition and antimicrobial potential of the Saudi cultivar of fenugreek using an integrative approach combining in vitro and in silico methodologies. Methods: A comprehensive investigation was conducted on the ethanol extract of fenugreek seeds, assessing its antibacterial, antifungal, properties. Computational modeling was employed to predict pharmacokinetic behavior and potential toxicity of the identified bioactive compounds. Results: Qalitative phytochemical analysis showed presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, flavonoids, and steroids, while terpenoids were notably absent. GC-MS analysis of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seeds identified 25 bioactive compounds, with Ethyl methane sulfonate (12.41%) being the predominant component. Other key compounds included n-Hexadecanoic acid, 4-Butyl-2(4-nitrophenyl)-1,3-thiazole, and α-Tocopherol. In silico modeling of fenugreek phytochemicals supported their antibacterial, antioxidant, and neuroprotective potential, with compounds 21 and 24 showing strong binding to key targets like Tyrosyl-tRNA Synthetase (TyrRS) of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Aspartic proteinase from Candida albicans (C. albicans) and human peroxiredoxin 5. Pharmacokinetic analysis indicated good oral bioavailability, minimal CYP inhibition, and blood-brain barrier penetration, suggesting potential for treating neurodegenerative diseases. These bioactive compounds, including diosgenin and trigonelline, support fenugreek's therapeutic promise and warrant further in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. Conclusion: The Saudi fenugreek cultivar is rich in bioactive compounds with good antibacterial potential. These findings establish a robust foundation for continued pharmacological research on the Saudi cultivar of T. foenum-graecum, highlighting its potential as a rich source of bioactive compounds with significant medicinal value.

Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Effect of Clove and Thyme Essential Oils on Growth Inhibition and Biofilm Formation of Arcobacter spp. and Other Bacteria

Background: In recent years, significant resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics has been observed. A biofilm is a structure that significantly aids the survival of the microbial population and also significantly affects its resistance. Methods: Thyme and clove essential oils (EOs) were subjected to chemical analysis using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Furthermore, the antimicrobial effect of these EOs was tested in both the liquid and vapor phases using the volatilization method. The effect of the EOs on growth parameters was monitored using an RTS-8 bioreactor. However, the effect of the EOs on the biofilm formation of commonly occurring bacteria with pathogenic potential was also monitored, but for less described and yet clinically important strains of Arcobacter spp. Results: In total, 37 and 28 compounds were identified in the thyme and clove EO samples, respectively. The most common were terpenes and also derivatives of phenolic substances. Both EOs exhibited antimicrobial activity in the liquid and/or vapor phase against at least some strains. The determined antimicrobial activity of thyme and clove oil was in the range of 32-1024 µg/mL in the liquid phase and 512-1024 µg/mL in the vapor phase, respectively. The results of the antimicrobial effect are also supported by similar conclusions from monitoring growth curves using the RTS bioreactor. The effect of EOs on biofilm formation differed between strains. Biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was completely suppressed in an environment with a thyme EO concentration of 1024 µg/mL. On the other hand, increased biofilm formation was found, e.g., in an environment of low concentration (1-32 µg/mL). Conclusions: The potential of using natural matrices as antimicrobials or preservatives is evident. The effect of these EOs on biofilm formation, especially Arcobacter strains, is described for the first time.

Investigation of bioprintable modified agar-based hydrogels with antimicrobial properties

Due to the numerous dangers arising from excessive use of antibiotics in treatments, researchers have been searching for natural alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Despite the popularity of plant extracts, essential oils, and their derivatives in herbal medicine, their applications in novel therapies are rather limited. This paper tries to open a new possibility for infection treatments by assessing the suitability of antimicrobial hydrogels as bioinks. Antimicrobial activity against S. epidermidis, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, E. coli of selected extracts and geraniol were investigated. Suitable agent was incorporated into agar-based hydrogel. Physicochemical properties of the obtained compositions were analyzed, including determination of swelling kinetics and key polymer network parameters, contact angle measurements, FTIR spectra analysis, biocompatibility assessment, antimicrobial tests and bioprintability studies. Results confirmed geraniol's superior antimicrobial activity in pure form and in hydrogels. The obtained materials showed high swelling capacity, satisfying extrusion processability, shape fidelity, and great biocompatibility in their unmodified state. Nevertheless, modification with geraniol caused a significant decrease of cell viability, which limits their usage as bioinks in current form, due to the cytotoxic effect on cells. To improve cells interactions, studies on materials with geraniol and other agents with similar mechanism should be conducted in the future.

Mayan Medicinal Plants Bignonia potosina and Thouinia paucidentata Demonstrate Anti-Infective Properties Against the Priority Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

(1) Background: Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CBRAB) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CBRPA) are critical and high-priority pathogens that require new therapeutic developments. Medicinal plants are valuable pharmaceutical resources. This study explored the anti-infective properties of Mayan plants, Bignonia potosina, and Thouinia paucidentata. (2) Methods: Plant parts were extracted using n-hexane, and their ability to inhibit bacterial growth and counteract resistance mechanisms and virulence factors in CBRAB and CBRPA was assessed. GC-MS analysis of the composition of the non-polar extracts and chemometric techniques correlated the phytoconstituents with anti-infective properties. (3) Results: Bignonia potosina liana and flower extracts exhibited potent antibacterial activity against A. baumannii strains (MIC 15.7 to 250 µg/mL) and moderate activity against P. aeruginosa strains (MIC 250 to 1000 µg/mL). Thouinia paucidentata leaf extract at 1000 µg/mL reduced imipenem MIC by 2048-fold for CBRAB, and B. potosina flower extract significantly inhibited A. baumannii catalase activity (at 62.5 µg/mL) and reduced P. aeruginosa pyocyanin production (at 1000 µg/mL). Chemometric analysis identified fatty acids, fatty acid amides, terpenes, and higher alkanes as contributors to their anti-infective properties. (4) Conclusions: This study highlights the potential of medicinal plants in the development of novel anti-infective therapies against CBRAB and CBRPA with various targets.

Alsfouk B, Eddamsyry B, Khamar H, Zair T, Alaoui El Belghiti M. Chemical composition, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties of essential oils from Artemisia herba-alba asso. and Artemisia huguetii caball. from Morocco: in vitro and in silico evaluation

Introduction

Morocco is home to a remarkable diversity of flora, including several species from the Artemisia genus. This study aims to thoroughly examine the chemical composition of essential oils derived from Artemisia species and assess their antibacterial and antioxidant properties through in vitro experiments and in silico simulations.

Methods

Samples of Artemisia herba-alba Asso. were collected from Boulemane and Ifrane in Morocco, while Artemisia huguetii Caball. was sampled from Tata, representing regions of the Central Middle Atlas and Western Anti-Atlas. Essential oils were extracted using hydrodistillation, and their chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antibacterial and antifungal activities were evaluated, and antioxidant properties were assessed using the DPPH assay. In silico predictions of antibacterial and antioxidant activities were performed using computational models.

Results

The extraction yields varied depending on the geographical origin, ranging from 1.54% to 2.78%. GC-MS analysis revealed significant differences in the chemical composition of the oils from different Artemisia species and regions, with a notable prevalence of oxygenated monoterpenes. Specifically, the oil from Boulemane was rich in thujone, the oil from Ifrane was predominantly composed of camphor, and the oil from Tata contained both camphor and thujone. The oils exhibited stronger antifungal than antibacterial properties, with Enterobacter cloacae strains showing high sensitivity, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of approximately 12.5 mg/mL. The Boulemane oil of A. herba-alba displayed the highest antioxidant activity, effectively inhibiting DPPH at a concentration of 13.501 μg/mL.

Discussion

The in silico simulations predicted that the primary compounds in these essential oils, such as davanone, eucalyptol, camphor, and thujone, would exhibit potent antibacterial and antioxidant properties. These compounds were found to have favorable ADMET characteristics, including good blood-brain barrier permeability, gastrointestinal absorption, and skin penetration. Molecular docking studies revealed strong interactions between these compounds and key target proteins, such as NADPH-dependent catalase and dihydrofolate reductase. The stability of the protein-ligand complexes was confirmed by molecular dynamics, with davanone showing a significant impact. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the biological potential of Artemisia essential oils, highlighting davanone as a promising molecule for medicinal or pharmaceutical applications.

In Vitro Biological Activities of Paederia grandidieri Leaf Extracts

In many developing countries, human health problems are solved using local plants. Knowledge of their chemical composition and biological activities can contribute to the creation of natural-based products usefully employed in human health. In this work, we analysed Paederia grandidieri leaves extracted with diverse eco-compatible procedures and subjected to chemical, microbiological, and cellular compatibility assays. Fresh leaves of P. grandidieri were harvested in southern Madagascar, where most of the population relies on P. grandidieri for daily dental care. Leaves were dried and powdered. Distilled water and ethanol at 25 °C and 60 °C from 6 to 24 h were used for extraction. Polyphenol composition, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial, prebiotic, and cytotoxic properties of the extracts were analysed. The aqueous extracts contained higher levels of flavan-3-ols and flavanones, while the hydro-alcoholic extracts were richer in flavonols and flavones. The aqueous extracts showed the highest total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity. The hydro-alcoholic extracts showed antibacterial effects against Listeria monocytogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, two key foodborne and environmental pathogens, while the aqueous extracts showed prebiotic effects against Streptococcus salivarius. The cytotoxic effects of P. grandidieri leaf extracts were evaluated using the MTT assay on mouse fibroblasts (L929 cell line). The most cytotoxic extract was the aqueous extract at 25 °C. Given that P. grandidieri is routinely employed by the southern Madagascar population with healthy and strong teeth with fewer cases of tooth decay with respect to other regions, and in light of the significant chemical and microbiological properties, we maintain that P. grandidieri can be a suitable candidate for the production of pro-health products for the oral cavity. More in-depth studies will ensure a broader picture of the impact of extracts, especially for possible oral use.

Zingiber officinale Uncovered: Integrating Experimental and Computational Approaches to Antibacterial and Phytochemical Profiling

BACKGROUND

Zingiber officinale rhizome is widely cultivated in the central region of Sudan (Gezira) and data on the biological properties of this variety grown in Sudan's climate are scarce. This study aims to comprehensively analyze the antibacterial, antioxidant, phytochemical, and GC-MS properties of Zingiber officinale (ginger rhizome) to explore its potential applications.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The in vitro antibacterial assessment of the aqueous extract of Sudanese ginger revealed moderate activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumonia, as determined by the disc diffusion method. The inhibition zones ranged from 12.87 ± 0.11 mm to 14.5 ± 0.12 mm at 30 µg/disc. The minimum inhibitory concentration ranged from 6.25 to 25 µg/mL, while the MBC ranged from 25 to 50 µg/mL. The MBC/MIC exhibited a bactericidal effect against all tested bacteria. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of various chemical constituents, such as saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, and the absence of tannins in Sudanese ginger rhizome. Furthermore, GC-MS analysis of ginger rhizome identified 22 chemical compounds with retention times ranging from 7.564 to 17.023 min. The identification of 22 chemical compounds through GC-MS analysis further underscores the prospect of harnessing ginger rhizome for the development of novel medications. Computational analyses showed that ginger compounds bind the Protein Data Bank (PDB) codes 1JIJ and 2QZW with high binding affinities, reaching -9.5 kcal/mol. Ginger compounds also established promising molecular interactions with some key residues, satisfactorily explaining the in vitro results and supporting the pharmacokinetic and experimental findings.

CONCLUSIONS

This study lays the groundwork for future research and pharmaceutical exploration aimed at harnessing the beneficial properties of ginger rhizome for medicinal and therapeutic purposes, particularly its antimicrobial potential.

Ameliorative effects of Moringa oleifera leaf extract against arsenic induced histo-biochemical alterations in Labeo rohita

The current study evaluated the efficacy of Moringa oleifera leaf extract in mitigating the histo-biochemical alterations in Labeo rohita caused by arsenic. A medical plant (Moringa oleifera) known for its numerous pharmacological qualities, was added to three different diets at 0, 2, and 4 % level, prepared by mixing M. oleifera leaf extract with the basal diet. The 96 hr lethal concentration of arsenic to Labeo rohita was 20.25 mg L-1. One hundred and eighty healthy individuals of Labeo rohita were divided into four groups. One group served as control and other three groups were subjected to sub-lethal concentration 4.05 mg L-1 (1/5th of LC50) of arsenic, with or without Moringa oleifera leaf extract supplementation for 28 days. Fish exposed to arsenic experienced significant histological alterations, higher cortisol levels, impaired antioxidant status, elevated liver enzymes (ALT, AST, and ALP), and upregulated relative expression of the cytochrome P450 gene.". But, in fish fed with diets containing 2 % or 4 % M. oleifera leaf extract, the histological alterations were reduced, level of liver enzymes, cortisol and the upregulation of anti-oxidant enzyme and cytochrome P450 gene expression was normalized, with (4 %) M. oleifera leaf extract supplemented diet exhibiting stronger effects. These results suggest the protective and therapeutic roles of M. oleifera as a feed supplement in Labeo rohita against arsenic induced toxicity.

In vitro antifungal activities of medicinal plants used for treatment of candidiasis in Pader district, Northern Uganda

BACKGROUND

The emergence of multidrug resistant Candida species to available drugs has led to renewed interest in the use of herbal medicines globally. This study scientifically verified antifungal effectiveness of five commonly used plant species in Pader district, against selected pathogenic candida strains.

METHODS

Powdered roots of Momordica foetida, Sansevieria dawei and Distimake dissectus; and stem barks of Khaya anthotheca and Mitragyna rubrostipulata were extracted sequentially using petroleum ether and methanol, respectively; and total water extraction at 24.4 °C (maceration), 60 °C (decoction) and boiling water at 87 °C (hot water infusion). Extracts and their combinations, positive controls (amphotericin B, and fluconazole) and negative control (80% dimethyl sulfoxide, verified to be tolerable concentration to the tested Candida species) were screened and verified for their antifungal activity against Candida albicans (ATCC: American Type Culture Collection reference strain 10231, ATCC 90028, 0770a and 0796), C. glabrata (VVc 004, ATCC 2950) and C. tropicalis (ATCC 750 and 0210) using agar well diffusion and broth micro-dilution, respectively.

RESULTS

Aqueous extract (24.4 °C) of M. rubrostipulata (ZOI: 18.00 ± 1.00 to 38.33 ± 0.17; MIC: 3.13 ± 0.00 to 20.83 ± 4.17; MFC: 12.50 ± 0.00 to 200.00 ± 0.00), methanol extract of K. anthotheca (10.11 ± 0.31 to 15.11 ± 0.65; 1.04 ± 0.26 to 12.50 ± 0.00; 12.50 ± 0.00 to 100.00 ± 0.00), and combination of aqueous extract (60 °C) of D. dissectus + methanol extract of K. anthotheca (7.89 ± 0.26 to 19.67 ± 0.37; 0.78 ± 0.00 to 50.00 ± 0.00; 12.50 ± 0.00 to 200.00 ± 0.00) exhibited broad spectrum antifungal activities and were fungistatic against all tested Candida species, which comprised 8 clinical/control and susceptible/resistant strains. None of the conventional drugs used demonstrated broad spectrum antifungal activity across all tested Candida species/strains.

CONCLUSION

Methanol extract of K. anthotheca, aqueous extract (24.4 °C) of M. rubrostipulata, and combination of aqueous extract (60 °C) of D. dissectus + methanol extract of K. anthotheca could be effective in the treatment of candidiasis. They demonstrated potential broad spectrum antifungal activity against different species and strains of tested Candida than the fluconazole and amphotericin B drugs. Their fungistatic nature showed their ability to inhibit fungal growth. Hence, these extracts/extract combination can offer better treatment option for candidiasis if they are standardized and also their active curative compounds isolated and made into antifungal drugs.

Biochemistry and Future Perspectives of Antibiotic Resistance: An Eye on Active Natural Products

Antibiotic resistance poses a serious threat to the current healthcare system, negatively impacting the effectiveness of many antimicrobial treatments. The situation is exacerbated by the widespread overuse and abuse of available antibiotics, accelerating the evolution of resistance. Thus, there is an urgent need for novel approaches to therapy to overcome established resistance mechanisms. Plants produce molecules capable of inhibiting bacterial growth in various ways, offering promising paths for the development of alternative antibiotic medicine. This review emphasizes the necessity of research efforts on plant-derived chemicals in the hopes of finding and creating novel drugs that can successfully target resistant bacterial populations. Investigating these natural chemicals allows us to improve our knowledge of novel antimicrobial pathways and also expands our antibacterial repertoire with novel molecules. Simultaneously, it is still necessary to utilize present antibiotics sparingly; prudent prescribing practices must be encouraged to extend the effectiveness of current medications. The combination of innovative drug research and responsible drug usage offers an integrated strategy for managing the antibiotic resistance challenge.

A Comprehensive Review of Antimicrobial Agents Against Clinically Important Bacterial Pathogens: Prospects for Phytochemicals

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) hinders the effective treatment of a range of bacterial infections, posing a serious threat to public health globally, as it challenges the currently available antimicrobial drugs. Among the various modes of antimicrobial action, antimicrobial agents that act on membranes have the most promising efficacy. However, there are no consolidated reports on the shortcomings of these drugs, existing challenges, or the potential applications of phytochemicals that act on membranes. Therefore, in this review, we have addressed the challenges and focused on various phytochemicals as antimicrobial agents acting on the membranes of clinically important bacterial pathogens. Antibacterial phytochemicals comprise diverse group of agents found in a wide range of plants. These compounds have been found to disrupt cell membranes, inhibit enzymes, interfere with protein synthesis, generate reactive oxygen species, modulate quorum sensing, and inhibit bacterial adhesion, making them promising candidates for the development of novel antibacterial therapies. Recently, polyphenolic compounds have been reported to have proven efficacy against nosocomial multidrug-resistant pathogens. However, more high-quality studies, improved standards, and the adoption of rules and regulations are required to firmly confirm the clinical efficacy of phytochemicals derived from plants. Identifying potential challenges, thrust areas of research, and considering viable approaches is essential for the successful clinical translation of these compounds.

Cutting-edge advances in nano/biomedicine: A review on transforming thrombolytic therapy

Thrombotic blockages within blood vessels give rise to critical cardiovascular disorders, including ischemic stroke, venous thromboembolism, and myocardial infarction. The current approach to the therapy of thrombolysis involves administering Plasminogen Activators (PA), but it is hindered by fast drug elimination, narrow treatment window, and the potential for bleeding complications. Leveraging nanomedicine to encapsulate and deliver PA offers a solution by improving the efficacy of therapy, safeguarding the medicine from proteinase biodegradation, and reducing unwanted effects in in vivo trials. In this review, we delve into the underlying venous as well as arterial thrombus pathophysiology and provide an overview of clinically approved PA used to address acute thrombotic conditions. We explore the existing challenges and potential directions within recent pivotal research on a variety of targeted nanocarriers, such as lipid, polymeric, inorganic, and biological carriers, designed for precise delivery of PA to specific sites. We also discuss the promising role of microbubbles and ultrasound-assisted Sono thrombolysis, which have exhibited enhanced thrombolysis in clinical studies. Furthermore, our review delves into approaches for the strategic development of nano-based carriers tailored for targeting thrombolytic action and efficient encapsulation of PA, considering the intricate interaction in biology systems as well as nanomaterials. In conclusion, the field of nanomedicine offers a valuable method for the exact and effective therapy of severe thrombus conditions, presenting a pathway toward improved patient outcomes and reduced complications.

Bioefficacy, chromatographic profiling and drug-likeness analysis of flavonoids and terpenoids as potential inhibitors of H1N1 influenza viral proteins

Considering medicinal plants, natural products present in these plants are the best sources of medications for combating viral infection. The possible drug target against viral H1N1 influenza proteins lead to identification of selected secondary metabolites from potential plants Tinospora cordifolia, Ocimum sanctum, and Piper nigrum. On analysis of in vitro cell based antiviral activity of the selected plant extracts, an indication for a possible lead compound against neuraminidase activity was evident. Potent ligands were selected using drug docking and ADMET analysis, and the screened lead metabolites were ultimately identified as terpenoid (Columbin) and, flavonoid (Cubebin, and Apigenin). Among the selected ligands, the drug binding activity of Cubebin with all the 6 proteins of H1N1 influenza type A virus, HA (4r8w), NA (4qn7), M2 (3lbw), PA (4wsb), PB1 (2znl) and PB2 (3wil), was pronounced. In addition, physicochemical and pharmacokinetic parameters linked to absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) have been evaluated and corroborate with our in vitro results. Molecular dynamics modelling indicated Cubebin can be a potential phytochemical in a drug discovery pipeline for the development of neuraminidase inhibitors. Further studies can provide a possibility for an alternative therapy against Influenza viruses.

Schistosomicidal Effects of Moringa oleifera Seed Oil Extract on Schistosoma mansoni-Infected Mice

Schistosomiasis causes severe hepatic fibrosis, making it a global health issue. Moringa oleifera seed oil extract, which had antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, was investigated as an alternative treatment. The 50 mice were divided into control, infected, praziquantel-treated, M. oleifera seed oil extract-treated and combined treatment groups. These treatments were examined for their effects on egg granulomas, hepatic enzymes, total protein, albumin, antioxidant enzymes and pro-inflammatory cytokines. M. oleifera seed oil and/or PZQ significantly reduced egg numbers, granuloma size and liver histopathology. M. oleifera seed oil reduced hepatic enzyme activity, increased total protein and albumin, and increased antioxidant enzyme activity while decreasing malondialdehyde. M. oleifera seed oil reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. M. oleifera seed oil may treat schistosomiasis instead of PZQ due to its antifibrotic, immunomodulatory and schistosomicidal properties.

Curcuma longa rhizome extract: a potential antibiofilm agent against antibiotic-resistant foodborne pathogens

The traditional medicinal value of Curcuma longa (turmeric) and its potential relevance in modern healthcare suggests that traditional remedies and natural products can provide valuable solutions to contemporary challenges, such as combating biofilms and antibiotic-resistant pathogens, potentially offering new strategies for addressing health and safety issues in the fields of food and medicine. This study assessed the antibiofilm and antibacterial characterization of Curcuma longa rhizome extract against antibiotic-resistant foodborne pathogens. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis were determined to check for the compounds, functional groups, and constituents of the plant extract. In-vitro antibiofilm and antibacterial bioassay of the extract were determined using standard bacteriological procedures. Potential mechanisms of the plant extract were also studied using standard biological methods. The important chemical constituents from the GC-MS extract of C. longa are arturmerone, cinnamyl angelate, tumerone, γ-atlantone, atlantone, α-atlantone, γ-atlantone and curlone. The FTIR analysis of the extract comprises alkyl halides, bromoalkanes, alkanes, ethylene molecules, arenes, amines, alcohols, sulfones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives, aromatic compounds, and phenols. The MIC of C. longa crude extract ranges from ethanol extract (0.03125 - 0.5 mg/mL) and acetone extract (0.0625 - 0.5 mg/mL). The MBC range is as follows: ethanol extract (0.125 - 1 mg/mL), acetone extract (0.125 - 1 mg/mL). The time-kill kinetics showed significant cell reduction with time. The bacterial isolates' nucleic acids and protein leakage were consistent with increased extract concentration and time. There was a reduction in the biofilm cell on the shrimp surface and EPS with increased concentration and time. C. longa exerted significant anti-biofilm activity by removing existing biofilms, disrupting cell connections, and decreasing cells in biofilms. These findings can aid food protection from microbial contamination and prevent biofilms-related infections.

Combinations of Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. and Terminalia chebula Retz. Extracts with Selected Antibiotics Against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria: Bioactivity and Phytochemistry

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has arisen due to antibiotic overuse and misuse. Antibiotic resistance renders standard treatments less effective, making it difficult to control some infections, thereby increasing morbidity and mortality. Medicinal plants are attracting increased interest as antibiotics lose efficacy. This study evaluates the antibacterial activity of solvent extracts prepared using Terminalia bellirica and Terminalia chebula fruit against six bacterial pathogens using disc diffusion and broth microdilution assays. The aqueous and methanol extracts of T. bellirica and T. chebula showed substantial zones of inhibition (ZOIs) against Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The activity against those bacteria was strong, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 94 µg/mL to 392 µg/mL. Additionally, the T. bellirica methanolic extract showed noteworthy antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and an extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) E. coli strain (MIC values of 755 µg/mL for both). The aqueous T. bellirica and T. chebula extracts also inhibited Klebsiella pneumoniae growth (MIC values of 784 µg/mL and 556 µg/mL, respectively). The corresponding methanolic extracts also inhibited ESBL K. pneumoniae growth (MIC values of 755 µg/mL and 1509 µg/mL, respectively). Eighteen additive interactions were observed when extracts were combined with reference antibiotics. Strong antagonism occurred when any of the extracts were mixed with polymyxin B. Liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) analysis of the extracts revealed several interesting flavonoids and tannins, including 6-galloylglucose, 1,2,6-trigalloyl-β-D-glucopyranose, 6-O-[(2E)-3-phenyl-2-propenoyl]-1-O-(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)-β-D-glucopyranose, propyl gallate, methyl gallate, sanguiin H4, hamamelitannin, pyrogallol, gallic acid, ellagic acid, chebulic acid, and chebuloside II. All extracts were nontoxic in brine shrimp assays. This lack of toxicity, combined with their antibacterial activities, suggests that these plant species may be promising sources of antibacterial compound(s) that warrant further study.

Multitarget Phytocomplex: Focus on Antibacterial Profiles of Grape Pomace and Sambucus ebulus L. Lyophilisates Against Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR) Bacteria and In Vitro Antioxidative Power

Objectives: This study was conceived with the aim of translating the experience and knowledge of the research group into the design and creation of multi-active phytocomplex cocktails from lyophilised winery by-products (Grape Pomace-GP) and weeds (Sambucus ebulus L., Dwarf Elder-DE). Methods: Quantification of bioactive molecules was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Results: In the extract obtained from lyophilised GP, the most dominant component that was quantified was petunidin-3-glucoside. Prominent compounds that were quantified in DE extract were cyanidin derivatives. The total number of microorganisms in lyophilisates is low, but some of them still survive lyophilisation. Antibacterial activity was determined by microdilution, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the tested bacteria ranged from 0.78 mg/mL to 25.00 mg/mL. Antibacterial susceptibility testing (AST) revealed that Klebsiella spp. and Acinetobacter baumannii complex are extensively drug-resistant (XDR). Conclusions: The GP + DE cocktail showed very strong AB power against both tested XDR bacteria. The total phenolic content and antioxidative effect (determined spectrophotometrically) indicate their linear correlation.

Recent Progress in Terrestrial Biota Derived Antibacterial Agents for Medical Applications

Conventional antibiotic and multidrug treatments are becoming less and less effective and the discovery of new effective and safe antibacterial agents is becoming a global priority. Returning to a natural antibacterial product is a relatively new current trend. Terrestrial biota is a rich source of biologically active substances whose antibacterial potential has not been fully utilized. The aim of this review is to present the current state-of-the-art terrestrial biota-derived antibacterial agents inspired by natural treatments. It summarizes the most important sources and newly identified or modified antibacterial agents and treatments from the last five years. It focuses on the significance of plant- animal- and bacteria-derived biologically active agents as powerful alternatives to antibiotics, as well as the advantages of utilizing natural antibacterial molecules alone or in combination with antibiotics. The main conclusion is that terrestrial biota-derived antibacterial products and substances open a variety of new ways for modern improved therapeutic strategies. New terrestrial sources of known antibacterial agents and new antibacterial agents from terrestrial biota were discovered during the last 5 years, which are under investigation together with some long-ago known but now experiencing their renaissance for the development of new medical treatments. The use of natural antibacterial peptides as well as combinational therapy by commercial antibiotics and natural products is outlined as the most promising method for treating bacterial infections. In vivo testing and clinical trials are necessary to reach clinical application.

Phytochemical Characterization and Synergistic Antibacterial Effects of Colebrookea Oppositifolia Essential Oil as Adjuvants to Modern Antibiotics in Combating Drug Resistance

Background

The global threat of multi-drug-resistant bacteria has severely limited the options available for effective antibiotics. This study focuses on the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical characterization of C. oppositifolia extracts, aiming to identify novel plant-based therapeutic agents.

Methods

C. oppositifolia specimens-leaves and inflorescence. Specimens were cleaned, sterilized, dried, and ground into a fine powder. Extracts were obtained using methanol and petroleum ether via a Soxhlet apparatus, followed by fractionation with chloroform, n-butanol, and ethyl acetate. Volatile oil was extracted through hydro distillation using a Clevenger apparatus. Phytochemical analysis was conducted to identify bioactive compounds. Biophysical techniques, including UV-visible spectrophotometry, TLC, HPLC, GC-MS, FTIR, and NMR, were employed for characterization. Antimicrobial activity was tested against S. aureus ATCC25922 and E. coli ATCC25922 using agar well and disc diffusion methods, and synergistic effects were assessed with erythromycin and amoxicillin.

Results

Methanol extract exhibited bacteriostatic activity with inhibition zones of 13.0 ± 0.2 mm for both S. aureus and E. coli. Petroleum ether, chloroform, n-butanol, and ethyl acetate fractions showed varying inhibition zones. Erythromycin demonstrated bactericidal activity, which was enhanced synergistically when combined with methanol extract and volatile oil, increasing inhibition zones against S. aureus. Phytochemical analysis identified phenols, flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, and glycosides. FTIR analysis revealed functional groups such as amines, aldehydes, nitriles, alkenes, and sulfones. GC-MS identified 24 compounds, with α-pinene, caryophyllene, and carene as major components. NMR spectra indicated no complex formation between oils and antibiotics, suggesting the compounds act as synergists.

Conclusion

The C. oppositifolia extracts possess significant antimicrobial activity and synergistic potential, particularly against S. aureus. The presence of various bioactive compounds suggests a promising role in developing new plant-based therapeutics.

Deciphering the Intricate Interplay in the Framework of Antibiotic-Drug Interactions: A Narrative Review

Drug interactions are a significant and integral part of the concept of medication-related adverse events, whether referring to potential interactions or those currently observed in real-world conditions. The high global consumption of antibiotics and their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic mechanisms make antibiotic-drug interactions a key element that requires continuous study due to their clinical relevance. In the present work, the current state of knowledge on antibiotic-drug interactions, which are less studied than other drug-drug interactions despite their frequent use in acute settings, has been consolidated and updated. The focus was on the interactions of the commonly used antibiotics in clinical practice, on the characteristics of the geriatric population susceptible to interactions, and on the impact of online drug interaction checkers. Additionally, strategies for optimizing the management of these interactions, including spacing out administrations, monitoring, or avoiding certain combinations, are suggested. Sustained research and careful monitoring are critical for improving antibiotic safety and efficacy, especially in susceptible populations, to enhance precision in managing antibiotic-drug interactions.

Unveiling the Launaea nudicaulis (L.) Hook medicinal bioactivities: phytochemical analysis, antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anticancer activities

Commonly used antimicrobial agents are no longer effective due to their overuse or misuse. In addition, many medicinal plant extracts can combat infectious diseases due to their main active constituents or secondary metabolites. The current study aimed to assess the bioactivities of Launaea nudicaulis (LN) leaf extract (LE) against different multi-drug resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) isolates. The ethyl acetate extract of a Launaea nudicaulis (LN) leaf was analyzed using GC-MS, which identified 27 key bioactive compounds. The major constituents found were as follows: 7-acetyl-6-ethyl-1,1,4,4-tetramethyltetralin, isopropyl myristate, thiocarbamic acid, N,N-dimethyl, S-1,3-diphenyl-2-butenyl ester, hahnfett, cyclopentane acetic acid, 3-oxo-2-pentyl-, methyl ester, hexadecanoic acid, and dotriacontane. Our study demonstrated that the LN leaf was a rich source of other important phytochemicals, including phenolic acids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. The relative biosafety of the L. nudicaulis LE was determined from the elevated inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) of 262 μg/mL, as calculated from the cytotoxicity assay against the Wi-38 normal cell line. Conversely, 12.7 and 24.5 μg/mL were the recorded low IC50 values for the tested extract against the MCF-7 and Hep-G2 cancerous cell lines, respectively, reflecting its potent activity against the tested cancerous cell lines. Microbiologically, the susceptible P. aeruginosa isolates to the tested extract showed a growth inhibition zone diameter, in the well diffusion assay, ranging from 11.34 ± 0.47 to 26.67 ± 0.47 mm, and a percent inhibition (PI) value of 50-106.2%, reflecting its acceptable activity. In addition, the broth microdilution assay recorded minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) in the ranges of 15.625-1,000 μg/mL and 125-1,000 μg/mL, respectively. In conclusion, the L. nudicaulis LE revealed showed promising activity and high selectivity against P. aeruginosa. Moreover, the extract exhibited natural anticancer activities with safe low concentrations, indicating its potential as a superior candidate for future studies of its active constituents.

Advancing therapeutic efficacy: nanovesicular delivery systems for medicinal plant-based therapeutics

The utilization of medicinal plant extracts in therapeutics has been hindered by various challenges, including poor bioavailability and stability issues. Nanovesicular delivery systems have emerged as promising tools to overcome these limitations by enhancing the solubility, bioavailability, and targeted delivery of bioactive compounds from medicinal plants. This review explores the applications of nanovesicular delivery systems in antibacterial and anticancer therapeutics using medicinal plant extracts. We provide an overview of the bioactive compounds present in medicinal plants and their therapeutic properties, emphasizing the challenges associated with their utilization. Various types of nanovesicular delivery systems, including liposomes, niosomes, ethosomes, and solid lipid nanoparticles, among others, are discussed in detail, along with their potential applications in combating bacterial infections and cancer. The review highlights specific examples of antibacterial and anticancer activities demonstrated by these delivery systems against a range of pathogens and cancer types. Furthermore, we address the challenges and limitations associated with the scale-up, stability, toxicity, and regulatory considerations of nanovesicular delivery systems. Finally, future perspectives are outlined, focusing on emerging technologies, integration with personalized medicine, and potential collaborations to drive forward research in this field. Overall, this review underscores the potential of nanovesicular delivery systems for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of medicinal plant extracts in antibacterial and anticancer applications, while identifying avenues for further research and development.

The Potential of Thymus serpyllum Essential Oil as an Antibacterial Agent against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the Preservation of Sous Vide Red Deer Meat

Foodborne infections caused by microbes are a serious health risk. Regarding this, customer preferences for "ready-to-eat" or minimally processed (MP) deer meat are one of the main risk factors. Given the health dangers associated with food, essential oil (EO) is a practical substitute used to decrease pathogenic germs and extend the shelf-life of MP meals. Nonetheless, further data regarding EO use in MP meals are required. In order to evaluate new, safer alternatives to chemicals for disease control and food preservation, this research was carried out in the following areas to assess the antibacterial and antibiofilm characteristics of Thymus serpyllum (TSEO) essential oil, which is extracted from dried flowering stalks. Furthermore, this study applied an essential oil of wild thyme and inoculated the sous vide deer meat with Pseudomonas aeruginosa for seven days at 4 °C in an effort to prolong its shelf-life. Against P. aeruginosa, the essential oil exhibited potent antibacterial action. The findings of the minimal biofilm inhibition concentration (MBIC) crystal violet test demonstrated the substantial antibiofilm activity of the TSEO. The TSEO modified the protein profiles of bacteria on glass and plastic surfaces, according to data from MALDI-TOF MS analysis. Moreover, it was discovered that P. aeruginosa was positively affected by the antibacterial properties of TSEO. The anti-Pseudomonas activity of the TSEO was marginally higher in vacuum-packed sous vide red deer meat samples than in control samples. The most frequently isolated species from sous vide deer meat, if we do not consider the applied bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were P. fragi, P. lundensis, and P. taetrolens. These results highlight the antibacterial and antibiofilm qualities of TSEO, demonstrating its potential for food preservation and extending the shelf-life of deer meat.

Effect of the Phenological Stage on the Phenolic Composition, and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. Extracts

Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. is a plant from the Asteraceae family that is commonly used in traditional medicine. The purpose of this work was to investigate the antioxidant and antimicrobial characteristics of phenolic compounds found in ethanol and dry extracts of C. vulgare leaves, inflorescence, and roots during various phenological stages. Apigenin-7-O-glucoside and chlorogenic acid were identified in practically all C. vulgare extracts. Extracts from leaves collected at the end of the phenological dormancy period and in the first growing year had the highest antioxidant (cupric ion-reducing antioxidant capacity of 12,938 Trolox equivalents/g dry weight) and antimicrobial activity (against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, and Candida albicans) with MIC values of ethanol extract from 16.7 mg/mL to 8.35 mg/mL. These extracts included a high concentration of chlorogenic acid and apigenin-7-O-glucoside. Also, dry extracts from C. vulgare roots and inflorescences showed a higher antimicrobial effect compared to ethanolic extracts with MIC values from 5.57 mg/mL to 3 mg/mL. The study emphasizes the critical role of phenological stages and raw material composition in the accumulation of phenolic compounds and their biological activity in C. vulgare. The findings suggest that extracts from C. vulgare leaves, especially those collected at the end of the phonological dormancy period, are promising candidates for further research into bioactive compounds with potential medicinal applications. The strong antioxidant and antibacterial properties of these extracts highlight their potential for development into natural pharmaceutical products.

Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Hydroalcoholic and Phenolic Extracts from Ternstroemia dentisepala and T. lineata Leaves

Traditional Mexican medicine commonly uses infusions of Ternstroemia spp. to treat insomnia, injuries, and infections. The antibacterial activities of Ternstroemia dentisepala and Ternstroemia lineata were evaluated for the first time against a panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria that have implications for human health, including Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Furthermore, the scavenging potential of the hydroalcoholic (HAEs) and total phenolic extracts (TPEs) from the leaves of both plants by a 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assay (ABTS•+) was determined. Also, the total phenolic contents of the HAEs using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent were assayed. T. dentisepala HAE and TPE were active against all bacterial strains tested, with a minimum inhibitory concentration between 1.0 and 6.0 mg/mL, with the last one being the most active. However, the T. lineata extracts only demonstrated effectiveness against S. typhi and P. aeruginosa. The TPEs from T. dentisepala and T. lineata improved the activity by approximately 30% in all bacteria tested in comparison with the HAEs. The T. dentisepala HAE had a higher total phenolic content than the T. lineata extract, which was consistent with its ABTS•+-scavenging activity. The two HAEs had different chemical profiles, mostly because of the types and amounts of phenolic compounds they contained. These profiles were obtained using thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) experiments.

Fruit Extract and Phenolic Compounds of Phyllanthus emblica Fruits as Bioactivity Enhancer of Chloramphenicol Against Bacterial Species

Phyllanthus emblica L. (syn. Emblica officinalis) fruits have been traditionally exploited to enhance the immune system and provide protection against bacterial and fungal diseases. The present study aimed to evaluate the synergistic interactions between chloramphenicol and several phenolic compounds found in P. emblica fruits against bacterial strains. The combination of P. emblica fruit extracts and its phenolic compounds demonstrated synergistic antibacterial activity when used in conjunction with chloramphenicol against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The combination of MICGA with ½MICChl exhibited a significant increase in bioactivity, with a 333.33-fold enhancement against B. subtilis. Similarly, the combination of MICGA with 2MICChl displayed a bioactivity enhancement of 16.02 folds against S. aureus. The co-administration of ½MICQ and ½MICChl resulted in a significant 35.71-fold increase in bioactivity against P. aeruginosa. Similarly, the combination of MIC GA and ½MICChl exhibited a remarkable 166.66-fold enhancement in bioactivity against E. coli. The combinations of 2MICFPE and ½MICChloramphenicol, as well as ½MICGA and ½MICChl demonstrated the highest bioactivity enhancement of 17.85 folds for K. pneumoniae. This study claimed that the fruit extracts of P. emblica and its phenolic compounds could be utilized to augment the effectiveness of conventional antibiotics, which have acquired resistance to bacterial infections.

Assessment of antibacterial activity, modes of action, and synergistic effects of Origanum vulgare hydroethanolic extract with antibiotics against avian pathogenic Escherichia coli

This study evaluates the antibacterial effectiveness of Origanum vulgare hydroethanolic extract, both independently and in combination with antibiotics, against Escherichia coli strains associated with avian colibacillosis-a significant concern for the poultry industry due to the rise of antibiotic-resistant E. coli. The urgent demand for new treatments is addressed by analyzing the extract's phytochemical makeup via High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), which identified sixteen phenolic compounds. Antibacterial activity was determined through agar diffusion and the measurement of minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC), showing moderate efficacy (MIC: 3.9 to 7.8 mg/mL, MBC: 31.2 to 62.4 mg/mL). Combining the extract with antibiotics like ampicillin and tetracycline amplified antibacterial activity, indicating a synergistic effect and highlighting the importance of combinatory treatments against resistant strains. Further analysis revealed the extract's mechanisms of action include disrupting bacterial cell membrane integrity and inhibiting ATPase/H+ proton pumps, essential for bacterial survival. Moreover, the extract effectively inhibited and eradicated biofilms, crucial for preventing bacterial colonization. Regarding cytotoxicity, the extract showed no hemolytic effect at 1 to 9 mg/mL concentrations. These results suggest Origanum vulgare extract, particularly when used with antibiotics, offers a promising strategy for managing avian colibacillosis, providing both direct antibacterial benefits and moderating antibiotic resistance, thus potentially reducing the economic impact of the disease on the poultry industry.

Phytochemical characterization, antimicrobial properties and in silico modeling perspectives of Anacyclus pyrethrum essential oil

Medicinal plants are used widely in the treatment of various infectious diseases. One of these medical plants is Moroccan plants such as Anacyclus pyrethrum. In this study, the essential oil isolated from the leaves of Anacyclus pyrethrum (APEO) by the hydrodistillation method was analyzed using (GC/MS) analysis. A total of forty-four compounds were identified form the oil and the oxygenated monoterpenes were the most abundant class of compounds. The major identified compound is santolina alcohol (40.7 %), followed by germacrene-D (8.9 %). The in-vitro assessment of the antimicrobial efficacy of APEO encompassed an investigation involving six microbial strains, including two Gram-positive bacteria, four Gram-negative bacteria, and three fungal strains. The findings revealed noteworthy antibacterial and antifungal properties against all examined microorganisms, with inhibitory zone diameters ranging from 25.67 ± 0.06 mm to 25.19 ± 0.03 mm for Gram-positive bacteria and from 22.34 ± 0.01 mm to 14.43 ± 0.02 mm for Gram-negative bacteria, as determined through the disc-diffusion assay. In the case of antifungal activity, inhibitory zones ranged from 24.57 ± 0.04 mm to 18.37 ± 0.06 mm. Further evaluation revealed that the MIC values of Gram-positive bacteria were at the concentration 0.25 % v/v, while MBC values ranged from 0.25 % to 1.0 % v/v. The Gram-negative bacteria exhibited MIC values spanning from 0.5 % to 2.0 % v/v, with MBC values in the range of 0.5 %-2.0 % v/v. For the fungal strains, MIC values ranged from 0.5 % to 1.0 % v/v, while the MFC consistently remained at 1.0 % for all tested fungal strains. The assessment of the MBC/MIC and MFC/MIC ratios collectively indicates that A. pyrethrum EO possesses bactericidal and fungicidal attributes. The in silico study of bioavailability predictions for compounds in APEO based on six physicochemical properties show optimal physiochemical properties including size, lipophilicity, solubility, flexibility, and saturation. α-Pinene, limonene, germacrene D, and (E)-β-farnesene are non-polar due to their lack of polar groups, and the ADME profile indicates desirable properties for considering these compounds in drug development. Molecular docking investigation indicates that all the compounds of APEO reside well into the binding site of the DNA gyrase B enzyme of Staphylococcus aureus by mediating a number of significant interactions with the binding site residues. The ADME analysis suggested that the major compounds APEO possess desirable properties for further consideration in drug development. In light of these findings, APEO could serve as a natural source for the elaboration of new and active antimicrobial drugs.

In Vitro and In Silico Studies of the Antimicrobial Activity of Prenylated Phenylpropanoids of Green Propolis and Their Derivatives against Oral Bacteria

Artepillin C, drupanin, and plicatin B are prenylated phenylpropanoids that naturally occur in Brazilian green propolis. In this study, these compounds and eleven of their derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against a representative panel of oral bacteria in terms of their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values. Plicatin B (2) and its hydrogenated derivative 8 (2',3',7,8-tetrahydro-plicatin B) were the most active compounds. Plicatin B (2) displayed strong activity against all the bacteria tested, with an MIC of 31.2 μg/mL against Streptococcus mutans, S. sanguinis, and S. mitis. On the other hand, compound 8 displayed strong activity against S. mutans, S. salivarius, S. sobrinus, Lactobacillus paracasei (MIC = 62.5 μg/mL), and S. mitis (MIC = 31.2 μg/mL), as well as moderate activity against Enterococcus faecalis and S. sanguinis (MIC = 125 μg/mL). Compounds 2 and 8 displayed bactericidal effects (MBC: MIC ≤ 4) against all the tested bacteria. In silico studies showed that the complexes formed by compounds 2 and 8 with the S. mitis, S. sanguinis, and S. mutans targets (3LE0, 4N82, and 3AIC, respectively) had energy score values similar to those of the native S. mitis, S. sanguinis, and S. mutans ligands due to the formation of strong hydrogen bonds. Moreover, all the estimated physicochemical parameters satisfied the drug-likeness criteria without violating the Lipinski, Veber, and Egan rules, so these compounds are not expected to cause problems with oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics. Compounds 2 and 8 also had suitable ADMET parameters, as the online server pkCSM calculates. These results make compounds 2 and 8 good candidates as antibacterial agents against oral bacteria.

Evaluation of the Interaction between Carvacrol and Thymol, Major Compounds of Ptychotis verticillata Essential Oil: Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Anticancer Activities against Breast Cancer Lines

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties of thymol, carvacrol, and their equimolar mixture. Antioxidant activities were assessed using the DPPH, ABTS, and ORAC methods. The thymol/carvacrol mixture exhibited significant synergism, surpassing the individual compounds and ascorbic acid in DPPH (IC50 = 43.82 ± 2.41 µg/mL) and ABTS (IC50 = 23.29 ± 0.71 µg/mL) assays. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by inhibiting the 5-LOX, COX-1, and COX-2 enzymes. The equimolar mixture showed the strongest inhibition of 5-LOX (IC50 = 8.46 ± 0.92 µg/mL) and substantial inhibition of COX-1 (IC50 = 15.23 ± 2.34 µg/mL) and COX-2 (IC50 = 14.53 ± 2.42 µg/mL), indicating a synergistic effect. Anticancer activity was tested on MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and MDA-MB-436 breast cancer cell lines using the MTT assay. The thymol/carvacrol mixture demonstrated superior cytotoxicity (IC50 = 0.92-1.70 µg/mL) and increased selectivity compared to cisplatin, with high selectivity indices (144.88-267.71). These results underscore the promising therapeutic potential of the thymol/carvacrol combination, particularly for its synergistic antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties against breast cancer. This study paves the way for developing natural therapies against breast cancer and other conditions associated with oxidative stress and inflammation, leveraging the synergistic effects of natural compounds like thymol and carvacrol.

Green Extraction of Plant Materials Using Supercritical CO2: Insights into Methods, Analysis, and Bioactivity

In recent years, the supercritical CO2 extraction method has gained attention due to its use of environmentally friendly, non-toxic solvents, ability to operate at lower temperatures that do not cause the degradation of bioactive compounds, and capacity for rapid extraction. This method is particularly notable for isolating bioactive compounds from plants. The extracts obtained have shown superior properties due to their activity against diseases such as cancer, which is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The aim of this study is to provide an in-depth understanding of the supercritical CO2 extraction method, as well as to discuss its advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, the study includes specific data on various plant materials, detailing the following parameters: plant name and region, bioactive compounds or compound classes, extraction temperature (°C), pressure (bar), time (minutes), co-solvent used, and flow rate. Additionally, this study covers extensive research on the isolation of bioactive compounds and the efficacy of the obtained extracts against cancer.

Plant-Derived Antimicrobials and Their Crucial Role in Combating Antimicrobial Resistance

Antibiotic resistance emerged shortly after the discovery of the first antibiotic and has remained a critical public health issue ever since. Managing antibiotic resistance in clinical settings continues to be challenging, particularly with the rise of superbugs, or bacteria resistant to multiple antibiotics, known as multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. This rapid development of resistance has compelled researchers to continuously seek new antimicrobial agents to curb resistance, despite a shrinking pipeline of new drugs. Recently, the focus of antimicrobial discovery has shifted to plants, fungi, lichens, endophytes, and various marine sources, such as seaweeds, corals, and other microorganisms, due to their promising properties. For this review, an extensive search was conducted across multiple scientific databases, including PubMed, Elsevier, ResearchGate, Scopus, and Google Scholar, encompassing publications from 1929 to 2024. This review provides a concise overview of the mechanisms employed by bacteria to develop antibiotic resistance, followed by an in-depth exploration of plant secondary metabolites as a potential solution to MDR pathogens. In recent years, the interest in plant-based medicines has surged, driven by their advantageous properties. However, additional research is essential to fully understand the mechanisms of action and verify the safety of antimicrobial phytochemicals. Future prospects for enhancing the use of plant secondary metabolites in combating antibiotic-resistant pathogens will also be discussed.

Aqueous extract-mediated green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles: Potential anti-tuberculosis agents

The emergence of drug-resistant strains in tuberculosis treatment underscores the urgency for novel therapeutic approaches. This study investigates the anti-tuberculosis activity of green-synthesized copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs) using garlic and astragalus extracts. The physicochemical characterization of the nanoparticles confirms successful synthesis, followed by assessment of their antibacterial properties and safety profile. Rats infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis are treated with nanocomposites derived from garlic extract at doses of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg body weight. Evaluation includes the analysis of Early secreted antigenic target of 6 kDa (ESAT-6) expression and confirmation of antibodies through molecular assays. Administration of garlic and nanocomposites demonstrates significant inhibitory effects on tuberculosis progression in rats, validated by safety assessments and antibacterial efficacy. Notably, the 100 mg/kg dosage exhibits pronounced mitigation of tuberculosis-induced oxidative stress and lung damage. In conclusion, the combined administration of garlic extracts and green-synthesized nanocomposites shows promising efficacy in reducing tuberculosis infection, highlighting a potential avenue for anti-tuberculosis interventions.

Phytochemical Profiling, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potentials of Ethanol and Ethyl Acetate Extracts of Chamaenerion latifolium L

The study investigates the phytochemical profile, antioxidant capacity, and antimicrobial activities of ethanol (ChL-EtOH) and ethyl acetate (ChL-EtOAc) extracts from Chamaenerion latifolium L. (ChL) harvested in Kazakhstan. The ChL-EtOH extract exhibited higher total phenolic (267.48 ± 3.44 mg GAE/g DE) and flavonoid content (24.18 ± 1.06 mg QE/g DE) compared to ChL-EtOAc. HPLC-UV-ESI/MS identified key phenolic acids and flavonoids, including gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, and quercetin 3-glucoside. FT-IR analysis confirmed the presence of characteristic functional groups. Antioxidant assays revealed strong DPPH scavenging and FRAP activities, with ChL-EtOH showing superior results (IC50 = 21.31 ± 0.65 μg/mL and 18.13 ± 0.15 μg/mL, respectively). Additionally, ChL-EtOH displayed notable antimicrobial efficacy against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as the fungal strain Candida albicans. These findings suggest that ethanol extraction is more efficient for isolating bioactive compounds from ChL, underscoring its potential for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.

In Vitro Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Medicinal Flower Laligurans Rhododendron arboreum Collected from Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Rhododendron arboreum, known as Nepal's national flower and belonging to the Ericaceae family, thrives throughout the Himalayan region. This study investigates the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of Rhododendron arboreum flowers. Three different extracts were prepared at concentrations ranging from 10 to 640 μg/mL and assessed for their total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and DPPH radical scavenging activity. Results showed significant accumulation of antioxidant compounds (P < 0.05), with TPC levels of 37.78, 67.29, and 53.46 mg GAE/g and TFC values of 49.46, 67.46, and 65.71 mg QE/g for LGP, LGE, and LGA at 640 μg/mL, respectively. DPPH activity was highest in LGE (96.33%), followed by LGA (87.11%) and LGP (76.59%), compared to the standard (77.38%). The antibacterial properties were significant against Aeromonas hydrophila, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli at 100% concentration, with inhibition rates of 15%, 16%, and 17% for LGP, LGE, and LGA, respectively. These findings indicate that Rhododendron arboreum petals, rich in bioactive compounds, possess strong antioxidant and antibacterial properties, making them potential candidates for developing cost-effective therapeutic formulations. Further research should focus on isolating specific bioactive compounds and understanding their molecular mechanisms to enhance therapeutic efficacy.

Green synthesized silver nanoparticles from Phoenix dactylifera synergistically interact with bioactive extract of Punica granatum against bacterial virulence and biofilm development

The global rise of antibiotic resistance poses a substantial risk to mankind, underscoring the necessity for alternative antimicrobial options. Developing novel drugs has become challenging in matching the pace at which microbial resistance is evolving. Recently, nanotechnology, coupled with natural compounds, has emerged as a promising solution to combat multidrug-resistant bacteria. In the present study, silver nanoparticles were green-synthesized using aqueous extract of Phoenix dactylifera (variety Ajwa) fruits and characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA). The in-vitro synergy of green synthesized P. dactylifera silver nanoparticle (PD-AgNPs) with selected antibiotics and bioactive extract of Punica granatum, i.e., ethyl acetate fraction (PGEF), was investigated using checkerboard assays. The most effective synergistic combination was evaluated against the QS-regulated virulence factors production and biofilm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 by spectroscopic assays and electron microscopy. In-vivo anti-infective efficacy was examined in Caenorhabditis elegans N2 worms. PD-AgNPs were characterized as spherical in shape with an average diameter of 28.9 nm. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of functional groups responsible for the decrease and stabilization of PD-AgNPs. The signals produced by TGA-DTA analysis indicated the generation of thermally stable and pure crystallite AgNPs. Key phytocompounds detected in bioactive fractions include gulonic acid, dihydrocaffeic acid 3-O-glucuronide, and various fatty acids. The MIC of PD-AgNPs and PGEF ranged from 32 to 128 μg/mL and 250-500 μg/mL, respectively, against test bacterial strains. In-vitro, PD-AgNPs showed additive interaction with selected antibiotics (FICI 0.625-0.75) and synergy with PGEF (FICI 0.25-0.375). This combination inhibited virulence factors by up to 75 % and biofilm formation by 84.87 % in P. aeruginosa PAO1. Infected C. elegans worms with P. aeruginosa PAO1 had a 92.55 % survival rate when treated with PD-AgNPs and PGEF. The combination also reduced the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in C. elegans N2 compared to the untreated control. Overall, these findings highlight that biosynthesized PD-AgNPs and bioactive P. granatum extract may be used as a potential therapeutic formulation against MDR bacteria.

Phytochemical Investigation of Polyphenols from the Aerial Parts of Tanacetum balsamita Used in Transylvanian Ethnobotany and Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay

In this study, based on ethnobotanical data recorded in Transylvania, the polyphenolic compounds and the permeability of the aerial part's extract of Tanacetum balsamita were investigated. Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was applied for the analysis of the extracts. Parallel artificial membrane permeability assay (PAMPA) for the gastrointestinal tract and the blood-brain barrier was conducted. In the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the species traditionally used for wound, furuncle, and liver disorders, 92 polyphenols were characterized (e.g., flavonoid, hydroxycinnamic acid, catechin, dihydroxybenzoyl, lignan derivatives, and a monoterpene) including 54 compounds identified for the first time in the plant. In the PAMPA tests, eight components were shown to be capable of passive diffusion across the studied membranes. These include apigenin and seven methoxylated flavonoid derivatives. Based on these results, methoxylated flavonoids might promote the pharmacological potential of T. balsamita to be applied in the enhancement of novel remedies.

Pre-clinical studies comparing the anti-inflammatory potential of artemisinic compounds by targeting NFκB/TNF-α/NLRP3 and Nrf2/TRX pathways in Balb/C mice

Artemisinin, artemether, artesunate, and dihydroartemisinin are renowned for their antimalarial potential. The current study aims to repurpose the above-mentioned artemisinic compounds (ACs) by conducting an intercomparison to evaluate their antiinflammatory potential (AIP). In order to develop potential candidates for the evaluation of AIP of ACs (50 and 100 mg/kg BW), carbon tetrachloride (1ml/kg body weight (BW)) was administered intraperitoneally to BALB/c mice. Alterations in animal behavior were assessed weekly through tail suspension test, force swim test, open field test, Y-maze test, inverted screen analysis, and weight lifting test. Aberrations in hematological, serological, endogenous antioxidants, and oxidative stress marker profiles were assessed in all twelve groups. Histological alterations were read using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Levels of inflammatory markers including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), were determined using immunohistochemical analysis (IHCA). Antioxidant markers i.e., nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor (Nrf-2) and thioredoxin (TRX) were also quantified through IHCA. Comet assay was performed to quantify DNA damage. Oral administration of ACs to mice significantly alleviated the carbon tetrachloride induced inflammation in comparison with silymarin. Reduced levels of several inflammatory markers including nitric oxide, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, interleukin-1 beta, NF-κB, TNF-α, and NLRP3, underscore the substantial AIP of ACs. IHCA depicted the revitalized percent relative expression of Nrf-2 and TRX in groups treated with ACs. Behavioral analysis revealed that ACs-treated groups significantly (p<0.05) attenuated the memory deficit, anxiety, and depressive-like behavior. Moreover, histopathological, hematological, serological, and endogenous antioxidant profiles indicated substantial AIP of ACs. Findings of comet assay further bolstered the compelling evidence as DNA damage was significantly (p<0.05) curbed down after ACs (100 mg/kg) treatment. All these outcomes implied that ACs exhibited AIP in a dose-dependent manner with maximal AIP imparted by artemisinin (100 mg/kg). This pre-clinical investigation avers the tremendous AIP of ACs targeting key molecular pathways. The current study divulges artemisinin as the most potent antiinflammatory agent among the tested compounds.

Core proteome mediated subtractive approach for the identification of potential therapeutic drug target against the honeybee pathogen Paenibacillus larvae

Background & Objectives

American foulbrood (AFB), caused by the highly virulent, spore-forming bacterium Paenibacillus larvae, poses a significant threat to honey bee brood. The widespread use of antibiotics not only fails to effectively combat the disease but also raises concerns regarding honey safety. The current computational study was attempted to identify a novel therapeutic drug target against P. larvae, a causative agent of American foulbrood disease in honey bee.

Methods

We investigated effective novel drug targets through a comprehensive in silico pan-proteome and hierarchal subtractive sequence analysis. In total, 14 strains of P. larvae genomes were used to identify core genes. Subsequently, the core proteome was systematically narrowed down to a single protein predicted as the potential drug target. Alphafold software was then employed to predict the 3D structure of the potential drug target. Structural docking was carried out between a library of phytochemicals derived from traditional Chinese flora (n > 36,000) and the potential receptor using Autodock tool 1.5.6. Finally, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation study was conducted using GROMACS to assess the stability of the best-docked ligand.

Results

Proteome mining led to the identification of Ketoacyl-ACP synthase III as a highly promising therapeutic target, making it a prime candidate for inhibitor screening. The subsequent virtual screening and MD simulation analyses further affirmed the selection of ZINC95910054 as a potent inhibitor, with the lowest binding energy. This finding presents significant promise in the battle against P. larvae.

Conclusions

Computer aided drug design provides a novel approach for managing American foulbrood in honey bee populations, potentially mitigating its detrimental effects on both bee colonies and the honey industry.

Antimicrobial Activities of Natural Bioactive Polyphenols

Secondary metabolites, polyphenols, are widespread in the entire kingdom of plants. They contain one or more hydroxyl groups that have a variety of biological functions in the natural environment. These uses include polyphenols in food, beauty products, dietary supplements, and medicinal products and have grown rapidly during the past 20 years. Antimicrobial polyphenols are described together with their sources, classes, and subclasses. Polyphenols are found in different sources, such as dark chocolate, olive oil, red wine, almonds, cashews, walnuts, berries, green tea, apples, artichokes, mushrooms, etc. Examples of benefits are antiallergic, antioxidant, anticancer agents, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, and antimicrobe properties. From these sources, different classes of polyphenols are helpful for the growth of internal functional systems of the human body, providing healthy fats, vitamins, and minerals, lowering the risk of cardiovascular diseases, improving brain health, and rebooting our cellular microbiome health by mitochondrial uncoupling. Among the various health benefits of polyphenols (curcumin, naringenin, quercetin, catechin, etc.) primarily different antimicrobial activities are discussed along with possible future applications. For polyphenols and antimicrobial agents to be proven safe, adverse health impacts must be substantiated by reliable scientific research as well as in vitro and in vivo clinical data. Future research may be influenced by this evaluation.

Effects of different addition levels of CHM-JM113 on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, organ index, and intestinal health of AA broilers

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of different levels of a Chinese herbal medicine formulation combined with JM113 (CHM-JM113) on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, organ index, and intestinal health of AA broilers. The AA broiler chicks were randomly allocated to 5 treatments as follows: a basic diet for the control group, the basic diet supplemented with 0.25% CHM-JM113, 0.5% CHM-JM113, 1% CHM-JM113 and 2% CHM-JM113 for the treatment group, respectively. The results showed that the addition of CHM-JM113 to the diet significantly reduced the mortality (p < 0.01) and improved the European Broiler Index (EBI) (p < 0.05), whereas it had no significance on growth performance of AA broilers (p > 0.05). Comparing the control group, 0.5 and 1% CHM-JM113 group significantly improved the organ index of liver, spleen and bursa (p < 0.05). In terms of intestinal morphology and structure, the addition of different levels of CHM-JM113 increased VH and VH/CD ratio, decreased CD in the small intestine compared to the control group, with 1 and 2% of the additive dose being more effective (p < 0.05). Chinese herbal medicine and probiotics as natural antioxidants also significantly increased the content of SOD in serum of 21-day-old broilers (p < 0.01), and significantly decreased the content of MDA in serum (p < 0.01). At 42 days of age, the addition of 1 and 2% CHM-JM113 significantly increased the content of SOD (p < 0.01) and significantly decreased the content of MDA in the organism (p < 0.01), accompanied by a significant increase in T-AOC and CAT content. In the study of the effect of CHM-JM113 on intestinal immunity, compared with the control group, we found that 1% or 2% CHM-JM113 had a better effect on the expression of occludin and claudin-1 in the intestinal segments of broilers (p < 0.05). For the expression of GATA-3, 0.5% CHM-JM113 may have a better effect (p < 0.05). CHM-JM113 may be used as an antibiotic alternative in broiler production.

The Application of Probiotic Bacteria from Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa × Duch.) in the Fermentation of Strawberry Tree Fruit (Arbutus unedo L.) Extract

The search for unexplored plant resources that would provide a good basis for the development of novel probiotic functional foods is rapidly increasing. In this context, the strawberry tree fruit (Arbutus unedo L.) is particularly interesting, as it is rich in numerous antioxidant bioactive compounds that have been shown to be beneficial to health, but have not yet found industrial applications. In this work, the probiotic characterization of lactic acid bacteria strain Lactiplantibacillus plantarum DB2, isolated from strawberries (Fragaria ananassa × Duch.), was performed. The tested strain proved to be safe to use, displaying no antibiotic resistance or hemolytic activity. Due to its proven probiotic potential during simulated gastrointestinal transit, its antimicrobial activity, and its coaggregation with pathogens, it was selected for fermentation of an aqueous Arbutus unedo L. extract, which was subsequently microencapsulated and freeze-dried to extend its shelf life and preserve its functional properties. The antioxidant activity of the ferment obtained was maintained (80%), while after microencapsulation and freeze-drying, about 50% and 20% of the antioxidant activity was retained, respectively. In conclusion, this study demonstrates for the first time the application of probiotics isolated from strawberries in the fermentation of strawberry tree extract and monitors the antioxidant activity during post-fermentation formulation, paving the way for a potential industrial application of this underutilized plant.

Green Approach for Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles with Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties from Grapevine Waste Extracts

The present work aims to study the possibilities of developing silver nanoparticles using natural extracts of grape pomace wastes originating from the native variety of Fetească Neagră 6 Șt. This study focused on investigating the influence of grape pomace extract obtained by two different extraction methods (classical temperature extraction and microwave-assisted extraction) in the phytosynthesis process of metal nanoparticles. The total phenolic content of the extracts was assessed using the spectrophotometric method with the Folin-Ciocâlteu reagent, while the identification and quantification of specific components were conducted through high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). The obtained nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), along with assessing their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties against Gram-positive bacteria. The data collected from the experiments indicated that the nanoparticles were formed in a relatively short period of time (96 h) and, for the experimental variant involving the use of a 1:1 ratio (v/v, grape pomace extract: silver nitrate) for the nanoparticle phytosynthesis, the smallest crystallite sizes (from X-ray diffraction-4.58 nm and 5.14 nm) as well as spherical or semispherical nanoparticles with the lowest average diameters were obtained (19.99-23 nm, from TEM analysis). The phytosynthesis process was shown to enhance the antioxidant properties (determined using the DPPH assay) and the antimicrobial potential (tested against Gram-positive strains) of the nanoparticles, as evidenced by comparing their properties with those of the parent extracts; at the same time, the nanoparticles exhibited a selectivity in action, being active against the Staphylococcus aureus strain while presenting no antimicrobial potential against the Enterococcus faecalis strain.

Recent Developments in Nanoparticle Formulations for Resveratrol Encapsulation as an Anticancer Agent

Resveratrol is a polyphenolic compound that has gained considerable attention in the past decade due to its multifaceted therapeutic potential, including anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. However, its anticancer efficacy is impeded by low water solubility, dose-limiting toxicity, low bioavailability, and rapid hepatic metabolism. To overcome these hurdles, various nanoparticles such as organic and inorganic nanoparticles, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, solid lipid nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, zinc oxide nanoparticles, zeolitic imidazolate frameworks, carbon nanotubes, bioactive glass nanoparticles, and mesoporous nanoparticles were employed to deliver resveratrol, enhancing its water solubility, bioavailability, and efficacy against various types of cancer. Resveratrol-loaded nanoparticle or resveratrol-conjugated nanoparticle administration exhibits excellent anticancer potency compared to free resveratrol. This review highlights the latest developments in nanoparticle-based delivery systems for resveratrol, focusing on the potential to overcome limitations associated with the compound's bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness.

Unveiling the Anti-Cholera and Active Diabetic Renoprotective Compounds of Maqian Essential Oil: A Computational and Molecular Dynamics Study

Cholera is an exceptionally aggressive infectious disease characterized by the potential to induce acute, copious, watery diarrhea of considerable severity and renal inflammation. Diabetic nephropathy is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus that can lead to kidney failure through inflammation; thus, anti-inflammatory agents are promising therapies for diabetic nephropathy. Previous studies have shown that the essential oil of Zanthoxylum myriacanthum var. pubescens Huang, Maqian essential oil (MQEO), exhibits potent antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and renoprotective activities in diabetic mice and has emerged as a potential therapeutic drug for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy complications. Therefore, the present study was carried out to screen the potential inhibition of cholera toxin and the diabetic renoprotective activity of MQEO through computational approaches. Twelve chemical constituents derived from MQEO were docked with cholera toxin and the target proteins involved in diabetic nephropathy, namely, TXNIP, Nrf2, and DPP IV, and, subsequently, the predictions of molecular dynamic simulations, the drug-likeness properties, and the ADMET properties were performed. α-terpineol showed high binding affinities toward the cholera toxin protein. For TXNIP, among all the chemical constituents, α-phellandrene and p-cymene showed strong binding affinities with the TXNIP protein and displayed relatively stable flexibility at the hinge regions of the protein, favorable physicochemical properties in the absence of hepatotoxicity, and low cytotoxicity. For Nrf2, α-terpineol exhibited the highest binding affinity and formed a very stable complex with Nrf2, which displayed high pharmacokinetic properties. All compounds had low free-binding energies when docked with the DPP IV protein, which suggests potent biological activity. In conclusion, based on a computational approach, our findings reveal that MQEO constituents have inhibitory activity against cholera toxin and are promising therapeutic agents for suppressing diabetic inflammation and for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy complications.

Hydrocinnamic acid and perillyl alcohol are effective against Escherichia coli biofilms when used alone and combined with antibiotics

AIMS

The use of phytochemicals to improve the effectiveness of antibiotics is a promising strategy for the development of novel antimicrobials. In this study, the antibiofilm activity of perillyl alcohol and hydrocinnamic acid, both phytochemicals present in several plants, and two antibiotics from different classes (amoxicillin and chloramphenicol) was tested, alone and in combination, against Escherichia coli.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Each molecule was tested at the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), 5 × MIC, and 10 × MIC, and characterized concerning biomass removal, metabolic inactivation, and cellular culturability. The highest percentages of metabolic inactivation (88.5% for 10 × MIC) and biomass reduction (61.7% for 10 × MIC) were obtained with amoxicillin. Interestingly, for 5 × MIC and 10 × MIC, phytochemicals provided a total reduction of colony-forming units (CFUs). Dual and triple combinations of phytochemicals and antibiotics (at MIC and 5 × MIC) demonstrated high efficacy in metabolic inactivation, moderate efficacy in terms of biomass reduction, and total reduction of cellular culturability for 5 × MIC.

CONCLUSIONS

The results demonstrated the antibiofilm potential of phytochemicals, highlighting the advantage of phytochemical/antibiotic combinations for biofilm control.