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Gong M, Kong M, Huo Q, He J, He J, Yan Z, Lu C, Jiang Y, Song J, Han W, Lv G. Ultrasonic treatment can improve maize seed germination and abiotic stress resistance. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:758. [PMID: 39112960 PMCID: PMC11308701 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05474-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Constant-frequency ultrasonic treatment helped to improve seed germination. However, variable-frequency ultrasonic treatment on maize seed germination were rarely reported. In this study, maize seeds were exposed to 20-40 kHz ultrasonic for 40 s. The germination percentage and radicle length of maize seeds increased by 10.4% and 230.5%. Ultrasonic treatment also significantly increased the acid protease, α-amylase, and β-amylase contents by 96.4%, 73.8%, and 49.1%, respectively. Transcriptome analysis showed that 11,475 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in the ultrasonic treatment and control groups, including 5,695 upregulated and 5,780 downregulated. Metabolic pathways and transcription factors (TFs) were significantly enriched among DEGs after ultrasonic treatment. This included metabolism and genetic information processing, that is, ribosome, proteasome, and pyruvate metabolism, sesquiterpenoid, triterpenoid, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and oxidative phosphorylation, as well as transcription factors in the NAC, MYB, bHLH, WRKY, AP2, bZIP, and ARF families. Variable-frequency ultrasonic treatment increased auxin, gibberellin, and salicylic acid by 5.5%, 37.3%, and 28.9%, respectively. Abscisic acid significantly decreased by 33.2%. The related DEGs were upregulated and downregulated to varying degrees. Seed germination under the abiotic stress conditions of salt stress (NaCl solution), drought (PEG solution), and waterlogging (water-saturated sand bed) under ultrasonic treatment were promoted, radicle length was significantly increased by 30.2%, 30.5%, and 27.3%, respectively; and germination percentage by 14.8%, 20.1%, and 21.6%, respectively. These findings provide new insight into the mechanisms through ultrasonic to promote maize seed germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gong
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street No. 12, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Meng Kong
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street No. 12, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qiuyan Huo
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street No. 12, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jiuxing He
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street No. 12, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Juan He
- National Agro-tech Extension and Service Center, Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Zhuosheng Yan
- Guangzhou Jindao Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, 510940, China
| | - Chun Lu
- Guangzhou Jindao Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, 510940, China
| | - Yawen Jiang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street No. 12, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jiqing Song
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street No. 12, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wei Han
- Shandong Agri-tech Extension Center, Jiefang Road No. 15, Lixia District, Jinan, 250013, China.
| | - Guohua Lv
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street No. 12, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.
- Institute of Dongying Shengli Salt Alkali Agriculture Industrialization and Technology Research, Dongying, 257000, China.
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2
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Klčová B, Balarynová J, Trněný O, Krejčí P, Cechová MZ, Leonova T, Gorbach D, Frolova N, Kysil E, Orlova A, Ihling С, Frolov A, Bednář P, Smýkal P. Domestication has altered gene expression and secondary metabolites in pea seed coat. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:2269-2295. [PMID: 38578789 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The mature seed in legumes consists of an embryo and seed coat. In contrast to knowledge about the embryo, we know relatively little about the seed coat. We analyzed the gene expression during seed development using a panel of cultivated and wild pea genotypes. Gene co-expression analysis identified gene modules related to seed development, dormancy, and domestication. Oxidoreductase genes were found to be important components of developmental and domestication processes. Proteomic and metabolomic analysis revealed that domestication favored proteins involved in photosynthesis and protein metabolism at the expense of seed defense. Seed coats of wild peas were rich in cell wall-bound metabolites and the protective compounds predominated in their seed coats. Altogether, we have shown that domestication altered pea seed development and modified (mostly reduced) the transcripts along with the protein and metabolite composition of the seed coat, especially the content of the compounds involved in defense. We investigated dynamic profiles of selected identified phenolic and flavonoid metabolites across seed development. These compounds usually deteriorated the palatability and processing of the seeds. Our findings further provide resources to study secondary metabolism and strategies for improving the quality of legume seeds which comprise an important part of the human protein diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Klčová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, 773 71, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Balarynová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, 773 71, Czech Republic
| | - Oldřich Trněný
- Agricultural Research Ltd., Zemědělská 1, Troubsko, 664 41, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Krejčí
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 1192/12, Olomouc, 771 46, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Zajacová Cechová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 1192/12, Olomouc, 771 46, Czech Republic
| | - Tatiana Leonova
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Daria Gorbach
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Nadezhda Frolova
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry, Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Botanicheskaja 36, Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Elana Kysil
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie, Weinberg 3, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Anastasia Orlova
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry, Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Botanicheskaja 36, Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Сhristian Ihling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 3, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Andrej Frolov
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry, Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Botanicheskaja 36, Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Petr Bednář
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 1192/12, Olomouc, 771 46, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Smýkal
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, 773 71, Czech Republic
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3
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Wen Z, Lu X, Wen J, Wang Z, Chai M. Physical Seed Dormancy in Legumes: Molecular Advances and Perspectives. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1473. [PMID: 38891282 PMCID: PMC11174410 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Physical dormancy of seeds is a form of dormancy due to the presence of an impermeable seed coat layer, and it represents a feature for plants to adapt to environmental changes over an extended period of phylogenetic evolution. However, in agricultural practice, physical dormancy is problematic. because it prevents timely and uniform seed germination. Therefore, physical dormancy is an important agronomical trait to target in breeding and domestication, especially for many leguminous crops. Compared to the well-characterized physiological dormancy, research progress on physical dormancy at the molecular level has been limited until recent years, due to the lack of suitable research materials. This review focuses on the structure of seed coat, factors affecting physical dormancy, genes controlling physical dormancy, and plants suitable for studying physical dormancy at the molecular level. Our goal is to provide a plethora of information for further molecular research on physical dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhu Wen
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Grassland Resources and Ecology in the Yellow River Delta, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Specialty Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization in Saline Soils of Coastal Beach, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xuran Lu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Grassland Resources and Ecology in the Yellow River Delta, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Specialty Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization in Saline Soils of Coastal Beach, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Zengyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Grassland Resources and Ecology in the Yellow River Delta, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Specialty Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization in Saline Soils of Coastal Beach, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Maofeng Chai
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Grassland Resources and Ecology in the Yellow River Delta, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Specialty Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization in Saline Soils of Coastal Beach, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
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4
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Guerra-García A, Trněný O, Brus J, Renzi JP, Kumar S, Bariotakis M, Coyne CJ, Chitikineni A, Bett KE, Varshney R, Pirintsos S, Berger J, von Wettberg EJB, Smýkal P. Genetic structure and ecological niche space of lentil's closest wild relative, Lens orientalis (Boiss.) Schmalh. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2024; 26:232-244. [PMID: 38230798 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Crops arose from wild ancestors and to understand their domestication it is essential to compare the cultivated species with their crop wild relatives. These represent an important source of further crop improvement, in particular in relation to climate change. Although there are about 58,000 Lens accessions held in genebanks, only 1% are wild. We examined the geographic distribution and genetic diversity of the lentil's immediate progenitor L. orientalis. We used Genotyping by Sequencing (GBS) to identify and characterize differentiation among accessions held at germplasm collections. We then determined whether genetically distinct clusters of accessions had been collected from climatically distinct locations. Of the 195 genotyped accessions, 124 were genuine L. orientalis with four identified genetic groups. Although an environmental distance matrix was significantly correlated with geographic distance in a Mantel test, the four identified genetic clusters were not found to occupy significantly different environmental space. Maxent modelling gave a distinct predicted distribution pattern centred in the Fertile Crescent, with intermediate probabilities of occurrence in parts of Turkey, Greece, Cyprus, Morocco, and the south of the Iberian Peninsula with NW Africa. Future projections did not show any dramatic alterations in the distribution according to the climate change scenarios tested. We have found considerable diversity in L. orientalis, some of which track climatic variability. The results of the study showed the genetic diversity of wild lentil and indicate the importance of ongoing collections and in situ conservation for our future capacity to harness the genetic variation of the lentil progenitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Guerra-García
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - O Trněný
- Agriculture Research Ltd, Troubsko, Czech Republic
| | - J Brus
- Department of Geoinformatics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - J P Renzi
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - S Kumar
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Rabat, Morocco
| | - M Bariotakis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Botanical Garden, Rethymnon, Greece
| | - C J Coyne
- Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - A Chitikineni
- International Crop Research Institute for the semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad, India
| | - K E Bett
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - R Varshney
- International Crop Research Institute for the semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad, India
- Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - S Pirintsos
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - J Berger
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Wembley, WA, Australia
| | - E J B von Wettberg
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Gund Institute for the Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - P Smýkal
- Department of Botany, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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5
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Jaganathan GK, Harrison RJ. Decoding the decisive role of seed moisture content in physical dormancy break: filling the missing links. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2024; 26:3-10. [PMID: 38031719 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Species producing seeds with a water-impermeable seed coat, i.e., physical dormancy (PY), dominate the dry tropical forests. Despite increasing interest and understanding of the germination ecology of a PY species, less is known about how PY break occurs, particularly what changes lead to the opening of the 'water gap'. Based on the moisture conent (MC) attained, two ranges of PY may exist: shallow PY, a state with higher MC and seeds could reverse to a permeable state when the relative humidity increases; and absolute PY, a completely dry state. Here, we demonstrate that this MC variation between seeds affects preconditioning and the 'water-gap' opening stages. A conceptual model developed shows a strong relationship between temperature and duration, with high temperature breaking PY in seconds, but seasonal temperature fluctuations and constant temperatures require a longer time. The duration required at any conditions to break PY is purported to depend on the hydrophobic bonds of the lipids, which are likely weakened during the preconditioning, and the amount of water influences hydrolysis, leading to the 'water-gap' opening. We argue that the moisture content of the seeds and its interaction with biochemical compounds are a possible explanation for why only a proportion of PY seeds become permeable to water each year. Nonetheless, empirical investigations must validate these notions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Jaganathan
- Germplasm Conservation Laboratory, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - R J Harrison
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Legume and Rhizobium Studies, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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6
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Bertuzzi T, López-Spahr D, Gómez CA, Sühring S, Malagrina G, Baskin CC, Galíndez G. Variation in Seed Dormancy of Chaco Seasonally Dry Forest Species: Effects of Seed Traits and Population Environmental Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091790. [PMID: 37176851 PMCID: PMC10181065 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The persistence of subtropical seasonally dry forests urgently requires the implementation of ex situ conservation and restoration programs. We studied variation in seed traits and dormancy of six native species growing in seasonally dry Chaco forests of Argentina. We documented high intra- and interspecific variability in seed traits and dormancy. Fresh seeds of Geoffroea decorticans and Parasenegalia visco (Fabaceae) were water-permeable and nondormant (ND), while those of Parkinsonia praecox and Vachellia aroma (Fabaceae) were water-impermeable and had physical dormancy (PY). Seeds of Schnopsis lorentzii (Anacardiaceae) and Sarcomphalus mistol (Rhamnaceae) were water-permeable and had physiological dormancy (PD). Mechanical and chemical scarification were the most effective methods to break PY, and dry storage for 3 months was effective in breaking PD. Seeds of large-seeded species were ND or had PD, and those of small-seeded species had PY. Species inhabiting moist habitats had ND seeds, whereas those from seasonally dry habitats had seeds with PY or PD. These results suggest that seed traits and dormancy are species-specific and that intraspecific variation in seed traits is likely associated with high phenotypic plasticity of species in response to local environmental heterogeneity. These findings should be considered at the time of implementation of conservation techniques and for seed sourcing decisions for restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Bertuzzi
- Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Catamarca (CITCA)-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Catamarca, Catamarca 4700, Argentina
| | - Diego López-Spahr
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta 4400, Argentina
| | - Carlos A Gómez
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta 4400, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido (LASEM)-CCT-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta 4400, Argentina
| | - Silvia Sühring
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta 4400, Argentina
| | - Gisela Malagrina
- Banco Base de Germoplasma, Instituto de Recursos Biológicos, CIRN-INTA, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires 1686, Argentina
| | - Carol C Baskin
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0321, USA
| | - Guadalupe Galíndez
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta-CCT-CONICET, Salta 4400, Argentina
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7
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Chen Z, Ly Vu J, Ly Vu B, Buitink J, Leprince O, Verdier J. Genome-Wide Association Studies of Seed Performance Traits in Response to Heat Stress in Medicago truncatula Uncover MIEL1 as a Regulator of Seed Germination Plasticity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:673072. [PMID: 34149774 PMCID: PMC8213093 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.673072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Legume seeds are an important source of proteins, minerals, and vitamins for human and animal diets and represent a keystone for food security. With climate change and global warming, the production of grain legumes faces new challenges concerning seed vigor traits that allow the fast and homogenous establishment of the crop in a wide range of environments. These seed performance traits are regulated during seed maturation and are under the strong influence of the maternal environment. In this study, we used 200 natural Medicago truncatula accessions, a model species of legumes grown in optimal conditions and under moderate heat stress (26°C) during seed development and maturation. This moderate stress applied at flowering onwards impacted seed weight and germination capacity. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were performed to identify putative loci or genes involved in regulating seed traits and their plasticity in response to heat stress. We identified numerous significant quantitative trait nucleotides and potential candidate genes involved in regulating these traits under heat stress by using post-GWAS analyses combined with transcriptomic data. Out of them, MtMIEL1, a RING-type zinc finger family gene, was shown to be highly associated with germination speed in heat-stressed seeds. In Medicago, we highlighted that MtMIEL1 was transcriptionally regulated in heat-stressed seed production and that its expression profile was associated with germination speed in different Medicago accessions. Finally, a loss-of-function analysis of the Arabidopsis MIEL1 ortholog revealed its role as a regulator of germination plasticity of seeds in response to heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jerome Verdier
- Institut Agro, Univ Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Angers, France
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Huss JC, Gierlinger N. Functional packaging of seeds. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:2154-2163. [PMID: 33629369 PMCID: PMC8252473 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The encapsulation of seeds in hard coats and fruit walls (pericarp layers) fulfils protective and dispersal functions in many plant families. In angiosperms, packaging structures possess a remarkable range of different morphologies and functionalities, as illustrated by thermo and hygro-responsive seed pods and appendages, as well as mechanically strong and water-impermeable shells. Key to these different functionalities are characteristic structural arrangements and chemical modifications of the underlying sclerenchymatous tissues. Although many ecological aspects of hard seed encapsulation have been well documented, a detailed understanding of the relationship between tissue structure and function only recently started to emerge, especially in the context of environmentally driven fruit opening and seed dispersal (responsive encapsulations) and the outstanding durability of some seed coats and indehiscent fruits (static encapsulations). In this review, we focus on the tissue properties of these two systems, with particular consideration of water interactions, mechanical resistance, and force generation. Common principles, as well as unique adaptations, are discussed in different plant species. Understanding how plants integrate a broad range of functions and properties for seed protection during storage and dispersal plays a central role for seed conservation, population dynamics, and plant-based material developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C. Huss
- Department of NanobiotechnologyInstitute of BiophysicsUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) ViennaMuthgasse 11/IIVienna1900Austria
| | - Notburga Gierlinger
- Department of NanobiotechnologyInstitute of BiophysicsUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) ViennaMuthgasse 11/IIVienna1900Austria
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9
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Zablatzká L, Balarynová J, Klčová B, Kopecký P, Smýkal P. Anatomy and Histochemistry of Seed Coat Development of Wild ( Pisum sativum subsp. elatius (M. Bieb.) Asch. et Graebn. and Domesticated Pea ( Pisum sativum subsp. sativum L.). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4602. [PMID: 33925728 PMCID: PMC8125792 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In angiosperms, the mature seed consists of embryo, endosperm, and a maternal plant-derived seed coat (SC). The SC plays a role in seed filling, protects the embryo, mediates dormancy and germination, and facilitates the dispersal of seeds. SC properties have been modified during the domestication process, resulting in the removal of dormancy, mediated by SC impermeability. This study compares the SC anatomy and histochemistry of two wild (JI64 and JI1794) and two domesticated (cv. Cameor and JI92) pea genotypes. Histochemical staining of five developmental stages: 13, 21, 27, 30 days after anthesis (DAA), and mature dry seeds revealed clear differences between both pea types. SC thickness is established early in the development (13 DAA) and is primarily governed by macrosclereid cells. Polyanionic staining by Ruthenium Red indicated non homogeneity of the SC, with a strong signal in the hilum, the micropyle, and the upper parts of the macrosclereids. High peroxidase activity was detected in both wild and cultivated genotypes and increased over the development peaking prior to desiccation. The detailed knowledge of SC anatomy is important for any molecular or biochemical studies, including gene expression and proteomic analysis, especially when comparing different genotypes and treatments. Analysis is useful for other crop-to-wild-progenitor comparisons of economically important legume crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Zablatzká
- Department of Botany, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (L.Z.); (J.B.); (B.K.); (P.K.)
| | - Jana Balarynová
- Department of Botany, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (L.Z.); (J.B.); (B.K.); (P.K.)
| | - Barbora Klčová
- Department of Botany, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (L.Z.); (J.B.); (B.K.); (P.K.)
| | - Pavel Kopecký
- Department of Botany, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (L.Z.); (J.B.); (B.K.); (P.K.)
- Genetic Resources for Vegetables and Specialty Crops, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Smýkal
- Department of Botany, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (L.Z.); (J.B.); (B.K.); (P.K.)
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10
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Gianella M, Bradford KJ, Guzzon F. Ecological, (epi)genetic and physiological aspects of bet-hedging in angiosperms. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2021; 34:21-36. [PMID: 33449209 PMCID: PMC7902588 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-020-00402-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Bet-hedging is a complex evolutionary strategy involving morphological, eco-physiological, (epi)genetic and population dynamics aspects. We review these aspects in flowering plants and propose further research needed for this topic. Bet-hedging is an evolutionary strategy that reduces the temporal variance in fitness at the expense of a lowered arithmetic mean fitness. It has evolved in organisms subjected to variable cues from the external environment, be they abiotic or biotic stresses such as irregular rainfall or predation. In flowering plants, bet-hedging is exhibited by hundreds of species and is mainly exerted by reproductive organs, in particular seeds but also embryos and fruits. The main example of bet-hedging in angiosperms is diaspore heteromorphism in which the same individual produces different seed/fruit morphs in terms of morphology, dormancy, eco-physiology and/or tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses in order to 'hedge its bets' in unpredictable environments. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the ecological, genetic, epigenetic and physiological aspects involved in shaping bet-hedging strategies, and how these can affect population dynamics. We identify several open research questions about bet-hedging strategies in plants: 1) understanding ecological trade-offs among different traits; 2) producing more comprehensive phylogenetic analyses to understand the diffusion and evolutionary implications of this strategy; 3) clarifying epigenetic mechanisms related to bet-hedging and plant responses to environmental cues; and 4) applying multi-omics approaches to study bet-hedging at different levels of detail. Clarifying those aspects of bet-hedging will deepen our understanding of this fascinating evolutionary strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maraeva Gianella
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Kent J Bradford
- Department of Plant Sciences, Seed Biotechnology Center, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Filippo Guzzon
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Carretera México-Veracruz, Km. 45, El Batán, 56237, Texcoco, Mexico State, Mexico.
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Matilla AJ. Seed Dormancy: Molecular Control of Its Induction and Alleviation. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9101402. [PMID: 33096840 PMCID: PMC7589034 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A set of seed dormancy traits is included in this Special Issue. Thus, DELAY OF GERMINATION1 (DOG1) is reviewed in depth. Binding of DOG1 to Protein Phosphatase 2C ABSCISIC ACID (PP2C ABA) Hypersensitive Germination (AHG1) and heme are independent processes, but both are essential for DOG1’s function in vivo. AHG1 and DOG1 constitute a regulatory system for dormancy and germination. DOG1 affects the ABA INSENSITIVE5 (ABI5) expression level. Moreover, reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis is linked with seed after-ripening (AR) process and the oxidation of a portion of seed long-lived (SLL) mRNAs seems to be related to dormancy release. The association of SLL mRNAs to monosomes is required for their transcriptional upregulation at the beginning of germination. Global DNA methylation levels remain stable during dormancy, decreasing when germination occurs. The remarkable intervention of auxin in the life of the seed is increasingly evident year after year. Here, its synergistic cooperation with ABA to promote the dormancy process is extensively reviewed. ABI3 participation in this process is critical. New data on the effect of alternating temperatures (ATs) on dormancy release are contained in this Special Issue. On the one hand, the transcriptome patterns stimulated at ATs comprised ethylene and ROS signaling and metabolism together with ABA degradation. On the other hand, a higher physical dormancy release was observed in Medicago truncatula under 35/15 °C than under 25/15 °C, and genome-wide association analysis identified 136 candidate genes related to secondary metabolite synthesis, hormone regulation, and modification of the cell wall. Finally, it is suggested that changes in endogenous γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) may prevent chestnut germination, and a possible relation with H2O2 production is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel J Matilla
- Department of Functional Biology, Life Campus, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Carruggio F, Onofri A, Impelluso C, Giusso del Galdo G, Scopece G, Cristaudo A. Seed Dormancy Breaking and Germination in Bituminaria basaltica and B. bituminosa (Fabaceae). PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9091110. [PMID: 32867404 PMCID: PMC7570033 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Most legumes are well-known for the physical dormancy of their seeds; hence, the implementation of appropriate scarification techniques is essential for introducing new legume crops within agricultural systems. This study investigated morpho-anatomical traits and dormancy-breaking requirements in two taxa of the genus Bituminaria: the widespread B. bituminosa and the point endemic B. basaltica. As the species under investigation show monospermic indehiscent legumes, pods were used in this research. We performed pod trait measurements, light microscopy observations on the seed coat anatomical structure, and germination tests after mechanical, thermal, and chemical scarification treatments for seed dormancy breaking. Moreover, germination performance at different pod maturity stages and storage times was tested. Differences in morpho-anatomical traits were found, with B. basaltica having a thicker palisade cell layer and B. bituminosa showing larger pods. All of the scarification treatments proved to be able to break physical dormancy, with mechanical and chemical scarification being the most effective methods in both species. Nevertheless, dormancy-breaking treatments performed better in B. bituminosa. Seeds at early pod maturity stages showed higher germination capacity in both species. Overall, this research provided background knowledge on seed collection time, storage strategy, and effective pre-sowing treatment, which might contribute to enhance propagation and use of Bituminaria species for multiple purposes. Under this perspective, the future characterization of additional Bituminaria genetic resources from other Mediterranean populations will have remarkable importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Carruggio
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Germplasm Bank (BGS-CT), University of Catania, 95128 Catania, Italy; (F.C.); (C.I.)
| | - Andrea Onofri
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Carmen Impelluso
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Germplasm Bank (BGS-CT), University of Catania, 95128 Catania, Italy; (F.C.); (C.I.)
| | - Gianpietro Giusso del Galdo
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Hortus Botanicus Catinensis, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Scopece
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario MSA, 80126 Naples, Italy;
| | - Antonia Cristaudo
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Germplasm Bank (BGS-CT), University of Catania, 95128 Catania, Italy; (F.C.); (C.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-366-1842748
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