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Cao X, Zhou Y, Huang J, Yu B, Zhao W, Wu W. Self-assembled lignin-based flame retardant hybrids carrying Cu 2+ for poly(lactic acid) composites with improved fire safety and mechanical properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:132141. [PMID: 38723809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
To enhance the flame retardancy and mechanical performance of PLA, a polyelectrolyte complex predicated on lignin was obtained by electrostatic mutual adsorption of ammonium polyphosphate (APP), polyethyleneimine (PEI), and copper ions as raw materials. The FT-IR spectra and EDX analysis confirmed the successful synthesis of a lignin-based flame retardant hybrid (APL-Cu2+) containing copper, phosphorus, and nitrogen elements. The combustion test results showed that the peak heat release rate and total heat release of the PLA composite containing 12 wt% APL-Cu2+ were decreased by 15.1 % and 18.2 %, respectively, as compared to those of pure PLA. The char residue morphology observation revealed that the addition of APL-Cu2+ could promote the formation of a highly dense and stable graphitized char layer, while TG-MS detected the emission of refractory gases such as ammonia gas, carbon dioxide, and water during combustion. The strong hydrogen bonding between APL-Cu2+ and the PLA matrix kept the composite maintaining good strength and toughness. The tensile strength and impact strength of PLA/6APL-Cu2+ increased by 4.73 % and 65.71 %, respectively, due to its high crystallinity and good interfacial compatibility. This work provides a feasible method to develop biobased flame retardant hybrids for PLA composites with better fire safety and improved mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yangsheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jingshu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wanjing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Engineering Center for Superlubricity, Jihua Laboratory, Foshan 528200, China.
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2
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Pantaleoni A, Sarasini F, Russo P, Passaro J, Giorgini L, Bavasso I, Santarelli ML, Petrucci E, Valentini F, Bracciale MP, Marrocchi A. Facile and Bioinspired Approach from Gallic Acid for the Synthesis of Biobased Flame Retardant Coatings of Basalt Fibers. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:19099-19107. [PMID: 38708227 PMCID: PMC11064428 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
A sustainable, bioinspired approach to functionalize basalt fibers with an innovative gallic acid (GA)-iron phenyl phosphonate complex (BF-GA-FeP), for the purpose of improving the flame retardancy in composite materials, is developed. BFs were at first pretreated with O3, obtaining surface free hydroxyl groups that allowed the subsequent covalent immobilization of biosourced GA units on the fiber through ester linkages. Phenolic -OH groups of the GA units were then exploited for the complexation of iron phenyl phosphonate, resulting in the target-complex-coated BF fiber (BF-GA-FeP). Microwave plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses of BF-GA-FeP highlighted an increase in iron content, modification of fiber morphology, and occurrence of phosphorus, respectively. BFs, modified with a low amount of the developed complex, were used to reinforce a poly(lactic acid) (PLA) matrix in the production of a biocomposite (PLA/BF-FeP). PLA/BF-FeP showed a higher thermal stability than neat PLA and PLA reinforced with untreated BFs (PLA/BF), as confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis. The cone calorimeter test highlighted several advantages for PLA/BF-FeP, including a prolonged time to ignition, a reduced time to flame out, an 8% decrease in the peak heat release rate, and a 15% reduced fire propagating index compared to PLA/BF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Pantaleoni
- Department
of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, Rome 00184, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Sarasini
- Department
of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, Rome 00184, Italy
| | - Pietro Russo
- Institute
for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, NA 80078, Italy
| | - Jessica Passaro
- Institute
for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, NA 80078, Italy
| | - Loris Giorgini
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Irene Bavasso
- Department
of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, Rome 00184, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Santarelli
- Department
of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, Rome 00184, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Petrucci
- Department
of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, Rome 00184, Italy
| | - Federica Valentini
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Bracciale
- Department
of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, Rome 00184, Italy
| | - Assunta Marrocchi
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, Perugia 06123, Italy
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Liu L, Wang Y, Cheng C, Lyu S, Zhu Z. Preparation of phosphorus-doped chitosan derivative and its applications in polylactic acid: Crystallization, flame retardancy, anti-dripping and mechanical properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130648. [PMID: 38460640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
The topic of biobased flame-retardant PLA has always been of great interest. In our study, we successfully synthesized a phosphorus-containing chitosan derivative (PCS) and combined it with aluminum hypophosphate (AP) to create an effective flame-retardant PLA system. PCS acted as an enhancer, enhancing the thermal performance, crystallinity, and toughness of PLA/AP. Compared to PLA modified with 12 wt% AP achieving UL-94 V-2 level and 24.3 % of limited oxygen index, PLA containing 3 wt% PCS and 9 wt% AP achieved UL-94 V-0 level and limited oxygen index of 28 %. The system testing studies such as CCT, Raman, XPS, and TG-IR results indicated that PLA/AP/PCS exhibited a dual flame-retardant mechanism of condensed and gas phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Liu
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, PR China
| | - Yadong Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, PR China
| | - Chunzu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-based Fiber Manufacturing Technology, China Textile Academy, Beijing 100025, China
| | - Shisheng Lyu
- College of Art and Design, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430073, China.
| | - Zongmin Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, PR China.
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Temane LT, Orasugh JT, Ray SS. Recent Advances and Outlook in 2D Nanomaterial-Based Flame-Retardant PLA Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6046. [PMID: 37687739 PMCID: PMC10488405 DOI: 10.3390/ma16176046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Poly (lactic acid) or polylactide (PLA) has gained widespread use in many industries and has become a commodity polymer. Its potential as a perfect replacement for petrochemically made plastics has been constrained by its extreme flammability and propensity to flow in a fire. Traditional flame-retardants (FRs), such as organo-halogen chemicals, can be added to PLA without significantly affecting the material's mechanical properties. However, the restricted usage of these substances causes them to bioaccumulate and endanger plants and animals. Research on PLA flame-retardants has mostly concentrated on organic and inorganic substances for the past few years. Meanwhile, there has been a significant increase in renewed interest in creating environmentally acceptable flame-retardants for PLA to maintain the integrity of the polymer, which is the current trend. This article reviews recent advancements in novel FRs for PLA. The emphasis is on two-dimensional (2D) nanosystems and the composites made from them that have been used to develop PLA nanocomposite (NCP) systems that are flame retarding. The association between FR loadings and efficiency for different FR-PLA systems is also briefly discussed in the paper, as well as their influence on processing and other material attributes. It is unmistakably established from the literature that adding 2D nanoparticles to PLA matrix systems reduces their flammability by forming an intumescent char/carbonized surface layer. This creates a barrier effect that successfully blocks the filtration of volatiles and oxygen, heat and mass transfer, and the release of combustible gases produced during combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesego Tabea Temane
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doorfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (L.T.T.); (J.T.O.)
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Tersur Orasugh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doorfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (L.T.T.); (J.T.O.)
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doorfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (L.T.T.); (J.T.O.)
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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5
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Lin L, Dang QA, Park HE. Enhanced Degradability, Mechanical Properties, and Flame Retardation of Poly(Lactic Acid) Composite with New Zealand Jade (Pounamu) Particles. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3270. [PMID: 37571164 PMCID: PMC10421446 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastic pollution has become a global concern, demanding urgent attention and concerted efforts to mitigate its environmental impacts. Biodegradable plastics have emerged as a potential solution, offering the prospect of reduced harm through degradation over time. However, the lower mechanical strength and slower degradation process of biodegradable plastics have hindered their widespread adoption. In this study, we investigate the incorporation of New Zealand (NZ) jade (pounamu) particles into poly(lactic acid) (PLA) to enhance the performance of the resulting composite. We aim to improve mechanical strength, flame retardation, and degradability. The material properties and compatibility with 3D printing technology were examined through a series of characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction, dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, 3D printing, compression molding, pycnometry, rheometry, tensile tests, three-point bending, and flammability testing. Our findings demonstrate that the addition of NZ jade particles significantly affects the density, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of the composites. Compounding NZ jade shows two different changes in thermal stability. It reduces flammability suggesting potential flame-retardant properties, and it accelerates the thermal degradation process as observed from the thermogravimetric analysis and the inferred decrease in molecular weight through rheometry. Thus, the presence of jade particles can also have the potential to enhance biodegradation, although further research is needed to assess its impact. The mechanical properties differ between compression-molded and 3D-printed samples, with compression-molded composites exhibiting higher strength and stiffness. Increasing jade content in composites further enhances their mechanical performance. Th results of this study contribute to the development of sustainable solutions for plastic pollution, paving the way for innovative applications and a cleaner environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Lin
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand;
| | - Quang A. Dang
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand;
- New Zealand Institute for Minerals to Materials Research, Greymouth 7805, New Zealand
| | - Heon E. Park
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand;
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Yang XM, Qiu S, Yusuf A, Sun J, Zhai Z, Zhao J, Yin GZ. Recent advances in flame retardant and mechanical properties of polylactic acid: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125050. [PMID: 37257540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The large-scale application of ecofriendly polymeric materials has become a key focus of scientific research with the trend toward sustainable development. Mechanical properties and fire safety are two critical considerations of biopolymers for large-scale applications. Polylactic acid (PLA) is a flammable, melt-drop carrying, and strong but brittle polymer. Hence, it is essential to achieve both flame retardancy and mechanical enhancement to improve safety and broaden its application. This study reviews the recent research on the flame retardant functionalization and mechanical reinforcement of PLA. It classifies PLA according to the type of the flame retardant strategy employed, such as surface-modified fibers, modified nano/micro fillers, small-molecule and macromolecular flame retardants, flame retardants with fibers or polymers, and chain extension or crosslinking with other flame retardants. The functionalization strategies and main parameters of the modified PLA systems are summarized and analyzed. This study summarizes the latest advances in the fields of flame retardancy and mechanical reinforcement of PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Mei Yang
- Zhejiang Ruico Advanced Material Co., Ltd., Huzhou 313018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shuang Qiu
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Abdulmalik Yusuf
- E.T.S. de Ingenieros de Caminos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/Profesor Aranguren 3, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jun Sun
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China.
| | - Zhongjie Zhai
- Zhejiang Ruico Advanced Material Co., Ltd., Huzhou 313018, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Junhuan Zhao
- Zhejiang Ruico Advanced Material Co., Ltd., Huzhou 313018, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Guang-Zhong Yin
- Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Ctra. Pozuelo-Majadahonda Km 1.800, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
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7
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Supper-Low-Addition Flame Retardant for the Fully Bio-based Poly(lactic acid) Composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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8
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Baochai L, Bakar AA, Mohamad Z. An overview of the recent advances in flame retarded poly(lactic acid). POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Baochai
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Malaysia
- Department of Applied Chemistry Hengshui University Hengshui China
| | - Aznizam Abu Bakar
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Malaysia
| | - Zurina Mohamad
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Malaysia
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Lai J, Huang H, Lin M, Xu Y, Li X, Sun B. Enzyme catalyzes ester bond synthesis and hydrolysis: The key step for sustainable usage of plastics. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1113705. [PMID: 36713200 PMCID: PMC9878459 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1113705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Petro-plastic wastes cause serious environmental contamination that require effective solutions. Developing alternatives to petro-plastics and exploring feasible degrading methods are two solving routes. Bio-plastics like polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), polylactic acid (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), poly (butylene succinate) (PBS), poly (ethylene furanoate) s (PEFs) and poly (ethylene succinate) (PES) have emerged as promising alternatives. Meanwhile, biodegradation plays important roles in recycling plastics (e.g., bio-plastics PHAs, PLA, PCL, PBS, PEFs and PES) and petro-plastics poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and plasticizers in plastics (e.g., phthalate esters, PAEs). All these bio- and petro-materials show structure similarity by connecting monomers through ester bond. Thus, this review focused on bio-plastics and summarized the sequences and structures of the microbial enzymes catalyzing ester-bond synthesis. Most of these synthetic enzymes belonged to α/β-hydrolases with conserved serine catalytic active site and catalyzed the polymerization of monomers by forming ester bond. For enzymatic plastic degradation, enzymes about PHAs, PBS, PCL, PEFs, PES and PET were discussed, and most of the enzymes also belonged to the α/β hydrolases with a catalytic active residue serine, and nucleophilically attacked the ester bond of substrate to generate the cleavage of plastic backbone. Enzymes hydrolysis of the representative plasticizer PAEs were divided into three types (I, II, and III). Type I enzymes hydrolyzed only one ester-bond of PAEs, type II enzymes catalyzed the ester-bond of mono-ester phthalates, and type III enzymes hydrolyzed di-ester bonds of PAEs. Divergences of catalytic mechanisms among these enzymes were still unclear. This review provided references for producing bio-plastics, and degrading or recycling of bio- and petro-plastics from an enzymatic point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Lai
- Key Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Enzymatic Molecular Engineering of China General Chamber of Commence, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiqin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Enzymatic Molecular Engineering of China General Chamber of Commence, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengwei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Enzymatic Molecular Engineering of China General Chamber of Commence, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Youqiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Enzymatic Molecular Engineering of China General Chamber of Commence, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Youqiang Xu, ✉
| | - Xiuting Li
- Key Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Enzymatic Molecular Engineering of China General Chamber of Commence, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Baoguo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Enzymatic Molecular Engineering of China General Chamber of Commence, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Brewing Molecular Engineering of China Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
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10
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Preparation and Mechanism of Toughened and Flame-Retardant Bio-Based Polylactic Acid Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020300. [PMID: 36679181 PMCID: PMC9866757 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
As a biodegradable thermoplastic, polylactic acid (PLA) shows great potential to replace petroleum-based plastics. Nevertheless, the flammability and brittleness of PLA seriously limits its use in emerging applications. This work is focused on simultaneously improving the flame-retardancy and toughness of PLA at a low additive load via a simple strategy. The PLA/MKF/NTPA biocomposites were prepared by incorporating alkali-treated, lightweight, renewable kapok fiber (MKF) and high-efficiency, phosphorus-nitrogenous flame retardant (NTPA) into the PLA matrix based on the extrusion-injection molding method. When the additive loads of MKF and NTPA were 0.5 and 3.0 wt%, respectively, the PLA/MKF/NTPA biocomposites (PLA3.0) achieved a rating of UL-94 V-0 with an LOI value of 28.3%, and its impact strength (4.43 kJ·m-2) was improved by 18.8% compared to that of pure PLA. Moreover, the cone calorimetry results confirmed a 9.7% reduction in the average effective heat of combustion (av-EHC) and a 0.5-fold increase in the flame retardancy index (FRI) compared to the neat PLA. NTPA not only exerted a gas-phase flame-retardant role, but also a condensed-phase barrier effect during the combustion process of the PLA/MKF/NTPA biocomposites. Moreover, MKF acted as an energy absorber to enhance the toughness of the PLA/MKF/NTPA biocomposites. This work provides a simple way to prepare PLA biocomposites with excellent flame-retardancy and toughness at a low additive load, which is of great importance for expanding the application range of PLA biocomposites.
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Yargici Kovanci C, Nofar M, Ghanbari A. Synergistic Enhancement of Flame Retardancy Behavior of Glass-Fiber Reinforced Polylactide Composites through Using Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardants and Chain Modifiers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235324. [PMID: 36501718 PMCID: PMC9739078 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Flame retardancy properties of neat PLA can be improved with different phosphorus-based flame retardants (FRs), however, developing flame retardant PLA-based engineering composites with maintained mechanical performance is still a challenge. This study proposes symbiosis approaches to enhance the flame retardancy behavior of polylactide (PLA) composites with 20 wt% short glass fibers (GF). This was first implemented by exploring the effects of various phosphorus-based FRs up to 5 wt% in neat PLA samples. Among the used phosphorus-based FRs, the use of only 3 wt% of diphosphoric acid-based FR (P/N), melamine coated ammonium polyphosphate (APPcoated), and APP with melamine synergist (APP/Mel) resulted in achieving the V0 value in a vertical burning test in the neat PLA samples. In addition to their superior efficiency in improving the flame retardancy of neat PLA, P/N had the least negative effect on the final mechanical performance of PLA samples. When incorporated in PLA composites with 20 wt% GF, however, even with the use of 30 wt% P/N, the V0 value could not be obtained due to the candlewick effect. To resolve this issue, the synergistic effect of P/N and aromatic polycarbodiimide (PCDI) cross-linker or Joncryl epoxy-based chain-extender (CE) on the flame retardancy characteristics of composites was examined. Due to the further chain modification, which also enhances the melt strength of PLA, the dripping of composites in the vertical burning test terminated and the V0 value could be reached when using only 1 wt% PCDI or CE. According to the scanning electron microscopic analysis, the use of noted chain modifiers further homogenized the distribution and refined the particle size of P/N within the PLA matrix. Hence this could synergistically contribute to the enhancements of the fire resistance performance of the PLA composites. Such incorporation of P/N and chain modifiers further leads to the enhancement of the mechanical performance of PLA composites and hence the resultant product can be proposed as a promising durable bioplastic engineering product where fire risk exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Yargici Kovanci
- Polymer Science and Technology Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
- Arcelik A.S. Central R&D Department, Polymer & Chemical, Tuzla, Istanbul 34950, Turkey
| | - Mohammadreza Nofar
- Polymer Science and Technology Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
- Sustainable & Green Plastics Laboratory, Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
- Correspondence:
| | - Abbas Ghanbari
- National Research Council Canada, 2690 Red Fife Rd., Rosser, MB R0H 1E0, Canada
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12
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Yi X, Huang J, Tong Y, Zhao H, Cao X, Wu W. Self-Assembled Serpentine Ni 3Si 2O 5(OH) 4 Hybrid Sheets with Ammonium Polyphosphate for Fire Safety Enhancement of Polylactide Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235255. [PMID: 36501647 PMCID: PMC9741248 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable polylactide (PLA) has been widely utilized in people's daily lives. In order to improve the fire safety of PLA, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was self-assembled onto the surface of serpentine Ni3Si2O5(OH)4 through the electrostatic method, followed by mixing with PLA by melt compounding. The APP-modified serpentine (serpentine@APP) dispersed uniformly in the PLA matrix. Compared with pure PLA, the PLA composite with 2 wt% serpentine@APP reduced the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) by 43.9% and 16.3%, respectively. The combination of APP and serpentine exhibited suitable synergistic flame-retardant effects on the fire safety enhancement of PLA. In addition, the dynamical rheological tests revealed that the presence of APP and serpentine could reduce the viscosity of PLA composites. The plasticizing effects of APP and serpentine benefited the processing of PLA. The mechanical properties of PLA/serpentine@APP maintained suitable performance as pure PLA. This study provided a feasible way to enhance the fire safety of PLA without sacrificing its mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jingshu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yizhang Tong
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Calcium Carbonate Resources Comprehensive Utilization, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hezhou University, Hezhou 542899, China
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (W.W.)
| | - Xianwu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Jihua Laboratory, Foshan 528200, China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (W.W.)
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13
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Zuluaga-Parra JD, Ramos-deValle LF, Sánchez-Valdes S, Torres-Lubian R, Pérez-Mora R, Ramírez-Vargas E, Martínez-Colunga JG, daSilva L, Vazquez-Rodriguez S, Lozano-Ramírez T, Cabrera-Álvarez EN. Grafting of ammonium polyphosphate onto poly(lactic acid) and its effect on flame retardancy and mechanical properties. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-022-01120-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Xiao D, Zheng MT, Wu FJ, Cao XX, Huang XF, Huang L, Xiao XQ. Fabrication of novel renewable furan-based phosphorus and its applications in poly (lactic acid): Thermal, flammability, crystallization and mechanical properties. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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15
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Development of multifunctional highly-efficient bio-based fire-retardant poly(lactic acid) composites for simultaneously improving thermal, crystallization and fire safety properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 215:646-656. [PMID: 35777508 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Currently, it is still a huge challenge to prepare high performance eco-friendly poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with high thermal stability, good processability, excellent crystallization behavior, good transparency and highly-efficient fire safety. In this paper, a novel bio-based nucleation agent N-(furan-2-ylmethyl)-P,P-diphenylphosphinic amide (FPPA) was prepared and used for the fabrication of fire safety PLA/FPPA composites. The chemical structure of FPPA was measured by FTIR, NMR and MS. Further, the crystallization behavior, thermal stability, fire safety and mechanical properties of PLA/FPPA composites were performed by TGA, DSC, polarization microscope, LOI, UL94, cone calorimeter, DMA and, SEM, Raman, GC-MS, and TGA-FTIR. The results showed that the multifunctional FPPA not only had a high thermal stability and was a good nucleation agent for PLA. Moreover, only loading of 3 wt% FPPA increased the LOI of PLA from 19.0 to 33.8 % with UL-94 V-0 classification. Furthermore, the heat release rate and total heat release values of PLA/3%FPPA composite reduced by 6.3 % and 15.3 % in cone-calorimeter test. Such high fire safety was mainly attributed to specific fire safety radicals due to thermal degradation of FPPA to interrupt composites burning in gas phase. Besides, transparency and mechanical properties were almost not changed because of low loading of FPPA in PLA. This multifunctional bio-based fire-retardant for PLA with good comprehensive performance promises broad application in engineering electronics, automobiles, 3D printing and construction materials.
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16
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Zhang D, Pei M, Wei K, Tan F, Gao C, Bao D, Qin S. Flame-Retardant Properties and Mechanism of Polylactic Acid-Conjugated Flame-Retardant Composites. Front Chem 2022; 10:894112. [PMID: 35646831 PMCID: PMC9130745 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.894112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The DOPO derivative-conjugated flame retardant 4, 4'-{1'', 4'' - phenylene - bis [amino - (10‴ - oxy -10‴-hydro-9‴-hydrogen-10‴ λ5 -phosphaphenanthrene-10''-yl)-methyl]}-diphenol (P-PPD-Ph) with two hydroxyl groups was synthesized. Polylactic acid conjugated flame-retardant composites with P-PPD-Ph were papered by using a twin-screw extruder. The flame-retardant properties of polylactic acid-conjugated flame-retardant composites were investigated. The flame-retardant properties of PLA-conjugated flame-retardant composites were characterized by the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and the vertical burning test (UL94). The results showed that the PLA-conjugated flame-retardant composites achieved a V-0 rating (UL-94, 3.2 mm) when the conjugated flame retardant was added at 5 wt%, and increase in LOI value from 22.5% to 31.4% relative to composites without added conjugated flame retardant. The flame-retardant mechanism of PLA-conjugated flame-retardant composites were further studied by TG-FTIR, the results showed that the P-PPD-Ph promoted the PLA-conjugated flame-retardant composites to decompose and also released fragments with quenching and dilution, which suggests that P-PPD-Ph for PLA-conjugated flame-retardant composites mainly play a role of the gas-phase flame retardant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daohai Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering of Guizhou Minzu University, Guizhou, China
- *Correspondence: Daohai Zhang, ; Chengtao Gao, ; Dongmei Bao, ; Shuhao Qin,
| | - Meng Pei
- School of Chemical Engineering of Guizhou Minzu University, Guizhou, China
| | - Ke Wei
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guizhou, China
| | - Fang Tan
- School of Chemical Engineering of Guizhou Minzu University, Guizhou, China
| | - Chengtao Gao
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guizhou, China
- *Correspondence: Daohai Zhang, ; Chengtao Gao, ; Dongmei Bao, ; Shuhao Qin,
| | - Dongmei Bao
- School of Chemical Engineering of Guizhou Minzu University, Guizhou, China
- *Correspondence: Daohai Zhang, ; Chengtao Gao, ; Dongmei Bao, ; Shuhao Qin,
| | - Shuhao Qin
- School of Chemical Engineering of Guizhou Minzu University, Guizhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guizhou, China
- *Correspondence: Daohai Zhang, ; Chengtao Gao, ; Dongmei Bao, ; Shuhao Qin,
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17
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Ma Q, Lu J, Yao J, Yin J, Zhang R, Luo F. The synergistic role of acidic molecular sieve on flame retardant performance in PLA/MF@APP composite. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03037-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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18
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Yan X, Zhao Z, Fang J, Li J, Qi D. Synergistic effect of organic-Zn(H 2PO 2) 2 and lithium containing polyhedral oligomeric phenyl silse-squioxane on flame-retardant, thermal and mechanical properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate). JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2021-0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A novel synergy flame retardant system of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/organic-Zn(H2PO2)2/lithium containing polyhedral oligoheptyl silse-squioxane (Li-Ph-POSS) composites was prepared by the melt-blending method to improve the flame retardancy of PET. The synergistic effect of organic-Zn(H2PO2)2 and Li-Ph-POSS on the flame retardancy, thermal, and mechanical properties of the PET composites was investigated by the limiting oxygen index, vertical burning test, cone calorimeter, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimeter, tensile tester, and dynamic mechanical analysis, respectively. The results show that the synergistic flame retardant effect between organic-Zn(H2PO2)2 and Li-Ph-POSS improves both the flame retardancy and the crystallization of PET. Moreover, the Li-Ph-POSS has a positive effect on the mechanical property of PET. This work provides a promising strategy for mitigating the fire hazard of PET using this synergy flame retardant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Yan
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Green and Low-carbon Dyeing & Finishing , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , 310018 , China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , 310018 , China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Materials and Manufacturing Technology , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , 310018 , China
- College of Textile Science and Engineering (International Institute of Silk) , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , 310018 , China
| | - Zhikui Zhao
- College of Textile Science and Engineering (International Institute of Silk) , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , 310018 , China
| | - Jie Fang
- College of Textile Science and Engineering (International Institute of Silk) , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , 310018 , China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Fiber Materials and Manufacturing Technology , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , 310018 , China
| | - Dongming Qi
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Green and Low-carbon Dyeing & Finishing , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , 310018 , China
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19
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Yang R, Gu G, Tang C, Miao Z, Cao H, Zou G, Li J. Super-tough and flame-retardant poly(lactic acid) materials using a phosphorus-containing malic acid-based copolyester by reactive blending. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Patti A, Acierno D. Towards the Sustainability of the Plastic Industry through Biopolymers: Properties and Potential Applications to the Textiles World. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:692. [PMID: 35215604 PMCID: PMC8878127 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to provide an overview of the latest research studies on the use of biopolymers in various textile processes, from spinning processes to dyeing and finishing treatment, proposed as a possible solution to reduce the environmental impact of the textile industry. Recently, awareness of various polluting aspects of textile production, based on petroleum derivatives, has grown significantly. Environmental issues resulting from greenhouse gas emissions, and waste accumulation in nature and landfills, have pushed research activities toward more sustainable, low-impact alternatives. Polymers derived from renewable resources and/or with biodegradable characteristics were investigated as follows: (i) as constituent materials in yarn production, in view of their superior ability to be decomposed compared with common synthetic petroleum-derived plastics, positive antibacterial activities, good breathability, and mechanical properties; (ii) in textile finishing to act as biological catalysts; (iii) to impart specific functional properties to treated textiles; (iv) in 3D printing technologies on fabric surfaces to replace traditionally more pollutive dye-based and inkjet printing; and (v) in the implants for the treatment of dye-contaminated water. Finally, current projects led by well-known companies on the development of new materials for the textile market are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Patti
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture (DICAr), University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Domenico Acierno
- CRdC Nuove Tecnologie per le Attività Produttive Scarl, Via Nuova Agnano 11, 80125 Naples, Italy
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21
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Shen Y, Sun Q, Liu L, Xu H, Wei J, Chen X, Song X, Zhang B. A green COPD flame retardant for improving poly(l-lactic acid). Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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22
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Ye G, Huo S, Wang C, Shi Q, Liu Z, Wang H. One-step and green synthesis of a bio-based high-efficiency flame retardant for poly (lactic acid). Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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23
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Qi J, Pan Y, Luo Z, Wang B. Facile and scalable fabrication of bioderived flame retardant based on adenine for enhancing fire safety of fully biodegradable
PLA
/
PBAT
/
TPS
ternary blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Qi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Yingtong Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Zhonglin Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Biaobing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
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24
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Hejna A. Clays as Inhibitors of Polyurethane Foams' Flammability. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:4826. [PMID: 34500914 PMCID: PMC8432671 DOI: 10.3390/ma14174826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polyurethanes are a very important group of polymers with an extensive range of applications in different branches of industry. In the form of foams, they are mainly used in bedding, furniture, building, construction, and automotive sectors. Due to human safety reasons, these applications require an appropriate level of flame retardance, often required by various law regulations. Nevertheless, without the proper modifications, polyurethane foams are easily ignitable, highly flammable, and generate an enormous amount of smoke during combustion. Therefore, proper modifications or additives should be introduced to reduce their flammability. Except for the most popular phosphorus-, halogen-, or nitrogen-containing flame retardants, promising results were noted for the application of clays. Due to their small particle size and flake-like shape, they induce a "labyrinth effect" inside the foam, resulting in the delay of decomposition onset, reduction of smoke generation, and inhibition of heat, gas, and mass transfer. Moreover, clays can be easily modified with different organic compounds or used along with conventional flame retardants. Such an approach may often result in the synergy effect, which provides the exceptional reduction of foams' flammability. This paper summarizes the literature reports related to the applications of clays in the reduction of polyurethane foams' flammability, either by their incorporation as a nanofiller or by preparation of coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Hejna
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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25
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Zhou Y, Lin Y, Tawiah B, Sun J, Yuen RKK, Fei B. DOPO-Decorated Two-Dimensional MXene Nanosheets for Flame-Retardant, Ultraviolet-Protective, and Reinforced Polylactide Composites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:21876-21887. [PMID: 33939405 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a novel and facile strategy for fabricating fire-resistant, ultraviolet (UV)-shielding, and tensile-enhanced polylactide (PLA) composites using two-dimensional (2D) MXene (Ti3C2) flakes chemically modified with 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO). The thermal and burning performances of PLA composites were demonstrated by the limiting oxygen index, UL-94 test, and cone calorimetry. The UV-shielding and tensile performances were also examined. The results revealed that PLA/Ti3C2-DOPO (3 wt %) displayed a V-0 rating in the UL-94 test. The enhancement against fire hazard was reflected by the significant reduction in the peak heat release rate (33.7%), total heat release (47%), peak CO production (58.8%), and total smoke production (41.7%). The improved fire-safety performance of the composites is attributed to the interplay of catalytic, barrier, and condensed effects of the Ti3C2-DOPO nanosheets in the PLA matrix. PLA/Ti3C2-DOPO also showed an increase (∼9%) in tensile strength and an "Excellent" level (UPF 50+) in the UV-protection assessment. In all, this study introduces a novel chemical modification strategy for 2D MXene flakes to fabricate multifunctional PLA composites, which are promising candidates for next-generation sustainable and protective plastic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Zhou
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Centre of Micro/Nano Manufacturing Technology (MNMT-Dublin), School of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin D04 KW52, Ireland
| | - Yichao Lin
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
- School of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Benjamin Tawiah
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Industrial Art (Textiles), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi 00000, Ghana
| | - Jun Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Richard K K Yuen
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Bin Fei
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
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26
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Yang Y, Wang X, Fei B, Li H, Gu X, Sun J, Zhang S. Preparation of phytic acid‐based green intumescent flame retardant and its application in
PLA
nonwovens. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong, China
| | - Bin Fei
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
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27
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Yang H, Shi B, Xue Y, Ma Z, Liu L, Liu L, Yu Y, Zhang Z, Annamalai PK, Song P. Molecularly Engineered Lignin-Derived Additives Enable Fire-Retardant, UV-Shielding, and Mechanically Strong Polylactide Biocomposites. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:1432-1444. [PMID: 33538584 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
From a perspective of sustainable development and practical applications, there has been a great need for the design of advanced polylactide (PLA) biocomposites that are flame-retardant, ultraviolet (UV)-resistant, and mechanically strong by using biomass-derived additives. Unfortunately, the achievement of a desirable performance portfolio remains unsatisfactory because of improper design strategies. Herein, we report the design of lignin-derived multifunctional bioadditives (TP-g-lignin) with tunable chemical compositions through graft polymerization of a phosphorus-/nitrogen-containing vinyl monomer (TP). Our results show that the incorporation of 5.0 wt % of TP-g-lignin (at a lignin-to-TP ratio of 1:4 by mass) enables PLA to achieve a desirable flame retardancy rating meeting the UL-94 V-0 industrial standard requirements. Meanwhile, the final PLA composite exhibits an exceptional UV-shielding capability. Moreover, with 5.0 wt % of the bio-derived additive, the elastic modulus of PLA is increased by ∼26%, while mechanical strength is fully retained due to engineered favorable interfaces. This work offers an innovative and sustainable strategy for creating bio-based multifunctional additives by using industrial lignin waste and further the application of PLA in the areas of packaging, fabrics, electronics, automobiles, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitang Yang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, 2318 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Bingbing Shi
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yijiao Xue
- College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, No. 8 Fochengxi Road, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Zhewen Ma
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Lina Liu
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou 311300, China.,Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Springfield Central, Queensland 4350, Australia
| | - Youming Yu
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Zhanying Zhang
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Pratheep K Annamalai
- Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanoengineering, The University of Queensland, 280-Cnr of College and Cooper Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Pingan Song
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Springfield Central, Queensland 4350, Australia
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28
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29
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Gong W, Fan M, Luo J, Liang J, Meng X. Effect of nickel phytate on flame retardancy of intumescent flame retardant polylactic acid. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiguang Gong
- Research and Development Center for Sports Materials East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Min Fan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials, Chemical Engineering and Production Engineering Department, School of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Ji Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials, Chemical Engineering and Production Engineering Department, School of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Juan Liang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials, Chemical Engineering and Production Engineering Department, School of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
| | - Xin Meng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials, Chemical Engineering and Production Engineering Department, School of Chemical Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Shanghai China
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30
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Influence of Antimony Oxide on Epoxy Based Intumescent Flame Retardation Coating System. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112721. [PMID: 33212915 PMCID: PMC7698405 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethylenediamine modified Ammonium polyphosphate (EDA-MAPP), and Charring-Foaming Agents (CFA) was prepared via a simple chemical approach and further utilizes for the preparation of Epoxy resin based intumescent flame retardation coatings. The ratio belongs to MAPP and CFA was fixed at 2:1 ratio. Comparative thermo gravimetric analysis TGA study of Modified Ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP) and Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) investigated. Sb2O3 was introduced into flame retardation coating formulation at various amounts to evaluate the synergistic action of Sb2O3 along with flame retardant coating system. The synergistic action of Sb2O3 on flame retardation coating formulation was studied by vertical burning test (UL-94V), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), Limited Oxygen Index (LOI), and Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FTIR). The UL-94V results indicated that adding Sb2O3 effectively increased flame retardancy and meets V-0 ratings at each concentration. The TGA results revealed that the amalgamation of Sb2O3 at each concentration effectively increased the thermal stability of the flame retardant coating system. Cone-calorimeter study results that Sb2O3 successfully minimized the combustion parameters like, Peak Heat Release Rate (PHRR), and Total Heat Release (THR). The FTIR result shows that Sb2O3 can react with MAPP and generates the dense-charred layer which prevents the transfer of heat and oxygen.
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31
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Tawiah B, Yu B, Yuen ACY, Fei B. Facile preparation of uniform polydopamine particles and its application as an environmentally friendly flame retardant for biodegradable polylactic acid. JOURNAL OF FIRE SCIENCES 2020; 38:485-503. [DOI: 10.1177/0734904120932479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The demand for environmentally benign flame retardants for biodegradable polymers has become particularly necessary due to their inherently “green” nature. This work reports intrinsically non-toxic polydopamine (PDA) particles as an efficient and environmentally friendly flame retardant for polylactic acid (PLA). 5 wt% PDA loading resulted in a 22% reduction in the peak heat release rate, 34.7% increase in the fire performance index, and lower CO2 production compared to neat PLA. A limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 27.5% and a V-2 rating was achieved in the UL-94 vertical burning test. Highly aggregated amorphous particulate char was formed with the increasing content of PDA, and a significant reduction in evolved pyrolysis gaseous products was achieved for the PLA/PDA composites as compared with control PLA. This work provides important insight into the potential commercial application of PDA alone as an efficiently green, environmentally benign flame retardant for bioplastic PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Tawiah
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing (ITC), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Department of Industrial Art, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Bin Yu
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - Anthony Chun Yin Yuen
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bin Fei
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing (ITC), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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Cao X, Chi X, Deng X, Sun Q, Gong X, Yu B, Yuen ACY, Wu W, Li RKY. Facile Synthesis of Phosphorus and Cobalt Co-Doped Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Fire and Smoke Suppressions of Polylactide Composite. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051106. [PMID: 32408685 PMCID: PMC7285335 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the unique two-dimensional structure and features of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), such as high thermal stability and superior catalytic property, it is considered to be a promising flame retardant nano-additive for polymers. Here, we reported a facile strategy to prepare cobalt/phosphorus co-doped graphitic carbon nitride (Co/P-C3N4) by a simple and scalable thermal decomposition method. The structure of Co/P-C3N4 was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The carbon atoms in g-C3N4 were most likely substituted by phosphorous atoms. The thermal stability of polylactide (PLA) composites was increased continuously with increasing the content of Co/P-C3N4. In contrast to the g-C3N4, the Polylactide (PLA) composites containing Co/P-C3N4 exhibited better flame retardant efficiency and smoke suppression. With the addition of 10 wt % Co/P-C3N4, the peak heat release rate (PHRR), carbon dioxide (CO2) production (PCO2P) and carbon oxide (CO) production (PCOP) values of PLA composites decreased by 22.4%, 16.2%, and 38.5%, respectively, compared to those of pure PLA, although the tensile strength of PLA composites had a slightly decrease. The char residues of Co/P-C3N4 composites had a more compact and continuous structure with few cracks. These improvements are ascribed to the physical barrier effect, as well as catalytic effects of Co/P-C3N4, which inhibit the rapid release of combustible gaseous products and suppression of toxic gases, i.e., CO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwu Cao
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.C.); (X.C.); (X.D.)
| | - Xiaoning Chi
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.C.); (X.C.); (X.D.)
| | - Xueqin Deng
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.C.); (X.C.); (X.D.)
| | - Qijun Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; (Q.S.); (X.G.); (R.K.Y.L.)
| | - Xianjing Gong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; (Q.S.); (X.G.); (R.K.Y.L.)
| | - Bin Yu
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Australia
- Correspondence: (B.Y.); (W.W.)
| | - Anthony Chun Yin Yuen
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia;
| | - Wei Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; (X.C.); (X.C.); (X.D.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; (Q.S.); (X.G.); (R.K.Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (B.Y.); (W.W.)
| | - Robert Kwow Yiu Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; (Q.S.); (X.G.); (R.K.Y.L.)
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Mangin R, Vahabi H, Sonnier R, Chivas-Joly C, Lopez-Cuesta JM, Cochez M. Assessment of the protective effect of PMMA on water immersion ageing of flame retarded PLA/PMMA blends. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Li C, Ma C, Li J. Highly efficient flame retardant poly(lactic acid) using imidazole phosphate poly(ionic liquid). POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Li
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Chao Ma
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Juan Li
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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Tawiah B, Yu B, Wei R, Yuen RKK, Chen W, Xin JH, Fei B. Simultaneous fire safety enhancement and mechanical reinforcement of poly(lactic acid) biocomposites with hexaphenyl (nitrilotris(ethane-2,1-diyl))tris(phosphoramidate). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 380:120856. [PMID: 31284172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is an important bioplastic polymer with wide engineering applications, but has relatively low tensile strength and high susceptibility to flames. This manuscript reports the synthesis of a new cyclo-phosphorus-nitrogen flame retardant (FR) - hexaphenyl (nitrilotris(ethane-2,1-diyl))tris(phosphoramidate) (HNETP) for concurrent FR and tensile strength enhancement. 1H, 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Fourier Transform Infra-red spectra showed that HNETP was successfully synthesized. The FR properties of PLA/HNETP composites were investigated, and the peak heat release rate (PHRR) reduced by ˜ 51.3%, total heat released (THR) ˜ 43.1%, and carbon monoxide (CO) production by ˜ 46.5% with 3 wt% HNETP loading. The fire performance index increased by ˜ 65.8%, while the fire growth index decreased by ˜ 56.7%. The tensile strength and the Young's Modulus improved to ˜ 67.4 and ˜ 87.8% respectively. A significant increase in limiting oxygen index (LOI) (32.5%) was attained with a V-0 rating in the vertical burning test. TG-IR study showed considerable reduction in pyrolysis gaseous products by the PLA/HNETP composites compared to PLA. Insignificant changes were observed in the glass transition and the melting temperature of PLA and PLA/HNETP biocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Tawiah
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ruichao Wei
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Richard K K Yuen
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - John H Xin
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bin Fei
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
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Sag J, Goedderz D, Kukla P, Greiner L, Schönberger F, Döring M. Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardants from Biobased Chemicals and Their Application in Polyesters and Epoxy Resins. Molecules 2019; 24:E3746. [PMID: 31627395 PMCID: PMC6833091 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus-containing flame retardants synthesized from renewable resources have had a lot of impact in recent years. This article outlines the synthesis, characterization and evaluation of these compounds in polyesters and epoxy resins. The different approaches used in producing biobased flame retardant polyesters and epoxy resins are reported. While for the polyesters biomass derived compounds usually are phosphorylated and melt blended with the polymer, biobased flame retardants for epoxy resins are directly incorporated into the polymer structure by a using a phosphorylated biobased monomer or curing agent. Evaluating the efficiency of the flame retardant composites is done by discussing results obtained from UL94 vertical burning, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimetry tests. The review ends with an outlook on future development trends of biobased flame retardant systems for polyesters and epoxy resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Sag
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Daniela Goedderz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
- Ernst-Berl Institute for Chemical Engineering and Macromolecular Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Philipp Kukla
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Lara Greiner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Frank Schönberger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Manfred Döring
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
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Wang N, Teng H, Zhang X, Zhang J, Li L, Zhang J, Fang Q. Synthesis of a Carrageenan-Iron Complex and Its Effect on Flame Retardancy and Smoke Suppression for Waterborne Epoxy. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1677. [PMID: 31615046 PMCID: PMC6836092 DOI: 10.3390/polym11101677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A k-carrageenan-iron complex (KC-Fe) was synthesized by complexation between degraded KC and FeCl3. Furthermore, KC-Fe and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) were simultaneously added into waterborne epoxy (EP) to improve its flame retardancy and smoke suppression performance. The structure and properties of KC-Fe were assessed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray powder diffraction analysis (XRD). The analysis showed that KC-Fe was successfully synthesized and exhibited good thermal properties with a 49% char residue at 800 °C. The enhanced flame retardancy and smoke suppression performance of waterborne epoxy were evaluated using a limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94. Moreover, the flame retardancy of waterborne epoxy coated on a steel plate was also investigated using cone calorimetry. The results showed that the flame-retardant waterborne epoxy blend exhibited the best flame retardancy when the mass ratio of APP and KC-Fe was 2:1. The total heat release (THR) and total smoke production (TSP) was decreased by 44% and 45%, respectively, which indicated good fire safety performance and smoke suppression properties. Analysis of the residual char using FTIR, SEM, and elemental analysis (EDS) indicated that the action of KC-Fe was promoted by the presence of APP. The formation of a dense thermal stable char layer from an intumescent coating was essential to protect the underlying materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- SinO–Spanish Advanced Materials Institute, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; (H.T.); (J.Z.); (L.L.); (Q.F.)
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber & Elastomer, Shenyang 110142, China
- Advanced Manufacturing Institute of Polymer Industry (AMIPI), Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Haiwei Teng
- SinO–Spanish Advanced Materials Institute, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; (H.T.); (J.Z.); (L.L.); (Q.F.)
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- SinO–Spanish Advanced Materials Institute, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; (H.T.); (J.Z.); (L.L.); (Q.F.)
| | - Jing Zhang
- SinO–Spanish Advanced Materials Institute, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; (H.T.); (J.Z.); (L.L.); (Q.F.)
| | - Long Li
- SinO–Spanish Advanced Materials Institute, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; (H.T.); (J.Z.); (L.L.); (Q.F.)
| | - Jing Zhang
- IMDEA Materials Institute, C/Eric Kandel, 2, 28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain;
| | - Qinghong Fang
- SinO–Spanish Advanced Materials Institute, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; (H.T.); (J.Z.); (L.L.); (Q.F.)
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber & Elastomer, Shenyang 110142, China
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Design and Application of Highly Efficient Flame Retardants for Polycarbonate Combining the Advantages of Cyclotriphosphazene and Silicone Oil. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11071155. [PMID: 31284539 PMCID: PMC6680785 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel flame retardant (HSPCTP) was successfully designed and incorporated into a polycarbonate (PC) matrix. Combining the advantages of cyclotriphosphazene and silicone oil, PC/HSPCTP composites passed UL-94 V-0 rating testing with only 3 wt% HSPCTP, and their LOI value increased from 25.0% to 28.4%. The findings showed that HSPCTP exhibits both gas-phase and solid-phase flame-retardant effects. Furthermore, the incorporation of HSPCTP into PC could suppress the release of smoke. Finally, the flame-retardant mechanism is discussed in depth.
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Tawiah B, Yu B, Yang W, Yuen RK, Fei B. Flame retardant poly (lactic acid) biocomposites based on azo‐boron coupled 4,4′‐sulfonyldiphenol and its combination with calcium lignosulfonate—Crystalline and mechanical properties. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Tawiah
- Institute of Textile and Clothing (ITC)The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong China
| | - Bin Yu
- Institute of Textile and Clothing (ITC)The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Civil and Architectural EngineeringCity University of Hong Kong Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Richard K.K. Yuen
- Department of Civil and Architectural EngineeringCity University of Hong Kong Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Bin Fei
- Institute of Textile and Clothing (ITC)The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong China
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Tawiah B, Yu B, Yuen AC, Yuen RK, Xin JH, Fei B. Thermal, crystalline and mechanical properties of flame retarded Poly(lactic acid) with a PBO-like small molecule - Phenylphosphonic Bis(2-aminobenzothiazole). Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hobbs CE. Recent Advances in Bio-Based Flame Retardant Additives for Synthetic Polymeric Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E224. [PMID: 30960208 PMCID: PMC6419264 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It would be difficult to imagine how modern life across the globe would operate in the absence of synthetic polymers. Although these materials (mostly in the form of plastics) have revolutionized our daily lives, there are consequences to their use, one of these being their high levels of flammability. For this reason, research into the development of flame retardant (FR) additives for these materials is of tremendous importance. However, many of the FRs prepared are problematic due to their negative impacts on human health and the environment. Furthermore, their preparations are neither green nor sustainable since they require typical organic synthetic processes that rely on fossil fuels. Because of this, the need to develop more sustainable and non-toxic options is vital. Many research groups have turned their attention to preparing new bio-based FR additives for synthetic polymers. This review explores some of the recent examples made in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Hobbs
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77340, USA.
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