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Rubio-Valle J, Valencia C, Sánchez-Carrillo MC, Martín-Alfonso JE, Franco JM. Valorization of Kraft Lignins from Different Poplar Genotypes as Vegetable Oil Structuring Agents via Electrospinning for Biolubricant Applications. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2024; 12:12260-12269. [PMID: 39148519 PMCID: PMC11323950 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c05013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
This work explores the use of Kraft lignins sourced from different poplar genotypes (Populus alba L. "PO-10-10-20" and Populus × canadensis "Ballotino") isolated by selective acid precipitation (at pHs 5 and 2.5) to produce electrospun nanostructures that can be further employed for structuring vegetable oils. This approach offers a new avenue for converting these waste materials into high-value-added ingredients of eco-friendly structured lubricants. Electrospinning of poplar Kraft lignin (PKL)/cellulose acetate (CA) solutions yielded homogeneous beaded nanofiber mats that were able to generate stable dispersions when they were blended with different vegetable oils (castor, soybean, and high-oleic sunflower oils). Electrospun PKL/CA nanofiber mats with larger average fiber diameters were achieved using the lignins isolated at pH 5. Dispersions of PKL/CA nanofibers in vegetable oils presented gel-like viscoelastic characteristics and shear-thinning flow behavior, which slightly differ depending on the nanofiber morphological properties and can be tuned by selecting the poplar lignin genotype and precipitation pH. The rheological properties and tribological performance of PKL/CA nanofibers suitably dispersed in vegetable oils were found to be comparable to those obtained for conventional lubricating greases. Additionally, lignin nanofibers confer suitable oxidative stability to the ultimate formulations to different extents depending on the vegetable oil used.
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Affiliation(s)
- José
F. Rubio-Valle
- Pro2TecS − Chemical
Product and Process Technology Research Center, Department of Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Universidad
de Huelva, ETSI, Campus
de “El Carmen”, 21071 Huelva, Spain
| | - Concepción Valencia
- Pro2TecS − Chemical
Product and Process Technology Research Center, Department of Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Universidad
de Huelva, ETSI, Campus
de “El Carmen”, 21071 Huelva, Spain
| | - M. Carmen Sánchez-Carrillo
- Pro2TecS − Chemical
Product and Process Technology Research Center, Department of Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Universidad
de Huelva, ETSI, Campus
de “El Carmen”, 21071 Huelva, Spain
| | - José E. Martín-Alfonso
- Pro2TecS − Chemical
Product and Process Technology Research Center, Department of Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Universidad
de Huelva, ETSI, Campus
de “El Carmen”, 21071 Huelva, Spain
| | - José M. Franco
- Pro2TecS − Chemical
Product and Process Technology Research Center, Department of Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science, Universidad
de Huelva, ETSI, Campus
de “El Carmen”, 21071 Huelva, Spain
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2
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Camillo MDO, Gonçalves BMM, Candido VS, Dias LDC, Moulin JC, Monteiro SN, Oliveira MP. Assessment of Hydrothermal Treatment Effects on Coir Fibers for Incorporation into Polyurethane Matrix Biocomposites Derived from Castor Oil. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4614. [PMID: 38232049 PMCID: PMC10708770 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of natural lignocellulosic fibers as reinforcements in polymer composites has witnessed significant growth due to their biodegradability, cost-effectiveness, and mechanical properties. This study aims to evaluate castor-oil-based polyurethane (COPU), incorporating different contents of coconut coir fibers, 5, 10, and 15 wt%. The investigation includes analysis of the physical, mechanical, and microstructural properties of these composites. Additionally, this study evaluates the influence of hydrothermal treatment on the fibers, conducted at 120 °C and 98 kPa for 30 min, on the biocomposites' properties. Both coir fibers (CFs) and hydrothermal-treated coir fibers (HTCFs) were subjected to comprehensive characterization, including lignocellulosic composition analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The biocomposites were subjected to water absorption analysis, bending tests, XRD, SEM, FTIR, and TGA. The results indicate that the 30 min hydrothermal treatment reduces the extractive content, enhancing the interfacial adhesion between the fiber and the matrix, as evidenced by SEM. Notably, the composite containing 5 wt% CF exhibits a reduced water absorption, approaching the level observed in pure COPU. The inclusion of 15 wt% HTCF results in a remarkable improvement in the composite's flexural strength (100%), elastic modulus (98%), and toughness (280%) compared to neat COPU. TGA highlights that incorporating CFs into the COPU matrix enhances the material's thermal stability, allowing it to withstand temperatures of up to 500 °C. These findings underscore the potential of CFs as a ductile, lightweight, and cost-effective reinforcement in COPU matrix biocomposites, particularly for engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara de Oliveira Camillo
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro 29550-000, ES, Brazil; (M.d.O.C.); (B.M.M.G.); (L.D.C.D.); (J.C.M.)
| | - Bárbara Maria Mateus Gonçalves
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro 29550-000, ES, Brazil; (M.d.O.C.); (B.M.M.G.); (L.D.C.D.); (J.C.M.)
| | - Veronica Scarpini Candido
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Federal University of Pará, Ananindeua 67140-709, PA, Brazil;
| | - Luciano Da Costa Dias
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro 29550-000, ES, Brazil; (M.d.O.C.); (B.M.M.G.); (L.D.C.D.); (J.C.M.)
| | - Jordão Cabral Moulin
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro 29550-000, ES, Brazil; (M.d.O.C.); (B.M.M.G.); (L.D.C.D.); (J.C.M.)
| | - Sergio Neves Monteiro
- Materials Science Program, Military Institute of Engineering—IME, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Urca, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, RJ, Brazil
| | - Michel Picanço Oliveira
- Forest and Wood Sciences Department, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Jeronimo Monteiro 29550-000, ES, Brazil; (M.d.O.C.); (B.M.M.G.); (L.D.C.D.); (J.C.M.)
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Borrero-López AM, Wang L, Li H, Lourençon TV, Valencia C, Franco JM, Rojas OJ. Oleogels and reverse emulsions stabilized by acetylated Kraft lignins. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124941. [PMID: 37210063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Acetylated Kraft lignins were evaluated for their ability of structuring vegetable oils into oleogels. Microwave-assisted acetylation was used to adjust lignin's degree of substitution according to reaction temperature (130 to 160 °C), and its effect in improving the viscoelasticity of the oleogels, which was related to the hydroxyl group content. The results were compared with those obtained by Kraft lignins acetylated using conventional methods at room temperature. A higher microwave temperature resulted in gel-like oil dispersions with improved viscoelastic properties, and stronger shear-thinning character, along with enhanced long-term stability. Lignin nanoparticles structured castor oil by enhancing hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl groups of the oil and the nanoparticles. The oil structuring capacity of the modified lignins enhanced the stability of water-in-oil Pickering emulsions that resulted from low-energy mixing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio M Borrero-López
- Pro2TecS - Chemical Process and Product Technology Research Centre, Dept. Ingeniería Química, ETSI, Campus de "El Carmen", Universidad de Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain.
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FIN-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Haiming Li
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FIN-00076 Espoo, Finland; Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, College of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Tainise V Lourençon
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FIN-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Concepción Valencia
- Pro2TecS - Chemical Process and Product Technology Research Centre, Dept. Ingeniería Química, ETSI, Campus de "El Carmen", Universidad de Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain
| | - José M Franco
- Pro2TecS - Chemical Process and Product Technology Research Centre, Dept. Ingeniería Química, ETSI, Campus de "El Carmen", Universidad de Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FIN-00076 Espoo, Finland; Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FIN-02150 Espoo, Finland; Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry and Wood Science, 2360 East Mall, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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4
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Mavria A, Tsouko E, Protonotariou S, Papagiannopoulos A, Georgiadou M, Selianitis D, Pispas S, Mandala I, Koutinas AA. Sustainable Production of Novel Oleogels Valorizing Microbial Oil Rich in Carotenoids Derived from Spent Coffee Grounds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:10807-10817. [PMID: 36008363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable food systems that employ renewable resources without competition with the food chain are drivers for the bioeconomy era. This study reports the valorization of microwave-pretreated spent coffee grounds (SCGs) to produce oleogels rich in bioactive compounds. Microbial oil rich in carotenoids (MOC) was produced under batch fermentation of Rhodosporidium toruloides using SCG enzymatic hydrolysates. Candelilla wax (CLW) could structure MOC and sunflower oil at a 3.3-fold lower concentration than that of carnauba wax (CBW). MOC-based oleogels with 10% CBW and 3% CLW showed an elastic-dominant and gel-like structure (tan δ ≪ 1), providing gelation and oil binding capacity (>95%). Dendritic structures of CBW-based oleogels and evenly distributed rod-like crystals of CLW-based ones were observed via polarized light microscopy. MOC-based oleogels exhibited similar Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy spectra. X-ray diffractograms of oleogels were distinguished by the oil type that presented β'-type polymorphism. MOC-based oleogels could be applied in confectionary products and spreads as substitutes for trans fatty acids, reformulating fat-containing food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Mavria
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Erminta Tsouko
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Styliani Protonotariou
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Aristeidis Papagiannopoulos
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Georgiadou
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Selianitis
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Stergios Pispas
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Mandala
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Apostolis A Koutinas
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
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5
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Lignocellulosic Materials for the Production of Biofuels, Biochemicals and Biomaterials and Applications of Lignocellulose-Based Polyurethanes: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050881. [PMID: 35267704 PMCID: PMC8912558 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The present review is devoted to the description of the state-of-the-art techniques and procedures concerning treatments and modifications of lignocellulosic materials in order to use them as precursors for biomaterials, biochemicals and biofuels, with particular focus on lignin and lignin-based products. Four different main pretreatment types are outlined, i.e., thermal, mechanical, chemical and biological, with special emphasis on the biological action of fungi and bacteria. Therefore, by selecting a determined type of fungi or bacteria, some of the fractions may remain unaltered, while others may be decomposed. In this sense, the possibilities to obtain different final products are massive, depending on the type of microorganism and the biomass selected. Biofuels, biochemicals and biomaterials derived from lignocellulose are extensively described, covering those obtained from the lignocellulose as a whole, but also from the main biopolymers that comprise its structure, i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. In addition, special attention has been paid to the formulation of bio-polyurethanes from lignocellulosic materials, focusing more specifically on their applications in the lubricant, adhesive and cushioning material fields. High-performance alternatives to petroleum-derived products have been reported, such as adhesives that substantially exceed the adhesion performance of those commercially available in different surfaces, lubricating greases with tribological behaviour superior to those in lithium and calcium soap and elastomers with excellent static and dynamic performance.
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A Brief Overview of Polymers Science and Technology, in Spain. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14040652. [PMID: 35215565 PMCID: PMC8876667 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This Special Issue State-of-the-Art on Polymer Science and Technology in Spain is comprised of a collection of 42 publications/contributions related to very different topics undertaken by the numerous research groups working in Spain in Polymer Science and Technology. This monograph collects the contributions of more than 200 different authors from 24 different national Institutions (>30 different centers/departments) from Universities and CSIC centers distributed throughout the whole of Spain. Two-thirds of the contributions to this Special Issue arise from Institutional collaborations, half of which are international collaborations with European research groups and the other half with other international research groups outside Europe including China, Australia or United States of America among others. This brief overview communication provides a general overview of the research lines in Polymer Science and Technology covered in Spain and show most of the representative polymer groups and their distribution throughout Spain. Most of Spanish polymer groups belong to the Grupo Especializado de Polímeros (GEP) being part of the European Polymer Federation (EPF). It also shows how Spanish science about polymers is positioned at European level.
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Lignin-enriched residues from bioethanol production: Chemical characterization, isocyanate functionalization and oil structuring properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 195:412-423. [PMID: 34871659 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lignin-enriched waste products from bioethanol production of agriculture residues were tested as structuring agents in castor oil once functionalized with hexamethylene diisocyanate. Cane bagasse, barley and wheat straw were processed through steam explosion, pre-saccharification and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF). Alternatively, cane bagasse was submitted to steam explosion and enzymatic hydrolysis (EH). Several Nuclear Magnetic Resonance techniques were used to characterize both residues and NCO-functionalized counterparts. The β-O-4'/resinol/phenylcoumaran content and hydroxyphenyl/guaiacyl/syringyl distribution depend on biomass source, pretreatment, and enzymatic hydrolysis. Total hydroxyl content (from 1.23 for cane bagasse to 1.85 for wheat straw residues), aromatic/aliphatic hydroxyl ratio (0.78 for cane bagasse and 0.61 and 0.49 for barley and wheat straw residues, respectively) and S/G ratio (ranging from 0.25 to 0.86) influence the NCO-functionalization and oleogel rheological response. Oleogels obtained with barley straw residues exhibited the highest values of the storage modulus; around 2 × 105 Pa and 104 Pa for 25% and 20% contents, respectively. PSSF process showed weaker modification, leading to softer viscoelastic response compared to EH. These oleogels exhibited rheological properties similar to lubricating greases of different NLGI grades. Therefore, we herein show an integrative protocol for the valorization of lignin-enriched residues from bioethanol production as potential thickeners of lubricating greases.
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Yan J, Liu J, Sun Y, Song G, Ding D, Fan G, Chai B, Wang C, Sun L. Investigation on the Preparation of Rice Straw-Derived Cellulose Acetate and Its Spinnability for Electrospinning. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13203463. [PMID: 34685223 PMCID: PMC8538335 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice straw-derived cellulose (RSC) with purity of 92 wt.% was successfully extracted from rice straw by a novel and facile strategy, which integrated the C2H5OH/H2O autocatalytic process, dilute alkali treatment and H2O2 bleaching process. Influencing factors of the cellulose extraction were systematically examined, such as ethanol concentration, alkali concentration, H2O2 bleaching process and so on; the optimal extraction conditions of cellulose was determined. A series of rice straw-derived cellulose acetate (RSCA) with different degree of substitution (DS) were prepared by the acetylation reaction; the effects of Ac2O/cellulose ratio, reaction temperature and reaction time on the acetylation reaction were investigated. Results of FTIR and XRD analysis demonstrated that highly purified RSC and RSCA were prepared comparing with the commercial cellulose and cellulose acetate. Solubility analysis of RSCA with different DS indicated as-prepared RSCA with DS of 2.82 possessed the best solubleness, which was suitable for electrospinning. Moreover, the flexible RSCA fibrous membrane was easily fabricated by a facile electrospinning method. Our proposed method provided a strategy for realizing the high-value utilization of waste rice straw resource, as prepared RSC and RSCA can be used as chemical raw material, and electrospun RSCA fibrous membrane has various applications in medical materials, food packaging, water purification and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntao Yan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (J.L.); (Y.S.); (G.S.); (D.D.); (G.F.); (B.C.)
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (C.W.); Tel.: +86-27-83940468 (J.Y. & C.W.); Fax: +86-27-83937409 (J.Y. & C.W.)
| | - Jinhong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (J.L.); (Y.S.); (G.S.); (D.D.); (G.F.); (B.C.)
| | - Ya Sun
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (J.L.); (Y.S.); (G.S.); (D.D.); (G.F.); (B.C.)
| | - Guangsen Song
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (J.L.); (Y.S.); (G.S.); (D.D.); (G.F.); (B.C.)
| | - Deng Ding
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (J.L.); (Y.S.); (G.S.); (D.D.); (G.F.); (B.C.)
| | - Guozhi Fan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (J.L.); (Y.S.); (G.S.); (D.D.); (G.F.); (B.C.)
| | - Bo Chai
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (J.L.); (Y.S.); (G.S.); (D.D.); (G.F.); (B.C.)
| | - Chunlei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (J.L.); (Y.S.); (G.S.); (D.D.); (G.F.); (B.C.)
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (C.W.); Tel.: +86-27-83940468 (J.Y. & C.W.); Fax: +86-27-83937409 (J.Y. & C.W.)
| | - Linbing Sun
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China;
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The Influence of Neem Oil and Its Glyceride on the Structure and Characterization of Castor Oil-Based Polyurethane Foam. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13122020. [PMID: 34205593 PMCID: PMC8234072 DOI: 10.3390/polym13122020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neem (Azadirachta indica) oil is a non-edible oil that contains azadirachtin, which can be used as a biopesticide. This study synthesizes bio-based polyurethane (PU) foam from neem and castor (Ricinus communis L.) oil at normal temperature and pressure. Neem oil can be reacted to narrow-distribution polyol by transesterification of oil and glycerol. Neem oil glyceride (NOG) can be used as polyol for bio-based PU foams and can be blended with castor oil homogeneously to reduce the cost of production. The composition of polyol was castor oil and 0 to 20% molar ratios of NOG. Hexamethylene diisocyanate trimer (Desmodur N) was used as isocyanate. The molar ratios of NCO/OH were set as 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0. The average hydroxyl contents of castor oil, neem oil and NOG were 2.7 mmol/g, 0.1 mmol/g and 5.1 mmol/g, respectively. The reaction time of bio-based PU foam could be adjusted between 5 to 10 min, which is acceptable for manufacturing. The densities of PU foams were between 49.7 and 116.2 kg/m3 and decreased with increasing NCO/OH and NOG ratios and decreasing neem oil. The ranges of specific compressive strength of foams were from 0.0056 to 0.0795 kPa·m3/kg. Increasing the NOG and neem oil ratio significantly enhanced the specific compressive strength in the low NCO/OH ratio. The solvent resistance and thermogravimetric (TG) results showed that the foams have high water and thermal stability. NOG can help to increase solvent resistance. Adding neem oil reduces the solvent resistance. The results indicated that increasing NCO/OH and NOG ratios increases the cross-linking density and hard segment content of PU foams. This investigation demonstrated that castor oil-based PU foams are improved by adding NOG to the polyol mixture. PU foam has excellent properties. Neem oil can be used in manufacturing processes to produce high-performance foams via a green synthesis process.
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10
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Tarrés Q, Hernández-Díaz D, Ardanuy M. Interface Strength and Fiber Content Influence on Corn Stover Fibers Reinforced Bio-Polyethylene Composites Stiffness. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13050768. [PMID: 33804555 PMCID: PMC7957742 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Stiffness of material is a key parameter that allows the use of material for structural or semi-structural purposes. Besides, lightweight materials are increasingly calling the attention of the industry. Environmental impact is also increasing in its importance. Bio-based materials produced from renewable sources can be good candidates for structural purposes combining lightweight and low environmental impact. Nonetheless, similar mechanical properties of commodities have to be reached with such materials. In this work, composite materials from corn stover fibers as a bio-polyethylene reinforcement were produced and tested. The effect of coupling agents to improve the fiber–matrix interface has been evaluated. It has been found that coupling agent content influenced the stiffness of the materials, increasing the Young’s modulus and the material processability. The best performance was achieved for a 6% of coupling agent, corresponding to 4.61 GPa for 50 w/w% of corn stover fibers. Micromechanics showed the impact of the semi-random orientation of the fibers and the lesser impact of its morphology. It was possible to determine a triangular packing of the composites as a hypothesis for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quim Tarrés
- Departament of Materials Science ande Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Colom 1, 08222 Terrassa, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - David Hernández-Díaz
- Serra Húnter Programme, Department of Engineering Graphics and Design, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, TR5 Campus Terrassa, 08222 Terrassa, Spain;
| | - Mònica Ardanuy
- Departament of Materials Science ande Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Colom 1, 08222 Terrassa, Spain;
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11
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Fajardo C, Blánquez A, Domínguez G, Borrero-López AM, Valencia C, Hernández M, Arias ME, Rodríguez J. Assessment of Sustainability of Bio Treated Lignocellulose-Based Oleogels. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13020267. [PMID: 33467395 PMCID: PMC7829808 DOI: 10.3390/polym13020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of biological strategies to obtain new high-added value biopolymers from lignocellulosic biomass is a current challenge for scientific community. This study evaluates the biodegradability and ecotoxicity of new formulated oleogels obtained from fermented agricultural residues with Streptomyces, previously reported to show improved rheological and tribological characteristics compared to commercial mineral lubricants. Both new oleogels exhibited higher biodegradation rates than the commercial grease. Classical ecotoxicological bioassays using eukaryotic organisms (Lactuca sativa, Caenorhabditis elegans) showed that the toxic impact of the produced bio-lubricants was almost negligible and comparable to the commercial grease for the target organisms. In addition, high throughput molecular techniques using emerging next-generation DNA-sequencing technologies (NGS) were applied to study the structural changes of lubricant-exposed microbial populations of a standard soil. Results obtained showed that disposal of biomass-based lubricants in the soil environment did not substantially modify the structure and phylogenetic composition of the microbiome. These findings point out the feasibility and sustainability, in terms of biodegradability and eco-safety, of the new bio-lubricants in comparison with commercial mineral greases. This technology entails a promising biological strategy to replace fossil and non-renewable raw materials as well as to obtain useful biopolymers from agricultural residues with potential for large-scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Fajardo
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (G.D.); (M.H.); (M.E.A.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-885-46-76
| | - Alba Blánquez
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (G.D.); (M.H.); (M.E.A.); (J.R.)
| | - Gabriela Domínguez
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (G.D.); (M.H.); (M.E.A.); (J.R.)
| | - Antonio M. Borrero-López
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Campus de “El Carmen”, Universidad de Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain; (A.M.B.-L.); (C.V.)
| | - Concepción Valencia
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Campus de “El Carmen”, Universidad de Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain; (A.M.B.-L.); (C.V.)
| | - Manuel Hernández
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (G.D.); (M.H.); (M.E.A.); (J.R.)
| | - María E. Arias
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (G.D.); (M.H.); (M.E.A.); (J.R.)
| | - Juana Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; (A.B.); (G.D.); (M.H.); (M.E.A.); (J.R.)
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