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Muhamad NAS, Mohd Mokhtar N, Naim R, Lau WJ, Ismail NH. Treatment of wastewater from oil palm industry in Malaysia using polyvinylidene fluoride-bentonite hollow fiber membranes via membrane distillation system. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 361:124739. [PMID: 39168437 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Membrane distillation (MD) is gaining increasing recognition within membrane-based processes for palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment. This study aims to alter the physicochemical characteristics of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes through the incorporation of bentonite (B) at varying weight concentrations (ranging from 0.25 wt% to 1.0 wt%). Characterization was conducted to evaluate changes in morphology, thermal stability, surface characteristics and wetting properties of the resulting membranes. The resulting membranes were also tested using direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) with POME as the feed solution, aiming to generate high-purity water. Results indicated that the PVDF-0.3B and PVDF-0.5B membranes achieved the highest water vapor flux. The finger-like structure and macrovoids present in these membranes aid in minimizing mass resistance during vapor transport and enhancing permeate flux. All membranes demonstrated exceptional performance in removing contaminants, eliminating total dissolved solids (TDS) and achieving over 99% rejection of chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrate nitrogen (NN), color, and turbidity from the feed solution. The permeate water analysis showed that the PVDF-0.3B membrane had superior removal efficiency and met the standards set by the local Department of Environment (DOE). The PVDF-0.3B membrane was chosen as the preferred option because of its consistent flux and high removal efficiency. This study demonstrated that incorporating bentonite into PVDF membranes significantly enhanced their properties and performance for POME treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Amirah Safiah Muhamad
- Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Lebuh Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, 26300, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Nadzirah Mohd Mokhtar
- Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Lebuh Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, 26300, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia; Bioaromatic Research Centre, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Lebuh Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, 26300, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
| | - Rosmawati Naim
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Lebuh Persiaran Tun Khalil Yaakob, 26300, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Woei Jye Lau
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Hafiza Ismail
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
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Thegarathah P, Jewaratnam J, Simarani K, Elgharbawy AA. Aspergillus niger as an efficient biological agent for separator sludge remediation: two-level factorial design for optimal fermentation. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17151. [PMID: 39026538 PMCID: PMC11257062 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The booming palm oil industry is in line with the growing population worldwide and surge in demand. This leads to a massive generation of palm oil mill effluent (POME). POME is composed of sterilizer condensate (SC), separator sludge (SS), and hydro-cyclone wastewater (HCW). Comparatively, SS exhibits the highest organic content, resulting in various environmental impacts. However, past studies mainly focused on treating the final effluent. Therefore, this pioneering research investigated the optimization of pollutant removal in SS via different aspects of bioremediation, including experimental conditions, treatment efficiencies, mechanisms, and degradation pathways. Methods A two-level factorial design was employed to optimize the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and turbidity using Aspergillus niger. Bioremediation of SS was performed through submerged fermentation (SmF) under several independent variables, including temperature (20-40 °C), agitation speed (100-200 RPM), fermentation duration (72-240 h), and initial sample concentration (20-100%). The characteristics of the treated SS were then compared to that of raw sludge. Results Optimal COD and turbidity removal were achieved at 37 °C 100 RPM, 156 h, and 100% sludge. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant effect of selective individual and interacting variables (p < 0.05). The highest COD and turbidity removal were 97.43% and 95.11%, respectively, with less than 5% error from the predicted values. Remarkably, the selected optimized conditions also reduced other polluting attributes, namely, biological oxygen demand (BOD), oil and grease (OG), color, and carbon content. In short, this study demonstrated the effectiveness of A. niger in treating SS through the application of a two-level factorial design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Khanom Simarani
- Division of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Amal A.M. Elgharbawy
- International Institute for Halal Research and Training (INHART), International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Sustainability, International Islamic University Malaysia, Gombak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Nor NAM, Tanaka F, Yoshida N, Jaafar J, Zailani MZ, Ahmad SNA. Preliminary evaluation of electricity recovery from palm oil mill effluent by anion exchange microbial fuel cell. Bioelectrochemistry 2024; 160:108770. [PMID: 38943780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2024.108770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
This study assessed the viability of an anion-exchange microbial fuel cell (MFC) for extracting electricity from palm oil mill effluent (POME), a major pollutant in palm-oil producing regions due to increasing demand. The MFC incorporated a tubular membrane electrode assembly (MEA) with an air core, featuring a carbon-painted carbon-cloth cathode, an anion exchange membrane (AEM), and a nonwoven graphite fabric (NWGF) anode. An additional carbon brush (CB) anode was placed adjacent to the tubular MEA. The MFC operated under semi-batch conditions with POME replacement every 7 days. Results showed superior performance of the AEM, with the highest power density (Pmax) observed in POME-treated MFCs. Current and power density increased with CB addition; the best chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency reached 73 %, decreasing from 1249 to 332 mg/L with three CBs. The Pmax was 0.18 W/m-2(-|-) with 1000 mg/L COD and three CBs, dropping to 0.0031 W/m-2(-|-) without CB and at 410 mg/L COD. Anode resistance, calculated using organic matter supplementation, COD, and anode surface area, decreased with increased COD or surface area, improving electricity production. AEM and CB compatibility synergistically enhanced MFC performance, offering potential for POME wastewater treatment and energy recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Azureen Mohamad Nor
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering (FCEE), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Oil and Gas Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Fumichika Tanaka
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology (Nitech), Gokiso-Cho, Showa-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Naoko Yoshida
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology (Nitech), Gokiso-Cho, Showa-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Juhana Jaafar
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering (FCEE), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Muhamad Zulhilmi Zailani
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering (FCEE), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Nur Afifi Ahmad
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering (FCEE), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
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Khangkhachit W, Suyotha W, O-Thong S, Prasertsan P. Cellulase production by Aspergillus fumigatus A4112 and the potential use of the enzyme in cooperation with surfactant to enhance floating oil recovery and methane production from palm oil mill effluent. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38909283 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2024.2368627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
This research performed cellulase production by Aspergillus fumigatus A4112 and evaluated its potential use in palm oil mill effluent (POME) hydrolysis to recover oil simultaneously with the generation of fermentable sugar useful for biofuel production under non-sterilized conditions. Empty fruit bunch (EFB) without pretreatment was used as carbon source. The combination of nitrogen sources facilitated CMCase production. The maximum activity (3.27 U/mL) was obtained by 1.0 g/L peptone and 1.5 g/L (NH4)2SO4 and 20 g/L EFB at 40 °C for 7 days. High level of FPase activity (39.51 U/mL) was also obtained. Interestingly, the enzyme retained its cellulase activities more than 60% at ambient temperature over 15 days. In enzymatic hydrolysis, Triton X-100 was an effective surfactant to increase total oil recovery in the floating form. High yield of reducing sugar (50.13 g/L) and 21% (v/v) of floating oil was recoverable at 65 °C for 48 h. Methane content of the raw POME increased from 41.49 to 64.94% by using de-oiled POME hydrolysate which was higher than using the POME hydrolysate (59.82%). The results demonstrate the feasibility of the constructed process for oil recovery coupled with a subsequent step for methane yield enhancement in biogas production process that benefits the palm oil industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiyada Khangkhachit
- International Program of Biotechnology, Center of Excellence in Innovative Biotechnology for Sustainable Utilization of Bioresources, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Wasana Suyotha
- International Program of Biotechnology, Center of Excellence in Innovative Biotechnology for Sustainable Utilization of Bioresources, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Sompong O-Thong
- Biofuel and Biocatalysis Innovation Research Unit, Nakhonsawan Campus, Mahidol University, Nakhonsawan, Thailand
| | - Poonsuk Prasertsan
- International Program of Biotechnology, Center of Excellence in Innovative Biotechnology for Sustainable Utilization of Bioresources, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
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Ng HJ, Goh KM, Yahya A, Abdul-Wahab MF. Microbial community dynamics and functional potentials in the conversion of oil palm wastes into biomethane. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:91. [PMID: 38419684 PMCID: PMC10897112 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-03933-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Oil palm processing generates substantial waste materials rich in organic content, posing various environmental challenges. Anaerobic digestion (AD), particularly for palm oil mill effluent (POME), offers a sustainable solution, by converting waste into valuable biomethane for thermal energy or electricity generation. The synergistic activities of the AD microbiota directly affect the biomethane production, and the microbial community involved in biomethane production in POME anaerobic digestion has been reported. The composition of bacterial and archaeal communities varies under different substrate and physicochemical conditions. This review discusses the characteristics of POME, explores the microbial members engaged in each stage of AD, and elucidates the impacts of substrate and physicochemical conditions on the microbial community dynamics, with a specific focus on POME. Finally, the review outlines current research needs and provides future perspectives on optimizing the microbial communities for enhanced biomethane production from oil palm wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jing Ng
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biosciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Kian Mau Goh
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biosciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Adibah Yahya
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biosciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Firdaus Abdul-Wahab
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biosciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
- Taiwan-Malaysia Innovation Centre for Clean Water and Sustainable Energy (WISE Centre), 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
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Aryanti PTP, Nugroho FA, Anwar N, Rusgiyarto F, Phalakornkule C, Kadier A. Integrated bipolar electrocoagulation and PVC-based ultrafiltration membrane process for palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 347:140637. [PMID: 37952820 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effectiveness of integrating electrocoagulation (EC) and ultrafiltration (UF) membranes for palm oil mill effluent (POME) wastewater treatment was investigated. The impact of various parameters on contaminant removal efficiency, including electrode configuration (monopolar and bipolar), number of anodes, agitation rate, and current density, was studied. The findings demonstrated that using bipolar (BP) electrodes in the EC reactor improved coagulation efficiency. However, an increase in agitation rate led to a decrease in removal efficiency. The electrode configuration of 2A-2C-2B achieved high contaminant removal with a lower electrode consumption compared to the 4A-2C and 4A-2C-2B configurations. The removal efficiencies for total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and biological oxygen demand (BOD) were 59.1%, 99.9%, 96.8%, and 96%, respectively. The operating cost for the electrode configuration of 2A-2C-2B was estimated to be 2.71 US$ m-3 at an effluent capacity of 50 m3 d-1 and 20 h d-1 of operating time, while the energy requirement was 6.20 kWh m-3. An increase in operating time from 5 to 24 h d-1 raised the specific operating cost from 2.17 to 2.85 US$ m-3. This study provides valuable insights into optimizing EC and UF processes for POME wastewater treatment, which could have significant implications for sustainable industrial practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Putu Teta Prihartini Aryanti
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani, Jl. Terusan Jenderal Sudirman, Cimahi, West Java, Indonesia.
| | - Febrianto Adi Nugroho
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani, Jl. Terusan Jenderal Sudirman, Cimahi, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Nadiem Anwar
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani, Jl. Terusan Jenderal Sudirman, Cimahi, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Ferry Rusgiyarto
- Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani, Jl. Terusan Jenderal Sudirman, Cimahi, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Chantaraporn Phalakornkule
- Department of Chemical Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, 10800, Thailand; Research Center for Circular Products and Energy, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, 10800, Thailand
| | - Abudukeremu Kadier
- Laboratory of Environmental Science and Technology, The Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Amara NI, Chukwuemeka ES, Obiajulu NO, Chukwuma OJ. Yeast-driven valorization of agro-industrial wastewater: an overview. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1252. [PMID: 37768404 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11863-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The intensive industrial and agricultural activities currently on-going worldwide to feed the growing human population have led to significant increase in the amount of wastewater produced. These effluents are high in phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and heavy metals. These compounds can provoke imbalance in the ecosystem with grievous consequences to both the environment and humans. Adequate treatment of these wastewaters is therefore of utmost importance to humanity. This can be achieved through valorization of these waste streams, which is based on biorefinery idea and concept of reduce, reuse, and recycle for sustainable circular economy. This concept uses innovative processes to produce value-added products from waste such as wastewater. Yeast-based wastewater treatment is currently on the rise given to the many characteristics of yeast cells. Yeasts are generally fast growing, and they are robust in terms of tolerance to stress and inhibitory compounds, in addition to their ability to metabolize a diverse range of substrates and create a diverse range of metabolites. Therefore, yeast cells possess the capacity to recover and transform agro-industrial wastewater nutrients into highly valuable metabolites. In addition to remediating the wastewater, numerous value-added products such as single cell oil (SCO), single cell proteins (SCPs), biofuels, organic acid, and aromatic compounds amongst others can be produced through fermentation of wastewater by yeast cells. This work thus brings to limelight the potential roles of yeast cells in reducing, reusing, and recycling of agro-industrial wastewaters while proffering solutions to some of the factors that limit yeast-mediated wastewater valorization.
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Obayomi KS, Lau SY, Danquah MK, Zhang J, Chiong T, Takeo M, Jeevanandam J. Novel Concepts for Graphene-Based Nanomaterials Synthesis for Phenol Removal from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME). MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4379. [PMID: 37374562 DOI: 10.3390/ma16124379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the global population has increased significantly, resulting in elevated levels of pollution in waterways. Organic pollutants are a major source of water pollution in various parts of the world, with phenolic compounds being the most common hazardous pollutant. These compounds are released from industrial effluents, such as palm oil milling effluent (POME), and cause several environmental issues. Adsorption is known to be an efficient method for mitigating water contaminants, with the ability to eliminate phenolic contaminants even at low concentrations. Carbon-based materials have been reported to be effective composite adsorbents for phenol removal due to their excellent surface features and impressive sorption capability. However, the development of novel sorbents with higher specific sorption capabilities and faster contaminant removal rates is necessary. Graphene possesses exceptionally attractive chemical, thermal, mechanical, and optical properties, including higher chemical stability, thermal conductivity, current density, optical transmittance, and surface area. The unique features of graphene and its derivatives have gained significant attention in the application of sorbents for water decontamination. Recently, the emergence of graphene-based adsorbents with large surface areas and active surfaces has been proposed as a potential alternative to conventional sorbents. The aim of this article is to discuss novel synthesis approaches for producing graphene-based nanomaterials for the adsorptive uptake of organic pollutants from water, with a special focus on phenols associated with POME. Furthermore, this article explores adsorptive properties, experimental parameters for nanomaterial synthesis, isotherms and kinetic models, mechanisms of nanomaterial formation, and the ability of graphene-based materials as adsorbents of specific contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde Shola Obayomi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, CDT 250, Miri 98009, Sarawak, Malaysia
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Sie Yon Lau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, CDT 250, Miri 98009, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Michael K Danquah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga 615 McCallie Ave, Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - Tung Chiong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, CDT 250, Miri 98009, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Masahiro Takeo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji 671-2280, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Jaison Jeevanandam
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
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Nuid M, Aris A, Abdullah S, Fulazzaky MA, Muda K. Bioaugmentation and enhanced formation of biogranules for degradation of oil and grease: Start-up, kinetic and mass transfer studies. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 341:118032. [PMID: 37163834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Biogranulation technology is an emerging biological process in treating various wastewater. However, the development of biogranules requires an extended period of time when treating wastewaters with high oil and grease (O&G) content. A study was therefore conducted to assess the formation of biogranules through bioaugmentation with the Serratia marcescens SA30 strain, in treating real anaerobically digested palm oil mill effluent (AD-POME), with O&G of about 4600 mg/L. The biogranules were developed in a lab-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system under alternating anaerobic and aerobic conditions. The experimental data were assessed using the modified mass transfer factor (MMTF) models to understand the mechanisms of biosorption of O&G on the biogranules. The system was run with variable organic loading rates (OLR) of 0.69-9.90 kg/m3d and superficial air velocity (SAV) of 2 cm/s. After 60 days of being bioaugmented with the Serratia marcescens SA30 strain, the flocculent biomass transformed into biogranules with excellent settleability with improved treatment efficiency. The biogranules showed a compact structure and good settling ability with an average diameter of about 2 mm, a sludge volume index at 5 min (SVI5) of 43 mL/g, and a settling velocity (SV) of 81 m/h after 256 days of operation. The average removal efficiencies of O&G increased from 6 to 99.92%, respectively. The application of the MMTF model verified that the resistance to O&G biosorption is controlled via film mass transfer. This research indicates successful bioaugmentation of biogranules using the Serratia marcescens SA30 strain for enhanced biodegradation of O&G and is capable to treat real AD-POME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nuid
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security, Research Institute for Sustainable Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Azmi Aris
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security, Research Institute for Sustainable Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia; Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
| | - Shakila Abdullah
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Pagoh Education Hub, Panchor, 84600, Muar, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Ali Fulazzaky
- School of Postgraduate Studies, Universitas Djuanda, Jalan Tol Ciawi No. 1, Ciawi, Bogor, 16700, Indonesia
| | - Khalida Muda
- Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
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Rupani PF, Embrandiri A, Rezania S, Wang S, Shao W, Domínguez J, Appels L. Changes in the microbiota during biological treatment of palm oil mill waste: A critical review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 320:115772. [PMID: 35944317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Palm oil mill waste has a complex cellulosic structure, is rich in nutrients, and provides a habitat for diverse microbial communities. Current research focuses on how the microbiota and organic components interact during the degradation of this type of waste. Some recent studies have described the microbial communities present in different biodegradation processes of palm oil mill waste, identifying the dominant bacteria/fungi responsible for breaking down the cellulosic components. However, understanding the degradation process's mechanisms is vital to eliminating the need for further pretreatment of lignocellulosic compounds in the waste mixture and facilitating the commercialization of palm oil mill waste treatment technology. Thus, the present work aims to review microbial community dynamics via three biological treatment systems comprehensively: composting, vermicomposting, and dark fermentation, to understand how inspiration from nature can further enhance existing degradation processes. The information presented could be used as an umbrella to current research on biological treatment processes and specific research on the bioaugmentation of indigenous microbial consortia isolated during the biological degradation of palm oil mill waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Fatemeh Rupani
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process and Environmental Technology Lab, Jan Pieter De Nayerlaan 5, B-2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium.
| | - Asha Embrandiri
- Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, 1145, Amhara, Ethiopia.
| | - Shahabaldin Rezania
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea.
| | - Shuang Wang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Weilan Shao
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Jorge Domínguez
- Grupo de Ecoloxía Animal (GEA), Universidade de Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain.
| | - Lise Appels
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process and Environmental Technology Lab, Jan Pieter De Nayerlaan 5, B-2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium.
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Soo PL, Bashir MJK, Wong LP. Recent advancements in the treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) using anaerobic biofilm reactors: Challenges and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 320:115750. [PMID: 35933874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Palm oil is the most utilized vegetable globally which is mostly produced in countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand. The great amount of POME generation from palm oil mills is now a threat to the environment and require a suitable treatment of POME to reduce the organic strength in accordance with the standard discharge limit before releasing to the environment. Currently, the technology to combine the anaerobic process and biofilm system in bioreactors have produced a fresh idea in treatments of high strength wastewater like POME. Anaerobic biofilm reactor is a convincing method for POME treatment due to its significant advantages over the conventional biological treatments consisting of anaerobic, aerobic and facultative pond systems. Overall, integrated anaerobic-aerobic bioreactor (IAAB) can remove more than 99% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total suspended solids (TSS) with the combination of anaerobic and aerobic digestion for POME treatment. It has better performance as compared to up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) and up-flow anaerobic filter (UAF) with 80% and 88-94% COD removal efficiency respectively. Anaerobic pond was found to perform well also by removing 97.8% of COD in POME but require long retention time and larger land. Hence, this study aims to provide intensive review of the performance of the anaerobic biofilm reactor in treating POME and the recent advancements in this technology. The limitations and future perspectives in utilization of anaerobic biofilm reactor during its operation in treating POME are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Ling Soo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology (FEGT), UniversitiTunku Abdul Rahman, 31900, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia.
| | - Mohammed J K Bashir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology (FEGT), UniversitiTunku Abdul Rahman, 31900, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia.
| | - Lai-Peng Wong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology (FEGT), UniversitiTunku Abdul Rahman, 31900, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia.
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12
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Haruna A, Chong FK, Ho YC, Merican ZMA. Preparation and modification methods of defective titanium dioxide-based nanoparticles for photocatalytic wastewater treatment-a comprehensive review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:70706-70745. [PMID: 36044146 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22749-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The rapid population growth and industrial expansion worldwide have created serious water contamination concerns. To curb the pollution issue, it has become imperative to use a versatile material for the treatment. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been recognized as the most-studied nanoparticle in various fields of science and engineering due to its availability, low cost, efficiency, and other fascinating properties with a wide range of applications in modern technology. Recent studies revealed the photocatalytic activity of the material for the treatment of industrial effluents to promote environmental sustainability. With the wide band gap energy of 3.2 eV, TiO2 can be activated under UV light; thus, many strategies have been proposed to extend its photoabsorption to the visible light region. In what follows, this has generated increasing attention to study its characteristics and structural modifications in different forms for photocatalytic applications. The present review provides an insight into the understanding of the synthesis methods of TiO2, the current progress in the treatment techniques for the degradation of wide environmental pollutants employing modified TiO2 nanoparticles, and the factors affecting its photocatalytic activities. Further, recent developments in using titania for practical applications, the approach for designing novel nanomaterials, and the prospects and opportunities in this exciting area have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdurrashid Haruna
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia.
- Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
- Centre of Innovative Nanostructures & Nanodevices (COINN), Institute of Autonomous System, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia.
| | - Fai-Kait Chong
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
- Centre of Innovative Nanostructures & Nanodevices (COINN), Institute of Autonomous System, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Yeek-Chia Ho
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
- Centre for Urban Resource Sustainability, Institute for Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Zulkifli Merican Aljunid Merican
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
- Institute of Contaminant Management for Oil & Gas, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
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Domingues E, Silva MJ, Vaz T, Gomes J, Martins RC. Sulfate radical based advanced oxidation processes for agro-industrial effluents treatment: A comparative review with Fenton's peroxidation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 832:155029. [PMID: 35390368 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Agro-industrial wastewater management becomes a major task while environmental regulations are becoming stricter worldwide. Agro-industrial wastewaters are known by high content of organic pollutants that cause an adverse effect on the water bodies. Industries are looking for efficient, easy-to-use and affordable treatment processes. Sulfate radical based advanced oxidation processes (S-AOPs) are arising as suitable alternatives for agro-industrial effluents treatment. In this review, the major findings regarding the application of this technology for real agro-industrial wastewater depuration are discussed. Moreover, these technologies are compared as an alternative to Fenton's process, which is a widely studied advanced oxidation process and with high efficiency in the treatment of agro-industrial effluents. The studies already carried out are promising, but there is still a great lack of studies in this area and using this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Domingues
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF - Chemical Engineering Processes and Forest Products Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Maria João Silva
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF - Chemical Engineering Processes and Forest Products Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Telma Vaz
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF - Chemical Engineering Processes and Forest Products Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Gomes
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF - Chemical Engineering Processes and Forest Products Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui C Martins
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF - Chemical Engineering Processes and Forest Products Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
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Norfarhana A, Ilyas R, Ngadi N, Sharma S, Sayed MM, El-Shafay A, Nordin A. Natural Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic ENR/PVC Composites as Potential Membrane Technology in Industrial Wastewater Treatment: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:2432. [PMID: 35746008 PMCID: PMC9228183 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane separation processes are prevalent in industrial wastewater treatment because they are more effective than conventional methods at addressing global water issues. Consequently, the ideal membranes with high mechanical strength, thermal characteristics, flux, permeability, porosity, and solute removal capacity must be prepared to aid in the separation process for wastewater treatment. Rubber-based membranes have shown the potential for high mechanical properties in water separation processes to date. In addition, the excellent sustainable practice of natural fibers has attracted great attention from industrial players and researchers for the exploitation of polymer composite membranes to improve the balance between the environment and social and economic concerns. The incorporation of natural fiber in thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) as filler and pore former agent enhances the mechanical properties, and high separation efficiency characteristics of membrane composites are discussed. Furthermore, recent advancements in the fabrication technique of porous membranes affected the membrane's structure, and the performance of wastewater treatment applications is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.S. Norfarhana
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia; (A.N.); (N.N.); (A.N.)
- Department of Petrochemical Engineering, Politeknik Tun Syed Nasir Syed Ismail, Pagoh Education Hub, Pagoh Muar 84600, Johor, Malaysia
| | - R.A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia; (A.N.); (N.N.); (A.N.)
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - N. Ngadi
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia; (A.N.); (N.N.); (A.N.)
| | - Shubham Sharma
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University Center for Research & Development (UCRD), Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Main Campus-Kapurthala, Kapurthala 144603, Punjab, India
| | - Mohamed Mahmoud Sayed
- Architectural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11845, Egypt;
| | - A.S. El-Shafay
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 16273, Saudi Arabia
| | - A.H. Nordin
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia; (A.N.); (N.N.); (A.N.)
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Dominic D, Baidurah S. Recent Developments in Biological Processing Technology for Palm Oil Mill Effluent Treatment-A Review. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:525. [PMID: 35453724 PMCID: PMC9031994 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
POME is the most voluminous waste generated from palm oil milling activities. The discharge of POME into the environment without any treatment processing could inflict an undesirable hazard to humans and the environment due to its high amount of toxins, organic, and inorganic materials. The treatment of POME prior to discharge into the environment is utmost required to protect the liability for human health and the environment. Biological treatments are preferable due to eco-friendly attributes that are technically and economically feasible. The goal of this review article is to highlight the current state of development in the biological processing technologies for POME treatment. These biological processing technologies are conducted in the presence of fungi, bacteria, microalgae, and a consortium of microorganisms. Numerous microbes are listed to identify the most efficient strain by monitoring the BOD, COD, working volume of the reactor, and treatment time. The most effective processing technology for POME treatment uses an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor with the COD value of 99%, hydraulic retention time of 7.2 days, and a working volume of 4.7 litres. Biological processing technologies are mooted as an efficient and sustainable management practice of POME waste.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Siti Baidurah
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang 11800, Malaysia;
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Mohamad Z, Razak AA, Krishnan S, Singh L, Zularisam A, Nasrullah M. Treatment of palm oil mill effluent using electrocoagulation powered by direct photovoltaic solar system. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2021.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fermentation of Palm Oil Mill Effluent in the Presence of Lysinibacillus sp. LC 556247 to Produce Alternative Biomass Fuel. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132111915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A bacterial strain, identified as Lysinibacillus sp. LC 556247 POME, was isolated from palm oil mill effluent (POME). The present article highlights the potential utilization of POME as a sole fermentation medium by Lysinibacillus sp. LC 556247 to produce biomass fuel via aerobic fermentation. The fermentation was performed in a shake flask with a working volume of 300 mL, agitated at 180 rpm, incubated at 35 ± 2 °C for various fermentation hours, ranging from 1, 2, 3, 4, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h, and was followed by a drying process. Elucidation of the POME characteristics, calorific energy values (CEV), moisture content (MC), oil and grease content, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO), total suspended solids (TSS), pH, total nitrogen, and the colony-forming unit (CFU) were performed. The results demonstrate that the highest CEV, of 21.25 ± 0.19 MJ/kg, was obtained at 48 h fermentation. High amounts of extractable oil and nitrogen content were retrieved at the highest CEV reading of the fermented and dried POME samples, which were 17.95 ± 0.02% and 12.80 ± 0.08%, respectively. The maximum removal efficiencies for the COD (50.83%), the BOD (71.73%), and the TSS (42.99%) were achieved at 120 h of fermentation, with an operating pH ranging from 4.49–4.54. The XRF analysis reveals that the fermented and dried products consisted of elements that had a high amount of carbon and potassium, and a significantly low amount of silica, which is sufficient for the effective burning of biomass fuel in the boiler.
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