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Stevens G, Hantson L, Larmuseau M, Heerman JR, Siau V, Verdonck P. A Guide to Measuring Heart and Respiratory Rates Based on Off-the-Shelf Photoplethysmographic Hardware and Open-Source Software. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3766. [PMID: 38931550 PMCID: PMC11207213 DOI: 10.3390/s24123766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The remote monitoring of vital signs via wearable devices holds significant potential for alleviating the strain on hospital resources and elder-care facilities. Among the various techniques available, photoplethysmography stands out as particularly promising for assessing vital signs such as heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, and blood pressure. Despite the efficacy of this method, many commercially available wearables, bearing Conformité Européenne marks and the approval of the Food and Drug Administration, are often integrated within proprietary, closed data ecosystems and are very expensive. In an effort to democratize access to affordable wearable devices, our research endeavored to develop an open-source photoplethysmographic sensor utilizing off-the-shelf hardware and open-source software components. The primary aim of this investigation was to ascertain whether the combination of off-the-shelf hardware components and open-source software yielded vital-sign measurements (specifically heart rate and respiratory rate) comparable to those obtained from more expensive, commercially endorsed medical devices. Conducted as a prospective, single-center study, the research involved the assessment of fifteen participants for three minutes in four distinct positions, supine, seated, standing, and walking in place. The sensor consisted of four PulseSensors measuring photoplethysmographic signals with green light in reflection mode. Subsequent signal processing utilized various open-source Python packages. The heart rate assessment involved the comparison of three distinct methodologies, while the respiratory rate analysis entailed the evaluation of fifteen different algorithmic combinations. For one-minute average heart rates' determination, the Neurokit process pipeline achieved the best results in a seated position with a Spearman's coefficient of 0.9 and a mean difference of 0.59 BPM. For the respiratory rate, the combined utilization of Neurokit and Charlton algorithms yielded the most favorable outcomes with a Spearman's coefficient of 0.82 and a mean difference of 1.90 BrPM. This research found that off-the-shelf components are able to produce comparable results for heart and respiratory rates to those of commercial and approved medical wearables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guylian Stevens
- Department of Electronics and Information Systems—IBiTech, Korneel Heymanslaan, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Luc Hantson
- H3CareSolutions, Henegouwestraat 41, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Michiel Larmuseau
- AZ Maria Middelares Hospital, Buitenring Sint-Denijs 30, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Jan R. Heerman
- Partnership of Anesthesia of the AZ Maria Middelares Hospital, Buitenring Sint-Denijs 30, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | | | - Pascal Verdonck
- Department of Electronics and Information Systems—IBiTech, Korneel Heymanslaan, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
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Ibrahim NS, Rampal S, Lee WL, Pek EW, Suhaimi A. Evaluation of Wrist-Worn Photoplethysmography Trackers with an Electrocardiogram in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease: A Validation Study. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2024; 15:12-21. [PMID: 37973701 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-023-00693-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Photoplethysmography measurement of heart rate with wrist-worn trackers has been introduced in healthy individuals. However, additional consideration is necessary for patients with ischemic heart disease, and the available evidence is limited. The study aims to evaluate the validity and reliability of heart rate measures by a wrist-worn photoplethysmography (PPG) tracker compared to an electrocardiogram (ECG) during incremental treadmill exercise among patients with ischemic heart disease. METHODS Fifty-one participants performed the standard incremental treadmill exercise in a controlled laboratory setting with 12-lead ECG attached to the patient's body and wearing wrist-worn PPG trackers. RESULTS At each stage, the absolute percentage error of the PPG was within 10% of the standard acceptable range. Further analysis using a linear mixed model, which accounts for individual variations, revealed that PPG yielded the best performance at the baseline low-intensity exercise. As the stages progressed, heart rate validity decreased but was regained during recovery. The reliability was moderate to excellent. CONCLUSIONS Low-cost trackers AMAZFIT Cor and Bip validity and reliability were within acceptable ranges, especially during low-intensity exercise among patients with ischemic heart disease recovering from cardiac procedures. Though using the tracker as part of the diagnosis tool still requires more supporting studies, it can potentially be used as a self-monitoring tool with precautions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Syazwani Ibrahim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sanjay Rampal
- Centre for Epidemiology and Evidence-based Practice, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Wan Ling Lee
- Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Eu Way Pek
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anwar Suhaimi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Ackerman KE, Rogers MA, Heikura IA, Burke LM, Stellingwerff T, Hackney AC, Verhagen E, Schley S, Saville GH, Mountjoy M, Holtzman B. Methodology for studying Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs): a narrative review by a subgroup of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) consensus on REDs. Br J Sports Med 2023; 57:1136-1147. [PMID: 37752010 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-107359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, the study of relationships among nutrition, exercise and the effects on health and athletic performance, has substantially increased. The 2014 introduction of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) prompted sports scientists and clinicians to investigate these relationships in more populations and with more outcomes than had been previously pursued in mostly white, adolescent or young adult, female athletes. Much of the existing physiology and concepts, however, are either based on or extrapolated from limited studies, and the comparison of studies is hindered by the lack of standardised protocols. In this review, we have evaluated and outlined current best practice methodologies to study REDs in an attempt to guide future research.This includes an agreement on the definition of key terms, a summary of study designs with appropriate applications, descriptions of best practices for blood collection and assessment and a description of methods used to assess specific REDs sequelae, stratified as either Preferred, Used and Recommended or Potential Researchers can use the compiled information herein when planning studies to more consistently select the proper tools to investigate their domain of interest. Thus, the goal of this review is to standardise REDs research methods to strengthen future studies and improve REDs prevention, diagnosis and care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Ackerman
- Wu Tsai Female Athlete Program, Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Margot Anne Rogers
- Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, South Australia, Australia
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Ida A Heikura
- Canadian Sport Institute-Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Exercise Science, Physical & Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Louise M Burke
- Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Trent Stellingwerff
- Canadian Sport Institute-Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Exercise Science, Physical & Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anthony C Hackney
- Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Evert Verhagen
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports and Department of Public and Occupational Health, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stacey Schley
- Wu Tsai Female Athlete Program, Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Grace H Saville
- Wu Tsai Female Athlete Program, Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Margo Mountjoy
- Family Medicine, McMaster University Michael G DeGroote School of Medicine, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Games Group, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bryan Holtzman
- Wu Tsai Female Athlete Program, Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Mass General for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Kim C, Song JH, Kim SH. Validation of Wearable Digital Devices for Heart Rate Measurement During Exercise Test in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease. Ann Rehabil Med 2023; 47:261-271. [PMID: 37536665 PMCID: PMC10475817 DOI: 10.5535/arm.23019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the accuracy of recently commercialized wearable devices in heart rate (HR) measurement during cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPX) under gradual increase in exercise intensity, while wearable devices with HR monitors are reported to be less accurate in different exercise intensities. METHODS CPX was performed for patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Twelve lead electrocardiograph (ECG) was the gold standard and Apple watch 7 (AW7), Galaxy watch 4 (GW4) and Bio Patch Mobicare 200 (MC200) were applied for comparison. Paired absolute difference (PAD), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were evaluated for each device. RESULTS Forty-four participants with CAD were included. All the devices showed MAPE under 2% and ICC above 0.9 in rest, exercise and recovery phases (MC200=0.999, GW4=0.997, AW7=0.998). When comparing exercise and recovery phase, PAD of MC200 and AW7 in recovery phase were significantly bigger than PAD of exercise phase (p<0.05). Although not significant, PAD of GW4 tended to be bigger in recovery phase, too. Also, when stratified by HR 20, ICC of all the devices were highest under HR of 100, and ICC decreased as HR increased. However, except for ICC of GW4 at HR above 160 (=0.867), all ICCs exceeded 0.9 indicating excellent accuracy. CONCLUSION The HR measurement of the devices validated in this study shows a high concordance with the ECG device, so CAD patients may benefit from the devices during high-intensity exercise under conditions where HR is measured reliably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Hyeong Song
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hyoun Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Young R, Sage K, Broom D, Hext A, Snowdon N, Smith C. Evaluating the usability of a co-designed power assisted exercise graphical user interface for people with stroke. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2023; 20:95. [PMID: 37488564 PMCID: PMC10364422 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-023-01207-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Digital advancement of power assisted exercise equipment will advance exercise prescription for people with stroke (PwS). This article reports on the remote usability evaluation of a co-designed graphical user interface (GUI) and denotes an example of how video-conference software can increase reach to participants in the testing of rehabilitation technologies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usability of two sequential versions of the GUI. METHODS We adopted a mixed methods approach. Ten professional user (PU) (2M/8F) and 10 expert user (EU) participants (2M/8F) were recruited. Data collection included a usability observation, a 'think aloud' walk through, task completion, task duration and user satisfaction as indicated by the Post Study System Usability Questionnaire (PSSUQ). Identification of usability issues informed the design of version 2 which included an additional submenu. Descriptive analysis was conducted upon usability issues and number of occurrences detected on both versions of the GUI. Inferential analysis enabled comparison of task duration and PSSUQ data between the PU and EU groups. RESULTS Analysis of the 'think aloud' walkthrough data enabled identification of 22 usability issues on version 1 from a total of 100 usability occurrences. Task completion for all tasks was 100%. Eight usability issues were directly addressed in the development of version 2. Two recurrent and 24 new usability issues were detected in version 2 with a total of 86 usability occurrences. Paired two tailed T-tests on task duration data indicated a significant decrease amongst the EU group for task 1.1 on version 2 (P = 0.03). The mean PSSUQ scores for version 1 was 1.44 (EU group) and 1.63 (PU group) compared with 1.40 (EU group) and 1.41 (PU group) for version 2. CONCLUSIONS The usability evaluation enabled identification of usability issues on version 1 of the GUI which were effectively addressed on the iteration of version 2. Testing of version 2 identified usability issues within the new submenu. Application of multiple usability evaluation methods was effective in identifying and addressing usability issues in the GUI to improve the experience of PAE for PwS. The use of video-conference software to conduct synchronous, remote usability testing is an effective alternative to face to face testing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Young
- Department of Allied Health Professions, Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, 2 Old Hall Road, Sheffield, S9 3TU UK
| | - Karen Sage
- Faculty of Health and Education, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester Brooks Building, 53 Bonsall Street, Manchester, M15 6GX UK
| | - David Broom
- Centre for Sport Exercise and Life Sciences, Institute of Health and Well-Being, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 2DS UK
| | - Andrew Hext
- Sports Engineering Research Group, Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, 2 Old Hall Road, Sheffield, S9 3TU UK
| | - Nicky Snowdon
- College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Collegiate Crescent Campus, Sheffield, S10 2BP UK
| | - Christine Smith
- Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Collegiate Crescent Campus, Sheffield, S10 2BP UK
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Ding J, Tang Y, Chang R, Li Y, Zhang L, Yan F. Reduction in the Motion Artifacts in Noncontact ECG Measurements Using a Novel Designed Electrode Structure. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:956. [PMID: 36679753 PMCID: PMC9863993 DOI: 10.3390/s23020956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A noncontact ECG is applicable to wearable bioelectricity acquisition because it can provide more comfort to the patient for long-term monitoring. However, the motion artifact is a significant source of noise in an ECG recording. Adaptive noise reduction is highly effective in suppressing motion artifact, usually through the use of external sensors, thus increasing the design complexity and cost. In this paper, a novel ECG electrode structure is designed to collect ECG data and reference data simultaneously. Combined with the adaptive filter, it effectively suppresses the motion artifact in the ECG acquisition. This method adds one more signal acquisition channel based on the single-channel ECG acquisition system to acquire the reference signal without introducing other sensors. Firstly, the design of the novel ECG electrode structure is introduced based on the principle of noise reduction. Secondly, a multichannel signal acquisition circuit system and ECG electrodes are implemented. Finally, experiments under normal walking conditions are carried out, and the performance is verified by the experiment results, which shows that the proposed design effectively suppresses motion artifacts and maintains the stability of the signal quality during the noncontact ECG acquisition. The signal-to-noise ratio of the ECG signal after noise reduction is 14 dB higher than that of the original ECG signal with the motion artifact.
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7
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Støve MP, Hansen ECK. Accuracy of the Apple Watch Series 6 and the Whoop Band 3.0 for assessing heart rate during resistance exercises. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:2639-2644. [PMID: 36803578 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2180160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine heart rate accuracy measured by wearable devices during resistance exercises at various intensities. Twenty-nine participants (16 female) aged 19-37 years participated in this cross-sectional study. Participants completed five resistance exercises; Barbell Back Squat, Barbell Deadlift, Dumbbell Curl to Overhead Press, Seated Cable Row, and Burpees. During the exercises, heart rate was concurrently measured using the Polar H10, the Apple Watch Series 6 and the Whoop 3.0. The Apple Watch had high agreement with the Polar H10 during Barbell Back Squats, Barbell Deadlift, and Seated Cable Rows (rho > 0.832) and moderate to low agreement during Dumbbell Curl to Overhead Press and Burpees (rho > 0.364). The Whoop Band 3.0 had high agreement with the Polar H10 during Barbell Back Squats (r > 0.697), moderate agreement during Barbell Deadlift and Dumbbell Curl to Overhead Press (rho > 0.564) and low agreement during Seated Cable Rows and Burpees (rho > 0.383). The results varied across exercises and intensities and indicated the most favourable outcomes for the Apple Watch. In conclusion, our data suggest that the Apple Watch Series 6 is suitable for measuring heart rate during exercise prescription or monitoring resistance exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Pallisgaard Støve
- Department of Physiotherapy, University College of Northern Denmark (UCN), Denmark
- Center for General Practice, Aalborg University Aalborg East, Denmark
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8
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Shen L, Teng C, Wang Z, Bai H, Kumar S, Min R. Semiconductor Multimaterial Optical Fibers for Biomedical Applications. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:882. [PMID: 36291019 PMCID: PMC9599191 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Integrated sensors and transmitters of a wide variety of human physiological indicators have recently emerged in the form of multimaterial optical fibers. The methods utilized in the manufacture of optical fibers facilitate the use of a wide range of functional elements in microscale optical fibers with an extensive variety of structures. This article presents an overview and review of semiconductor multimaterial optical fibers, their fabrication and postprocessing techniques, different geometries, and integration in devices that can be further utilized in biomedical applications. Semiconductor optical fiber sensors and fiber lasers for body temperature regulation, in vivo detection, volatile organic compound detection, and medical surgery will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Shen
- Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Chuanxin Teng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Hongyi Bai
- College of Electronics and Engineering, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Communication Science and Technology, School of Physics Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Rui Min
- Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
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9
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Gashi S, Min C, Montanari A, Santini S, Kawsar F. A multidevice and multimodal dataset for human energy expenditure estimation using wearable devices. Sci Data 2022; 9:537. [PMID: 36050312 PMCID: PMC9436988 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01643-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a multi-device and multi-modal dataset, called WEEE, collected from 17 participants while they were performing different physical activities. WEEE contains: (1) sensor data collected using seven wearable devices placed on four body locations (head, ear, chest, and wrist); (2) respiratory data collected with an indirect calorimeter serving as ground-truth information; (3) demographics and body composition data (e.g., fat percentage); (4) intensity level and type of physical activities, along with their corresponding metabolic equivalent of task (MET) values; and (5) answers to questionnaires about participants' physical activity level, diet, stress and sleep. Thanks to the diversity of sensors and body locations, we believe that the dataset will enable the development of novel human energy expenditure (EE) estimation techniques for a diverse set of application scenarios. EE refers to the amount of energy an individual uses to maintain body functions and as a result of physical activity. A reliable estimate of people's EE thus enables computing systems to make inferences about users' physical activity and help them promoting a healthier lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shkurta Gashi
- Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Informatics, Lugano, Switzerland.
| | - Chulhong Min
- Nokia Bell Labs, Pervasive Systems, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Silvia Santini
- Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Faculty of Informatics, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Fahim Kawsar
- Nokia Bell Labs, Pervasive Systems, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- University of Glasgow, School of Computing Science, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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10
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Svennberg E, Tjong F, Goette A, Akoum N, Di Biase L, Bordachar P, Boriani G, Burri H, Conte G, Deharo JC, Deneke T, Drossart I, Duncker D, Han JK, Heidbuchel H, Jais P, de Oliviera Figueiredo MJ, Linz D, Lip GYH, Malaczynska-Rajpold K, Márquez M, Ploem C, Soejima K, Stiles MK, Wierda E, Vernooy K, Leclercq C, Meyer C, Pisani C, Pak HN, Gupta D, Pürerfellner H, Crijns HJGM, Chavez EA, Willems S, Waldmann V, Dekker L, Wan E, Kavoor P, Turagam MK, Sinner M. How to use digital devices to detect and manage arrhythmias: an EHRA practical guide. Europace 2022; 24:979-1005. [PMID: 35368065 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euac038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Svennberg
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fleur Tjong
- Heart Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Goette
- St. Vincenz Hospital Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany
- MAESTRIA Consortium/AFNET, Münster, Germany
| | - Nazem Akoum
- Heart Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Luigi Di Biase
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Montefiore Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Giuseppe Boriani
- Cardiology Division, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Policlinico di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Haran Burri
- Cardiology Department, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giulio Conte
- Cardiocentro Ticino Institute, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Jean Claude Deharo
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire La Timone, Service de Cardiologie, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Université, C2VN, Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Deneke
- Heart Center Bad Neustadt, Bad Neustadt an der Saale, Germany
| | - Inga Drossart
- European Society of Cardiology, Sophia Antipolis, France
- ESC Patient Forum, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - David Duncker
- Hannover Heart Rhythm Center, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Janet K Han
- Cardiac Arrhythmia Centers, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hein Heidbuchel
- Department of Cardiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Antwerp University, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pierre Jais
- Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Dominik Linz
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre and Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Manlio Márquez
- Department of Electrocardiology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Corrette Ploem
- Department of Ethics, Law and Medical Humanities, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kyoko Soejima
- Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Martin K Stiles
- Waikato Clinical School, University of Auckland, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Eric Wierda
- Department of Cardiology, Dijklander Hospital, Hoorn, the Netherlands
| | - Kevin Vernooy
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Christian Meyer
- Division of Cardiology/Angiology/Intensive Care, EVK Düsseldorf, Teaching Hospital University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Cristiano Pisani
- Arrhythmia Unit, Heart Institute, InCor, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hui Nam Pak
- Yonsei University, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dhiraj Gupta
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - H J G M Crijns
- Em. Professor of Cardiology, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Edgar Antezana Chavez
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital General de Agudos Dr. Cosme Argerich, Pi y Margall 750, C1155AHB Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital Belga, Antezana 455, C0000 Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | | | - Victor Waldmann
- Electrophysiology Unit, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, Paris, France
- Adult Congenital Heart Disease Unit, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Lukas Dekker
- Catharina Ziekenhuis Eindhoven, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Elaine Wan
- Cardiology and Cardiac Electrophysiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pramesh Kavoor
- Cardiology Department, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Moritz Sinner
- Univ. Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
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11
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Amir NH, Dorobantu DM, Wadey CA, Caputo M, Stuart AG, Pieles GE, Williams CA. Exercise training in paediatric congenital heart disease: fit for purpose? Arch Dis Child 2022; 107:525-534. [PMID: 34535443 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2020-321390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Exercise and physical activity (PA) have been shown to be effective, safe and feasible in both healthy children and children with congenital heart disease (CHD). However, implementing exercise training as an intervention is still not routine in children with CHD despite considerable evidence of health benefits and well-being. Understanding how children with CHD can safely participate in exercise can boost participation in PA and subsequently reduce inactivity-related diseases. Home-based exercise intervention, with the use of personal wearable activity trackers, and high-intensity interval training have been beneficial in adults' cardiac rehabilitation programmes. However, these remain underutilised in paediatric care. Therefore, the aims of this narrative review were to synthesise prescribed exercise interventions in children with CHD, identify possible limitation to exercise training prescription and provide an overview on how to best integrate exercise intervention effectively for this population into daily practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Hidayah Amir
- Department of Translational Health Sciences and Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Perlis, Kampus Arau, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Dan M Dorobantu
- Department of Translational Health Sciences and Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre (CHERC), University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Curtis A Wadey
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre (CHERC), University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Massimo Caputo
- Department of Translational Health Sciences and Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Congenital Heart Unit, Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol, UK
| | - A Graham Stuart
- Department of Translational Health Sciences and Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Congenital Heart Unit, Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol, UK
| | - Guido E Pieles
- Department of Translational Health Sciences and Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK .,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Congenital Heart Unit, Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol, UK.,Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Craig A Williams
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre (CHERC), University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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12
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Accuracy of heart rate measurements of three smartwatch models in dogs. Top Companion Anim Med 2022; 49:100654. [PMID: 35276420 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2022.100654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed to evaluate the accuracy of heart rate (HR) measurements using three smartwatch models designed for human use when applied to dogs. A group of 15 mixed breed dogs, ages ranging from 2 to 3 years, weighing between 20 and 30 kg were used. The Garmin Fenix 5X plus (GF5Xp), Samsung Gear S3 (SGS3), and Polygold A-6 (PDA6), were randomly placed on the tibia of dogs to collect the HR recordings every 5 minutes for 1 hour. A veterinary patient monitor (VPM) was used as the reference method. A Bland-Altman plot was applied to determine the difference between smartwatches. The receiver operating characteristic curves were developed analysis for sensitivity and specificity. The HR measured by VPM ranged from 65 to 200 bpm (mean, 149.3 ± 28.1 bpm; median, 154 bpm). Among the smartwatches, the lowest (44 bpm) HR was measured by PDA6, while the highest (201 bpm) was measured by SGS3. Among the smartwatches; GF5Xp and SGS3 had slopes equal to 1 and residual standard deviation closer to 0, in agreement with VPM. At the cut-off HR (160 bpm), SGS3 had the highest sensitivity (97.4%), whereas PDA6 had the lowest sensitivity (68.0%). The specificity of GF5Xp, SGS3, and PDA6 was 97.1%, 98.0%, and 98.0%, respectively. The SGS3 and GF5Xp can be ideal tools for veterinarians to monitor the HR of dogs without requiring an additional device.
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13
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Adaptive notch-filtration to effectively recover photoplethysmographic signals during physical activity. Biomed Signal Process Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2021.103303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Chen S, Qi J, Fan S, Qiao Z, Yeo JC, Lim CT. Flexible Wearable Sensors for Cardiovascular Health Monitoring. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100116. [PMID: 33960133 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases account for the highest mortality globally, but recent advances in wearable technologies may potentially change how these illnesses are diagnosed and managed. In particular, continuous monitoring of cardiovascular vital signs for early intervention is highly desired. To this end, flexible wearable sensors that can be comfortably worn over long durations are gaining significant attention. In this review, advanced flexible wearable sensors for monitoring cardiovascular vital signals are outlined and discussed. Specifically, the functional materials, configurations, mechanisms, and recent advances of these flexible sensors for heart rate, blood pressure, blood oxygen saturation, and blood glucose monitoring are highlighted. Different mechanisms in bioelectric, mechano-electric, optoelectric, and ultrasonic wearable sensors are presented to monitor cardiovascular vital signs from different body locations. Present challenges, possible strategies, and future directions of these wearable sensors are also discussed. With rapid development, these flexible wearable sensors will potentially be applicable for both medical diagnosis and daily healthcare use in tackling cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Chen
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech) National University of Singapore Singapore 117599 Singapore
| | - Jiaming Qi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117583 Singapore
| | - Shicheng Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117583 Singapore
| | - Zheng Qiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117583 Singapore
| | - Joo Chuan Yeo
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech) National University of Singapore Singapore 117599 Singapore
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech) National University of Singapore Singapore 117599 Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117583 Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute National University of Singapore Singapore 117411 Singapore
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15
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Hermand E, Coll C, Richalet JP, Lhuissier FJ. Accuracy and Reliability of Pulse O2 Saturation Measured by a Wrist-worn Oximeter. Int J Sports Med 2021; 42:1268-1273. [PMID: 34000752 DOI: 10.1055/a-1337-2790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the accuracy of the Garmin Forerunner 245 heart rate (HR) and pulse O2 saturation (SpO2) sensors compared with electrocardiogram and medical oximeter, from sea level to high altitude. Ten healthy subjects underwent five tests in normoxia and hypoxia (simulated altitudes from 3000 to 5500 m), consisting in a 5-min rest phase, followed by 5-min of mild exercise. Absolute error (±10 bpm for HR and ±3% for SpO2, around criterion) and intraclass correlations (ICC) were calculated. Error rates for HR remained under 10%, except at 3000 m, and ICCs evidenced a good reliability between Garmin and criterion. Overall SpO2 was higher than criterion (P<0.001) with a >50% error rate (>80% above 4800 m), and a poor reliability with criterion. The Garmin device displayed acceptable HR data at rest and exercise for all altitudes, but failed to provide trustworthy SpO2 values, especially at high altitude, where a pronounced arterial O2 desaturation could lead to acute mountain sickness in hypoxia-sensitive subjects, and its life-threatening complications; moreover, readings of overestimated SpO2 values might induce trekkers into further hazardous behavior by pursuing an ascent while being already at risk. Therefore, its use to assess SpO2 should be proscribed in altitude for acclimatization evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Hermand
- Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, Univ. Artois, Univ. Lille, CHU LIlle, ULR 7369 - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, F-59140 Dunkerque, France.,UMR INSERM U1272 'Hypoxie & Poumon', Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny, France
| | - Clemence Coll
- Hôpital Jean Verdier, Médecine de L'Exercice et du Sport, AP-HP, Bondy, France
| | - Jean-Paul Richalet
- UMR INSERM U1272 'Hypoxie & Poumon', Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny, France
| | - Francois J Lhuissier
- UMR INSERM U1272 'Hypoxie & Poumon', Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny, France.,Hôpital Jean Verdier, Médecine de L'Exercice et du Sport, AP-HP, Bondy, France
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16
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Shumate T, Link M, Furness J, Kemp-Smith K, Simas V, Climstein M. Validity of the Polar Vantage M watch when measuring heart rate at different exercise intensities. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10893. [PMID: 33614295 PMCID: PMC7879937 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of wrist worn wearable fitness trackers has been growing rapidly over the last decade. The growing popularity can be partly attributed to the improvements in technology, making activity trackers more affordable, comfortable and convenient for use in different fitness and environmental applications. Fitness trackers typically monitor activity level, track steps, distance, heart rate (HR), sleep, peripheral capillary oxygen saturation and more, as the technology continuously is advancing. In terms of measuring HR, photoplethysmography (PPG) is a relatively new technology utilised in wearables. PPG estimates HR through an optical technique that monitors changes in blood volume beneath the skin. With these new products becoming available it is important that the validity of these devices be evaluated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the validity of the Polar Vantage M (PVM) watch to measure HR compared to medical grade ECG on a healthy population during a range of treadmill exercise intensities. Methods A total of 30 healthy participants (n = 17 males, n = 13 females) were recruited for this study. The validity of the PVM watch to measure HR was compared against the gold standard 5-lead ECG. The study was conducted on 2 separate testing days with 24–48 h between sessions. Participants completed the Bruce Treadmill Protocol, and HR was measured every 30 s. Validation of the PVM watch in comparison to the ECG was measured with an Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CI) and levels of agreement were identified with Bland–Altman plots with 90% limits of agreement. Linear regression analysis was performed to calculate the value of r2 computing the variation of HR obtained by the PVM watch and ECG. Results In total, 30 participants completed the protocol, with data from 28 participants utilised for statistical analysis (16 males, 14 females, 26.10 ± 3.39 years, height 52.36 m ± 7.40 cm, mass 73.59 ± 11.90 kg). A strong and significant correlation was found between the PVM watch and ECG, demonstrating good criterion validity (p < 0.05, r2 = 0.87). Good validity was seen for day 1 and day 2 for stage 0 (ICC = 0.83; 95% CI [0.63–0.92], ICC = 0.74; 95% CI [0.37–0.88]), stage 1 (ICC = 0.78; 95% CI [0.52–0.90], ICC = 0.88; 95% CI [0.74–0.95]), and stage 2 (ICC = 0.88; 95% CI [0.73–0.94], ICC = 0.80; 95% CI [0.40–0.92]). Poor validity was demonstrated on day 1 and day 2 for stages 3–5 (ICC < 0.50). Conclusion This study revealed that the PVM watch had a strong correlation with the ECG throughout the entire Bruce Protocol, however the level of agreement (LoA) becomes widely dispersed as exercise intensities increased. Due to the large LoA between the ECG and PVM watch, it is not advisable to use this device in clinical populations in which accurate HR measures are essential for patient safety; however, the watch maybe used in settings where less accurate HR is not critical to an individual’s safety while exercising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia Shumate
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Science and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Magdalen Link
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Science and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - James Furness
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Science and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.,Water Based Research Unit, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Kevin Kemp-Smith
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Science and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.,Water Based Research Unit, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Vini Simas
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Science and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.,Water Based Research Unit, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Mike Climstein
- Water Based Research Unit, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.,Clinical Exercise Physiology, School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Bilinga, QLD, Australia.,Physical Activity, Lifestyle, Ageing and Wellbeing, Faculty Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW, Australia
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17
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Ballaji HK, Correia R, Korposh S, Hayes-Gill BR, Hernandez FU, Salisbury B, Morgan SP. A Textile Sleeve for Monitoring Oxygen Saturation Using Multichannel Optical Fibre Photoplethysmography. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20226568. [PMID: 33212998 PMCID: PMC7698582 DOI: 10.3390/s20226568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Textile-based systems are an attractive prospect for wearable technology as they can provide monitoring of key physiological parameters in a comfortable and unobtrusive form. A novel system based on multichannel optical fibre sensor probes integrated into a textile sleeve is described. The system measures the photoplethysmogram (PPG) at two wavelengths (660 and 830 nm), which is then used to calculate oxygen saturation (SpO2). In order to achieve reliable measurement without adjusting the position of the garment, four plastic optical fibre (POF) probes are utilised to increase the likelihood that a high-quality PPG is obtained due to at least one of the probes being positioned over a blood vessel. Each probe transmits and receives light into the skin to measure the PPG and SpO2. All POFs are integrated in a stretchable textile sleeve with a circumference of 15 cm to keep the sensor in contact with the subject’s wrist and to minimise motion artefacts. Tests on healthy volunteers show that the multichannel PPG sensor faithfully provides an SpO2 reading in at least one of the four sensor channels in all cases with no need for adjusting the position of the sleeve. This could not be achieved using a single sensor alone. The multichannel sensor is used to monitor the SpO2 of 10 participants with an average wrist circumference of 16.0 ± 0.6 cm. Comparing the developed sensor’s SpO2 readings to a reference commercial oximeter (reflectance Masimo Radical-7) illustrates that the mean difference between the two sensors’ readings is −0.03%, the upper limit of agreement (LOA) is 0.52% and the lower LOA is −0.58%. This multichannel sensor has the potential to achieve reliable, unobtrusive and comfortable textile-based monitoring of both heart rate and SpO2 during everyday life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hattan K. Ballaji
- Optics and Photonics Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (H.K.B.); (R.C.); (S.K.); (B.R.H.-G.)
- Computer Engineering Department, College of Computers and Information System, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24231, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ricardo Correia
- Optics and Photonics Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (H.K.B.); (R.C.); (S.K.); (B.R.H.-G.)
| | - Serhiy Korposh
- Optics and Photonics Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (H.K.B.); (R.C.); (S.K.); (B.R.H.-G.)
| | - Barrie R. Hayes-Gill
- Optics and Photonics Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (H.K.B.); (R.C.); (S.K.); (B.R.H.-G.)
| | | | - Byron Salisbury
- Footfalls and Heartbeats (UK) Ltd., Nottingham NG7 1FW, UK; (F.U.H.); (B.S.)
| | - Stephen P. Morgan
- Optics and Photonics Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (H.K.B.); (R.C.); (S.K.); (B.R.H.-G.)
- Footfalls and Heartbeats (UK) Ltd., Nottingham NG7 1FW, UK; (F.U.H.); (B.S.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Scardulla F, D’Acquisto L, Colombarini R, Hu S, Pasta S, Bellavia D. A Study on the Effect of Contact Pressure during Physical Activity on Photoplethysmographic Heart Rate Measurements. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E5052. [PMID: 32899540 PMCID: PMC7570982 DOI: 10.3390/s20185052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Heart rate (HR) as an important physiological indicator could properly describe global subject's physical status. Photoplethysmographic (PPG) sensors are catching on in field of wearable sensors, combining the advantages in costs, weight and size. Nevertheless, accuracy in HR readings is unreliable specifically during physical activity. Among several identified sources that affect PPG recording, contact pressure (CP) between the PPG sensor and skin greatly influences the signals. METHODS In this study, the accuracy of HR measurements of a PPG sensor at different CP was investigated when compared with a commercial ECG-based chest strap used as a test control, with the aim of determining the optimal CP to produce a reliable signal during physical activity. Seventeen subjects were enrolled for the study to perform a physical activity at three different rates repeated at three different contact pressures of the PPG-based wristband. RESULTS The results show that the CP of 54 mmHg provides the most accurate outcome with a Pearson correlation coefficient ranging from 0.81 to 0.95 and a mean average percentage error ranging from 3.8% to 2.4%, based on the physical activity rate. CONCLUSION Authors found that changes in the CP have greater effects on PPG-HR signal quality than those deriving from the intensity of the physical activity and specifically, the individual best CP for each subject provided reliable HR measurements even for a high intensity of physical exercise with a Bland-Altman plot within ±11 bpm. Although future studies on a larger cohort of subjects are still needed, this study could contribute a profitable indication to enhance accuracy of PPG-based wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Scardulla
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (L.D.); (R.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Leonardo D’Acquisto
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (L.D.); (R.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Raffaele Colombarini
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (L.D.); (R.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Sijung Hu
- Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK;
| | - Salvatore Pasta
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (L.D.); (R.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Diego Bellavia
- Department for the Treatment and Study of Cardiothoracic Diseases and Cardiothoracic Transplantation, IRCCS-ISMETT, via Tricomi n.5, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
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19
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Støve MP, Holm RS, Kjaersgaard AS, Duncker K, Jensen MR, Larsen BT. Measurement latency significantly contributes to reduced heart rate measurement accuracy in wearable devices. J Med Eng Technol 2020; 44:125-132. [PMID: 32404012 DOI: 10.1080/03091902.2020.1753836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which measurement latency has significance for the accuracy of heart rate (HR) measured by wearable devices during physical activities. Thirty participants (15 female) aged 18-50 years (mean 24.8, 6.3 SD years) with weight ranging from 53-87 kg (mean 70.5, 9.4 SD kg) participated in this cross-sectional study. Participants completed three submaximal exercise conditions; cycling, treadmill walking/running and rapid arm movements. During the exercises, HR was concurrently measured using the Polar H10 (PL), the Apple Watch 2 (AW) and the Garmin Forerunner 235 (GF). Measurement latency significantly affected the discrepancy in HR measures and measurement latency accounted for 15% (GF) and 2% (AW) of the explained discrepancy in HR between the criterion measure PL and the GF and AW. However, the findings also showed that the magnitude of HR measurement latency differed notably among the two wearable devices and measurement latency was greatly influenced not only by type but also by the intensity of exercise. These findings contribute to our understanding of wearable device HR measures discrepancy and this knowledge may be of assistance when electing to use wearable devices to monitor physical exertion in different contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rasmus Steengaard Holm
- Department of Physiotherapy, University College of Northern Denmark (UCN), Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Anne Sofie Kjaersgaard
- Department of Physiotherapy, University College of Northern Denmark (UCN), Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kristian Duncker
- Department of Physiotherapy, University College of Northern Denmark (UCN), Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mie Ravn Jensen
- Department of Physiotherapy, University College of Northern Denmark (UCN), Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Birgit Tine Larsen
- Department of Physiotherapy, University College of Northern Denmark (UCN), Aalborg, Denmark
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20
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Nie L, Berckmans D, Wang C, Li B. Is Continuous Heart Rate Monitoring of Livestock a Dream or Is It Realistic? A Review. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20082291. [PMID: 32316511 PMCID: PMC7219037 DOI: 10.3390/s20082291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For all homoeothermic living organisms, heart rate (HR) is a core variable to control the metabolic energy production in the body, which is crucial to realize essential bodily functions. Consequently, HR monitoring is becoming increasingly important in research of farm animals, not only for production efficiency, but also for animal welfare. Real-time HR monitoring for humans has become feasible though there are still shortcomings for continuously accurate measuring. This paper is an effort to estimate whether it is realistic to get a continuous HR sensor for livestock that can be used for long term monitoring. The review provides the reported techniques to monitor HR of living organisms by emphasizing their principles, advantages, and drawbacks. Various properties and capabilities of these techniques are compared to check the potential to transfer the mostly adequate sensor technology of humans to livestock in term of application. Based upon this review, we conclude that the photoplethysmographic (PPG) technique seems feasible for implementation in livestock. Therefore, we present the contributions to overcome challenges to evolve to better solutions. Our study indicates that it is realistic today to develop a PPG sensor able to be integrated into an ear tag for mid-sized and larger farm animals for continuously and accurately monitoring their HRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luwei Nie
- Department of Agricultural Structure and Bioenvironmental Engineering, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (L.N.); (B.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Daniel Berckmans
- M3-BIORES KU Leuven, Department BioSystems, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Chaoyuan Wang
- Department of Agricultural Structure and Bioenvironmental Engineering, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (L.N.); (B.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6273-8635
| | - Baoming Li
- Department of Agricultural Structure and Bioenvironmental Engineering, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (L.N.); (B.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China
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21
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Liu C, Correia R, Ballaji H, Korposh S, Hayes-Gill B, Morgan S. Optical Fibre Sensor for Simultaneous Measurement of Capillary Refill Time and Contact Pressure. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20051388. [PMID: 32138378 PMCID: PMC7085692 DOI: 10.3390/s20051388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The widely applied capillary refill time (CRT) measurement is currently performed by manually applying pressure and using a stopwatch to record the time taken for the skin to recover its normal colour after a blanching pressure is applied. This method is highly subjective and observer-dependent. This paper presents a new, integrated optical sensor probe, combining monitoring of the capillary refilling process with the blanching pressure applied. The sensor consists of an optical fibre-based reflectance photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor to measure the reflected light signal, as well as a fibre Bragg grating (FBG) to measure the applied blanching pressure and to indicate the time when pressure is released. This sensor was applied to calculate the CRT (1.38 ± 0.66 s) of 10 healthy adult volunteers with (55.2 ± 21.8 kPa) blanching pressures. The form of the capillary refilling data was investigated by fitting using an exponential regression model (R2 > 0.96). The integrated probe has the potential to improve the reliability of CRT measurements by standardising the optimum duration and magnitude of the pressure.
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22
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Etiwy M, Akhrass Z, Gillinov L, Alashi A, Wang R, Blackburn G, Gillinov SM, Phelan D, Gillinov AM, Houghtaling PL, Javadikasgari H, Desai MY. Accuracy of wearable heart rate monitors in cardiac rehabilitation. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2019; 9:262-271. [PMID: 31275816 DOI: 10.21037/cdt.2019.04.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background To assess the accuracy of four wearable heart rate (HR) monitors in patients with established cardiovascular disease enrolled in phase II or III cardiac rehabilitation (CR). Methods Eighty adult patients enrolled in phase II or III CR were monitored during a CR session that included exercise on a treadmill and/or stationary cycle. Participants underwent HR monitoring with standard ECG limb leads, an electrocardiographic (ECG) chest strap monitor (Polar H7), and two randomly assigned wrist-worn HR monitors (Apple Watch, Fitbit Blaze, Garmin Forerunner 235, TomTom Spark Cardio), one on each wrist. HR was recorded at rest and at 3, 5, and 7 minutes of steady-state exercise on the treadmill and stationary cycle. Results Across all exercise conditions, the chest strap monitor (Polar H7) had the best agreement with ECG (rc=0.99) followed by the Apple Watch (rc=0.80), Fitbit Blaze (rc=0.78), TomTom Spark (rc=0.76) and Garmin Forerunner (rc=0.52). There was variability in accuracy under different exercise conditions. On the treadmill, only the Fitbit Blaze performed well (rc=0.76), while on the stationary cycle, Apple Watch (rc=0.89) and TomTom Spark (rc=0.85) were most accurate. Conclusions In cardiac patients, the accuracy of wearable, optically based HR monitors varies, and none of those tested was as accurate as an electrode-containing chest monitor. This observation has implications for in-home CR, as electrode-containing chest monitors should be used when accurate HR measurement is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Etiwy
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Zade Akhrass
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Lauren Gillinov
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Alaa Alashi
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Robert Wang
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Gordon Blackburn
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Dermot Phelan
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - A Marc Gillinov
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Milind Y Desai
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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23
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Støve MP, Haucke E, Nymann ML, Sigurdsson T, Larsen BT. Accuracy of the wearable activity tracker Garmin Forerunner 235 for the assessment of heart rate during rest and activity. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:895-901. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1535563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emil Haucke
- Department of Physiotherapy, University College of Northern Denmark (UCN), Aalborg Ø, Denmark
| | - Maria Lysbeck Nymann
- Department of Physiotherapy, University College of Northern Denmark (UCN), Aalborg Ø, Denmark
| | - Tordur Sigurdsson
- Department of Physiotherapy, University College of Northern Denmark (UCN), Aalborg Ø, Denmark
| | - Birgit Tine Larsen
- Department of Physiotherapy, University College of Northern Denmark (UCN), Aalborg Ø, Denmark
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24
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Seo M, Choi M, Lee JS, Kim SW. Adaptive Noise Reduction Algorithm to Improve R Peak Detection in ECG Measured by Capacitive ECG Sensors. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18072086. [PMID: 29966231 PMCID: PMC6069047 DOI: 10.3390/s18072086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Electrocardiograms (ECGs) can be conveniently obtained using capacitive ECG sensors. However, motion noise in measured ECGs can degrade R peak detection. To reduce noise, properties of reference signal and ECG measured by the sensors are analyzed and a new method of active noise cancellation (ANC) is proposed in this study. In the proposed algorithm, the original ECG signal at QRS interval is regarded as impulsive noise because the adaptive filter updates its weight as if impulsive noise is added. As the proposed algorithm does not affect impulsive noise, the original signal is not reduced during ANC. Therefore, the proposed algorithm can conserve the power of the original signal within the QRS interval and reduce only the power of noise at other intervals. The proposed algorithm was verified through comparisons with recent research using data from both indoor and outdoor experiments. The proposed algorithm will benefit a noise reduction of noisy biomedical signal measured from sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minseok Seo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea.
| | - Minho Choi
- Department of Creative IT Engineering and Future IT Innovation Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea.
| | - Jun Seong Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea.
| | - Sang Woo Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea.
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25
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Gillinov S, Etiwy M, Wang R, Blackburn G, Phelan D, Gillinov AM, Houghtaling P, Javadikasgari H, Desai MY. Variable Accuracy of Wearable Heart Rate Monitors during Aerobic Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 49:1697-1703. [PMID: 28709155 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Athletes and members of the public increasingly rely on wearable HR monitors to guide physical activity and training. The accuracy of newer, optically based monitors is unconfirmed. We sought to assess the accuracy of five optically based HR monitors during various types of aerobic exercise. METHODS Fifty healthy adult volunteers (mean ± SD age = 38 ± 12 yr, 54% female) completed exercise protocols on a treadmill, a stationary bicycle, and an elliptical trainer (±arm movement). Each participant underwent HR monitoring with an electrocardiogaphic chest strap monitor (Polar H7), forearm monitor (Scosche Rhythm+), and two randomly assigned wrist-worn HR monitors (Apple Watch, Fitbit Blaze, Garmin Forerunner 235, and TomTom Spark Cardio), one on each wrist. For each exercise type, HR was recorded at rest, light, moderate, and vigorous intensity. Agreement between HR measurements was assessed using Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (rc). RESULTS Across all exercise conditions, the chest strap monitor (Polar H7) had the best agreement with ECG (rc = 0.996) followed by the Apple Watch (rc = 0.92), the TomTom Spark (rc = 0.83), and the Garmin Forerunner (rc = 0.81). Scosche Rhythm+ and Fitbit Blaze were less accurate (rc = 0.75 and rc = 0.67, respectively). On treadmill, all devices performed well (rc = 0.88-0.93) except the Fitbit Blaze (rc = 0.76). While bicycling, only the Garmin, Apple Watch, and Scosche Rhythm+ had acceptable agreement (rc > 0.80). On the elliptical trainer without arm levers, only the Apple Watch was accurate (rc = 0.94). None of the devices was accurate during elliptical trainer use with arm levers (all rc < 0.80). CONCLUSION The accuracy of wearable, optically based HR monitors varies with exercise type and is greatest on the treadmill and lowest on elliptical trainer. Electrode-containing chest monitors should be used when accurate HR measurement is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Gillinov
- The Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
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26
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Kekade S, Hseieh CH, Islam MM, Atique S, Mohammed Khalfan A, Li YC, Abdul SS. The usefulness and actual use of wearable devices among the elderly population. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2018; 153:137-159. [PMID: 29157447 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Elderly populations are more prone to diseases and need continuous monitoring of parameters to ensure good health. Wearable devices (WDs) can be helpful in the early detection and management of medical conditions. However, less is known about the use of currently available WDs among elderly populations. The objectives of this study were to determine the usefulness and actual use of wearable devices among the elderly population. METHODS Our methodology was based on a systematic review and a survey questionnaire. In the systematic review, search was conducted in four databases PubMed, MDPI, Sage, and Scopus with search terms "wearable device" and "elderly", "wearable sensor" and "elderly". The inclusion criteria were the studies which described health-related wearable devices, its use as the outcome, conducted on a minimum of ten participants and published in the last five years. The survey was conducted on the MOOCs (Massive Open Online Course) platform. The questionnaire was related to the use of technology, intention to use, security and privacy concerns, and willingness to pay. RESULTS The review identified 4915 articles, of which, 31 studies eventually met the inclusion criteria. All studies reported positive impacts after assessing devices, despite certain drawbacks. The majority of the samples were males. The survey revealed responses from 233 individuals out of the 1100 participants of the course. The survey results were categorized into two age groups: 54.3% were elderly (>65 years) and 45.49% were non-elderly (≤65 years). Very few elderly people were currently using WD. More than 60% of elderly people were interested in the future use of wearable devices, and preferred future use to improve physical and mental activities. A majority of the respondents were female. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests awareness should be created among elderly populations regarding the use of WDs for the early detection and prevention of complications and emergencies. Elderly populations are more prone to benefits from using WDs. The review concluded that devices should be tested on elderly groups as well, considering sex equality, and on both healthy and sick participants for better insights. The survey determined the elderly as frequent users of technology, but lack of knowledge of WD and demonstrated female interest in the use of WD. In future research on WDs, it is suggested that clinical studies be conducted for longer durations, and standard protocols such as age and sex equality should be considered. Requirements from both users and physicians should be acknowledged for better cognizance of WDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shwetambara Kekade
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; International Center for Health Information Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ho Hseieh
- Department of General Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Md Mohaimenul Islam
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Suleman Atique
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Yu-Chuan Li
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; International Center for Health Information Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shabbir Syed Abdul
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; International Center for Health Information Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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27
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Hu HW, Haider G, Liao YM, Roy PK, Ravindranath R, Chang HT, Lu CH, Tseng CY, Lin TY, Shih WH, Chen YF. Wrinkled 2D Materials: A Versatile Platform for Low-Threshold Stretchable Random Lasers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1703549. [PMID: 28991394 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A stretchable, flexible, and bendable random laser system capable of lasing in a wide range of spectrum will have many potential applications in next- generation technologies, such as visible-spectrum communication, superbright solid-state lighting, biomedical studies, fluorescence, etc. However, producing an appropriate cavity for such a wide spectral range remains a challenge owing to the rigidity of the resonator for the generation of coherent loops. 2D materials with wrinkled structures exhibit superior advantages of high stretchability and a suitable matrix for photon trapping in between the hill and valley geometries compared to their flat counterparts. Here, the intriguing functionalities of wrinkled reduced graphene oxide, single-layer graphene, and few-layer hexagonal boron nitride, respectively, are utilized to design highly stretchable and wearable random laser devices with ultralow threshold. Using methyl-ammonium lead bromide perovskite nanocrystals (PNC) to illustrate the working principle, the lasing threshold is found to be ≈10 µJ cm-2 , about two times less than the lowest value ever reported. In addition to PNC, it is demonstrated that the output lasing wavelength can be tuned using different active materials such as semiconductor quantum dots. Thus, this study is very useful for the future development of high-performance wearable optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Wen Hu
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Golam Haider
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ming Liao
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Pradip Kumar Roy
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Rini Ravindranath
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Tsung Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsin Lu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Chang-Yang Tseng
- Department of Optoelectronic Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 202, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Yung Lin
- Department of Optoelectronic Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 202, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Heng Shih
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yang-Fang Chen
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
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28
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Lin ST, Chen WH, Lin YH. A Pulse Rate Detection Method for Mouse Application Based on Multi-PPG Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 17:E1628. [PMID: 28708112 PMCID: PMC5539748 DOI: 10.3390/s17071628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Heart rate is an important physiological parameter for healthcare. Among measurement methods, photoplethysmography (PPG) is an easy and convenient method for pulse rate detection. However, as the PPG signal faces the challenge of motion artifacts and is constrained by the position chosen, the purpose of this paper is to implement a comfortable and easy-to-use multi-PPG sensor module combined with a stable and accurate real-time pulse rate detection method on a computer mouse. A weighted average method for multi-PPG sensors is used to adjust the weight of each signal channel in order to raise the accuracy and stability of the detected signal, therefore reducing the disturbance of noise under the environment of moving effectively and efficiently. According to the experiment results, the proposed method can increase the usability and probability of PPG signal detection on palms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Tyng Lin
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Hao Chen
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan.
| | - Yuan-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan.
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29
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Choi M, Jeong JJ, Kim SH, Kim SW. Reduction of Motion Artifacts and Improvement of R Peak Detecting Accuracy Using Adjacent Non-Intrusive ECG Sensors. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16050715. [PMID: 27196910 PMCID: PMC4883406 DOI: 10.3390/s16050715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Non-intrusive electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring has many advantages: easy to measure and apply in daily life. However, motion noise in the measured signal is the major problem of non-intrusive measurement. This paper proposes a method to reduce the noise and to detect the R peaks of ECG in a stable manner in a sitting arrangement using non-intrusive sensors. The method utilizes two capacitive ECG sensors (cECGs) to measure ECG, and another two cECGs located adjacent to the sensors for ECG are added to obtain the information on motion. Then, active noise cancellation technique and the motion information are used to reduce motion noise. To verify the proposed method, ECG was measured indoors and during driving, and the accuracy of the detected R peaks was compared. After applying the method, the sum of sensitivity and positive predictivity increased 8.39% on average and 26.26% maximally in the data. Based on the results, it was confirmed that the motion noise was reduced and that more reliable R peak positions could be obtained by the proposed method. The robustness of the new ECG measurement method will elicit benefits to various health care systems that require noninvasive heart rate or heart rate variability measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minho Choi
- Department of Creative IT Engineering and Future IT Innovation Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea.
| | - Jae Jin Jeong
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea.
| | - Seung Hun Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea.
| | - Sang Woo Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea.
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