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Dawson L, Beato M, Devereux G, McErlain-Naylor SA. A Review of the Validity and Reliability of Accelerometer-Based Metrics From Upper Back-Mounted GNSS Player Tracking Systems for Athlete Training Load Monitoring. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:e459-e474. [PMID: 38968210 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Dawson, L, Beato, M, Devereux, G, and McErlain-Naylor, SA. A review of the validity and reliability of accelerometer-based metrics from upper back-mounted GNSS player tracking systems for athlete training load monitoring. J Strength Cond Res 38(8): e459-e474, 2024-Athlete load monitoring using upper back-mounted global navigation satellite system (GNSS) player tracking is common within many team sports. However, accelerometer-based load monitoring may provide information that cannot be achieved with GNSS alone. This review focuses on the accelerometer-based metrics quantifying the accumulation of accelerations as an estimation of athlete training load, appraising the validity and reliability of accelerometer use in upper back-mounted GNSS player tracking systems, the accelerometer-based metrics, and their potential for application within athlete monitoring. Reliability of GNSS-housed accelerometers and accelerometer-based metrics are dependent on the equipment model, signal processing methods, and the activity being monitored. Furthermore, GNSS unit placement on the upper back may be suboptimal for accelerometer-based estimation of mechanical load. Because there are currently no feasible gold standard comparisons for field-based whole-body biomechanical load, the validity of accelerometer-based load metrics has largely been considered in relation to other measures of training load and exercise intensity. In terms of convergent validity, accelerometer-based metrics (e.g., PlayerLoad, Dynamic Stress Load, Body Load) have correlated, albeit with varying magnitudes and certainty, with measures of internal physiological load, exercise intensity, total distance, collisions and impacts, fatigue, and injury risk and incidence. Currently, comparisons of these metrics should not be made between athletes because of mass or technique differences or between manufacturers because of processing variations. Notable areas for further study include the associations between accelerometer-based metrics and other parts of biomechanical load-adaptation pathways of interest, such as internal biomechanical loads or methods of manipulating these metrics through effective training design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Dawson
- School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Sport, Technology and Health Sciences, St Mary's University, Twickenham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Devereux
- School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart A McErlain-Naylor
- School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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2
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Pillitteri G, Petrigna L, Ficarra S, Giustino V, Thomas E, Rossi A, Clemente FM, Paoli A, Petrucci M, Bellafiore M, Palma A, Battaglia G. Relationship between external and internal load indicators and injury using machine learning in professional soccer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Sports Med 2023:1-37. [PMID: 38146925 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2023.2297190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
This study verified the relationship between internal load (IL) and external load (EL) and their association on injury risk (IR) prediction considering machine learning (ML) approaches. Studies were included if: (1) participants were male professional soccer players; (2) carried out for at least 2 sessions, exercises, or competitions; (3) correlated training load (TL) with non-contact injuries; (4) applied ML approaches to predict TL and non-contact injuries. TL included: IL indicators (Rating of Perceived Exertion, RPE; Session-RPE, Heart Rate, HR) and EL indicators (Global Positioning System, GPS variables); the relationship between EL and IL through index, ratio, formula; ML indicators included performance measures, predictive performance of ML methods, measure of feature importance, relevant predictors, outcome variable, predictor variable, data pre-processing, features selection, ML methods. Twenty-five studies were included. Eleven addressed the relationship between EL and IL. Five used EL/IL indexes. Five studies predicted IL indicators. Three studies investigated the association between EL and IL with IR. One study predicted IR using ML. Significant positive correlations were found between S-RPE and total distance (TD) (r = 0.73; 95% CI (0.64 to 0.82)) as well as between S-RPE and player load (PL) (r = 0.76; 95% CI (0.68 to 0.84)). Association between IL and EL and their relationship with injuries were found. RPE, S-RPE, and HR were associated with different EL indicators. A positive relationship between EL and IL indicators and IR was also observed. Moreover, new indexes or ratios (integrating EL and IL) to improve knowledge regarding TL and fitness status were also applied. ML can predict IL indicators (HR and RPE), and IR. The present systematic review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021245312).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo Pillitteri
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Program in Health Promotion and Cognitive Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Luca Petrigna
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Ficarra
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Program in Health Promotion and Cognitive Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valerio Giustino
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ewan Thomas
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessio Rossi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Melgaço, Portugal
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Marianna Bellafiore
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Palma
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Regional Sports School of CONI Sicilia, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Regional Sports School of CONI Sicilia, Palermo, Italy
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3
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Ammann L, Chmura P. Internal and external load during on-field training drills with an aim of improving the physical performance of players in professional soccer: a retrospective observational study. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1212573. [PMID: 38028802 PMCID: PMC10661947 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1212573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive research has led to evidence-based methodological recommendations for appropriate prescription and implementation of different training drills to improve the physical performance of professional soccer players, while also pointing out limitations of drills. Less is known about the current methods used in an ecological context and the extent to which evidence-based considerations are applied. Knowledge of current practices might also enable to identify pitfalls in successful implementation and/or deficiencies in the communication of scientific knowledge. Thus, the aim of this study was to quantify and compare the load that players experience in an ecological context during drills that are frequently used, and in which there is an intention to improve the players' physical capacities. Therefore, a retrospective observational cohort study was conducted over a 14-month period, analyzing 9 load measures during training drills of 39 players of a team competing in the highest Swiss league. The load experienced by players was statistically significant different between the assessed drill categories for each load measure (all p < .001). This indicates different drills provide different stimuli. HIIT drills proved to be a more powerful tool of getting players to cover distances at high-speed and to spend time at an intensity ≥90% HRmax compared to sided games. The sprint distance of players was very low in all sided games and in most cases also in HIIT drills, in the latter the players also hardly performed any deceleration. In small goal-oriented sided games, players covered a greater distance per minute when outside floaters were present. Particularly regarding an improvement of the players' aerobic capacity, the present data emphasize the relevance for coaches to ensure an appropriate exposure. In general, the importance of individual load management in professional soccer is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paweł Chmura
- Department of Team Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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4
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Morgans R, Rhodes D, Teixeira J, Modric T, Versic S, Oliveira R. Quantification of training load across two competitive seasons in elite senior and youth male soccer players from an English Premiership club. Biol Sport 2023; 40:1197-1205. [PMID: 37867738 PMCID: PMC10588577 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2023.126667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the daily training load (TL) in first-team and U-18 soccer players from an English Premiership club. 36 first-team (age 23.2 ± 5.9 years, weight 75.2 ± 8.1 kg, height 1.83 ± 0.06 m), and 22 U-18 players (age 17.5 ± 1.1 years, weight 71.1 ± 8.2 kg, height 1.78 ± 0.08 m) participated. GPS metrics were measured during all pitch training sessions throughout the 2020-21 and 2021-22 seasons. Linear mixed-effect model analyses revealed that, irrespective of training day, U-18 players covered greater total and explosive distance than first-team players, and performed a higher number of accelerations and decelerations, whereas first-team players covered greater sprint distance. Irrespective of the team, all examined variables were greater at match-day (MD)-3, while the number of accelerations and decelerations were higher at MD-4. Significant team-by-training day interactions revealed that U-18 players covered greater total and high-intensity distances than first-team players at MD-4, MD-2, and MD-1, whereas first-team players covered greater total and high-intensity distances at MD-3. Sprint distance was greater for first-team players at MD-3 and MD-4, while explosive distance was greater for U-18 players at MD-2. Also, U-18 players performed a higher number of accelerations than first-team players at MD-3 and MD-2, and a higher number of decelerations at MD-4. The present results provide novel information on TL patterns in English Premiership soccer and contribute to understanding how training methods to physically develop players are implemented in different countries and leagues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryland Morgans
- Football Performance Hub, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Dave Rhodes
- Football Performance Hub, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Jose Teixeira
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, 5001–801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Sport and Physical Education, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5300–253 Bragança, Portugal
- Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, 6300–559 Guarda, Portugal
| | - Toni Modric
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- High Performance Sport Center, Croatian Olympic Committee, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sime Versic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- High Performance Sport Center, Croatian Olympic Committee, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rafael Oliveira
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, 5001–801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior–Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040–413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2040–413 Rio Maior, Portugal
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5
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Ammann L, Ruf L, Beavan A, Chmura P, Altmann S. Advancing and critical appraisal of an integrative load monitoring approach in microcycles in professional soccer. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286372. [PMID: 37656695 PMCID: PMC10473474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite load monitoring being considered an integral part of targeted performance management, including injury and illness prevention, there is currently no consensus of an effective monitoring system in professional soccer. Thus, the aims were to apply an integrative load monitoring approach, previously established in rink-hockey, in professional soccer; extend this approach with further data (Short Recovery and Stress Scale); assess this (extended) approach, thereby further evaluating the relationship between the used external load (EL) measures (total distance, distance above 55% and 70% of individual maximal speed, number of accelerations and decelerations > 4 m/s2, total loading) and the internal load (IL) measure session rate of perceived exertion training load (sRPE-TL) as well as between the used EL measures and sRPE. This retrospective observational cohort study analyzed data from a Swiss team collected over a 14 week-period during the 2021/22 season. Based on our findings, the integrative approach tested proved to be an applicable load monitoring tool in professional soccer, placing players on a fitness-fatigue continuum throughout the different microcycle sessions without using tests, thus providing relevant information to individually tailor training programs. sRPE-TL (ρ [95% CI] = .55 [.51 to .59] to .87 [.85 to .88]; all p < .001) better reflected the EL experienced by players than sRPE (ρ [95% CI] = .45 [.40 to .50] to .71 [.69 to .75]; all p < .001) supporting the definition of sRPE-TL as a measure of IL. However, for even stronger relevance of the tested tool, further research is warranted, especially to ascertain its sensitivity and determine an optimal selection of EL and IL measures. In sum, the present data clearly demonstrate the importance of load management taking place at an individual level, even within team structures, thereby analyzing a set of both EL and IL measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ludwig Ruf
- TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Zuzenhausen, Germany
| | | | - Paweł Chmura
- Department of Team Games, Wrocław University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Stefan Altmann
- TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Zuzenhausen, Germany
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Pillitteri G, Clemente FM, Petrucci M, Rossi A, Bellafiore M, Bianco A, Palma A, Battaglia G. Toward a New Conceptual Approach to "Intensity" in Soccer Player's Monitoring: A Narrative Review. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1896-1911. [PMID: 37616540 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pillitteri, G, Clemente, FM, Petrucci, M, Rossi, A, Bellafiore, M, Bianco, A, Palma, A, and Battaglia, G. Toward a new conceptual approach to "intensity" in soccer player's monitoring: A narrative review. J Strength Cond Res 37(9): 1896-1911, 2023-In the last decade, monitoring physiological and match-related demands in soccer has become an increasingly common practice in sports sciences. One of the great challenges during monitoring process is the identification of key indicators that permit to generalize evidence and sustain decision-making process during training prescription. Actually, one of the major debates in the scientific community and among practitioners is the identification of the "intensity" concept. Defining a given training session or exercise based on "intensity" is difficult due to the fact that a huge amount of indicators are available (related both to the performed activities and to the athletes' psychophysiological responses). These indicators can lead to specific outcomes with different interpretations. The current narrative review aims to discuss the different measures approaches used in soccer to describe the intensity for both internal and external demands. In addition, a second purpose of this review is to propose general recommendations for combining intensity indicators with the aim of defining an overall intensity score of a training session or drill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo Pillitteri
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- PhD Program in Health Promotion and Cognitive Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Palermo FC, Italy
| | - Filipe M Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Melgaço, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, Lisboa, Portugal; and
| | | | - Alessio Rossi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marianna Bellafiore
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Palma
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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7
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Tojo Ó, Spyrou K, Teixeira J, Pereira P, Brito J. Effective playing time affects technical-tactical and physical parameters in football. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1229595. [PMID: 37614412 PMCID: PMC10442814 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1229595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective playing time has been debated as a topic of major concern in football. Thus, the current experimental study aimed to investigate the effects of effective playing time on technical-tactical and physical match parameters in football. One hundred and seventy-nine male highly trained football players (aged 27.9 ± 5.1 years) from twelve teams performed two different match-play conditions: 45 min of match-play without stopping the chronometer (T45), and 30 min of match-play by stopping the chronometer every time the ball was out-of-play (T30). T30 presented a significantly higher total time (49:30 vs. 45:00 min; p = <.001; ES = 0.76), effective playing time (28:70 vs. 26:80 min; p = <.001; ES = 0.62), and stopped time (20:60 vs. 18:20 min; p = 0.003; ES = 0.38) compared to T45. Total ball possession (54.4% vs. 45.6%; p = 0.002) and 1/3 ball possession (55.3% vs. 44.7%; p = 0.018) was higher in T30 condition when compared to T45. Regarding match external load, total distance covered (4,899 vs. 4,481 m; p = <.001; ES = 0.71), moderate-speed running (607 vs. 557 m; p = 0.002; ES = 0.26) and high-speed running (202 vs. 170 m; p = <.001; ES = 0.33), high-speed activities (284 vs. 245 m; p = 0.003; ES = 0.24), accelerations (27 vs. 24; p = <.001; ES = 0.32), and decelerations (31 vs. 28; p = 0.005; ES = 0.26) were higher in T30 compared to T45. In conclusion, these findings suggest that higher effective playing time may affect technical-tactical and physical parameters during football games.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar Tojo
- Portugal Football School, Federação Portuguesa de Futebol, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Konstantinos Spyrou
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - João Teixeira
- Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Paulo Pereira
- Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Federação Portuguesa de Futebol, Oeiras, Portugal
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Teixeira JE, Forte P, Ferraz R, Branquinho L, Morgans R, Silva AJ, Monteiro AM, Barbosa TM. Resultant equations for training load monitoring during a standard microcycle in sub-elite youth football: a principal components approach. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15806. [PMID: 37554335 PMCID: PMC10405799 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Applying data-reduction techniques to extract meaningful information from electronic performance and tracking systems (EPTS) has become a hot topic in football training load (TL) monitoring. The aim of this study was to reduce the dimensionality of the internal and external load measures, by a principal component approach, to describe and explain the resultant equations for TL monitoring during a standard in-season microcycle in sub-elite youth football. Additionally, it is intended to identify the most representative measure for each principal component. A principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted with a Monte Carlo parallel analysis and VariMax rotation to extract baseline characteristics, external TL, heart rate (HR)-based measures and perceived exertion. Training data were collected from sixty sub-elite young football players during a 6-week training period using 18 Hz global positioning system (GPS) with inertial sensors, 1 Hz short-range telemetry system, total quality recovery (TQR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Five principal components accounted for 68.7% of the total variance explained in the training data. Resultant equations from PCA was subdivided into: (1) explosiveness, accelerations and impacts (27.4%); (2) high-speed running (16.2%); (3) HR-based measures (10.0%); (4) baseline characteristics (8.3%); and (5) average running velocity (6.7%). Considering the highest factor in each principal component, decelerations (PCA 1), sprint distance (PCA 2), average HR (PCA 3), chronological age (PCA 4) and maximal speed (PCA 5) are the conditional dimension to be considered in TL monitoring during a standard microcycle in sub-elite youth football players. Current research provides the first composite equations to extract the most representative components during a standard in-season microcycle in sub-elite youth football players. Futures research should expand the resultant equations within training days, by considering other well-being measures, technical-tactical skills and match-related contextual factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Eduardo Teixeira
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
| | - Pedro Forte
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- CI-ISCE Douro, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Luís Branquinho
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
- CI-ISCE Douro, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Ryland Morgans
- Institute for Coaching and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
| | - António José Silva
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
- Sport Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - António Miguel Monteiro
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Tiago M. Barbosa
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
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9
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Clemente FM, Ramirez-Campillo R, Beato M, Moran J, Kawczynski A, Makar P, Sarmento H, Afonso J. Arbitrary absolute vs. individualized running speed thresholds in team sports: A scoping review with evidence gap map. Biol Sport 2023; 40:919-943. [PMID: 37398971 PMCID: PMC10286616 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2023.122480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The aims of this scoping review were (i) to characterize the main methodological approaches to assessing individualized running speed thresholds in team sports players; (ii) to assess the use of traditional arbitrary (absolute) thresholds compared to individualized running speed thresholds in team sports players; (iii) to provide an evidence gap map (EGM) about the approaches and study designs employed in investigations in team sports and (iv) to provide directions for future research and practical applications for the strength and conditioning field. Methods studies were searched for in the following databases: (i) PubMed; (ii) Scopus; (iii) SPORTDiscus and (iv) Web of Science. The search was conducted on 15/07/2022. Risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Nonrandomized Studies (RoBANS). From 3,195 potentially relevant articles, 36 were eligible for inclusion in this review. Of the 36 included articles, 27 (75%) focused on the use of arbitrary and individualized running speed thresholds to describe the locomotor demands (e.g., high intensity running) of players. Thirty-four articles used individualized speed running thresholds based on physical fitness assessments (e.g., 40-m linear sprint) or physical performance (e.g., maximal acceleration). This scoping review supported the need for a greater focus to be placed on improving the methodological aspects of using individualized speed running thresholds in team sports. More than just creating alternatives to arbitrary thresholds, it is essential to increase the replicability of methodological conditions whilst ensuring that research comparing the most adequate measures and approaches to individualization takes into consideration the population and context of each study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, Lisboa 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute. School of Physical Therapy. Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences. Universidad Andres Bello. Santiago, Chile
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, UK
| | | | - Piotr Makar
- Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, Poland
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Afonso
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal
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10
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Ammann L, Altmann S. Training and match load ratios in professional soccer-should we use player- or position-specific match reference values? Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1151828. [PMID: 37260734 PMCID: PMC10227614 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1151828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Careful load management is needed to optimize the physical capacity, a key performance component, of soccer players. The training load of soccer players is often expressed as a percentage of match load. However, no study has yet evaluated how training match load ratios are affected by using either a player-specific or position-specific reference for match load. Therefore, this study aimed to compare training match load ratios of professional soccer players per day of a microcycle with match load being player-specific and position-specific, respectively. Additionally, the load that players typically experience per day of a microcycle and its variation should be analyzed. Therefore, a retrospective observational cohort study was conducted over a 14-month period, analyzing 11 external load measures during sessions of 20 players belonging to a team competing in the highest Swiss league. Within a microcycle, typical full matches presented a unique load for players, and they experienced higher training loads on days with a greater temporal distance to a match. Load variation proved to be highly associated with the day in a microcycle and the load measure. Substantial differences in typical load were evident in (i) trainings between players, (ii) matches both between players and positions, and (iii) training match load ratios when using player-specific or position-specific match references. The importance of individual load management in professional soccer was reaffirmed. When consulting training match load ratios for that purpose, one should be aware of the aim, select appropriate reference values depending on it, and interpret the ratios accurately to finally draw adequate conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Ammann
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science, Department of Sport Science, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Altmann
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Zuzenhausen, Germany
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11
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Vallance E, Sutton-Charani N, Guyot P, Perrey S. Predictive modeling of the ratings of perceived exertion during training and competition in professional soccer players. J Sci Med Sport 2023:S1440-2440(23)00081-6. [PMID: 37198002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evaluate the ability of predicting the ratings of perceived exertion from the external load variables in professional soccer players through a chronological perspective (i.e., past features values are considered additional features) through machine learning models by considering the playing position. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS Thirty-eight elite soccer players aged 19-27 years were observed during 151 training sessions, 44 matches across a full season. External load variables (58 derived from Global Positioning System and 30 from accelerometers) and the internal load derived from ratings of perceived exertion were collected for each player and each session and match. Machine learning models (linear regression, K-NN, decision trees, random forest, elastic net regression, XGBoost) were compared and interpreted in order to deepen the relationship between external load variables and ratings of perceived exertion according to the player position in a predictive perspective. RESULTS Application of the machine learning models on the dataset provided enough predictive power to reduce the Root Mean Squared Error of 60 % from dummy predictions. The most accurate models (Root Mean Squared Error ≈ 1.1 for random forest and = 1 for XGBoost) highlighted a memory effect in subsequent ratings of perceived exertion values. Past ratings of perceived exertion values over one month were the strongest predicting factors of ratings of perceived exertion as compared to various external load indicators. CONCLUSIONS The tree-based machine learning models showed statistically significant predictive ability, indicating valuable information for understanding the training load responses based on ratings of perceived exertion changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Vallance
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, France.
| | | | - Patrice Guyot
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, France
| | - Stéphane Perrey
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, France
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12
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Gualtieri A, Rampinini E, Dello Iacono A, Beato M. High-speed running and sprinting in professional adult soccer: Current thresholds definition, match demands and training strategies. A systematic review. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1116293. [PMID: 36860737 PMCID: PMC9968809 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1116293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The aims of this systematic review were (1) to summarize the evidence on absolute velocity thresholds used to classify high-speed running and sprinting, (2) to examine the existing evidence about the individualized thresholds approach, (3) to describe high-speed and sprint running distance match demands, and (4) to provide training strategies for eliciting HSR and sprinting during training sessions in professional adult soccer. This systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. After the authors' screening, 30 studies were included in this review. This review found that, to date, there is no consensus on the absolute thresholds defining high-speed and sprint running in adult soccer players. Until international standards are defined, it is reasonable to set absolute thresholds considering the range of values found in the literature collected in this review. Relative velocity thresholds could be considered for specific training sessions whose goal is to reach near maximal velocity exposure. During official matches, high-speed and sprint running distances ranged from 911 to 1,063 m and 223-307 m, respectively, in professional female soccer players, while ranges from 618 to 1,001 m and 153-295 m, respectively, in professional male soccer players. During training, game-based drills designed in formats using relative areas per player greater than 225 m2 and 300 m2 appear to be adequate for achieving high-speed running and sprinting exposure, respectively, for male players. The combination of game-based, running exercises and soccer circuit-based drills is advisable to ensure adequate high-speed and sprint running exposure both at a team and individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gualtieri
- Sport Science and R&D Department, Juventus Football Club, Torino, Italy
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - Ermanno Rampinini
- Human Performance Laboratory, MAPEI Sport Research Centre, Olgiate Olona, Italy
- Sport and Exercise Discipline Group, Human Performance Research Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Moore Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Antonio Dello Iacono
- Division of Sport and Exercise, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
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13
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Helwig J, Diels J, Röll M, Mahler H, Gollhofer A, Roecker K, Willwacher S. Relationships between External, Wearable Sensor-Based, and Internal Parameters: A Systematic Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23020827. [PMID: 36679623 PMCID: PMC9864675 DOI: 10.3390/s23020827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) are used to record training and match play of intermittent team sport athletes. Paired with estimates of internal responses or adaptations to exercise, practitioners gain insight into players' dose-response relationship which facilitates the prescription of the training stimuli to optimize performance, prevent injuries, and to guide rehabilitation processes. A systematic review on the relationship between external, wearable-based, and internal parameters in team sport athletes, compliant with the PRISMA guidelines, was conducted. The literature research was performed from earliest record to 1 September 2020 using the databases PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, and SportDISCUS. A total of 66 full-text articles were reviewed encompassing 1541 athletes. About 109 different relationships between variables have been reviewed. The most investigated relationship across sports was found between (session) rating of perceived exertion ((session-)RPE) and PlayerLoad™ (PL) with, predominantly, moderate to strong associations (r = 0.49-0.84). Relationships between internal parameters and highly dynamic, anaerobic movements were heterogenous. Relationships between average heart rate (HR), Edward's and Banister's training impulse (TRIMP) seem to be reflected in parameters of overall activity such as PL and TD for running-intensive team sports. PL may further be suitable to estimate the overall subjective perception. To identify high fine-structured loading-relative to a certain type of sport-more specific measures and devices are needed. Individualization of parameters could be helpful to enhance practicality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Helwig
- Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79117 Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Biomechanics and Motion Studies, Offenburg University, Max-Planck Straße 1, 77656 Offenburg, Germany
| | - Janik Diels
- Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79117 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mareike Röll
- Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79117 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hubert Mahler
- Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79117 Freiburg, Germany
- Sport-Club Freiburg e.V., Achim-Stocker-Str. 1, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Albert Gollhofer
- Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79117 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kai Roecker
- Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79117 Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Applied Health Promotion and Exercise Medicine, Furtwangen University, 78120 Furtwangen, Germany
| | - Steffen Willwacher
- Institute for Advanced Biomechanics and Motion Studies, Offenburg University, Max-Planck Straße 1, 77656 Offenburg, Germany
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14
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Ammann L, Altmann S, Ruf L, Sperlich B. Seasonal analysis of match load in professional soccer players: An observational cohort study of a Swiss U18, U21 and first team. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1023378. [PMID: 36685210 PMCID: PMC9846105 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1023378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to quantify and compare various external match load measures in three age groups and leagues in male soccer (U18 in highest league of their age group vs U21 in fourth highest league vs first team in highest league). In this retrospective observational cohort study accelerations, decelerations, absolute and relative high-speed running as well as sprint distance, dynamic stress load, explosive distance, high intensity bursts total distance, high metabolic load (HML) distance, speed intensity, total distance, total time, and total loading were assessed in 416 individual player matches of 59 players. All these external load measures showed large inter-individual variability. At a group level, one-way ANOVAs or Kruskal-Wallis tests revealed statistically significant differences between the three teams for all measures analyzed (all p < 0.05), except accelerations. The first team displayed statistically significant higher dynamic stress load, explosive distance, HML distance, speed intensity, total distance and total loading compared to the two youth teams (all p < 0.05). The U18 featured statistically significant higher number of decelerations, absolute and relative high-speed running distance, high metabolic load distance, speed intensity, relative sprint distance, total distance, and total time than the U21, while for U21 higher dynamic stress load was observed than for U18 (all p < 0.05). Based on our data we conclude a routinely monitoring of match loads of different age groups and competitive settings to be required to 1) provide an indication of what players need to be prepared for, 2) track the athletic and match evolution, and 3) individually tailor training programs allowing players to fulfill the short- and long-term sport-specific requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Ammann
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science, Department of Sport Science, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Altmann
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany,TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Zuzenhausen, Germany,*Correspondence: Stefan Altmann,
| | - Ludwig Ruf
- TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Zuzenhausen, Germany
| | - Billy Sperlich
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science, Department of Sport Science, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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15
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de Dios-Álvarez V, Suárez-Iglesias D, Bouzas-Rico S, Alkain P, González-Conde A, Ayán-Pérez C. Relationships between RPE-derived internal training load parameters and GPS-based external training load variables in elite young soccer players. Res Sports Med 2023; 31:58-73. [PMID: 34121539 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.1937165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the GPS-based external training load variables that influence the internal training loads (RPE-derived parameters: RPE and session RPE - sRPE), and generate a model to predict GPS-based external load variables from RPE and perceived wellness values. Training load data for 21 elite young players were collected over 72 training sessions and 23 matches from the same competitive season, and 564 observations (training sessions, 462; matches, 102) were analysed. Considering all observations (training sessions and matches), significant moderate and large correlations (p < 0.01) were detected between RPE values and EL measures. The correlation between the GPS outcomes with both the RPE and sRPE values was higher during training sessions than during matches. Moreover, increased RPE and perceived wellness measures had a significant positive effect on external load variables (p < 0.001). The present work provides preliminary evidence of the utility of the RPE and sRPE method to quantify the training loads in young soccer players since most of the GPS-based EL indicators were moderate to highly correlated with the RPE-derived parameters. Additionally, EL variables may be estimated when combining perceived IL and subjective wellness indicators in young soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente de Dios-Álvarez
- Sport science department, Real Club Celta De Vigo & Fundación Celta, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.,Faculty of Education and Sports Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | | | - Sara Bouzas-Rico
- Faculty of Education and Sports Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | | | | | - Carlos Ayán-Pérez
- Faculty of Education and Sports Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.,WellMove Research Group, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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16
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Costa JA, Rago V, Brito P, Figueiredo P, Sousa A, Abade E, Brito J. Training in women soccer players: A systematic review on training load monitoring. Front Psychol 2022; 13:943857. [PMID: 35967662 PMCID: PMC9372388 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.943857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The present systematic review aimed to provide an overview of training load (TL), along with their responses, monitoring during training sessions in highly trained and elite adult women soccer players. Data source Electronic databases searches (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Ebsco) for relevant studies published in peer-reviewed journals were conducted, and eligibility criteria were based on the PICOS model in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Study selection Studies were considered as follows: (a) highly trained and elite adult (>18 years) women's soccer players; (b) continuous (minimum 1-week duration) TL monitoring in the context of the team routine; (c) TL collected from entire training session. Methodological qualitative assessments and risk of bias criteria were used for judging the studies. Data extraction A total of 1,163 studies were identified, and 16 were included. The selected studies were fully screened to extract the population characteristics; the number of players; a type of study design; region where the study was performed; the main findings. Data synthesis Accumulated external TL (ETL) during the pre-season was positively correlated to enhanced adaptations in intermittent exercise capacity. Daily ETL was negatively correlated to next-day self-reported fatigue and muscle soreness. Daily internal TL (ITL) was negatively correlated to post-session sleep duration and sleep efficiency. One study showed that higher accumulated player load and total distance were associated with injury. Conclusion Information about TL during training sessions in women soccer players is very sparse, and it is currently very difficult to consider evidence-based practices for training sessions in highly trained and elite adult women soccer players. Moreover, the dose-response relationships between TL and training outcome (e.g., fatigue, training adaptations and injuries) need to be further explored to understand the optimal training stimulus to enhance performance outcomes while preserving player health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlio A. Costa
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Vincenzo Rago
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Universidade Europeia, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Brito
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, University of Maia, Maia, Portugal
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Educação Física, Exercício e Saúde, Universidade Lusófona, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Sousa
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, University of Maia, Maia, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Abade
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, University of Maia, Maia, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
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17
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Seasonal variations of the relationships between measures of training monotony and strain in professional soccer players. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10930. [PMID: 35768514 PMCID: PMC9243248 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15278-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The purposes of this study were (a) to determine the variations in internal and external measures of training monotony (TM) and strain (TS) in professional soccer players according to periods of the season and playing positions, and (b) to analyze the relationships between internal and external measures of TM and TS. Twenty male professional players (age = 29.4 ± 4.4 years) were followed for 20 weeks through session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE), total distance (TD), high-speed running distance (HSRD) and sprint distance (SpD). Regardless of measure, highest mean TM and TS scores were observed in mid-season and end-season. In general, wingers and strikers tended to have greater values in TM. Midfielders exhibited greater TS of TD and SpD. Correlation results for TM revealed that s-RPE was positively associated with SpD in early-season (r = 0.608) and negatively associated in mid-season (r = − 0.506). Regarding the TS, result demonstrated that s-RPE is negatively associated with HSRD in early-season (r = − 0.464) and positively associated in mid-season (r = 0.476). In general, there different meanings in correlations between internal and external measures across the season. On the one hand, our findings highlighted that TM and TS of professional soccer players is sensitive to period of the season and player’s position, but on other hand, correlation analyses proved that changes in one external/internal measure does not cause changes in another external/internal measure which support the constant monitoring of these values across the season.
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18
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Marqués-Jiménez D, Sampaio J, Calleja-González J, Echeazarra I. How different are soccer training sessions based on small-sided games? A cluster analysis to explore perceived exertion and training load. ACTA GYMNICA 2022. [DOI: 10.5507/ag.2022.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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19
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Nobari H, Arslan E, Martins AD, Oliveira R. Are acute:chronic workload ratios of perceived exertion and running based variables sensible to detect variations between player positions over the season? A soccer team study. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:51. [PMID: 35346345 PMCID: PMC8958769 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00445-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to describe and compare the in-season variations of acute: chronic workload ratio (ACWR) coupled, uncoupled, and exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) through session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE), total distance (TD), high-speed running distance (HSRD) and sprint distance (SPRINT) in three different periods of an elite soccer season according to player positions.
Methods Twenty male elite players (age: 29.4 ± 4.4) from an Asian First League team were daily monitored for twenty consecutive weeks during the 2017–2018 in-season. Forty-seven trainings and twenty matches were monitored using global positioning system units (GPS) to collect TD, HSRD and SPRINT. Through the collection of s-RPE, TD, HSRD, and SPRINT by ACWR and EWMA were calculated for each training session. Results The results revealed that according to different periods of the season, workload measures observed in mid-season were meaningfully higher compared with early-season (g = ranging from 0.53 to 4.98) except for EWMASPRINT. In general, wingers and strikers tended to have greater scores in workload measures compared to the defenders and midfielders (g = ranging from 0.41 to 5.42). Conclusions These findings may provide detailed information for coaches and sports scientists regarding the variations of acute and chronic workload ratio and external loading in-season and between player positions in an elite soccer team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nobari
- Sports Scientist, Sepahan Football Club, Isfahan, Iran. .,Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. .,Department of Physiology, School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Ersan Arslan
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, 60250, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Alexandre Duarte Martins
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior-Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413, Rio Maior, Portugal.,Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Departamento de Desporto E Saúde, Escola de Saúde E Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, Largo Dos Colegiais, 7000, Évora, Portugal
| | - Rafael Oliveira
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior-Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413, Rio Maior, Portugal.,Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal.,Life Quality Research Centre, 2040-413, Rio Maior, Portugal
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20
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Massard T, Carey DL, Whalan M, Sampson JA, Hulin BT, Lovell R. Comparison of player-dependent and independent high-speed running thresholds to model injury risk in football. J Sports Sci 2021; 40:606-613. [PMID: 34789058 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.2006414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
High-speed running (HSR) loads have been linked with non-contact injury risks in team-sports. This study investigated whether player-specific speed zones, reflecting individual fitness characteristics, impact the associations between non-contact injury and acute and chronic HSR loads. Semi-professional soccer players from two clubs (n = 47) were tracked over two seasons using 10 Hz GPS (5552 observations). HSR distances were calculated arbitrarily (≥5.5 m·s-1), and in an individualised fashion based on the final speed of the 30-15 intermittent fitness test. Cumulative running loads were represented by exponentially weighted moving averages with 7-(acute) and 28-day (chronic) decay parameters. Physiotherapists collected non-contact, lower-limb, time-loss injury data (n = 101). Injury models using session type (training vs matches), coach, as well as arbitrary or individualised running loads were constructed via mixed-effect logistic regression. Session type had the largest effect on injury (training vs match OR = 0.28; 95%CI:0.17-0.44). Variations in individualised or arbitrary acute and chronic HSR loads within the mid-range of the observed data had negligible effects on predicted injury risk. However, the uncertainty of estimated effects at extreme values of acute and chronic HSR loads prevented any conclusive findings. Therefore, the efficacy of using customised speed thresholds in quantifying load for injury risk mitigation purposes remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Massard
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Richmond, Australia
| | - David L Carey
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matt Whalan
- Centre of Medical and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - John A Sampson
- Centre of Medical and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Billy T Hulin
- Centre of Medical and Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,St. George Illawarra Dragons Rugby League Football Club, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Ric Lovell
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Richmond, Australia
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21
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Influence of bout duration on exercise demands during 4v4 small-sided games in elite young football players. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00821-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Rago V, Leo I, Marrocco A, Izzo R, Filetti C. Blood and performance adaptations to individual training load in professional soccer: a team study. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:1237-1245. [PMID: 34137574 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12690-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to describe seasonal changes in iron storage, hormonal status and functional capacity in relation to accumulated training load in a professional male soccer team. METHODS Resting blood samples, countermovement jump (CMJ) and aerobic capacity (45-15 test) were collected over a 6-month period from the start of the preparatory period to the middle-season (E1 to E4) in a professional male soccer team (n=15 outfield players). External training load was regularly quantified using a wearable 10-Hz global positioning system. RESULTS One player systematically showed reduced iron storage throughout the season (ferritin<110 μg·l-1, hemoglobin<14 g·dl-1). No significant differences in blood and performance parameters were observed throughout the season (P>0.05). However, accumulated total distance and high-intensity distance (above maximal aerobic speed) from E1 to E3 were negatively correlated to changes in haematocrit, hemoglobin and red blood cells (r=-0.85 to -0.67; P<0.05) and positively to changes in ferritin (r=0.63-0.69; P<0.05). Additionally, high-intensity distance covered between E1 and E3 was negatively correlated to changes in testosterone concentrations (r [95%CI]=-0.71 [-0.93; -0.15]; P=0.021). CONCLUSIONS Resting blood parameters and functional capacity of male soccer players appeared to be stable throughout the early competitive period. However, iron storage and hormonal status are likely to be affected by accumulated high-intensity activity performed during practice and competition. Practitioners involved with GPS-based TL monitoring could consider the accumulated amount of high-intensity activity to inform medical staffs about possible changes in oxygen-carrying capacity and anaerobic overtraining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Rago
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Universidade Europeia, Lisbon, Portugal -
| | - Italo Leo
- Department of Human, Philosophical and Educational Sciences, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Arcano Marrocco
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Riccardo Izzo
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Cristoforo Filetti
- Performance Department, Paris Saint-Germain Football Club, Paris, France.,Italian School of Sport Sciences and Exercise, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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23
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Rago V. Training load monitoring in football: application of field systems in professional male players (PhD Academy Award). Br J Sports Med 2021; 55:703-704. [PMID: 38273632 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Rago
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Universidade Europeia, Lisboa, Portugal
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Teixeira JE, Forte P, Ferraz R, Leal M, Ribeiro J, Silva AJ, Barbosa TM, Monteiro AM. Monitoring Accumulated Training and Match Load in Football: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3906. [PMID: 33917802 PMCID: PMC8068156 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18083906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Training load monitoring has become a relevant research-practice gap to control training and match demands in team sports. However, there are no systematic reviews about accumulated training and match load in football. (2) Methods: Following the preferred reporting item for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA), a systematic search of relevant English-language articles was performed from earliest record to March 2020. The search included descriptors relevant to football, training load, and periodization. (3) Results: The literature search returned 7972 articles (WoS = 1204; Pub-Med = 869, SCOPUS = 5083, and SportDiscus = 816). After screening, 36 full-text articles met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Eleven of the included articles analyzed weekly training load distribution; fourteen, the weekly training load and match load distribution; and eleven were about internal and external load relationships during training. The reviewed articles were based on short-telemetry systems (n = 12), global positioning tracking systems (n = 25), local position measurement systems (n = 3), and multiple-camera systems (n = 3). External load measures were quantified with distance and covered distance in different speed zones (n = 27), acceleration and deceleration (n = 13) thresholds, accelerometer metrics (n = 11), metabolic power output (n = 4), and ratios/scores (n = 6). Additionally, the internal load measures were reported with perceived exertion (n = 16); heart-rate-based measures were reported in twelve studies (n = 12). (4) Conclusions: The weekly microcycle presented a high loading variation and a limited variation across a competitive season. The magnitude of loading variation seems to be influenced by the type of week, player's starting status, playing positions, age group, training mode and contextual variables. The literature has focused mainly on professional men; future research should be on the youth and female accumulated training/match load monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- José E. Teixeira
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.F.); (R.F.); (A.J.S.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- Department of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Pedro Forte
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.F.); (R.F.); (A.J.S.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- Departamento de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Department of Sports, Douro Higher Institute of Educational Sciences, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal; (M.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.F.); (R.F.); (A.J.S.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Miguel Leal
- Department of Sports, Douro Higher Institute of Educational Sciences, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal; (M.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Joana Ribeiro
- Department of Sports, Douro Higher Institute of Educational Sciences, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal; (M.L.); (J.R.)
| | - António J. Silva
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.F.); (R.F.); (A.J.S.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- Department of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Tiago M. Barbosa
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.F.); (R.F.); (A.J.S.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- Departamento de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - António M. Monteiro
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (P.F.); (R.F.); (A.J.S.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- Departamento de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
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25
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Miguel M, Oliveira R, Loureiro N, García-Rubio J, Ibáñez SJ. Load Measures in Training/Match Monitoring in Soccer: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:2721. [PMID: 33800275 PMCID: PMC7967450 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In soccer, the assessment of the load imposed by training and a match is recognized as a fundamental task at any competitive level. The objective of this study is to carry out a systematic review on internal and external load monitoring during training and/or a match, identifying the measures used. In addition, we wish to make recommendations that make it possible to standardize the classification and use of the different measures. The systematic review was carried out according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The search was conducted through the electronic database Web of Science, using the keywords "soccer" and "football", each one with the terms "internal load", "external load", and "workload". Of the 1223 studies initially identified, 82 were thoroughly analyzed and are part of this systematic review. Of these, 25 articles only report internal load data, 20 report only external load data, and 37 studies report both internal and external load measures. There is a huge number of load measures, which requires that soccer coaches select and focus their attention on the most useful and specific measures. Standardizing the classification of the different measures is vital in the organization of this task, as well as when it is intended to compare the results obtained in different investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Miguel
- Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Sport Science Faculty, University of Extremadura, 10005 Caceres, Spain;
- Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (R.O.); (N.L.)
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Polytechnic Institute of Santarem, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Rafael Oliveira
- Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (R.O.); (N.L.)
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Polytechnic Institute of Santarem, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Nuno Loureiro
- Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (R.O.); (N.L.)
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Polytechnic Institute of Santarem, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Javier García-Rubio
- Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Sport Science Faculty, University of Extremadura, 10005 Caceres, Spain;
| | - Sergio J. Ibáñez
- Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Sport Science Faculty, University of Extremadura, 10005 Caceres, Spain;
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Benson LC, Stilling C, Owoeye OBA, Emery CA. Evaluating Methods for Imputing Missing Data from Longitudinal Monitoring of Athlete Workload. JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCE AND MEDICINE 2021; 20:188-196. [PMID: 33948096 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Missing data can influence calculations of accumulated athlete workload. The objectives were to identify the best single imputation methods and examine workload trends using multiple imputation. External (jumps per hour) and internal (rating of perceived exertion; RPE) workload were recorded for 93 (45 females, 48 males) high school basketball players throughout a season. Recorded data were simulated as missing and imputed using ten imputation methods based on the context of the individual, team and session. Both single imputation and machine learning methods were used to impute the simulated missing data. The difference between the imputed data and the actual workload values was computed as root mean squared error (RMSE). A generalized estimating equation determined the effect of imputation method on RMSE. Multiple imputation of the original dataset, with all known and actual missing workload data, was used to examine trends in longitudinal workload data. Following multiple imputation, a Pearson correlation evaluated the longitudinal association between jump count and sRPE over the season. A single imputation method based on the specific context of the session for which data are missing (team mean) was only outperformed by methods that combine information about the session and the individual (machine learning models). There was a significant and strong association between jump count and sRPE in the original data and imputed datasets using multiple imputation. The amount and nature of the missing data should be considered when choosing a method for single imputation of workload data in youth basketball. Multiple imputation using several predictor variables in a regression model can be used for analyses where workload is accumulated across an entire season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Benson
- United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, Colorado Springs, CO, United States.,Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Carlyn Stilling
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Oluwatoyosi B A Owoeye
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, Doisy College of Health Sciences, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Carolyn A Emery
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Departments of Community Health Sciences and Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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27
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Rago V, Vigh-Larsen JF, Deylami K, Muschinsky A, Mohr M. Use of Rating of Perceived Exertion-Based Training Load in Elite Ice Hockey Training and Match-Play. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:2837-2843. [PMID: 33370008 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Rago, V, Vigh-Larsen, JF, Deylami, K, Muschinsky, A, and Mohr, M. Use of rating of perceived exertion-based training load in elite ice hockey training and match-play. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-Training load (TL) based on the subjective rating of perceived exertion (RPE) may be a useful athlete monitoring alternative when wearable technology is unavailable. The aim of this study was to examine the validity of RPE-based TL monitoring in elite ice hockey. A male ice hockey team (n = 18) was monitored using a 200-Hz accelerometer, heart rate (HR) and RPE (0-10 scale), throughout a 4-week competitive period (n = 309 individual observations). Session-RPE (RPE × duration) averaged 244.8 ± 135.2 and 728.6 ± 150.9 arbitrary units (AU) during practice sessions and during official games, respectively. The smallest worthwhile change was 19.8 AU. Within-individual correlations between session-RPE and total accelerations >0.5 m·s-2 (Acctot), accelerations >2 m·s-2 (Acc2), total decelerations >-0.5 m·s-2 (Dectot), decelerations < -2 m·s-2 (Dec2), time > 85% maximum HR, Edwards' TL, and modified training impulse were very large (r = 0.70-0.89; p < 0.001). In addition, correlations between RPE and measures of exercise intensity (Acctot per min, Acc2 per min, Dectot per min, mean HR, and peak HR) were small (r = 0.02-0.29; p < 0.05) except for Dec2 being unclear (p = 0.686). Differences in intensity parameters between RPE range (easy to very hard, 2-7 AU) were small (r = 0.22-0.31; p < 0.05). The session-RPE method can be used as a global indicator of TL in ice hockey. Specific ranges of time-motion and HR intensity variables can be demarcated between RPE categories (easy to very hard; 2-7 AU). Accounting for training volume (session-RPE) more accurately reflects objective methods of TL based on accelerative efforts and HR, than the RPE score (based on the perception of the intensity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Rago
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal; Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, Universidade Europeia, Lisbon, Portugal; Research Unit for Exercise Biology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; and Center of Natural and Health Sciences, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
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Tomazoli G, Marques JB, Farooq A, Silva JR. Estimating Postmatch Fatigue in Soccer: The Effect of Individualization of Speed Thresholds on Perceived Recovery. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:1216-1222. [PMID: 32422598 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effectiveness of different individualization methods of speed zones during match play to estimate postmatch perceptual recovery in soccer. METHODS Twelve players under the age of 19 y undertook field-based assessments to determine their maximal aerobic speed (MAS) and maximal sprint speed (MSS). External load (extracted from 10-Hz GPS over 10 official matches) was measured and classified into 4 categories as follows: low-speed running, moderate-speed running, high-speed running, and sprinting. Match running distribution into different speed zones was categorized using either MAS, MSS, MAS and MSS as measures of locomotor capacities, and absolute values. Players perceived recovery status was recorded immediately postmatch (Post) and 24 (G+24H) and 48 hours (G+48H) after each game. RESULTS Different individualization methods resulted in distinct match outputs in each locomotor category. Perceived recovery status was lower (P < .001) at Post (3.8 [1.32], 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.6 to 4.2), G+24H (5.2 [1.48], 95% CI, 4.9 to 5.6), and G+48H (6.0 [1.22], 95% CI, 5.7 to 6.3) compared with prematch values (7.1 [1.05], 95% CI, 6.8 to 7.3). The absolute perceived recovery-status score was better associated with high-speed running using the locomotor-capacities method at Post (β = -1.7, 95% CI, -3.2 to -0.22, P = .027), G+24H (β = -2.08, 95% CI, -3.22 to -0.95, P = .001), and G+48H (β = -1.32, 95% CI, -2.2 to -0.4, P = .004) compared with other individualization methods. CONCLUSION The authors' results suggest that locomotor capacities may better characterize the match intensity distribution (particularly for the high-speed running and sprinting categories) and should be preferred over MAS and MSS to estimate perceived recovery.
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Scott D, Norris D, Lovell R. Dose-Response Relationship Between External Load and Wellness in Elite Women's Soccer Matches: Do Customized Velocity Thresholds Add Value? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:1245-1251. [PMID: 32887847 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the dose-response relationship between match-play high-speed running (HSR), very high-speed running (VHSR), and sprint (SPR) distances versus subsequent ratings of fatigue and soreness. METHODS Thirty-six outfield players competing in the professional National Women's Soccer League (NWSL, United States) with a minimum of five 90-minute match observations were monitored during the 2016 and 2017 seasons (408 match observations, 11 [6]/player). HSR (≥3.47 m·s-1), VHSR (≥5.28 m·s-1), and SPR (≥6.25 m·s-1) were determined generically (GEN) in players using a 10-Hz global positioning system. HSR, VHSR, and SPR speed thresholds were also reconfigured according to player peak speed per se and in combination with the final velocity achieved in the 30:15 Intermittent Fitness Test (locomotor approach to establishing individual speed zones). On the morning following matches (match day [MD + 1]), players recorded subjective wellness ratings of fatigue and soreness using 7-point Likert scales. RESULTS Fatigue (-2.32; 95% CI, -2.60 to -2.03 au; P < .0001) and soreness (-2.05; 95% CI, -2.29 to -1.81; P < .0001) ratings worsened on MD + 1. Standardized unit changes in HSRGEN (fatigue: -0.05; 95% CI, -0.11 to 0.02 and soreness: -0.02, 95% CI, -0.07 to 0.04) and VHSRGEN (fatigue: -0.06; 95% CI, -0.12 to 0.00 and soreness: -0.04; 95% CI, -0.10 to 0.02) had no influence on wellness ratings at MD + 1. Individualized speed thresholds did not improve the model fit. CONCLUSIONS Subjective ratings of fatigue and wellness are not sensitive to substantial within-player changes in match physical performance. HSR, VHSR, and SPR thresholds customized for individual players' athletic qualities did not improve the dose-response relationship between external load and wellness ratings.
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Ravé G, Granacher U, Boullosa D, Hackney AC, Zouhal H. How to Use Global Positioning Systems (GPS) Data to Monitor Training Load in the "Real World" of Elite Soccer. Front Physiol 2020; 11:944. [PMID: 32973542 PMCID: PMC7468376 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- INISA, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Anthony C. Hackney
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science; Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Univ Rennes, M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé), Rennes, France
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Rago V, Brito J, Figueiredo P, Costa J, Krustrup P, Rebelo A. Internal training load monitoring in professional football: a systematic review of methods using rating of perceived exertion. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2019; 60:160-171. [PMID: 31663318 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.19.10000-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The rate of perceived exertion (RPE) is widely adopted to quantify internal training load (ITL) in professional football. The aim of this study was to systematically review the use RPE-based methods in professional football. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Observational studies conducted during training routines of professional football players over a minimum of one-week were selected based on the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses statement. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Thirty-eight articles met the inclusion criteria (average qualitative score was 6.3 out of 10 [3 to 9]). The main deficiencies identified concerned the poor description of study design (~52% of the studies), and the non-quantification of match load (~44%). Ten studies complemented RPE-based ITL information with time-motion analysis (~26%) and seven studies added HR recordings (~18%). Nine studies collected RPE data after complementary training, separately to field sessions (~3%). Operational questions (e.g. How was your workout? ~71%) were preferred to instructions (e.g. Please rate the intensity of today's session; ~8%). Session-RPE (s-RPE; RPE multiplied by training duration) was more commonly adopted as measure of exercise intensity than isolated RPE (~76 vs. ~8%). RPE-derived variables calculated on weekly values included absolute week-to-week change, acute: chronic workload ratio, monotony and strain and were not frequently used (7 to 15%). Four studies (~11%) divided RPE in two components: respiratory and muscular. CONCLUSIONS There is a lack of consensus for the use of RPE in professional football and "good practices" are warranted. This review might help practitioners regarding procedures to adopt in RPE data collection and interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Rago
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal - .,Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Lisbon, Portugal -
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Lisbon, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
| | - Júlio Costa
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Shangai University of Sport (SUS), Shangai, China
| | - António Rebelo
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Pons E, García-Calvo T, Resta R, Blanco H, López del Campo R, Díaz García J, Pulido JJ. A comparison of a GPS device and a multi-camera video technology during official soccer matches: Agreement between systems. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220729. [PMID: 31393932 PMCID: PMC6687125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the agreement of the movement demands data during a soccer match (total distance, distance per minute, average speed, maximum speed and distance covered in different speed sectors) between an optical tracking system (Mediacoach System) and a GPS device (Wimu Pro). Participants were twenty-six male professional soccer players (age: 21.65 ± 2.03 years; height: 180.00 ± 7.47 cm; weight: 73.81 ± 5.65 kg) from FC Barcelona B, of whom were recorded a total of 759 measurements during 38 official matches in the Spanish second division. The Mediacoach System and the Wimu Pro were compared using the standardized mean bias, standard error of estimate, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), coefficient of variation (%), and the regression equation to estimate data for each variable. In terms of agreement between systems, the magnitude of the ICC was almost perfect (> 0.90-1.00) for all variables analyzed. The coefficient of the variations between devices was close to zero (< 5%) for total distance, distance per minute, average speed, maximum speed, and walking and jogging, and between 9% and 15% for running, intense running, and sprinting at low and at high intensities. It can be observed that, compared to Wimu Pro the Mediacoach System slightly overestimated all the variables analyzed except for average speed, maximum speed, and walking variables. In conclusion, both systems can be used, and the information they provide in the analyzed variables can be interchanged, with the benefits implied for practitioners and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Pons
- Sports Performance Area, FC Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tomás García-Calvo
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Hugo Blanco
- Sports Research Area of LaLiga, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jesús Díaz García
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Juan José Pulido
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
- Faculty of Human Kinetics. University of Lisbon, Portugal
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