1
|
Dagnaw M, Bazezew M, Mengistu B, Anagaw B, Mebratu AS. Rate of Beta-Lactam Resistance and Epidemiological Features of S. Aureus-Associated Bovine Mastitis in Cross-Bred Ethiopian Cows: Systematic Review. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2024; 15:39-55. [PMID: 38433734 PMCID: PMC10908337 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s415339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Background Dairy cows get mastitis from a common infection called Staphylococcus aureus. Because of its broad distribution across diverse populations and capacity to acquire antibiotic resistance, this particular bacterial strain presents a serious threat to public health. The main goals of this study were to determine the beta-lactam resistance profile of S. aureus in Ethiopian dairy cows and to offer thorough epidemiological data. Methods We employed manual searches, Web of Science, PubMed Central, and Google Scholar HINARI for electronic bibliographic data. Results Twenty-six epidemiological studies were included in this systematic review. Of these studies, 12 articles in Oromia, 4 articles in Addis Ababa, 4 articles in Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's (SNNPRS), 3 articles in Tigray, and 3 articles in Amhara region. The average prevalence S. aureus were 34.3% in Oromia, 40.2% in Amhara, 39.5 in AA, 40% in Tigray and 21% in SNNPRS. The antimicrobial resistance rate of S. aureus, specifically in relation to beta-lactam drugs, exhibited an average estimation. Notably, penicillin resistance reached a rate of 75%, while amoxicillin resistance stood at 67%. Furthermore, it was determined that, when treating S. aureus, the resistance rates to ampicillin and cephalosporin were 50% and 57%, respectively. Conclusion The results of this analysis have demonstrated a considerable rise in S. aureus prevalence and beta-lactam resistance within the Ethiopian geographic environment. This emphasizes the critical need for alternate therapeutic approaches and preventative measures in order to successfully lessen the disease's extensive spread and detrimental effects across the nation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melkie Dagnaw
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Marshet Bazezew
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Bemrew Mengistu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Birhan Anagaw
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Atsede Solomon Mebratu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Moawad AA, El-Adawy H, Linde J, Jost I, Tanja G, Katja H, Karsten D, Neubauer H, Monecke S, Tomaso H. Whole genome sequence-based analysis of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis in Thuringia, Germany. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1216850. [PMID: 37692386 PMCID: PMC10486899 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1216850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine mastitis is a common disease of dairy cattle causing major economic losses due to reduced yield and poor quality of milk worldwide. The current investigation aimed to gain insight into the genetic diversity, antimicrobial resistance profiles and virulence associated factors of Staphylococcus (S.) aureus isolated from clinical bovine mastitis in dairy farms in Thuringia, Germany. Methods Forty Staphylococcus aureus isolates collected from clinical bovine mastitis cases from 17 Thuringian dairy farms were phenotyped and genetically characterized using whole genome sequencing. Results Out of 40 S. aureus, 30 (75%) were confirmed as methicillin resistant isolates. The isolates showed elevated antimicrobial resistance against penicillin, tetracycline and oxacillin, i.e., 77.5, 77.5, and 75%, respectively. Lower resistance rates were found against moxifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, i.e., 35, 35, 30, and 22.5%, respectively. While resistance against clindamycin and erythromycin was rarely found (5 and 2.5%, respectively). All isolates were susceptible to linezolid, teicoplanin, vancomycin, tigecycline, fosfomycin, fusidic acid and rifampicin. These isolates were further allocated into five different sequence types: ST398 (n = 31), ST1074 (n = 4), ST504 (n = 3), ST582 (CC15) (n = 1) and ST479 (n = 1). These isolates were also assigned to seven clusters with up to 100 SNP which has facilitated geographical mapping and epidemiological distribution in Thuringia. Strains belonging to ST398 were classified into clusters 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7. The isolates of ST504 were of cluster 5, those of ST1074 were belonging to cluster 6. Resistance genes blaZ, blaI and blaR associated with penicillin resistance were found in 32 (80%) strains, all except one were belonging to ST398. Methicillin resistance associated mecA was identified in 30 (96.8%) isolates of ST398. All tetracycline and erythromycin resistant isolates were of ST398, and all harbored both tetM and ermA. About 90.3% of tetracycline resistant isolates assigned to ST398 were also carrying tetK gene. The point mutations parC_S80F, gyrA_S84L and parC_S80Y in gyrA and parC associated with quinolone resistance were found in all phenotypically resistant isolates to ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin (n = 14). Sixty-eight virulence genes were identified among isolates. Both lukD/E and lukM/F-PV-P83 were identified in 22.5% of isolates, all were non-ST398. Conclusion In this study, ST398 had the highest potential to cause disease and had a massive prevalence in bovine mastitis cases. Five different sequence types and seven clusters were identified in the federal state of Thuringia. The circulation of some clusters in the same region over several years shows the persistence of cluster-associated infection despite the intensive veterinary care. On the other hand, some regions had different clusters at the same year or in different consecutive years. Different sequence types and associated different clusters of S. aureus were geographically widely distributed among dairy farms in Thuringia. The findings of this study show that various clusters have the potential to spread over a large geographical scale. The detection of LA-MRSA on dairy farms, which is known for cabapility to widely spread among different groups of animals, humans and their environment urges for the implementation of national wide strategic programs. The identification of CA-MRSA among the isolates such as ST398 poses a significant risk for the transmission of such strains between animals and humans on dairy farms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amira A. Moawad
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
- Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Hosny El-Adawy
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Jörg Linde
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - Ines Jost
- Tiergesundheitsdienst der Thueringer Tierseuchenkasse, Jena, Germany
| | - Gärtner Tanja
- Tiergesundheitsdienst der Thueringer Tierseuchenkasse, Jena, Germany
| | - Hruschka Katja
- Tiergesundheitsdienst der Thueringer Tierseuchenkasse, Jena, Germany
| | - Donat Karsten
- Tiergesundheitsdienst der Thueringer Tierseuchenkasse, Jena, Germany
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Monecke
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena e.V., Jena, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, Dresden University Hospital, Dresden, Germany
| | - Herbert Tomaso
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shoaib M, Aqib AI, Muzammil I, Majeed N, Bhutta ZA, Kulyar MFEA, Fatima M, Zaheer CNF, Muneer A, Murtaza M, Kashif M, Shafqat F, Pu W. MRSA compendium of epidemiology, transmission, pathophysiology, treatment, and prevention within one health framework. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1067284. [PMID: 36704547 PMCID: PMC9871788 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1067284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is recognized as commensal as well as opportunistic pathogen of humans and animals. Methicillin resistant strain of S. aureus (MRSA) has emerged as a major pathogen in hospitals, community and veterinary settings that compromises the public health and livestock production. MRSA basically emerged from MSSA after acquiring SCCmec element through gene transfer containing mecA gene responsible for encoding PBP-2α. This protein renders the MRSA resistant to most of the β-lactam antibiotics. Due to the continuous increasing prevalence and transmission of MRSA in hospitals, community and veterinary settings posing a major threat to public health. Furthermore, high pathogenicity of MRSA due to a number of virulence factors produced by S. aureus along with antibiotic resistance help to breach the immunity of host and responsible for causing severe infections in humans and animals. The clinical manifestations of MRSA consist of skin and soft tissues infection to bacteremia, septicemia, toxic shock, and scalded skin syndrome. Moreover, due to the increasing resistance of MRSA to number of antibiotics, there is need to approach alternatives ways to overcome economic as well as human losses. This review is going to discuss various aspects of MRSA starting from emergence, transmission, epidemiology, pathophysiology, disease patterns in hosts, novel treatment, and control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shoaib
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Amjad Islam Aqib
- Department of Medicine, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Muzammil
- Department of Medicine, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Noreen Majeed
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad Bhutta
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Mahreen Fatima
- Faculty of Biosciences, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | | | - Afshan Muneer
- Department of Zoology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Maheen Murtaza
- Department of Zoology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kashif
- Department of Microbiology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Furqan Shafqat
- Department of Microbiology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Wanxia Pu
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Exel CE, Gerritsen K, Spaninks M, Duim B, Koop G, Benedictus L. Association of Staphylococcus aureus genotypes with milk or colonization of extramammary sites in Dutch dairy cattle indicates strain variation in reservoirs for intramammary infections. Res Vet Sci 2023; 154:138-144. [PMID: 36592563 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a major mastitis pathogen with a detrimental impact on udder health in dairy cattle. Although S. aureus is generally classified as a contagious mastitis pathogen, control measures aimed at preventing contagious transmission are not always effective. Previous studies showed that various extramammary sites can be colonized with S. aureus and could be a reservoir for S. aureus intramammary infections (IMI). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of S. aureus extramammary site colonization in Dutch dairy cattle and to compare the spa genotypes of S. aureus isolates from IMI to spa genotypes of isolates from extramammary sites. Six herds were visited and from cows with a composite milk somatic cell count ≥200,000 cells/mL quarter milk samples and swabs from various extramammary sites (hock, groin, udder cleft, nares, and feces) were taken. Extramammary site samples were processed by a two-step high salt selective culture and presence of S. aureus was confirmed by femA PCR. S. aureus isolates from milk and extramammary sites were compared by spa typing. The cow level colonization varied from 0% to 73%, and the prevalence of IMI in the sampled cows varied from 0% to 61% between herds. The extramammary site with the highest prevalence of colonization was the hock (23%) and the lowest prevalence of colonization was found for the nares (5%) and feces (5%). Spa typing of S. aureus isolates from either extramammary sites or milk showed that in most herds there were one or two predominant S. aureus spa genotypes present. Different S. aureus spa genotypes could be categorized into three groups based on the distribution between milk or extramammary sites: i) predominantly milk associated, ii) associated with both milk and extramammary sites, and iii) associated with extramammary sites. In conclusion, we showed that the prevalence of extramammary site colonization differed significantly between herds and extramammary sites and that specific S. aureus spa genotypes were associated with milk (IMI) or extramammary site colonization. Extramammary S. aureus reservoirs could be a source for IMI that cannot be eradicated by intervention measures aimed at contagious mastitis pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catharina E Exel
- Department Population Health Sciences, Division Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Kim Gerritsen
- Department Population Health Sciences, Division Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Mirlin Spaninks
- Department Population Health Sciences, Division Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Birgitta Duim
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Gerrit Koop
- Department Population Health Sciences, Division Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Lindert Benedictus
- Department Population Health Sciences, Division Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Luzzago C, Lauzi S, Ehricht R, Monecke S, Corlatti L, Pedrotti L, Piccinini R. Survey of Staphylococcus aureus carriage by free-living red deer (Cervus elaphus): Evidence of human and domestic animal lineages. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1659-e1669. [PMID: 35238483 PMCID: PMC9790211 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen that can affect multiple host species. Evidence of transmission between humans and animals and among different animal species has been reported in recent years. In this study, we investigated 284 free-living red deer (Cervus elaphus) in the Central Italian Alps to assess the prevalence and molecular characteristics of S. aureus in nasal and intestinal samples in relation to host features and environmental factors. A prevalence of 90%, 26.2% and 10.7% of S. aureus was detected in nasal rectal swabs and faeces, respectively. Calves had a higher probability of being S. aureus intestinal carriers than adults, especially in females when considering faecal samples. Clonal complex (CC) 425 was the most prevalent lineage (61.5%). This is a lineage known to be widespread in both domestic and free-living animals. It was followed by CC2671 (15.4%) and CC350 (6.4%). A high rate of the phage-borne virulence factor lukM/lukF-P83 was detected in CC425 and CC350. Further lineages, which are known to occur in both humans and animals, were detected sporadically in red deer faeces only, that is, CC7, CC9, CC121 and CC707, harbouring the genes of the penicillinase operon and a gene for macrolide resistance (CC9 and CC121). Methicillin resistance genes mecA and mecC were not found. Our results suggest that free-living red deer may be reservoir for S. aureus in Alpine habitats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Luzzago
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanItaly,Coordinated Research Center ‘‘EpiSoMI’’Università degli Studi di MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Stefania Lauzi
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Ralf Ehricht
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT)JenaGermany,InfectoGnostics Research CampusJenaGermany,Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich‐Schiller UniversityJenaGermany
| | - Stefan Monecke
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT)JenaGermany,InfectoGnostics Research CampusJenaGermany,Institute for Medical Microbiology and VirologyDresden University HospitalDresdenGermany
| | - Luca Corlatti
- Parco Nazionale dello StelvioBormioItaly,Chair of Wildlife Ecology and ManagementUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | | | - Renata Piccinini
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanItaly
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Noman EA, Radin Mohamed RMS, Al-Gheethi AA, Al-Shaibani MM, Al-Wrafy FA, Al-Maqtari QA, Vo DVN. Antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in greywater: Challenges of the current treatment situation and predictions of future scenario. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113380. [PMID: 35537493 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The current work reviews the quantitative microbiological risk assessment of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in greywater and discusses the international strategies currently used for reducing antimicrobial resistance. The work highlights the countries that have a plan for the treatment and reuse of greywater and the current guidelines used in these countries. The paper also investigates the role of greywater in the distribution of antimicrobial resistance because of antibiotics and ARB. A bibliometric analysis was conducted for the studies on greywater, pathogenic bacteria, and antibiotics. The studies obtained from Scopus database were screened and compared to obtain the data for global antimicrobial resistance in 2000 and 2021. The strategies used by developed countries that led to the reduction in the recorded antimicrobial resistance are also listed. The challenges and limitations associated with the current plans adopted by several countries to minimise the spreading of the antimicrobial resistance are highlighted, while proposed solutions are provided. Two main issues associated with the distribution of antimicrobial resistance are (1) the absence of a plan in developing counties and presence of antimicrobial agents and ARB in the environment and (2) the difficulties in the current treatment technologies used for the removal of these antimicrobial agents from the water and wastewater. Based on the review and discussion, it was concluded that more advanced technologies are required to ensure total elimination of the antimicrobial agents and ARB from the environment. In addition, a new international standard should be drafted for the ARB in the environment, as they differ from the one currently used for medical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Efaq Ali Noman
- Micropollutant Research Centre (MPRC), Institute of Integrated Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia; Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Science, Taiz University, 6350, Taiz, Yemen
| | - Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed
- Micropollutant Research Centre (MPRC), Institute of Integrated Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Adel Ali Al-Gheethi
- Micropollutant Research Centre (MPRC), Institute of Integrated Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Muhanna Mohammed Al-Shaibani
- Micropollutant Research Centre (MPRC), Institute of Integrated Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Fairoz Ali Al-Wrafy
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Science, Taiz University, 6350, Taiz, Yemen
| | | | - Dai-Viet N Vo
- Centre of Excellence for Green Energy and Environmental Nanomaterials (CE@GrEEN), Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City, 755414, Viet Nam
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Diversity and pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitis: current understanding and future perspectives. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:115. [PMID: 35331225 PMCID: PMC8944054 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of bovine mastitis worldwide. Despite some improved understanding of disease pathogenesis, progress towards new methods for the control of intramammary infections (IMI) has been limited, particularly in the field of vaccination. Although herd management programs have helped to reduce the number of clinical cases, S. aureus mastitis remains a major disease burden. This review summarizes the past 16 years of research on bovine S. aureus population genetics, and molecular pathogenesis that have been conducted worldwide. We describe the diversity of S. aureus associated with bovine mastitis and the geographical distribution of S. aureus clones in different continents. We also describe studies investigating the evolution of bovine S. aureus and the importance of host-adaptation in its emergence as a mastitis pathogen. The available information on the prevalence of virulence determinants and their functional relevance during the pathogenesis of bovine mastitis are also discussed. Although traits such as biofilm formation and innate immune evasion are critical for the persistence of bacteria, the current understanding of the key host-pathogen interactions that determine the outcome of S. aureus IMI is very limited. We suggest that greater investment in research into the genetic and molecular basis of bovine S. aureus pathogenesis is essential for the identification of novel therapeutic and vaccine targets.
Collapse
|
8
|
Single-Chain Fragment Variables Targeting Leukocidin ED Can Alleviate the Inflammation of Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Mastitis in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010334. [PMID: 35008761 PMCID: PMC8745144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a vital bovine mastitis pathogen causing huge economic losses to the dairy industry worldwide. In our previous studies, leukotoxin ED (LukED) was detected in most S. aureus strains isolated from bovine mastitis. Here, four single-chain fragment variables (scFvs) (ZL8 and ZL42 targeting LukE, ZL22 and ZL23 targeting LukD) were obtained using purified LukE and LukD proteins as the antigens after five rounds of bio-panning. The complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) of the VH domain of these scFvs exhibited significant diversities. In vitro, the scFvs significantly decreased LukED-induced cell killing by inhibiting the binding of LukED to chemokine receptors (CCR5 and CXCR2) and reduced the death rates of bovine neutrophils and MAC-T cells caused by LukED and S. aureus (p < 0.05). In an S. aureus-induced mouse mastitis model, histopathology and MPO results revealed that scFvs ameliorated the histopathological damages and reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells (p < 0.05). The ELISA and qPCR assays showed that scFvs reduced the transcription and expression levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8 and IL-18 (p < 0.05). The overall results demonstrated the protective anti-inflammatory effect of scFvs in vitro and in vivo, enlightening the potential role of scFvs in the prevention and treatment of S. aureus-induced mastitis.
Collapse
|
9
|
A stochastic modelling approach to determine the effect of diverse Staphylococcus aureus strains on the economic and epidemiological outcomes of mastitis intervention strategies in dairy cattle. Prev Vet Med 2021; 199:105566. [PMID: 34968887 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) strains with considerable genetic and phenotypic differences have previously been identified. The economic and epidemiologic impact of S. aureus mastitis has been investigated, but none of these studies took differences between strains into account. Here we aimed to investigate how differences between S. aureus strains affect the economic and epidemiologic outcome of various intervention strategies against clinical and subclinical intramammary infections. Five S. aureus strains were modelled using a stochastic bio-economic model simulating a dairy herd of 200 cows using single-day time steps. The strain characteristics of the five simulated S. aureus strains (general, contagious, spill-over, clinical and persistent) were based on divergent phenotypes as described in literature. Outcomes of the model included incidence (both clinical and subclinical), number of antibiotic treatment days, number of culled cows, and net income. Intervention strategies against clinical and subclinical intramammary infections were based on (variations of) intramammary antibiotic treatment, testing, and culling. Both single and multiple pathogen (intramammary infection caused by S. aureus, Escherichia coli, and non-aureus staphylococci) scenarios were simulated to determine the effect of the five S. aureus strains on the impact of 19 different intervention strategies. The results showed that the incidence (both clinical and subclinical), number of treatment days, number of culled cows, and net income varied considerably for the different S. aureus strains. Comparison of the model outcomes within and between strains showed that for most intervention strategies the relative impact differed per strain. However, the intervention strategy with the best outcome for most variables and strains was the culling of cows with a recovery probability lower than 50%. This shows that the relative economic and epidemiologic impact of most of the modelled intervention strategies were strain-dependent, while some intervention strategies were not strain-dependent. From this, we conclude that, depending on the intervention strategy applied on a farm, it could be advantageous to type S. aureus to determine whether it would be economically and epidemiologically beneficial for the existing intervention strategy to be changed.
Collapse
|
10
|
Roshan M, Parmanand, Arora D, Behera M, Vats A, Gautam D, Deb R, Parkunan T, De S. Virulence and enterotoxin gene profile of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from bovine mastitis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 80:101724. [PMID: 34826723 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is a major infectious disease affecting dairy animals resulting in enormous economic losses, prolonged antibiotic treatment, reduced milk yield and death of livestock. Emergence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among bovine mastitis is matter of concern for animal health and dairy industry. The present study was conducted to detect the distribution of virulence and enterotoxin genes among MRSA isolates from bovine mastitis. Out of 500 milk samples, 126 isolates were identified as Staphylococcus and from these only 56 were S. aureus. S.aureus were resistant to cefoxitin (75%), ceftazidime (75%), amoxicillin (71.4%), cefodaxime (67.8%), cefepime (66.1%), oxacillin (64.3%), norfloxacin (60.7%) and gentamicin (58.9%). Only 42 isolates were identified as MRSA strains among staphylococci isolates. MRSA were harbouring virulence genes; mecA (100%), coa (100%) and nuc (100%). The other virulence factors such as hlg (80.9%, 34/42), pvl (47.6%, 20/42) and spa (92.8%, 39/42) were also reported. Molecular characterisation of enterotoxin genes revealed that out of 42 tested isolates 11 were found negative (26%) for any enterotoxin gene whereas 7 (16.6%), 6 (14.3%), 18 (42.8%), 1 (2.3%), 26 (61.9%),27(64.2%),3 (7.1%) were found positive for sea, seb, sec, sed, seg, sei, and seq enterotoxin respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Roshan
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Animal Biotechnology Centre, Animal Genomics Lab, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Parmanand
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Animal Biotechnology Centre, Animal Genomics Lab, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Devan Arora
- Referral Veterinary Diagnostic and Extension Centre (Uchani Campus), Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Manisha Behera
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Animal Biotechnology Centre, Animal Genomics Lab, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Ashutosh Vats
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Animal Biotechnology Centre, Animal Genomics Lab, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Devika Gautam
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Animal Biotechnology Centre, Animal Genomics Lab, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Rajib Deb
- ICAR-National Research Center on Pig, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Thulasiraman Parkunan
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Animal Biotechnology Centre, Animal Genomics Lab, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India; Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rajiv Gandhi South Campus, Banaras Hindu University, Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sachinandan De
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Animal Biotechnology Centre, Animal Genomics Lab, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Niedziela DA, Cormican P, Foucras G, Leonard FC, Keane OM. Bovine milk somatic cell transcriptomic response to Staphylococcus aureus is dependent on strain genotype. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:796. [PMID: 34740333 PMCID: PMC8571842 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08135-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mastitis is an economically important disease of dairy cows with Staphylococcus aureus a major cause worldwide. Challenge of Holstein-Friesian cows demonstrated that S. aureus strain MOK124, which belongs to Clonal Complex (CC)151, caused clinical mastitis, while strain MOK023, belonging to CC97, caused mild or subclinical mastitis. The aim of this study was to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the host immune response utilising a transcriptomic approach. Milk somatic cells were collected from cows infected with either S. aureus MOK023 or MOK124 at 0, 24, 48, 72 and 168 h post-infection (hpi) and analysed for differentially expressed (DE) genes in response to each strain. Results In response to MOK023, 1278, 2278, 1986 and 1750 DE genes were found at 24, 48, 72 and 168 hpi, respectively, while 2293, 1979, 1428 and 1544 DE genes were found in response to MOK124 at those time points. Genes involved in milk production (CSN1, CSN10, CSN1S2, CSN2, a-LACTA and PRLR) were downregulated in response to both strains, with a more pronounced decrease in the MOK124 group. Immune response pathways such as NF-κB and TNF signalling were overrepresented in response to both strains at 24 hpi. These immune pathways continued to be overrepresented in the MOK023 group at 48 and 72 hpi, while the Hippo signalling, extracellular matrix interaction (ECM) and tight junction pathways were overrepresented in the MOK124 group between 48 and 168 hpi. Cellular composition analysis demonstrated that a neutrophil response was predominant in response to MOK124, while M1 macrophages were the main milk cell type post-infection in the MOK023 group. Conclusions A switch from immune response pathways to pathways involved in maintaining the integrity of the epithelial cell layer was observed in the MOK124 group from 48 hpi, which coincided with the occurrence of clinical signs in the infected animals. The higher proportion of M1 macrophages in the MOK023 group and lack of substantial neutrophil recruitment in response to MOK023 may indicate immune evasion by this strain. The results of this study highlight that the somatic cell transcriptomic response to S. aureus is dependent on the genotype of the infecting strain. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08135-7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara A Niedziela
- Animal and Bioscience Department, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Paul Cormican
- Animal and Bioscience Department, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - Gilles Foucras
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, UMR1225, F-31076, Toulouse, France
| | - Finola C Leonard
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Orla M Keane
- Animal and Bioscience Department, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Leijon M, Atkins E, Persson Waller K, Artursson K. Longitudinal study of Staphylococcus aureus genotypes isolated from bovine clinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:11945-11954. [PMID: 34454758 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine clinical mastitis is an important problem for the dairy industry, and Staphylococcus aureus is a common mastitis-causing pathogen in many countries. Detailed knowledge on genetic variation of Staph. aureus strains within the bovine population, including changes over time, can be useful for mastitis control programs, because severity of disease and effects on milk production are at least partly strain-associated. Therefore, the major aim of this study was to compare sequence types of Staph. aureus isolated from cases of bovine clinical mastitis from 2002 to 2003 with sequence types of a more recent set of isolates collected from 2013 to 2018, using core genome multi-locus sequence typing (cgMLST). We also wanted to compare antibiotic resistance genes of isolates from the 2 sets, to identify changes that may have occurred over time in the Staph. aureus population. A total of 157 isolates of Staph. aureus, almost equally distributed between the 2 time periods, were subjected to high-throughput sequencing and cgMLST. The results showed that the most prevalent sequence types found among the 2002 to 2003 isolates belonged to the clonal complexes CC97, CC133, and CC151, and that those complexes still dominated among the isolates from 2013 to 2018. However, a population shift from CC133 to CC97 and CC151 over time was observed. Likewise, no important differences in prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes were found between the 2 sets of isolates. As expected, genes belonging to the major facilitator superfamily of transporter proteins, and multidrug and toxic compound extrusion transporters, were very common. Moreover, several genes and mutations conferring resistance to fosfomycin were present, but not in CC97 isolates. The β-lactamase gene blaZ was found in only 3 out of 81 isolates from 2002 to 2003 and 1 out of 76 isolates in 2013 to 2018. In conclusion, the results indicate that mastitis-associated Staph. aureus strains circulating among dairy cows in Sweden exhibit a remarkable genotypic persistence over a time frame of close to 15 yr.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Leijon
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - E Atkins
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - K Persson Waller
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - K Artursson
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Demontier E, Dubé-Duquette A, Brouillette E, Larose A, Ster C, Lucier JF, Rodrigue S, Park S, Jung D, Ruffini J, Ronholm J, Dufour S, Roy JP, Ramanathan S, Malouin F. Relative virulence of Staphylococcus aureus bovine mastitis strains representing the main Canadian spa types and clonal complexes as determined using in vitro and in vivo mastitis models. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:11904-11921. [PMID: 34454755 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the main pathogens leading to both clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis in dairy cattle. Prediction of disease evolution based on the characteristics of Staph. aureus isolates that cause intramammary infections and understanding the host-pathogen interactions may improve management of mastitis in dairy herds. For this study, several strains were selected from each of the 6 major Canadian spa types associated with mastitis (t267, t359, t529, t605, t2445, and t13401). Adherence to host cells and intracellular persistence of these strains were studied using a bovine mammary gland epithelial cell line (MAC-T). Additionally, relative virulence and host response (cytokines production) were also studied in vivo using a mouse model of mastitis. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on all strains and associations between clonal complex, sequence type, and presence of certain virulence factors were also investigated. Results show that spa type t2445 was correlated with persistence in MAC-T cells. Strains from spa t359 and t529 showed better ability to colonize mouse mammary glands. The exception was strain sa3154 (spa t529), which showed less colonization of glands compared with other t359 and t529 strains but possessed the highest number of superantigen genes including tst. All strains possessed hemolysins, but spa types t529 and t2445 showed the largest diameter of β-hemolysis on blood agar plates. Although several spa types possessed 2 or 3 serine-aspartate rich proteins (Sdr) believed to be involved in many pathogenic processes, most t529 strains expressed only an allelic variant of sdrE. The spa types t605 (positive for the biofilm associated protein gene; bap+) and t13401 (bap-), that produced the largest amounts of biofilm in vitro, were the least virulent in vivo. Finally, strains from spa type t529 (ST151) elicited a cytokine expression profile (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-12) that suggests a potential for severe inflammation. This study suggests that determination of the spa type may help predict the severity of the disease and the ability of the immune system to eliminate intramammary infections caused by Staph. aureus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Demontier
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Alexis Dubé-Duquette
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Eric Brouillette
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Audrey Larose
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Céline Ster
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Jean-François Lucier
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Sébastien Rodrigue
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Soyoun Park
- Faculty of agricultural and environmental sciences, Macdonald campus, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Dongyun Jung
- Faculty of agricultural and environmental sciences, Macdonald campus, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Janina Ruffini
- Faculty of agricultural and environmental sciences, Macdonald campus, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Jennifer Ronholm
- Faculty of agricultural and environmental sciences, Macdonald campus, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Simon Dufour
- Département de pathologie et microbiologie and Département de sciences cliniques, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Roy
- Département de pathologie et microbiologie and Département de sciences cliniques, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Sheela Ramanathan
- Département d'immunologie et de biologie cellulaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - François Malouin
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Åvall-Jääskeläinen S, Koort J, Simojoki H, Taponen S. Genomic Analysis of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates Associated With Peracute Non-gangrenous or Gangrenous Mastitis and Comparison With Other Mastitis-Associated Staphylococcus aureus Isolates. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:688819. [PMID: 34305849 PMCID: PMC8297832 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.688819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a highly prevalent cause of mastitis in dairy herds worldwide, capable of causing outcomes that vary from subclinical to peracute gangrenous mastitis. We performed a comparative genomic analysis between 14 isolates of S. aureus, originating from peracute bovine mastitis with very severe signs (9 gangrenous, 5 non-gangrenous) and six isolates originating from subclinical or clinical mastitis with mild to moderate signs, to find differences that could be associated with the clinical outcome of mastitis. Of the 296 virulence factors studied, 219 were detected in all isolates. No difference in the presence of virulence genes was detected between the peracute and control groups. None of the virulence factors were significantly associated with only a single study group. Most of the variation in virulence gene profiles existed between the clonal complexes. Our isolates belonged to five clonal complexes (CC97, CC133, CC151, CC479, and CC522), of which CC522 has previously been detected only in isolates originating from caprine and ovine mastitis, but not from bovine mastitis. For statistical analysis, we sorted the CCs into two groups. The group of CCs including CC133, CC479, and CC522 was associated with gangrenous mastitis, in contrast to the group of CCs including CC97 and CC151. The presence of virulence genes does not explain the clinical outcome of mastitis, but may be affected by allelic variation, and especially different regulation and thus expression in the virulence genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silja Åvall-Jääskeläinen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joanna Koort
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heli Simojoki
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Finland.,Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Taponen
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Saarentaus, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fountain K, Blackett T, Butler H, Carchedi C, Schilling AK, Meredith A, Gibbon MJ, Lloyd DH, Loeffler A, Feil EJ. Fatal exudative dermatitis in island populations of red squirrels ( Sciurus vulgaris): spillover of a virulent Staphylococcus aureus clone (ST49) from reservoir hosts. Microb Genom 2021; 7:000565. [PMID: 34016250 PMCID: PMC8209723 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatal exudative dermatitis (FED) is a significant cause of death of red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) on the island of Jersey in the Channel Islands where it is associated with a virulent clone of Staphylococcus aureus, ST49. S. aureus ST49 has been found in other hosts such as small mammals, pigs and humans, but the dynamics of carriage and disease of this clone, or any other lineage in red squirrels, is currently unknown. We used whole-genome sequencing to characterize 228 isolates from healthy red squirrels on Jersey, the Isle of Arran (Scotland) and Brownsea Island (England), from red squirrels showing signs of FED on Jersey and the Isle of Wight (England) and a small number of isolates from other hosts. S. aureus was frequently carried by red squirrels on the Isle of Arran with strains typically associated with small ruminants predominating. For the Brownsea carriage, S. aureus was less frequent and involved strains associated with birds, small ruminants and humans, while for the Jersey carriage S. aureus was rare but ST49 predominated in diseased squirrels. By combining our data with publicly available sequences, we show that the S. aureus carriage in red squirrels largely reflects frequent but facile acquisitions of strains carried by other hosts sharing their habitat ('spillover'), possibly including, in the case of ST188, humans. Genome-wide association analysis of the ruminant lineage ST133 revealed variants in a small number of mostly bacterial-cell-membrane-associated genes that were statistically associated with squirrel isolates from the Isle of Arran, raising the possibility of specific adaptation to red squirrels in this lineage. In contrast there is little evidence that ST49 is a common carriage isolate of red squirrels and infection from reservoir hosts such as bank voles or rats, is likely to be driving the emergence of FED in red squirrels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kay Fountain
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Tiffany Blackett
- Voluntary Co-ordinator of the JSPCA Animals' Shelter Red Squirrel Disease Surveillance Scheme, JSPCA Animals' Shelter, 89 St Saviours Road, St Helier, Jersey JE2 4GJ, Jersey
| | - Helen Butler
- Wight Squirrel Project, PO Box 33 Nicholson Road, Ryde, Isle of Wight PO33 1BH, UK
| | - Catherine Carchedi
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Anna-Katarina Schilling
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Anna Meredith
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville Campus, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Marjorie J. Gibbon
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - David H. Lloyd
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Anette Loeffler
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Edward J. Feil
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Park S, Ronholm J. Staphylococcus aureus in Agriculture: Lessons in Evolution from a Multispecies Pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e00182-20. [PMID: 33568553 PMCID: PMC7950364 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00182-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a formidable bacterial pathogen that is responsible for infections in humans and various species of wild, companion, and agricultural animals. The ability of S. aureus to move between humans and livestock is due to specific characteristics of this bacterium as well as modern agricultural practices. Pathoadaptive clonal lineages of S. aureus have emerged and caused significant economic losses in the agricultural sector. While humans appear to be a primary reservoir for S. aureus, the continued expansion of the livestock industry, globalization, and ubiquitous use of antibiotics has increased the dissemination of pathoadaptive S. aureus in this environment. This review comprehensively summarizes the available literature on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, genomics, antibiotic resistance (ABR), and clinical manifestations of S. aureus infections in domesticated livestock. The availability of S. aureus whole-genome sequence data has provided insight into the mechanisms of host adaptation and host specificity. Several lineages of S. aureus are specifically adapted to a narrow host range on a short evolutionary time scale. However, on a longer evolutionary time scale, host-specific S. aureus has jumped the species barrier between livestock and humans in both directions several times. S. aureus illustrates how close contact between humans and animals in high-density environments can drive evolution. The use of antibiotics in agriculture also drives the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, making the possible emergence of human-adapted ABR strains from agricultural practices concerning. Addressing the concerns of ABR S. aureus, without negatively affecting agricultural productivity, is a challenging priority.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soyoun Park
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jennifer Ronholm
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Genomic analysis of European bovine Staphylococcus aureus from clinical versus subclinical mastitis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18172. [PMID: 33097797 PMCID: PMC7584570 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75179-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intramammary infections (IMI) with Staphylococcus aureus are a common cause of bovine mastitis and can result in both clinical (CM) or subclinical mastitis (SCM). Although bacterial isolates of S. aureus differ in their virulence potential it is largely unclear which bacterial virulence factors are responsible for increased clinical severity. We performed a genome wide association study and used a generalized linear mixed model to investigate the correlation between gene carriage, lineage and clinical outcome of IMI in a collection of S. aureus isolates from cattle with CM (n = 125) and SCM (n = 151) from 11 European countries. An additional aim was to describe the genetic variation of bovine S. aureus in Europa. The dominant lineages in our collection were clonal complex (CC) 151 (81/276, 29.3%), CC97 (54/276, 19.6%), CC479 (32/276, 11.6%) and CC398 (19/276, 6.9%). Virulence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) gene carriage was highly associated with CC. Among a selection of nine virulence and AMR genes, CC151, CC479 and CC133 carried more virulence genes than other CCs, and CC398 was associated with AMR gene carriage. Whereas CC151, CC97 were widespread in Europe, CC479, CC398 and CC8 were only found in specific countries. Compared to CC151, CC479 was associated with CM rather than SCM (OR 3.62; 95% CI 1.38-9.50) and the other CCs were not. Multiple genes were associated with CM, but due to the clustering within CC of carriage of these genes, it was not possible to differentiate between the effect of gene carriage and CC on clinical outcome of IMI. Nevertheless, this study demonstrates that characterization of S. aureus CC and virulence genes helps to predict the likelihood of the occurrence of CM following S. aureus IMI and highlights the potential benefit of diagnostics tools to identify S. aureus CC during bovine mastitis.
Collapse
|
18
|
G. Abril A, G. Villa T, Barros-Velázquez J, Cañas B, Sánchez-Pérez A, Calo-Mata P, Carrera M. Staphylococcus aureus Exotoxins and Their Detection in the Dairy Industry and Mastitis. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090537. [PMID: 32825515 PMCID: PMC7551672 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus constitutes a major food-borne pathogen, as well as one of the main causative agents of mastitis in dairy ruminants. This pathogen can produce a variety of extracellular toxins; these include the shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1), exfoliative toxins, staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE), hemolysins, and leukocidins. S. aureus expresses many virulence proteins, involved in evading the host defenses, hence facilitating microbial colonization of the mammary glands of the animals. In addition, S. aureus exotoxins play a role in the development of both skin infections and mastitis. Indeed, if these toxins remain in dairy products for human consumption, they can cause staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) outbreaks. As a result, there is a need for procedures to identify the presence of exotoxins in human food, and the methods used must be fast, sensitive, reliable, and accurate. It is also essential to determine the best medical therapy for human patients suffering from S. aureus infections, as well as establishing the relevant veterinary treatment for infected ruminants, to avoid economic losses in the dairy industry. This review summarizes the role of S. aureus toxins in the development of mastitis in ruminants, their negative effects in the food and dairy industries, and the different methods used for the identification of these toxins in food destined for human consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana G. Abril
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15898 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Tomás G. Villa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15898 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Correspondence: (T.G.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Jorge Barros-Velázquez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (J.B.-V.); (P.C.-M.)
| | - Benito Cañas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Angeles Sánchez-Pérez
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Pilar Calo-Mata
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (J.B.-V.); (P.C.-M.)
| | - Mónica Carrera
- Department of Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Marine Research Institute (IIM), 36208 Vigo, Spain
- Correspondence: (T.G.V.); (M.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rimoldi SG, Pileri P, Mazzocco MI, Romeri F, Bestetti G, Calvagna N, Tonielli C, Fiori L, Gigantiello A, Pagani C, Magistrelli P, Sartani A, De Silvestri A, Gismondo MR, Cetin I. The Role of Staphylococcus aureus in Mastitis : A Multidisciplinary Working Group Experience. J Hum Lact 2020; 36:503-509. [PMID: 31593644 DOI: 10.1177/0890334419876272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breastfeeding women are at risk of developing mastitis during the lactation period. Staphylococcus aureus has emerged as the community-acquired pathogen responsible for virulence (methicillin resistance and Panton-Valentine leukocidin toxin producing). RESEARCH AIM The aim was to compare the microorganisms responsible for mastitis and breast abscesses during breastfeeding. METHODS This observational study was conducted with a sample of women (N = 60) admitted to our hospital between 2016 and 2018. Participants affected by mastitis and breast abscess were studied and cared for by a multidisciplinary working group. A diagnostic breast ultrasound identified the pathology. RESULTS Twenty-six participants (43.3%) were affected by mastitis and 34 (56.7%) by breast abscess. The most common microorganism identified was Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus; mastitis, n = 13; abscesses, n = 24). Methicillin resistance was identified in 21 (44.7%) S. aureus strains: 17 (80.9%) cases of abscess and four (19.1%) cases of mastitis. The median number of months of breastfeeding was smaller in the methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) cases (median = 3, range = 1-20 months) than in the methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) cases (median = 6.5, range = 3-21 months). The Panton-Valentine leukocidin toxin gene was detected in 12 (25.5%) cases (MRSA, n = 8, 66.7%; MSSA, n = 4, 33.3%). Hospitalization was required more frequently in MRSA (n = 8, 38%; five Panton-Valentine leukocidin positive) than in MSSA cases (n = 5, 19%; one Panton-Valentine leukocidin positive). Four women out of the eight MRSA cases (50%) that were Panton-Valentine leukocidin positive stopped breastfeeding during mammary pathologies, three (37.5%) participants continued breastfeeding until the follow-up recall, and one case was lost at follow-up. CONCLUSION Clinical severity was probably complicated by the presence of the Panton-Valentine leukocidin toxin, which required hospitalization more frequently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paola Pileri
- 472674 ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco-Polo Universitario, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Romeri
- 472674 ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco-Polo Universitario, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Claudia Tonielli
- 472674 ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco-Polo Universitario, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenza Fiori
- 472674 ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco-Polo Universitario, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Gigantiello
- 472674 ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco-Polo Universitario, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Pagani
- 472674 ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco-Polo Universitario, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Irene Cetin
- 472674 ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco-Polo Universitario, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Leukotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12040231. [PMID: 32272577 PMCID: PMC7232309 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
|
21
|
Activation of a Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cell Line by Ruminant-Associated Staphylococcus aureus is Lineage Dependent. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120688. [PMID: 31842337 PMCID: PMC6955728 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is a costly disease to the dairy industry and intramammary infections (IMI) with Staphylococcus aureus are a major cause of mastitis. Staphylococcus aureus strains responsible for mastitis in cattle predominantly belong to ruminant-associated clonal complexes (CCs). Recognition of pathogens by bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMEC) plays a key role in activation of immune responsiveness during IMI. However, it is still largely unknown to what extent the bMEC response differs according to S. aureus CC. The aim of this study was to determine whether ruminant-associated S. aureus CCs differentially activate bMEC. For this purpose, the immortalized bMEC line PS was stimulated with S. aureus mastitis isolates belonging to four different clonal complexes (CCs; CC133, CC479, CC151 and CC425) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) release was measured as indicator of activation. To validate our bMEC model, we first stimulated PS cells with genetically modified S. aureus strains lacking (protein A, wall teichoic acid (WTA) synthesis) or expressing (capsular polysaccharide (CP) type 5 or type 8) factors expected to affect S. aureus recognition by bMEC. The absence of functional WTA synthesis increased IL-8 release by bMEC in response to bacterial stimulation compared to wildtype. In addition, bMEC released more IL-8 after stimulation with S. aureus expressing CP type 5 compared to CP type 8 or a strain lacking CP expression. Among the S. aureus lineages, isolates belonging to CC133 induced a significantly stronger IL-8 release from bMEC than isolates from the other CCs, and the IL-8 response to CC479 was higher compared to CC151 and CC425. Transcription levels of IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), serum amyloid A3 (SAA3), Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) in bMEC after bacterial stimulation tended to follow a similar pattern as IL-8 release, but there were no significant differences between the CCs. This study demonstrates a differential activation of bMEC by ruminant-associated CCs of S. aureus, which may have implications for the severity of mastitis during IMI by S. aureus belonging to these lineages.
Collapse
|
22
|
The in vitro host cell immune response to bovine-adapted Staphylococcus aureus varies according to bacterial lineage. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6134. [PMID: 30992458 PMCID: PMC6467978 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42424-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is the most economically important disease affecting dairy cattle worldwide. Staphylococcus aureus is a highly prevalent cause of mastitis, causing infections ranging from sub-clinical to gangrenous. However, the interaction between the genotype of the infecting strain of S. aureus and the host response remains largely uncharacterised. To better understand the variation in presentation and outcomes of S. aureus-mediated bovine mastitis, we studied the interaction of a panel of mastitis isolates from several prominent bovine-associated lineages with bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMEC) and neutrophils. Significant differences in immune gene expression by infected primary or immortalised bMEC, or their elaboration of neutrophil chemoattractants, were observed and were dependent on the lineage of the infecting strain. Differences were also apparent in the invasiveness of S. aureus strains and their ability to survive killing by neutrophils. Our results demonstrate that a range of immune responses occur, suggesting the importance of S. aureus strain in dictating mastitis disease course. S. aureus lineages may therefore have adopted differing strategies for exploitation of the intramammary niche. Consequently, improved diagnosis of infecting lineage may enable better prognosis for S. aureus mastitis and reduce morbidity and economic loss.
Collapse
|
23
|
Hoekstra J, Rutten VPMG, van den Hout M, Spaninks MP, Benedictus L, Koop G. Differences between Staphylococcus aureus lineages isolated from ovine and caprine mastitis but not between isolates from clinical or subclinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5430-5437. [PMID: 30981476 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important mastitis pathogen, causing both clinical mastitis (CM) and subclinical mastitis (SCM) in small ruminants. In general, CM has a low incidence in sheep and goats but can be very severe and costly. In contrast, subclinical mastitis (SCM) is common but is associated with less cost. For both sheep and goats, S. aureus is the main cause of CM and is associated with SCM cases with a high SCC. Recently, specific lineages of S. aureus have been identified that are associated with CM rather than SCM in dairy cows. It is unknown whether specific S. aureus lineages are associated with CM in goats and sheep. The aim of this study was to compare the clonal complex (CC), staphylococcal protein A (spa) type, leukocidin lukM-lukF' presence, and potential to produce LukMF' in vitro between CM and SCM S. aureus mastitis isolates obtained from sheep and goats. Differences between isolates from different host species were also compared. Ovine (CM, n = 12; SCM, n = 29) and caprine (CM, n = 14; SCM, n = 30) isolates were obtained from 8 sheep flocks and 8 goat herds in the Netherlands. Overall, the isolates belonged to CC133 (85%), CC398 (7%), CC425 (5%), and CC45 (2%). Seventeen spa types were found, including 6 novel types; the predominant types were t2678 (34%), t544 (18%), and t3583 (18%). Although CC133 was dominant among both sheep and goat isolates, spa type CC133/t2678 was associated with ovine isolates, whereas CC133/t544 and CC133/t3583 were found mostly in goats. The presence of lukM-lukF' among the S. aureus isolates was high (87%), especially in CC133 (96%) and CC425 (100%), but the genes were absent in CC45 and CC398. In vitro-cultured lukM-lukF'-positive isolates produced LukM (71 out of 74 positive isolates tested) in the range of 0.4 to 5.0 µg/mL. Interestingly, the goat-associated lineages CC133/t544 and CC133/t3583 produced more LukM in vitro than the sheep-associated CC133/t2678. We found no difference in LukMF' production potential between CM and SCM isolates. In sheep as well as in goats, no association was found between genotype and CM or SCM, demonstrating that the same lineages of S. aureus are responsible for both CM and SCM. These results suggest that subclinically infected animals in a herd or flock likely act as the reservoir of S. aureus causing CM. This highlights the importance of early identification and control of SCM and suggests that controlling SCM within a herd is an effective intervention to prevent CM in small ruminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Hoekstra
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - V P M G Rutten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - M van den Hout
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - M P Spaninks
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - L Benedictus
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - G Koop
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Keane OM. Symposium review: Intramammary infections-Major pathogens and strain-associated complexity. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:4713-4726. [PMID: 30827546 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Intramammary infection (IMI) is one of the most costly diseases to the dairy industry. It is primarily due to bacterial infection and the major intramammary pathogens include Escherichia coli, Streptococcus uberis, and Staphylococcus aureus. The severity and outcome of IMI is dependent on several host factors including innate host resistance, energy balance, immune status, parity, and stage of lactation. Additionally, the infecting organism can influence the host immune response and progression of disease. It is increasingly recognized that not only the infecting pathogen species, but also the strain, can affect the transmission, severity, and outcome of IMI. For each of 3 major IMI-associated pathogens, S. aureus, Strep. uberis, and E. coli, specific strains have been identified that are adapted to the intramammary environment. Strain-dependent variation in the host immune response to infection has also been reported. The diversity of strains associated with IMI must be considered if vaccines effective against the full repertoire of mammary pathogenic strains are to be developed. Although important advances have been made recently in understanding the molecular mechanism underpinning strain-specific virulence, further research is required to fully elucidate the cellular and molecular pathogenesis of mammary adapted strains and the role of the strain in influencing the pathophysiology of infection. Improved understanding of molecular pathogenesis of strains associated with bovine IMI will contribute to the development of new control strategies, therapies, and vaccines. The development of enabling technologies such as pathogenomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics can facilitate system-level studies of strain-specific molecular pathogenesis and the identification of key mediators of host-pathogen interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O M Keane
- Animal and Bioscience Department, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland C15 PW93.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Partial prediction of the duration and the clinical status of Staphylococcus aureus bovine intramammary infections based on the phenotypic and genotypic analysis of isolates. Vet Microbiol 2019; 228:188-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
26
|
Côté-Gravel J, Malouin F. Symposium review: Features of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis pathogenesis that guide vaccine development strategies. J Dairy Sci 2018; 102:4727-4740. [PMID: 30580940 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bovine mastitis affects animal health and welfare and milk production and quality, and it challenges the economic success of dairy farms. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most commonly found pathogens in clinical mastitis but it also causes subclinical, persistent, and difficult-to-treat intramammary infections. Because of the failure of conventional antibiotic treatments and increasing pressure and concern from experts and consumers over the use of antibiotics in the dairy industry, many attempts have been made over the years to develop a vaccine for the prevention and control of Staph. aureus intramammary infections. Still, no commercially available vaccine formulation demonstrates sufficient protection and cost-effective potential. Multiple factors account for the lack of protection, including inadequate vaccine targets, high diversity among mastitis-provoking strains, cow-to-cow variation in immune response, and a failure to elicit an immune response that is appropriate for protection against a highly complex pathogen. The purpose of this review is to summarize key concepts related to the pathogenesis of Staph. aureus, and its interaction with the host, as well as to describe recent vaccine development strategies for prevention and control of Staph. aureus mastitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Côté-Gravel
- Centre d'Étude et de Valorisation de la Diversité Microbienne (CEVDM), Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada, J1K 2R1
| | - François Malouin
- Centre d'Étude et de Valorisation de la Diversité Microbienne (CEVDM), Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada, J1K 2R1.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mekonnen SA, Lam TJGM, Hoekstra J, Rutten VPMG, Tessema TS, Broens EM, Riesebos AE, Spaninks MP, Koop G. Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk samples of dairy cows in small holder farms of North-Western Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:246. [PMID: 30139356 PMCID: PMC6107951 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1558-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus is a contagious, opportunistic pathogen that causes clinical or subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle. The genetic background and antimicrobial resistance of isolates from Ethiopian dairy farms has not been studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize S. aureus from Ethiopian hand milked dairy cows, by spa, MLST and virulence factor typing, and by assessment of antimicrobial susceptibility. A total of 79 S. aureus isolates from intramammary infections was studied. A PCR was used to detect lukM-lukF’ and pvl genes encoding the bovine and human associated bi-component leukocidins, and the toxic shock syndrome toxin gene-1 (tst). Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the broth microdilution method. Results Twenty different spa types were identified, most isolates were t042 (58%), and the closely related t15786 (11%). The proportion of isolates positive for lukM-lukF’, tst and pvl was low at 0.04, 0.10 and 0.09 respectively, with lukM-lukF’ often co-occurring with tst, but not with pvl. Methicillin-resistance was not found, but resistance to penicillin/ampicillin (86%) and tetracycline (54%) was very common. Conclusions We found a high degree of relatedness among bovine S. aureus isolates in North-Western Ethiopia, suggesting contagious within and between farm transmission of strains that are often resistant to commonly used antimicrobials. This highlights the need for effective preventive measures that aim at limiting transmission of bacteria rather than using antimicrobials to control S. aureus mastitis in Ethiopia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1558-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Mekonnen
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584, CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - T J G M Lam
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584, CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,GD Animal Health, P.O. Box 9, 7400 AA, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - J Hoekstra
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584, CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - V P M G Rutten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | - T S Tessema
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - E M Broens
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A E Riesebos
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584, CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M P Spaninks
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - G Koop
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584, CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|