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Kachi K, Sato T, Nagasawa M, Cann I, Atomi H. The Lreu_1276 protein from Limosilactobacillus reuteri represents a third family of dihydroneopterin triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolases in bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024:e0081424. [PMID: 38888337 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00814-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydrofolate is a cofactor involved in C1 metabolism including biosynthesis pathways for adenine and serine. In the classical tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis pathway, the steps removing three phosphate groups from the precursor 7,8-dihydroneopterin triphosphate (DHNTP) remain unclear in many bacteria. DHNTP pyrophosphohydrolase hydrolyzes pyrophosphate from DHNTP and produces 7,8-dihydroneopterin monophosphate. Although two structurally distinct DHNTP pyrophosphohydrolases have been identified in the intestinal bacteria Lactococcus lactis and Escherichia coli, the distribution of their homologs is limited. Here, we aimed to identify a third DHNTP pyrophosphohydrolase gene in the intestinal lactic acid bacterium Limosilactobacillus reuteri. In a gene operon including genes involved in dihydrofolate biosynthesis, we focused on the lreu_1276 gene, annotated as Ham1 family protein or XTP/dITP diphosphohydrolase, as a candidate encoding DHNTP pyrophosphohydrolase. The Lreu_1276 recombinant protein was prepared using E. coli and purified. Biochemical analyses of the reaction product revealed that the Lreu_1276 protein displays significant pyrophosphohydrolase activity toward DHNTP. The optimal reaction temperature and pH were 35°C and around 7, respectively. Substrate specificity was relatively strict among 17 tested compounds. Although previously characterized DHNTP pyrophosphohydrolases prefer Mg2+, the Lreu_1276 protein exhibited maximum activity in the presence of Mn2+, with a specific activity of 28.2 ± 2.0 µmol min-1 mg-1 in the presence of 1 mM Mn2+. The three DHNTP pyrophosphohydrolases do not share structural similarity to one another, and the distribution of their homologs does not overlap, implying that the Lreu_1276 protein represents a third structurally novel DHNTP pyrophosphohydrolase in bacteria. IMPORTANCE The identification of a structurally novel DHNTP pyrophosphohydrolase in L. reuteri provides valuable information in understanding tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis in bacteria that possess lreu_1276 homologs. Interestingly, however, even with the identification of a third family of DHNTP pyrophosphohydrolases, there are still a number of bacteria that do not harbor homologs for any of the three genes while possessing other genes involved in the biosynthesis of the pterin ring structure. This suggests the presence of an unrecognized DHNTP pyrophosphohydrolase gene in bacteria. As humans do not harbor DHNTP pyrophosphohydrolase, the high structural diversity of enzymes responsible for a reaction in tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis may provide an advantage in designing inhibitors targeting a specific group of bacteria in the intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaede Kachi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takaaki Sato
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Integrated Research Center for Carbon Negative Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Maina Nagasawa
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Isaac Cann
- Department of Animal Science, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Haruyuki Atomi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Integrated Research Center for Carbon Negative Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Shrestha A, Mehdizadeh Gohari I, Li J, Navarro M, Uzal FA, McClane BA. The biology and pathogenicity of Clostridium perfringens type F: a common human enteropathogen with a new(ish) name. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024:e0014023. [PMID: 38864615 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00140-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYIn the 2018-revised Clostridium perfringens typing classification system, isolates carrying the enterotoxin (cpe) and alpha toxin genes but no other typing toxin genes are now designated as type F. Type F isolates cause food poisoning and nonfoodborne human gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, which most commonly involve type F isolates carrying, respectivefooly, a chromosomal or plasmid-borne cpe gene. Compared to spores of other C. perfringens isolates, spores of type F chromosomal cpe isolates often exhibit greater resistance to food environment stresses, likely facilitating their survival in improperly prepared or stored foods. Multiple factors contribute to this spore resistance phenotype, including the production of a variant small acid-soluble protein-4. The pathogenicity of type F isolates involves sporulation-dependent C. perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) production. C. perfringens sporulation is initiated by orphan histidine kinases and sporulation-associated sigma factors that drive cpe transcription. CPE-induced cytotoxicity starts when CPE binds to claudin receptors to form a small complex (which also includes nonreceptor claudins). Approximately six small complexes oligomerize on the host cell plasma membrane surface to form a prepore. CPE molecules in that prepore apparently extend β-hairpin loops to form a β-barrel pore, allowing a Ca2+ influx that activates calpain. With low-dose CPE treatment, caspase-3-dependent apoptosis develops, while high-CPE dose treatment induces necroptosis. Those effects cause histologic damage along with fluid and electrolyte losses from the colon and small intestine. Sialidases likely contribute to type F disease by enhancing CPE action and, for NanI-producing nonfoodborne human GI disease isolates, increasing intestinal growth and colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Shrestha
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Iman Mehdizadeh Gohari
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jihong Li
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mauricio Navarro
- Instituto de Patologia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Francisco A Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, San Bernardino, California, USA
| | - Bruce A McClane
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Ou L, Ye B, Sun M, Qi N, Li J, Lv M, Lin X, Cai H, Hu J, Song Y, Chen X, Zhu Y, Yin L, Zhang J, Liao S, Zhang H. Mechanisms of intestinal epithelial cell damage by Clostridiumperfringens. Anaerobe 2024; 87:102856. [PMID: 38609034 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2024.102856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens, a Gram-positive bacterium, causes intestinal diseases in humans and livestock through its toxins, related to alpha toxin (CPA), beta toxin (CPB), C. perfringens enterotoxin (CPE), epsilon toxin (ETX), Iota toxin (ITX), and necrotic enteritis B-like toxin (NetB). These toxins disrupt intestinal barrier, leading to various cell death mechanisms such as necrosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis. Additionally, non-toxin factors like adhesins and degradative enzymes contribute to virulence by enhancing colonization and survival of C. perfringens. A vicious cycle of intestinal barrier breach, misregulated cell death, and subsequent inflammation is at the heart of chronic inflammatory and infectious gastrointestinal diseases. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for developing targeted therapies against C. perfringens-associated intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanxin Ou
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, China
| | - Bijin Ye
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, China
| | - Mingfei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Nanshan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Minna Lv
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xuhui Lin
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Haiming Cai
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Junjing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yongle Song
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiangjie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yibin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Lijun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jianfei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Shenquan Liao
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Haoji Zhang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528225, China.
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4
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Gao S, Wang Y, Yuan S, Zuo J, Jin W, Shen Y, Grenier D, Yi L, Wang Y. Cooperation of quorum sensing and central carbon metabolism in the pathogenesis of Gram-positive bacteria. Microbiol Res 2024; 282:127655. [PMID: 38402726 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS), an integral component of bacterial communication, is essential in coordinating the collective response of diverse bacterial pathogens. Central carbon metabolism (CCM), serving as the primary metabolic hub for substances such as sugars, lipids, and amino acids, plays a crucial role in the life cycle of bacteria. Pathogenic bacteria often utilize CCM to regulate population metabolism and enhance the synthesis of specific cellular structures, thereby facilitating in adaptation to the host microecological environment and expediting infection. Research has demonstrated that QS can both directly or indirectly affect the CCM of numerous pathogenic bacteria, thus altering their virulence and pathogenicity. This article reviews the interplay between QS and CCM in Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria, details the molecular mechanisms by which QS modulates CCM, and lays the groundwork for investigating bacterial pathogenicity and developing innovative infection treatment drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China; Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China; Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Shuo Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China; Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Jing Zuo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China; Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Wenjie Jin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China; Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Yamin Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China; Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Li Yi
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang 471003, China; College of Life Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China.
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China; Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang 471003, China.
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5
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Kadekar D, Udrea AC, Bak SY, Christensen N, Gibbs K, Shen C, Bernardeau M. Cell-Free Culture Supernatant of Lactobacillus acidophilus AG01 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis AG02 Reduces the Pathogenicity of NetB-Positive Clostridium perfringens in a Chicken Intestinal Epithelial Cell Line. Microorganisms 2024; 12:839. [PMID: 38674783 PMCID: PMC11052021 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The worldwide reduction in the use of antibiotics in animal feed is fueling the need for alternatives for the prevention and control of poultry intestinal diseases such as necrotic enteritis (NE), which is caused by Clostridium perfringens. This is the first report on the use of an intestinal epithelial chicken cell line (CHIC-8E11) to study the pathogenic traits of C. perfringens and to investigate the mode of action of cell-free supernatants (CFS) from probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus AG01 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis AG02 in reducing the pathogenicity of C. perfringens. The cell adhesion, permeability and cytotoxicity were assessed under challenge with four C. perfringens strains isolated from broiler NE episodes of differing geographical origin (CP1-UK; CP10-Sweden; 25037-CP01 and CP22-USA). All the C. perfringens strains could adhere to the CHIC-8E11 cells, with varying affinity (0.05-0.48% adhesion across the strains). The CFS from one out of two strains (CP22) increased the cell permeability (+4.5-fold vs. the control, p < 0.01), as measured by the fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FD4) content, with NetB toxin implicated in this effect. The CFS from all the strains was cytotoxic against the CHIC-8E11 cells in a dose- and strain-dependent manner (cytotoxicity 23-62% across the strains when dosed at 50 µL/mL, as assessed by the MTT cell viability assay). Pre-treatment of the cells with CFS from B. animalis subsp. lactis AG02 but not L. acidophilus AG01 reduced the cell adhesion of three out of four C. perfringens strains (by 77-85% vs. the control, p < 0.001) and reduced the negative effect of two NetB-positive strains on the cell permeability. The CFS of both probiotics alleviated the cytotoxicity of all the C. perfringens strains, which was dependent on the dose. The results confirm the suitability of the CHIC-8E11 cell line for the study of host-pathogen cell interactions in the context of NE caused by C. perfringens and reveal a beneficial mode of action of B. animalis subsp. lactis AG02 in reducing C. perfringens cell adhesion and, together with L. acidophilus AG01, in reducing C. perfringens cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshana Kadekar
- Gut Immunology Lab, R&D, Health & Biosciences, IFF, 8220 Brabrand, Denmark (A.C.U.)
| | | | - Steffen Yde Bak
- IFF Advanced Analysis, R&D, ET, IFF, 8220 Brabrand, Denmark; (S.Y.B.); (N.C.)
| | - Niels Christensen
- IFF Advanced Analysis, R&D, ET, IFF, 8220 Brabrand, Denmark; (S.Y.B.); (N.C.)
| | - Kirsty Gibbs
- Danisco Animal Nutrition, IFF, 2342 BH Oegstgeest, The Netherlands;
| | - Chong Shen
- Gut Immunology Lab, R&D, Health & Biosciences, IFF, 8220 Brabrand, Denmark (A.C.U.)
| | - Marion Bernardeau
- Danisco Animal Nutrition, IFF, 2342 BH Oegstgeest, The Netherlands;
- Agro-Food Department, Normandy University, UNICAEN, ABTE, 14000 Caen, France
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6
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Reffo I, Domini M, Cevolani M, Del Fabro G, Rufolo D, Venturini S, Pinciroli L, Tonin D, Avolio M, Crapis M, Basaglia G, Balbi M, Nadalin G. Clostridium perfringens-induced massive hemolysis treatment with blood purification to target toxins: a case report. CEN Case Rep 2024:10.1007/s13730-024-00857-3. [PMID: 38436873 DOI: 10.1007/s13730-024-00857-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens can rarely cause severe systemic infections, usually from an abdominal source, associated with massive hemolysis, which is usually fatal. Hemolytic anemia and acute renal injury resulting from toxin action are critical for the development of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODs), making this condition a real emergency, requiring multispecialty skills and aggressive multimodal therapies. We herein describe a case of septic shock from acute cholecystitis with massive hemolysis caused by C. perfringens in a 55 year-old man that was successfully treated with early blood purification and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) along with antibiotic therapy and surgery. The effect of the enormous amount of toxins produced by Clostridium which elicit a strong cytokine response and the damage caused by the hemolysis products are the main pathogenetic mechanisms of this rare but lethal clinical entity. The main goal of treatment is to remove toxins from plasma, block toxin action, and further production by achieving bacterial killing with antimicrobial agents and controlling the infectious focus, remove waste products and prevent or limit multiorgan damage. Blood purification techniques play an important role due to a strong pathophysiological rationale, as they can remove toxins and cytokines as well as cell-free products from plasma and also replace renal function. Although this condition is rare and robust data are lacking, blood purification techniques for C. perfringens-induced massive hemolysis are promising and should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Reffo
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Department, Azienda Sanitaria Friuli Occidentale "Santa Maria Dei Battuti" Hospital, Via Savorgnano 2, San Vito al Tagliamento, 33078, Pordenone, Italy.
| | - M Domini
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Department, Azienda Sanitaria Friuli Occidentale "Santa Maria Dei Battuti" Hospital, Via Savorgnano 2, San Vito al Tagliamento, 33078, Pordenone, Italy
| | - M Cevolani
- Internal Medicine Department, Azienda Sanitaria Friuli Occidentale "Santa Maria dei Battuti" Hospital, San Vito al Tagliamento, Pordenone, Italy
| | - G Del Fabro
- Infectious Diseases Department, Azienda Sanitaria Friuli Occidentale "Santa Maria degli Angeli" Hospital, Pordenone, Italy
| | - D Rufolo
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Department, Azienda Sanitaria Friuli Occidentale "Santa Maria Dei Battuti" Hospital, Via Savorgnano 2, San Vito al Tagliamento, 33078, Pordenone, Italy
| | - S Venturini
- Infectious Diseases Department, Azienda Sanitaria Friuli Occidentale "Santa Maria degli Angeli" Hospital, Pordenone, Italy
| | - L Pinciroli
- General Surgery Department, Azienda Sanitaria Friuli Occidentale "Santa Maria dei Battuti" Hospital, San Vito Al Tagliamento, Pordenone, Italy
| | - D Tonin
- General Surgery Department, Azienda Sanitaria Friuli Occidentale "Santa Maria dei Battuti" Hospital, San Vito Al Tagliamento, Pordenone, Italy
| | - M Avolio
- Microbiology Department, Azienda Sanitaria Friuli Occidentale "Santa Maria degli Angeli" Hospital, Pordenone, Italy
| | - M Crapis
- Infectious Diseases Department, Azienda Sanitaria Friuli Occidentale "Santa Maria degli Angeli" Hospital, Pordenone, Italy
| | - G Basaglia
- Microbiology Department, Azienda Sanitaria Friuli Occidentale "Santa Maria degli Angeli" Hospital, Pordenone, Italy
| | - M Balbi
- Internal Medicine Department, Azienda Sanitaria Friuli Occidentale "Santa Maria dei Battuti" Hospital, San Vito al Tagliamento, Pordenone, Italy
| | - G Nadalin
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Department, Azienda Sanitaria Friuli Occidentale "Santa Maria Dei Battuti" Hospital, Via Savorgnano 2, San Vito al Tagliamento, 33078, Pordenone, Italy
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7
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Young SM, Woode RA, Williams EC, Ericsson AC, Clarke LL. Fecal dysbiosis and inflammation in intestinal-specific Cftr knockout mice on regimens preventing intestinal obstruction. Physiol Genomics 2024; 56:247-264. [PMID: 38073491 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00077.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic intestinal inflammation is a poorly understood manifestation of cystic fibrosis (CF), which may be refractory to ion channel CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulator therapy. People with CF exhibit intestinal dysbiosis, which has the potential for stimulating intestinal and systemic inflammation. CFTR is expressed in organ epithelia, leukocytes, and other tissues. Here, we investigate the contribution of intestinal epithelium-specific loss of Cftr [iCftr knockout (KO)] to dysbiosis and inflammation in mice treated with either of two antiobstructive dietary regimens necessary to maintain CF mouse models [polyethylene glycol (PEG) laxative or a liquid diet (LiqD)]. Feces collected from iCftr KO mice and their wild-type (WT) sex-matched littermates were used to measure fecal calprotectin to evaluate inflammation and to perform 16S rRNA sequencing to characterize the gut microbiome. Fecal calprotectin was elevated in iCftr KO relative to WT mice that consumed either PEG or LiqD. PEG iCftr KO mice did not show a change in α diversity versus WT mice but demonstrated a significant difference in microbial composition (β diversity) with included increases in the phylum Proteobacteria, the family Peptostreptococcaceae, four genera of Clostridia including C. innocuum, and the mucolytic genus Akkermansia. Fecal microbiome analysis of LiqD-fed iCftr KO mice showed both decreased α diversity and differences in microbial composition with increases in the Proteobacteria family Enterobacteriaceae, Firmicutes families Clostridiaceae and Peptostreptococcaceae, and enrichment of Clostridium perfringens, C. innocuum, C. difficile, mucolytic Ruminococcus gnavus, and reduction of Akkermansia. It was concluded that epithelium-specific loss of Cftr is a major driver of CF intestinal dysbiosis and inflammation with significant similarities to previous studies of pan Cftr KO mice.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Chronic intestinal inflammation is a manifestation of cystic fibrosis (CF), a disease caused by loss of the anion channel CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) that is expressed in many tissues. This study shows that intestinal epithelial cell-specific loss of CFTR [inducible Cftr knockout (KO)] in mice is sufficient to induce intestinal dysbiosis and inflammation. Experiments were performed on mice consuming two dietary regimens routinely used to prevent obstruction in CF mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Young
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri Comparative Medicine Program, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Rowena A Woode
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Estela C Williams
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Aaron C Ericsson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri Comparative Medicine Program, Columbia, Missouri, United States
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri Metagenomics Center, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Lane L Clarke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
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8
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Moore RJ. Necrotic enteritis and antibiotic-free production of broiler chickens: Challenges in testing and using alternative products. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 16:288-298. [PMID: 38371475 PMCID: PMC10869589 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The global trend towards raising broiler chickens without the use of in-feed antibiotics (IFAs) means that there is an ongoing need to develop alternative treatments capable of delivering the benefits that IFAs previously provided. IFAs supported the productivity performance of chickens and played a key role in maintaining their health. Necrotic enteritis (NE) is an important disease of broilers that affects health, productivity, and welfare, and was previously well controlled by IFAs. However, with the reduction in IFA use, NE is resurgent in some countries. Vaccines and various feed additives, including pre-, pro-, and postbiotics, phytobiotics, fatty acids, and phage therapies have been introduced as alternative methods of NE control. While some of these feed additives have specific activity against the NE pathogen, Clostridium perfringens, most have the more general goal of reinforcing gut health. Extensive reviews of the effects of many of these feed additives on gut health have been published recently. Hence, rather than cover previously well reviewed areas of research this review focuses on the challenges and pitfalls in undertaking experimental assessment of alternative NE treatments and translating laboratory research to real world commercial production settings. The review is based on the author's particular experience, reading, thoughts, and analysis of the available information and inevitably presents a particular understanding that is likely to be at odds with others thinking on these issues. It is put forward to stimulate thinking and discussion on the issues covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Moore
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
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9
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Zhang T, Wang X, Li W, Wang H, Yan L, Zhao L, Zhang X, Wang N, An W, Liu T, Fan W, Zhang B. Clostridium perfringens α toxin damages the immune function, antioxidant capacity and intestinal health and induces PLCγ1/AMPK/mTOR pathway-mediated autophagy in broiler chickens. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26114. [PMID: 38420466 PMCID: PMC10900427 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens α toxin is generated by all types of C. perfringens and is closely related to necrotic enteritis in poultry. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of α toxin on immune function, antioxidant capacity, intestinal health and the underlying mechanisms in broiler chickens. A total of 144 twenty-day-old broiler chickens were randomly assigned to four treatments. On d 21, the birds were intraperitoneally injected with PBS (control group) or α toxin at 0.025, 0.1 or 0.4 U/kg of body weight. Samples were collected at 3 h and 24 h post injection (p.i.). Results showed that α toxin challenge linearly decreased the average daily gain during the 3 days after infection and decreased plasma IgA and IgM levels 3 h p.i. Plasma diamine oxidase and d-lactate levels were linearly elevated by α toxin challenge at 3 h p.i. and 24 h p.i. Alpha toxin challenge linearly decreased plasma and jejunal mucosal catalase, glutathione peroxidase and total superoxide dismutase activities at 3 h p.i. and linearly decreased glutathione peroxidase and total superoxide dismutase activities at 24 h p.i. The ileal villus height to crypt depth ratio decreased linearly with increasing α toxin levels at 3 h p.i. and 24 h p.i. Alpha toxin challenge linearly elevated jejunal IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor α mRNA expression at 3 h p.i. Additionally, α toxin challenge linearly reduced the jejunal claudin-1, claudin-3 and zonula occludens 1 mRNA expression at 3 h p.i. and the claudin-3, occludin and zonula occludens 1 mRNA expression at 24 h p.i. What's more, α toxin linearly increased the jejunal PLCγ1, AMPKα1 and ATG5 mRNA expression and linearly decreased the mTOR mRNA expression. In conclusion, C. perfringens α toxin challenge decreased body weight gain, impaired immune function, antioxidant capacity and intestinal health, and induced PLCγ1/AMPK/mTOR pathway-mediated autophagy. The recommended intraperitoneal injection dose for moderate injury was 0.1 U/kg of body weight and the recommended sampling time was 3 h p.i. in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Wenli Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Heliang Wang
- Qingdao Sino-science Gene Technology Co., Ltd, Qingdao, 266114, China
| | - Lei Yan
- Shandong New Hope Liuhe Group, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Lianwen Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xiaowen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Nianxue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Wendong An
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Tongyue Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Wenlei Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
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10
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Asadollahi P, Kalani BS. Novel toxin-based mRNA vaccine against Clostridium perfringens using in silico approaches. Toxicon 2024; 238:107584. [PMID: 38185287 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a bacterium that causes gastrointestinal diseases in humans and animals. The several powerful toxins such as alpha toxin (CPA), beta toxin (CPB), enterotoxin (CPE), Epsilon toxin (ETX), and theta toxin, play a major role in its pathogenesis. Traditional vaccine development methods are time-consuming and costly. In silico approaches offer an alternative strategy for designing vaccines by analyzing biological data and predicting immunogenic peptides. In this study, computational tools were utilized to design a RNA vaccine targeting C. perfringens toxins. Toxin protein sequences were retrieved and their linear B-cell, MHCI, and MHCII binding epitopes were predicted. Allergenicity, toxigenicity, and IFN-γ induction were assessed to select non-allergenic, non-toxic, and IFN-γ-inducing epitopes. Molecular docking was performed to identify epitopes that fit within the binding cleft of MHC alleles. A final peptide vaccine construct was designed with selected epitopes separated by a linker sequence. The antigenicity and physicochemical properties of the vaccine were evaluated. Immune response simulation showed enhanced secondary and tertiary immune responses, increased levels of immunoglobulins, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, helper T lymphocytes, macrophage activity, and elevated levels IFN-γ and interleukin-2. Docking analysis was done to assess interactions between the vaccine structure and Toll-like receptors. Codon optimization was performed, and a final RNA vaccine construct was designed. The secondary structure of the RNA vaccine was predicted and validated. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of in silico approaches for designing an RNA vaccine against C. perfringens toxins, contributing to improved prevention and control of associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Asadollahi
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Behrooz Sadeghi Kalani
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
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11
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Gautam H, Ayalew LE, Shaik NA, Subhasinghe I, Popowich S, Chow-Lockerbie B, Dixon A, Ahmed KA, Tikoo SK, Gomis S. Exploring the predictive power of jejunal microbiome composition in clinical and subclinical necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens: insights from a broiler chicken model. J Transl Med 2024; 22:80. [PMID: 38243294 PMCID: PMC10799374 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04728-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Necrotic enteritis (NE) is a severe intestinal infection that affects both humans and poultry. It is caused by the bacterium Clostridium perfringens (CP), but the precise mechanisms underlying the disease pathogenesis remain elusive. This study aims to develop an NE broiler chicken model, explore the impact of the microbiome on NE pathogenesis, and study the virulence of CP isolates with different toxin gene combinations. METHODS This study established an animal disease model for NE in broiler chickens. The methodology encompassed inducing abrupt protein changes and immunosuppression in the first experiment, and in the second, challenging chickens with CP isolates containing various toxin genes. NE was evaluated through gross and histopathological scoring of the jejunum. Subsequently, jejunal contents were collected from these birds for microbiome analysis via 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, followed by sequence analysis to investigate microbial diversity and abundance, employing different bioinformatic approaches. RESULTS Our findings reveal that CP infection, combined with an abrupt increase in dietary protein concentration and/or infection with the immunosuppressive variant infectious bursal disease virus (vIBDV), predisposed birds to NE development. We observed a significant decrease (p < 0.0001) in the abundance of Lactobacillus and Romboutsia genera in the jejunum, accompanied by a notable increase (p < 0.0001) in Clostridium and Escherichia. Jejunal microbial dysbiosis and severe NE lesions were particularly evident in birds infected with CP isolates containing cpa, netB, tpeL, and cpb2 toxin genes, compared to CP isolates with other toxin gene combinations. Notably, birds that did not develop clinical or subclinical NE following CP infection exhibited a significantly higher (p < 0.0001) level of Romboutsia. These findings shed light on the complex interplay between CP infection, the gut microbiome, and NE pathogenesis in broiler chickens. CONCLUSION Our study establishes that dysbiosis within the jejunal microbiome serves as a reliable biomarker for detecting subclinical and clinical NE in broiler chicken models. Additionally, we identify the potential of the genera Romboutsia and Lactobacillus as promising candidates for probiotic development, offering effective alternatives to antibiotics in NE prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemlata Gautam
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Lisanework E Ayalew
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Noor Ahmad Shaik
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Iresha Subhasinghe
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Shelly Popowich
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Betty Chow-Lockerbie
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Alexa Dixon
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Khawaja Ashfaque Ahmed
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Suresh K Tikoo
- Vaccinology and Immunotherapy, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, 5D40 Health Sciences, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Susantha Gomis
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada.
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12
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Ibrahim GA, Altammar KA. Moringa oleifera as a potential antimicrobial against pathogenic Clostridium perfringens isolates in farm animals. Open Vet J 2024; 14:242-255. [PMID: 38633192 PMCID: PMC11018413 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Clostridium perfringens (CP) is an emerging anaerobic pathogen that can aggravate severe fatal infections in different hosts and livestock. Aim This paper was designed to monitor the antibacterial efficacy of Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) plant against different CP isolates of variant toxin genotypes comparing that with commercial antibiotics in the veterinary field. Methods A total of 200 examined fecal, intestinal, and liver samples from cattle, sheep, and goats were investigated bacteriologically and biochemically for CP. Then, the isolates were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for toxin gene typing. Thereafter, the antimicrobial susceptibility testing as well as the antibacterial efficacy of M. oleifera were evaluated and statistically analyzed against recovered isolates. Results The prevalence rate of CP was 51% (102/200); of which 54.5% was from cattle, 50% from sheep, and 40% from goat. Moreover, all CP isolates were highly resistant to tetracycline and lincomycin drugs; meanwhile, they were of the least resistance against ciprofloxacin (8.3%-16.7%), cefotaxime (16.7%-25%), and gentamycin (26.7%-33.3%). For M. oleifera, high antibacterial efficacy with greater inhibition zones of the plant was recorded with its oil (20-24 mm) and ethanolic extracts (16-20 mm) against CP than the aqueous extract (≤ 10 mm). A good correlation was stated between M. oleifera oil and toxin type of CP isolates particularly type A followed by D and B types. Interestingly, the oil and ethanolic extracts of M. oleifera gave higher antibacterial efficacy than most commercial antibiotics against the recovered isolates. Conclusion This study highlighted the potent antibacterial properties of M. oleifera for suppressing CP isolated from farm animals; hence, more investigations on M. oleifera are suggested to support its use as a medical herbal plant substituting antibiotics hazards and resistance problems worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada A. Ibrahim
- Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Bacteriology Department, Ismailia Branch, Egypt
| | - Khadijah A. Altammar
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
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13
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Finnie JW. Clostridium perfringens Type D Epsilon Toxin Causes Blood-Retinal Barrier Microvascular Damage and Diffuse Retinal Vasogenic Oedema. Vet Sci 2023; 11:2. [PMID: 38275918 PMCID: PMC10818779 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon toxin (ETX) causes severe retinal microvascular endothelial injury in the rat. The resulting blood-retinal barrier (BRB) breakdown leads to increased vascular permeability, which was detected immunohistochemically by the extravasation of plasma albumin as a vascular tracer, and ensuing severe, diffuse, vasogenic retinal oedema. This microvascular damage was also confirmed by a loss of endothelial barrier antigen, a marker of an intact BRB in rats. Since similar microvascular lesions are found in EXT-exposed laboratory rodent and sheep brains, and the BRB resembles the BBB, they are also likely to occur in the eyes of naturally epsilon-intoxicated sheep and goats, but this remains to be determined. Moreover, while retinal oedema is a common and important component of many human and veterinary ocular disorders, more effective treatments are required. Accordingly, the retinal vasogenic oedema reliably and reproducibly induced by ETX in rats provides a useful model in which to study the pathogenesis of retinal oedema development and evaluate its prevention or amelioration by putative pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Finnie
- Division of Research and Innovation, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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14
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Herrera G, Vega L, Camargo A, Patarroyo MA, Ramírez JD, Muñoz M. Acquisition site-based remodelling of Clostridium perfringens- and Clostridioides difficile-related gut microbiota. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 102:102074. [PMID: 37832162 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, anaerobic sporulating bacillus which can infect several hosts, thereby being considered the causative agent of many gut illnesses. Some studies have suggested that C. perfringens's virulence factors may negatively affect gut microbiota homeostasis by decreasing beneficial bacteria; however, studies have failed to evaluate the simultaneous presence of other pathogenic bacteria, such as C. difficile (another sporulating bacillus known to play a role in gut microbiota imbalance). Conscious of the lack of compelling data, this work has ascertained how such microorganisms' coexistence can be associated with a variation in gut microbiota composition, compared to that of C. perfringens colonisation. METHODS PCR was thus used for identifying C. perfringens and C. difficile in 98 samples. Amplicon-based sequencing of 16S- and 18S-rRNA genes' V4 hypervariable region from such samples was used for determining the microbiota's taxonomical composition and diversity. RESULTS Small differences were observed in bacterial communities' taxonomic composition and diversity; such imbalance was mainly associated with groups having hospital-acquired diarrhoea. CONCLUSION The alterations reported herein may have been influenced by C. difficile and diarrhoea acquisition site, despite C. perfringens' ability to cause alterations in microbiota due to its virulence factors. Our findings highlight the need for a holistic view of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanny Herrera
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología -UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia
| | - Laura Vega
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología -UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia
| | - Anny Camargo
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología -UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia; Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Boyacá, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Manuel Alfonso Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia (FIDIC), Bogotá D.C. 111321, Colombia; Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá D.C. 111321, Colombia; Health Sciences Division, Main Campus, Universidad Santo Tomás, Bogotá D.C. 110231, Colombia
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología -UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia; Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Marina Muñoz
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología -UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111221, Colombia.
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15
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Young SM, Woode RA, Williams E, Ericsson A, Clarke LL. Fecal Dysbiosis and Inflammation in Intestinal-Specific Cftr Knockout Mice on Regimens Preventing Intestinal Obstruction. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.24.550378. [PMID: 37546931 PMCID: PMC10402002 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.24.550378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic intestinal inflammation is a poorly understood manifestation of Cystic Fibrosis (CF), which may be refractory to ion channel CFTR modulator therapy. People with CF exhibit intestinal dysbiosis which has potential for stimulating intestinal and systemic inflammation. CFTR is expressed in organ epithelia and in the leukocyte population. Here, we investigate the contribution of intestinal epithelial-specific loss of Cftr (iCftr KO) to dysbiosis and inflammation in mice treated with either of two anti-obstructive dietary regimens necessary to maintain CF mouse models (PEG laxative or a liquid diet, LiqD). Feces collected from iCftr KO mice and their wildtype (WT) sex-matched littermates were used to measure fecal calprotectin and to perform 16S rRNA sequencing to characterize the gut microbiome. Fecal calprotectin was elevated in iCftr KO relative to WT samples of mice consuming either PEG or LiqD. PEG iCftr KO mice did not show a change in α-diversity versus WT but demonstrated a significant difference in microbial composition (β-diversity) with increases in phylum Proteobacteria , family Peptostreptococcaceae , four genera of Clostridia including C. innocuum , and mucolytic genus Akkermansia . Fecal microbiome analysis of LiqD iCftr KO mice showed both decreased α-diversity and differences in microbial composition with increases in Proteobacteria family Enterobacteriaceae , Firmicutes families Clostridiaceae and Peptostreptococcaceae , and enrichment of Clostridium perfringens , C. innocuum , C. difficile , mucolytic Ruminococcus gnavus , and reduction of Akkermansia . It was concluded that epithelial-specific loss of Cftr is a major driver of CF intestinal dysbiosis and inflammation with significant similarities to previous studies of global Cftr KO mice. New and noteworthy Chronic intestinal inflammation is a manifestation of cystic fibrosis (CF), a disease caused by loss of the anion channel CFTR that is expressed in many tissues. This study shows that intestinal epithelial cell-specific loss of CFTR (iCftr KO) in mice is sufficient to induce intestinal dysbiosis and inflammation. Studies were performed on mice consuming either dietary regimen (PEG laxative or liquid diet) routinely used to prevent obstruction in CF mice.
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16
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Koike H, Kanda M, Yoshikawa S, Hayashi H, Matsushima Y, Ohba Y, Hayashi M, Nagano C, Otsuka K, Kamiie J, Sasamoto T. Proteomic identification and quantification of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin using a stable isotope-labelled peptide via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicol 2023; 41:249-259. [PMID: 36773219 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-023-00660-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Detection of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) in human stool is critical evidence of food poisoning. However, processing patient-derived samples is difficult and very few methods exist to confirm the presence of CPE. In this study, a technique was developed using proteomic analysis to identify and quantify CPE in artificial gut fluid as an alternative. METHODS The standard CPE was spiked into artificial gut fluids, and effective methods were developed by employing both a stable isotope-labelled internal standard peptide and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). RESULTS Proteotypic peptide EILDLAAATER formed by tryptic digestion was selected for quantitation of CPE. The peptide was identified using product ion spectra. Although the nontoxic peptides originating from CPE showed very low detectability in extraction and tryptic digestion, they could be detected with sufficient sensitivity using the method we developed. Based on a spiked recovery test at two concentrations (50 and 200 µg/kg), the recovery values were 85 and 78%, respectively. The relative standard deviations of repeatability and within-laboratory reproducibility were less than 8 and 11%, respectively. These standard deviations satisfied the criteria of the Japanese validation guidelines for residues (MHLW 2010, Director Notice, Syoku-An No. 1224-1). The limit of quantification (LOQ) was estimated to be 50 µg/kg. The combination of the product ion spectra and relative ion ratio supported CPE identification at the LOQ level. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of proteomic analysis of CPE using LC-MS/MS. The method would greatly help in assessing CPE reliably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Koike
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1, Hyakunin-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan.
| | - Maki Kanda
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1, Hyakunin-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Souichi Yoshikawa
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1, Hyakunin-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hayashi
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1, Hyakunin-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Yoko Matsushima
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1, Hyakunin-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Yumi Ohba
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1, Hyakunin-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Momoka Hayashi
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1, Hyakunin-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Chieko Nagano
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1, Hyakunin-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Kenji Otsuka
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1, Hyakunin-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Junichi Kamiie
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71, Fuchinobe, Chuo-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Takeo Sasamoto
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1, Hyakunin-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
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17
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Li J, Pradhan A, McClane BA. NanJ Is the Major Sialidase for Clostridium perfringens Type F Food Poisoning Strain 01E809. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0005323. [PMID: 37212696 PMCID: PMC10269042 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00053-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens type F strains cause food poisoning (FP) when they sporulate and produce C. perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) in the intestines. Most type F FP strains carry a chromosomal cpe gene (c-cpe strains). C. perfringens produces up to three different sialidases, named NanH, NanI, and NanJ, but some c-cpe FP strains carry only nanJ and nanH genes. This study surveyed a collection of such strains and showed that they produce sialidase activity when cultured in Todd-Hewitt broth (TH) (vegetative cultures) or modified Duncan-Strong (MDS) medium (sporulating cultures). Sialidase null mutants were constructed in 01E809, a type F c-cpe FP strain carrying the nanJ and nanH genes. Characterization of those mutants identified NanJ as the major sialidase of 01E809 and showed that, in vegetative and sporulating cultures, nanH expression affects nanJ expression and vice versa; those regulatory effects may involve media-dependent changes in transcription of the codY or ccpA genes but not nanR. Additional characterization of these mutants demonstrated the following: (i) NanJ contributions to growth and vegetative cell survival are media dependent, with this sialidase increasing 01E809 growth in MDS but not TH; (ii) NanJ enhances 24-h vegetative cell viability in both TH and MDS cultures; and (iii) NanJ is important for 01E809 sporulation and, together with NanH, CPE production in MDS cultures. Lastly, NanJ was shown to increase CPE-induced cytotoxicity and CH-1 pore formation in Caco-2 cells. Collectively, these results suggest that NanJ may have a contributory role in FP caused by type F c-cpe strains that carry the nanH and nanJ genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Li
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Arhat Pradhan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bruce A. McClane
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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18
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Grenda T, Jarosz A, Sapała M, Grenda A, Patyra E, Kwiatek K. Clostridium perfringens-Opportunistic Foodborne Pathogen, Its Diversity and Epidemiological Significance. Pathogens 2023; 12:768. [PMID: 37375458 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The C. perfringens species is associated with various environments, such as soils, sewage, and food. However, it is also a component of the gastrointestinal (GI) microflora (i.e., microbiota) of sick and healthy humans and animals. C. perfringens is linked with different systemic and enteric diseases in livestock and humans, such as gas gangrene, food poisoning, non-foodborne diarrhoea, and enterocolitis. The strains of this opportunistic pathogen are known to secrete over 20 identified toxins that are considered its principal virulence factors. C. perfringens belongs to the anaerobic bacteria community but can also survive in the presence of oxygen. The short time between generations, the multi-production capability of toxins and heat-resistant spores, the location of many virulence genes on mobile genetic elements, and the inhabitance of this opportunistic pathogen in different ecological niches make C. perfringens a very important microorganism for public health protection. The epidemiological evidence for the association of these strains with C. perfringens-meditated food poisoning and some cases of non-foodborne diseases is very clear and well-documented. However, the genetic diversity and physiology of C. perfringens should still be studied in order to confirm the importance of suspected novel virulence traits. A very significant problem is the growing antibiotic resistance of C. perfringens strains. The aim of this review is to show the current basic information about the toxins, epidemiology, and genetic and molecular diversity of this opportunistic pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Grenda
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feeding Stuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Jarosz
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feeding Stuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Magdalena Sapała
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feeding Stuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Anna Grenda
- Department of Pneumonology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University in Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewelina Patyra
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feeding Stuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kwiatek
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feeding Stuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute in Pulawy, Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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Giannitti F, García JP, Adams V, Armendano JI, Beingesser J, Rood JI, Uzal FA. Experimental acute Clostridium perfringens type D enterotoxemia in sheep is not characterized by specific renal lesions. Vet Pathol 2023:3009858231171669. [PMID: 37177792 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231171669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Type D enterotoxemia, caused by Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (ETX), is one of the most economically important clostridial diseases of sheep. Acute type D enterotoxemia is characterized by well-documented lesions in the nervous, cardiocirculatory, and pulmonary systems. However, discrepancies and confusion exist as to whether renal lesions are part of the spectrum of lesions of this condition, which is controversial considering that for many decades it has been colloquially referred to as "pulpy kidney disease." Here, the authors assess renal changes in an experimental model of acute type D enterotoxemia in sheep and evaluate the possible role of ETX in their genesis. Four groups of 6 sheep each were intraduodenally inoculated with either a wild-type virulent C. perfringens type D strain, an etx knockout mutant unable to produce ETX, the etx mutant strain complemented with the wild-type etx gene that regains the ETX toxin production, or sterile culture medium (control group). All sheep were autopsied less than 24 hours after inoculation; none of them developed gross lesions in the kidneys. Ten predefined histologic renal changes were scored in each sheep. The proportion of sheep with microscopic changes and their severity scores did not differ significantly between groups. Mild intratubular medullary hemorrhage was observed in only 2 of the 12 sheep inoculated with the wild-type or etx-complemented bacterial strains, but not in the 12 sheep of the other 2 groups. The authors conclude that no specific gross or histologic renal lesions are observed in sheep with experimental acute type D enterotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorge P García
- Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vicki Adams
- Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joaquín I Armendano
- Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juliann Beingesser
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratoy, University of California at Davis, San Bernardino, CA
| | | | - Francisco A Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratoy, University of California at Davis, San Bernardino, CA
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Rogers AP, Mileto SJ, Lyras D. Impact of enteric bacterial infections at and beyond the epithelial barrier. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:260-274. [PMID: 36175770 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00794-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The mucosal lining of the gut has co-evolved with a diverse microbiota over millions of years, leading to the development of specialized mechanisms to actively limit the invasion of pathogens. However, some enteric microorganisms have adapted against these measures, developing ways to hijack or overcome epithelial micro-integrity mechanisms. This breach of the gut barrier not only enables the leakage of host factors out of circulation but can also initiate a cascade of detrimental systemic events as microbiota, pathogens and their affiliated secretions passively leak into extra-intestinal sites. Under normal circumstances, gut damage is rapidly repaired by intestinal stem cells. However, with substantial and deep perturbation to the gut lining and the systemic dissemination of gut contents, we now know that some enteric infections can cause the impairment of host regenerative processes. Although these local and systemic aspects of enteric disease are often studied in isolation, they heavily impact one another. In this Review, by examining the journey of enteric infections from initial establishment to systemic sequelae and how, or if, the host can successfully repair damage, we will tie together these complex interactions to provide a holistic overview of the impact of enteric infections at and beyond the epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh P Rogers
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steven J Mileto
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dena Lyras
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Huang J, Zhao B, Liu T, Kang L, Li J, Guo Z, Chen M, Gao S, Wang J, Li Y, Wang J, Xin W. Statins as Potential Preventative Treatment of ETX and Multiple Pore-Forming Toxin-Induced Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065414. [PMID: 36982489 PMCID: PMC10048941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Epsilon toxin (ETX), produced by type B and D strains of Clostridium perfringens, can cause fatal enterotoxaemia in ruminant animals, particularly sheep, cattle, and goats. Previous studies show that the cytotoxicity of ETX is dependent on the integrity of lipid rafts, the maintenance of which is ensured by cholesterol. Zaragozic acid (ZA) is a statin drug that reduces the synthesis of squalene, which is responsible for cholesterol synthesis. In this study, ZA significantly reduced the toxicity of ETX in Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. We show that ZA does not affect the binding of ETX to MDCK cells, but propidium iodide staining (PI) and Western blotting confirmed that ZA significantly disrupts the ability of ETX to form pores or oligomers in MDCK cells. Additionally, ZA decreased the phosphatidylserine exposure on the plasma membrane and increased the Ca2+ influx of the cells. Results of density gradient centrifugation suggest that ZA decreased the number of lipid rafts in MDCK membranes, which probably contributed to the attenuation of pore-formation. Moreover, ZA protected mice against ETX in vivo. All mice pre-treated with ZA for 48 h before exposure to an absolute lethal dose of ETX (6400 ng/kg) survived. In summary, these findings provide an innovative method to prevent ETX intoxication. Considering many pore-forming toxins require lipid rafts, we tested and found ZA also inhibited the toxicity of other toxins such as Clostridium perfringens Net B and β-toxin (CPB) and Staphylococcus aureus α-hemolysin (Hla). We expect ZA can thus be developed as a broad-spectrum medicine for the treatment of multiple toxins. In addition, other statins, such as lovastatin (LO), also reduced the toxicity of ETX. These findings indicate that statin medicines are potential candidates for preventing and treating multiple toxin-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Life Science Institute, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Baohua Zhao
- Life Science Institute, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Lin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zishuo Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Shan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yanwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jinglin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (W.X.)
| | - Wenwen Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (W.X.)
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Uzal FA, Navarro MA, Asin J, Boix O, Ballarà-Rodriguez I, Gibert X. Clostridial diarrheas in piglets: A review. Vet Microbiol 2023; 280:109691. [PMID: 36870204 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens type C and Clostridioides difficile are the main enteric clostridial pathogens of swine and are both responsible for neonatal diarrhea in this species. The role of Clostridum perfringes type A is under discussion. History, clinical signs, gross lesions and histological findings are the basis for a presumptive diagnosis of C. perfringens type C or C. difficile infection. Confirmation is based upon detection of beta toxin of C. perfringens type C or toxin A/B of C. difficile, respectively, in intestinal contents or feces. Isolation of C. perfringens type C and/or C. difficile is highly suggestive of infection by these microorganisms but it is not enough to confirm a diagnosis as they may be found in the intestine of some healthy individuals. Diagnosis of C. perfringens type A-associated diarrhea is more challenging because the diagnostic criteria have not been well defined and the specific role of alpha toxin (encoded by all strains of this microorganism) and beta 2 toxin (produced by some type A strains) is not clear. The goal of this paper is to describe the main clostridial enteric diseases of piglets, including etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, pathology and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, 105 W Central Ave, San Bernardino, CA 92408, USA.
| | - Mauricio A Navarro
- Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Javier Asin
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, 105 W Central Ave, San Bernardino, CA 92408, USA
| | - Oriol Boix
- HIPRA, Avda. la Selva 135, CP 17170 Amer (Girona), Spain
| | | | - Xavier Gibert
- HIPRA, Avda. la Selva 135, CP 17170 Amer (Girona), Spain
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Cai X, Peng Y, Li M, Qiu Y, Wang Y, Xu L, Hou Q. Comparative genomic analyses of the clinically-derived Winkia strain NY0527: the reassignment of W. neuii subsp. neuii and W. neuii subsp. antitratus into two separate species and insights into their virulence characteristics. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1147469. [PMID: 37152761 PMCID: PMC10160630 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1147469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Winkia neuii, previously known as Actinomyces neuii, is increasingly recognized as a causative agent of various human infections, while its taxonomy and genomic insights are still understudied. Methods A Winkia strain NY0527 was isolated from the hip abscess of a patient, and its antibiotic susceptibility was assessed. The genome was hybrid assembled from long-reads and short-reads sequencing. Whole-genome-based analyses on taxa assignment, strain diversity, and pathogenesis were conducted. Results The strain was found to be highly susceptible to beta-lactam antibiotics, but resistant to erythromycin, clindamycin, and amikacin. The complete genome sequences of this strain were assembled and found to consist of a circular chromosome and a circular plasmid. Sequence alignment to the NCBI-nt database revealed that the plasmid had high sequence identity (>90%) to four Corynebacterium plasmids, with 40-50% query sequence coverage. Furthermore, the plasmid was discovered to possibly originate from the sequence recombination events of two Corynebacterium plasmid families. Phylogenomic tree and genomic average nucleotide identity analyses indicated that many Winkia sp. strains were still erroneously assigned as Actinomyces sp. strains, and the documented subspecies within W. neuii should be reclassified as two separate species (i.e., W. neuii and W. anitratus). The core genome of each species carried a chromosome-coded beta-lactamase expression repressor gene, which may account for their broadly observed susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics in clinical settings. Additionally, an ermX gene that expresses fluoroquinolone resistance was shared by some W. neuii and W. anitratus strains, possibly acquired by IS6 transposase-directed gene transfer events. In contrast, tetracycline resistance genes were exclusively carried by W. neuii strains. In particular, W. neuii was found to be more pathogenic than W. anitratus by encoding more virulence factors (i.e., 35-38 in W. neuii vs 27-31 in W. anitratus). Moreover, both species encoded two core pathogenic virulence factors, namely hemolysin and sialidase, which may facilitate their infections by expressing poreformation, adhesion, and immunoglobulin deglycosylation activities. Conclusion This study highlights the underappreciated taxonomic diversity of Winkia spp. and provides populational genomic insights into their antibiotic susceptibility and pathogenesis for the first time, which could be helpful in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of Winkia spp. infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunchao Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yao Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yifeng Qiu
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Long Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Long Xu,
| | - Qi Hou
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- International Cancer Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory, Hematology Institution of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Long Xu,
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Characterization of NanR Regulation of Sialidase Production, Sporulation and Enterotoxin Production by Clostridium perfringens Type F Strains Carrying a Chromosomal Enterotoxin Gene. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120872. [PMID: 36548769 PMCID: PMC9788507 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens type F food poisoning (FP) strains produce C. perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) to cause a common bacterial food-borne illness in the United States. During FP, CPE is synthesized in the intestines when C. perfringens sporulates. Besides CPE, FP strains also produce sialidases. Most FP strains carry their cpe gene on the chromosome and all surveyed chromosomal cpe (c-cpe) FP strains produce NanH sialidase or both NanJ and NanH sialidases. NanR has been shown previously to regulate sialidase activity in non-FP strains. The current study investigated whether NanR also regulates sialidase activity or influences sporulation and CPE production for c-cpe FP strains SM101 and 01E809. In sporulation medium, the SM101 nanR null mutant showed lower sialidase activity, sporulation, and CPE production than its wild-type parent, while the 01E809 nanR null mutant showed roughly similar sialidase activity, sporulation, and CPE production as its parent. In vegetative medium, the nanR null mutants of both strains produced more spores than their parents while NanR repressed sialidase activity in SM101 but positively regulated sialidase activity in 01E809. These results demonstrate that NanR regulates important virulence functions of c-cpe strains, with this control varying depending on strain and culture conditions.
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25
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Moustafa S, Zakaria I, Moustafa A, AboSakaya R, Selim A. Molecular epidemiology and genetic characterization of Clostridium perfringens infections in lambs. Microb Pathog 2022; 173:105822. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Multifaceted role of synbiotics as nutraceuticals, therapeutics and carrier for drug delivery. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 368:110223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Tavelli R, Callens M, Grootaert C, Abdallah MF, Rajkovic A. Foodborne pathogens in the plastisphere: Can microplastics in the food chain threaten microbial food safety? Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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28
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An allergist's approach to food poisoning. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2022; 130:444-451. [PMID: 36334721 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2022.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne illnesses represent a significant global health concern. These preventable diseases lead to substantial mortality and morbidity worldwide. Substantial overlap with food allergy exists with similar clinical presentations and symptom onset. Knowledge of the typically implicated microorganisms and toxins can help properly identify these diseases. A thorough history is essential to differentiate between these 2 disorders. The types of food implicated may be similar including milk, egg, fish, and shellfish. The timing of symptom onset may overlap and lead to misdiagnosis of disorders such as food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome. Classically, histamine-related food poisoning is also typically confused with true food allergy and may be seen as related to fish and cheese. Knowledge of epidemiology, patterns, and etiology of allergic conditions and foodborne illness may help the allergist differentiate among these common diseases.
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Wu D, Luo R, Gong G, Zhang L, Huang J, Cai C, Li Y, Irshad I, Song R, Suolang S. Antimicrobial susceptibility and multilocus sequence typing of Clostridium perfringens isolated from yaks in Qinghai-Tibet plateau, China. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1022215. [DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1022215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) is an opportunistic pathogen that cause necrotic enteritis, food poisoning and even death in animals. In this study, we explored the prevalence, antibiotic resistance and genetic diversity of Clostridium perfringens isolated from yak in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau, China. A total of 744 yak fecal samples were collected and assessed for toxin genes, antimicrobial susceptibility and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Results indicated that 144 out of 744 (19.35%) yak fecal samples were tested to be positive for C. perfringens, 75% (n = 108, 108/144) were C. perfringens type A, 17.36% (n = 25, 25/144) were C. perfringens type C, 2.78% (n = 4, 4/144) were C. perfringens type D, and 4.86% (n = 7, 7/144) were C. perfringens type F. In addition, 2.78% (n = 4, 4/144) of the isolates were positive for cpb2 toxin gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that 98.61% (142/144) of the isolates showed multiple-antibiotic resistance. According to MLST and phylogenetic tree, 144 yak-derived C. perfringens isolates had an average of 12.95 alleles and could be divided into 89 sequence types (STs) and clustered in 11 clonal complexes (CCs). The most of isolates belong to type A with a considerable genetic diversity, having Simpson index up to 0.9754. MLST and phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolates under the same clade came from multiple regions. Cross-transmission among isolates and interconnectedness were observed in the genetic evolution. According to the study, the most of the isolates exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial resistance, diverse alleles, and multiple lethal toxin genes of C. perfringens.
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Soto LF, Romaní AC, Jiménez-Avalos G, Silva Y, Ordinola-Ramirez CM, Lopez Lapa RM, Requena D. Immunoinformatic analysis of the whole proteome for vaccine design: An application to Clostridium perfringens. Front Immunol 2022; 13:942907. [PMID: 36110855 PMCID: PMC9469472 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.942907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is a dangerous bacterium and known biological warfare weapon associated with several diseases, whose lethal toxins can produce necrosis in humans. However, there is no safe and fully effective vaccine against C. perfringens for humans yet. To address this problem, we computationally screened its whole proteome, identifying highly immunogenic proteins, domains, and epitopes. First, we identified that the proteins with the highest epitope density are Collagenase A, Exo-alpha-sialidase, alpha n-acetylglucosaminidase and hyaluronoglucosaminidase, representing potential recombinant vaccine candidates. Second, we further explored the toxins, finding that the non-toxic domain of Perfringolysin O is enriched in CTL and HTL epitopes. This domain could be used as a potential sub-unit vaccine to combat gas gangrene. And third, we designed a multi-epitope protein containing 24 HTL-epitopes and 34 CTL-epitopes from extracellular regions of transmembrane proteins. Also, we analyzed the structural properties of this novel protein using molecular dynamics. Altogether, we are presenting a thorough immunoinformatic exploration of the whole proteome of C. perfringens, as well as promising whole-protein, domain-based and multi-epitope vaccine candidates. These can be evaluated in preclinical trials to assess their immunogenicity and protection against C. perfringens infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F. Soto
- Escuela Profesional de Genética y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Ana C. Romaní
- Escuela Profesional de Genética y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Gabriel Jiménez-Avalos
- Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Laboratorio de Bioinformática, Biología Molecular y Desarrollos Tecnológicos, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Lima, Peru
| | - Yshoner Silva
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru
| | - Carla M. Ordinola-Ramirez
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru
| | - Rainer M. Lopez Lapa
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru
- Instituto de Ganadería y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru
| | - David Requena
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: David Requena,
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Dicks LMT, Vermeulen W. Do Bacteria Provide an Alternative to Cancer Treatment and What Role Does Lactic Acid Bacteria Play? Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091733. [PMID: 36144335 PMCID: PMC9501580 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. According to 2022 statistics from the World Health Organization (WHO), close to 10 million deaths have been reported in 2020 and it is estimated that the number of cancer cases world-wide could increase to 21.6 million by 2030. Breast, lung, thyroid, pancreatic, liver, prostate, bladder, kidney, pelvis, colon, and rectum cancers are the most prevalent. Each year, approximately 400,000 children develop cancer. Treatment between countries vary, but usually includes either surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy. Modern treatments such as hormone-, immuno- and antibody-based therapies are becoming increasingly popular. Several recent reports have been published on toxins, antibiotics, bacteriocins, non-ribosomal peptides, polyketides, phenylpropanoids, phenylflavonoids, purine nucleosides, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and enzymes with anticancer properties. Most of these molecules target cancer cells in a selective manner, either directly or indirectly through specific pathways. This review discusses the role of bacteria, including lactic acid bacteria, and their metabolites in the treatment of cancer.
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Pathology and Pathogenesis of Brain Lesions Produced by Clostridium perfringens Type D Epsilon Toxin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169050. [PMID: 36012315 PMCID: PMC9409160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon toxin (ETX) produces severe, and frequently fatal, neurologic disease in ruminant livestock. The disorder is of worldwide distribution and, although vaccination has reduced its prevalence, ETX still causes substantial economic loss in livestock enterprises. The toxin is produced in the intestine as a relatively inactive prototoxin, which is subsequently fully enzymatically activated to ETX. When changed conditions in the intestinal milieu, particularly starch overload, favor rapid proliferation of this clostridial bacterium, large amounts of ETX can be elaborated. When sufficient toxin is absorbed from the intestine into the systemic circulation and reaches the brain, two neurologic syndromes can develop from this enterotoxemia. If the brain is exposed to large amounts of ETX, the lesions are fundamentally vasculocentric. The neurotoxin binds to microvascular endothelial receptors and other brain cells, the resulting damage causing increased vascular permeability and extravasation of plasma protein and abundant fluid into the brain parenchyma. While plasma protein, particularly albumin, pools largely perivascularly, the vasogenic edema becomes widely distributed in the brain, leading to a marked rise in intracranial pressure, coma, sometimes cerebellar herniation, and, eventually, often death. When smaller quantities of ETX are absorbed into the bloodstream, or livestock are partially immune, a more protracted clinical course ensues. The resulting brain injury is characterized by bilaterally symmetrical necrotic foci in certain selectively vulnerable neuroanatomic sites, termed focal symmetrical encephalomalacia. ETX has also been internationally listed as a potential bioterrorism agent. Although there are no confirmed human cases of ETX intoxication, the relatively wide species susceptibility to this toxin and its high toxicity mean it is likely that human populations would also be vulnerable to its neurotoxic actions. While the pathogenesis of ETX toxicity in the brain is incompletely understood, the putative mechanisms involved in neural lesion development are discussed.
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Kurnia RS, Tarigan S, Nugroho CMH, Silaen OSM, Natalia L, Ibrahim F, Sudarmono PP. Potency of bacterial sialidase Clostridium perfringens as antiviral of Newcastle disease infections using embryonated chicken egg in ovo model. Vet World 2022; 15:1896-1905. [DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1896-1905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Clostridium toxins are widely used as medicinal agents. Many active metabolic enzymes, including sialidase (neuraminidase), hyaluronidase, and collagenase, contribute to the mechanism of action of these toxins. Sialidase from Clostridium perfringens recognizes and degrades sialic acid receptors in the host cell glycoprotein, glycolipid, and polysaccharide complexes. Sialic acid promotes the adhesion of various pathogens, including viruses, under pathological conditions. This study aimed to investigate the potential of C. perfringens sialidase protein to inhibit Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection in ovo model.
Materials and Methods: C. perfringens was characterized by molecular identification through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and is cultured in a broth medium to produce sialidase. In addition, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis was conducted to characterize the sialidase protein. In contrast, enzymatic activity and protein concentration were carried out using a neuraminidase assay kit and Bradford to obtain suitable active substances. Furthermore, embryonated chicken egg models were used to observe the toxicity of several sialidase doses. Then, the hemagglutination (HA) titer was obtained, and absolute quantitative reverse transcription–PCR assay was performed to measure the viral replication inhibitory activity of sialidase against NDV.
Results: Each isolate had a specific sialidase gene and its product. The sialidase derived from C. perfringens could hydrolyze the sialic acid receptor Neu5Ac (2,6)-Gal higher than Neu5Ac (2,3)Gal in chicken erythrocytes, as observed by enzyme-linked lectin assay. A significant difference (p = 0.05) in the HA titer in the pre-challenge administration group at dosages of 375 mU, 187.5 mU, and 93.75 mU in the competitive inhibition experiment suggests that sialidase inhibits NDV reproduction. Quantification of infective viral copy confirmed the interference of viral replication in the pre-challenge administration group, with a significant difference (p = 0.05) at the treatment doses of 750 mU, 375 mU, and 46.87 mU.
Conclusion: The potency of sialidase obtained from C. perfringens was shown in this study, given its ability to reduce the viral titer and copy number in allantoic fluids without adversely impacting the toxicity of the chicken embryo at different concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Septa Kurnia
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Simson Tarigan
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | | | - Otto Sahat Martua Silaen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Lily Natalia
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand
| | - Fera Ibrahim
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Pratiwi Pudjilestari Sudarmono
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Uzal FA, Giannitti F, Asin J. Yellow Lamb Disease (Clostridium perfringens Type A Enterotoxemia of Sheep): A Review. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12121590. [PMID: 35739925 PMCID: PMC9219707 DOI: 10.3390/ani12121590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Yellow lamb disease is a poorly researched and understood condition that seems to affect young sheep. The disease is characterized by hemolysis and is thought to be caused by alpha toxin-producing Clostridium perfringens type A, although a definitive association with this microorganism has not been confirmed. This is due, in part, to the ubiquitous nature of C. perfringens type A, which is naturally present in the intestine of healthy sheep, a fact that complicates the diagnosis. In this review, we summarize the available information on the etiology, clinical signs, lesions, diagnosis, prevention and prophylaxis of yellow lamb disease. Abstract Yellow lamb disease is an infrequent disease in sheep for which there is scant literature, and that has been reported in the US, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Europe, although anecdotal evidence indicates that it may have also been diagnosed in South America. The disease is produced by some strains of Clostridium perfringens type A that produce unusually high levels of alpha- toxin. Because C. perfringens type A is ubiquitous and is found in the intestine of most clinically healthy sheep, diagnosis of yellow lamb disease is challenging and requires quantitating the amount of this microorganism present in feces and/or intestinal content. Clinically, yellow lamb disease is characterized by depression, anemia, icterus and hemoglobinuria. Occasionally, sudden death may occur. Gross findings include generalized icterus, red urine in the bladder, enlarged, pale, and friable spleen, enlarged liver with an acinar pattern, and dark, swollen kidneys. Microscopically, yellow lamb disease is characterized by centrilobular necrosis of the liver, hemoglobinuria-associated acute tubular injury, splenic congestion, pulmonary congestion and edema. Although there are no vaccines specifically designed to prevent yellow lamb disease, several vaccines against the different types of C. perfringens may afford at least some level of protection against yellow lamb disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A. Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino, CA 92408, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-951-751-0027
| | - Federico Giannitti
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto de Investigación Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Colonia 70000, Uruguay;
| | - Javier Asin
- California Animal Health and Food Safety, University of California-Davis, San Bernardino, CA 92408, USA;
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Inhibitory effects of reuterin on biofilm formation, quorum sensing and virulence genes of Clostridium perfringens. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lu W, Sun H, Xu ZM, Du Z, Si L, Yuan S, Jin J, Jin CH. Diagnostic and therapeutic strategy for Clostridium perfringens infection in postpartum dairy cows: a report of 14 cases. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2022.2078329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wengeng Lu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Sun
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Mei Xu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhen Du
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linqing Si
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siqi Yuan
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jidong Jin
- Cofeed Feedmill (Changchun) Co., Ltd., Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Hao Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science & Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, People’s Republic of China
- National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Daqing, People’s Republic of China
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Vaccines Using Clostridium perfringens Sporulation Proteins Reduce Necrotic Enteritis in Chickens. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061110. [PMID: 35744628 PMCID: PMC9228780 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is the prevalent enteric pathogen in humans and animals including chickens, and it remains largely elusive on the mechanism of C. perfringens-induced enteritis because of limited animal models available. In this study, we investigated the role of C. perfringens sporulation proteins as vaccine candidates in chickens to reduce necrotic enteritis (NE). C. perfringens soluble proteins of vegetative cells (CP-super1 and CP-super2) and spores (CP-spor-super1 and CP-spor-super2) were prepared, and cell and chicken experiments were conducted. We found that deoxycholic acid reduced C. perfringens invasion and sporulation using the Eimeria maxima and C. perfringens co-infection necrotic enteritis (NE) model. C. perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) was detected in the CP-spor-super1&2. CP-spor-super1 or 2 induced cell death in mouse epithelial CMT-93 and macrophage Raw 264.7 cells. CP-spor-super1 or 2 also induced inflammatory gene expression and necrosis in the Raw cells. Birds immunized with CP-spor-super1 or 2 were resistant to C. perfringens-induced severe clinical NE on histopathology and body weight gain loss. CP-spor-super1 vaccine reduced NE-induced proinflammatory Ifnγ gene expression as well as C. perfringens luminal colonization and tissue invasion in the small intestine. Together, this study showed that CP-spor-super vaccines reduced NE histopathology and productivity loss.
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Cruz KCP, Enekegho LO, Stuart DT. Bioengineered Probiotics: Synthetic Biology Can Provide Live Cell Therapeutics for the Treatment of Foodborne Diseases. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:890479. [PMID: 35656199 PMCID: PMC9152101 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.890479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The rising prevalence of antibiotic resistant microbial pathogens presents an ominous health and economic challenge to modern society. The discovery and large-scale development of antibiotic drugs in previous decades was transformational, providing cheap, effective treatment for what would previously have been a lethal infection. As microbial strains resistant to many or even all antibiotic drug treatments have evolved, there is an urgent need for new drugs or antimicrobial treatments to control these pathogens. The ability to sequence and mine the genomes of an increasing number of microbial strains from previously unexplored environments has the potential to identify new natural product antibiotic biosynthesis pathways. This coupled with the power of synthetic biology to generate new production chassis, biosensors and “weaponized” live cell therapeutics may provide new means to combat the rapidly evolving threat of drug resistant microbial pathogens. This review focuses on the application of synthetic biology to construct probiotic strains that have been endowed with functionalities allowing them to identify, compete with and in some cases kill microbial pathogens as well as stimulate host immunity. Weaponized probiotics may have the greatest potential for use against pathogens that infect the gastrointestinal tract: Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens and Clostridioides difficile. The potential benefits of engineered probiotics are highlighted along with the challenges that must still be met before these intriguing and exciting new therapeutic tools can be widely deployed.
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Abstract
Clostridium perfringens, a prevalent Gram-positive bacterium, causes necrotic diseases associated with abundant life loss and economic burdens of billions of USD. The mechanism of C. perfringens-induced necrotic diseases remains largely unknown, in part, because of the lack of effective animal models and the presence of a large array of exotoxins and diverse disease manifestations from the skin and deep tissues to the gastrointestinal tract. In the light of the advancement of medical and veterinary research, a large body of knowledge is accumulating on the factors influencing C. perfringens-induced necrotic disease onset, development, and outcomes. Here, we present an overview of the key virulence factors of C. perfringens exotoxins. Subsequently, we focus on comprehensively reviewing C. perfringens-induced necrotic diseases such as myonecrosis, acute watery diarrhea, enteritis necroticans, preterm infant necrotizing enterocolitis, and chicken necrotic enteritis. We then review the current understanding on the mechanisms of myonecrosis and enteritis in relation to the immune system and intestinal microbiome. Based on these discussions, we then review current preventions and treatments of the necrotic diseases and propose potential new intervention options. The purpose of this review is to provide an updated and comprehensive knowledge on the role of the host–microbe interaction to develop new interventions against C. perfringens-induced necrotic diseases.
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Engiles JB, Uzal FA, Navarro MA, Reef VB, Bender SJ. Phlegmonous gastritis in 2 yearling horses. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:429-438. [PMID: 35000510 PMCID: PMC9254054 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211065044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Phlegmonous gastritis was diagnosed in 2 yearling fillies that were presented with a 1-wk history of fever, lethargy, and hypoproteinemia, associated with a previous diagnosis of equine proliferative enteropathy based on clinical signs and PCR assay detection of Lawsonia intracellularis in fecal samples. Abdominal ultrasound revealed enlargement of the stomach and expansion of its submucosal layer with hypoechoic fluid, as well as thickened hypomotile small intestinal segments. Given the poor prognosis and poor response to treatment, both horses were euthanized, one on the day of presentation and the other after 3 wk of intensive medical management including a combination of antimicrobials, analgesics, and intravenous colloids. At autopsy, acute mural gastritis characterized by severe submucosal edema with suppurative inflammation (i.e., phlegmonous gastritis) and necroulcerative enteritis compatible with the necrotizing form of equine proliferative enteropathy were identified in both horses. The gastric inflammation was associated with thrombosis and mixed bacterial populations, including Clostridium perfringens, that were confined to the submucosa without evidence of mucosal involvement; toxin genes compatible with C. perfringens type C were identified in one case. Human phlegmonous gastritis is an uncommon, often-fatal pyogenic infection that is often associated with mucosal injury, bacteremia, or immunocompromise. Our finding of this unusual gastric lesion in 2 horses with similar signalment, clinical disease, and spectrum of postmortem lesions suggests a similar etiopathogenesis that possibly involves local, regional, or distant hematogenous origin, and should be considered a potential complication of gastrointestinal mucosal compromise in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie B. Engiles
- Julie B. Engiles, University of
Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, 382 West Street Rd, Kennett Square, PA 19348,
USA.
| | - Francisco A. Uzal
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, San
Bernardino Branch, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mauricio A. Navarro
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, San
Bernardino Branch, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA, USA,Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias
Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile
| | - Virginia B. Reef
- Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - Susan J. Bender
- Departments of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary
Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, USA
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Boodhoo N, Shojadoost B, Alizadeh M, Kulkarni RR, Sharif S. Ex Vivo Differential Responsiveness to Clostridium perfringens and Lactococcus lactis by Avian Small Intestine Macrophages and T Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:807343. [PMID: 35222386 PMCID: PMC8863843 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.807343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue resident immune system cells in the chicken intestine play a significant role in the protection against pathogens. However, very little is known about these cells. The current study was conducted to further characterize chicken intestinal immune system cells. Furthermore, this study aimed to assess the immune modulatory action of a highly virulent Clostridium perfringens, a commonly found chicken intestinal microbe, in comparison with a non-commensal, Lactococcus lactis, on intestine-derived immune system cells. The results demonstrated varying distribution of innate and adaptive immune cells along the avian gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and cecal tonsils. In addition, steady-state and tissue-specific presence of CD25+ cells among αβ and γδ T-cell subsets was assessed along the intestine. Ex vivo stimulation with C. perfringens or L. lactis resulted in a significant increase in the frequency of CD25+ T cells (γδ and αβ T cells). In addition, significantly more cell death was observed in ex vivo stimulation with C. perfringens, which was indirectly correlated with a decrease in macrophage activation based on nitric oxide (NO) production with no effect on lymphoid cell responsiveness as per intracellular interferon (IFN)-gamma (γ) staining. Ex vivo stimulation with L. lactis activated γδ T cells and αβ T cells, based on intracellular IFN-γ staining, while it had limited effect on macrophages. However, the ability of γδ and αβ T cells to produce IFN-γ and the ability of macrophages production of NO was rescued in the presence of L. lactis. These results demonstrate the potential application of L. lactis, as a probiotic, against virulent C. perfringens infection in chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitish Boodhoo
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Bahram Shojadoost
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Mohammadali Alizadeh
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Raveendra R Kulkarni
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Sex Difference of Effect of Sophora flavescens on Gut Microbiota in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:4552904. [PMID: 35341152 PMCID: PMC8941563 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4552904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective By observing the sex difference of the gut microbiota in rats and the influence of Sophora flavescens (S. flavescens) on the gut microbiota in rats of different genders, it is hoped that it can provide reference materials for the rational use of S. flavescens in clinical practice. Method Taking samples of the jejunum (containing intestinal contents) and feces of 8-week-old rats, and detecting the composition of gut microbiota of females and males by 16S rRNA sequencing technology; At the same time, 8-week-old rats were gavaged with different doses of S. flavescens decoction, and the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon (including the intestinal contents) samples were collected at 1, 2, and 3 weeks, using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) technology and real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) technology to observe the changes in the structure and the quantitative changes of 4 major intestinal dominant bacteria Enterococcus, Bacteriodes, Lactobacillus, and Clostridium in each intestinal segment, respectively. Result (1) The gut microbiota of normal rats without administration also had obvious gender differences; (2) S. flavescens significantly affects the composition of gut microbiota, and in different intestinal segments, this effect was different between genders under different dosages and different continuous administration times. Conclusion The effect of S. flavescens on the gut microbiota of rats had gender differences.
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Takahashi G, Nakamura Y, Hayakawa T, Ono T, Endo K, Yoshida H. Clostridium perfringens sepsis after pancreatoduodenectomy: a case report. Surg Case Rep 2022; 8:48. [PMID: 35312893 PMCID: PMC8938579 DOI: 10.1186/s40792-022-01402-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clostridium perfringens sepsis associated with massive intravascular hemolysis has an extremely poor prognosis. We here report a case of C. perfringens sepsis associated with massive intravascular hemolysis that developed secondary to a post-pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) hepatic abscess. Case presentation A 70-year-old man with Type 2 diabetes underwent PD for an ampulla of Vater carcinoma. His postoperative course was uneventful. He was discharged on the 16th post-operative day (POD 16) after confirming no major abnormalities on abdominal contrast computed tomography (CT) on POD 14 or laboratory results on POD 16. Two days after discharge, he was readmitted because of fever and chills. Laboratory tests showed only a mild inflammatory reaction (white blood cell count, 11,980/mm3; C-reactive protein, 2.07 mg/dL). Abdominal CT showed an irregular, approximately 20-mm diameter, low-density area in the liver S6 region that had not been seen on a recent previous scan. We initially suspected postoperative cholangitis associated with biliary reconstruction and started empirical treatment with sulbactam/ampicillin after drawing blood for culture. Eight hours after admission, he developed septic shock with body temperature 40.0 ℃ and blood pressure 70/40 mm Hg. Laboratory findings showed a severe inflammatory reaction, severe anemia, and massive hemolysis (white blood cell count, 37,400/mm3; hemoglobin, 7.7 g/dL; total bilirubin, 8.05 mg/dL; direct bilirubin, 2.66 mg/dL; and lactate dehydrogenase, 1686 U/L). Hemoglobinuria was noted in the urinary catheter output. Repeat CT 9 h after admission showed the low-density area in S6 had become a gas-forming abscess. C. perfringens sepsis was strongly suspected on the basis of these findings and the abscess was drained percutaneously immediately after its diagnosis. His vital signs improved dramatically and he recovered within 24 h. Blood and abscess cultures grew C. perfringens 4 days after admission, leading to a definitive diagnosis of C. perfringens sepsis associated with massive intravascular hemolysis. He was discharged 18 days after admission. His sepsis has not recurred. Conclusions Clostridium perfringens infection should be considered in patients who have undergone PD and present with gas-forming hepatic abscesses and/or sepsis associated with intravascular hemolysis. Prompt aggressive treatment is crucial, because C. perfringens infections can cause death within hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goro Takahashi
- Department of Surgery, Kamisu Saiseikai Hospital, 7-2-45 Shittechuo, Kamisu, Ibaraki, 314-0112, Japan.
| | - Yoshiharu Nakamura
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Hayakawa
- Department of Surgery, Kamisu Saiseikai Hospital, 7-2-45 Shittechuo, Kamisu, Ibaraki, 314-0112, Japan
| | - Takashi Ono
- Department of Surgery, Kamisu Saiseikai Hospital, 7-2-45 Shittechuo, Kamisu, Ibaraki, 314-0112, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Endo
- Department of Surgery, Kamisu Saiseikai Hospital, 7-2-45 Shittechuo, Kamisu, Ibaraki, 314-0112, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yoshida
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Zhao Y, Zeng Y, Zeng D, Wang H, Sun N, Xin J, Zhou M, Yang H, Lei L, Ling H, Khalique A, Rajput DS, Gan B, Wan Z, Yao Z, Fang J, Pan K, Shu G, Jing B, Zhang D, Ni X. Dietary Probiotic Supplementation Suppresses Subclinical Necrotic Enteritis in Broiler Chickens in a Microbiota-Dependent Manner. Front Immunol 2022; 13:855426. [PMID: 35371037 PMCID: PMC8972058 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.855426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chicken meat is one of the most consumed meats worldwide and poultry production is increasing at an exponential rate. Reducing antibiotic usage has resulted in the recurrence of subclinical necrotic enteritis again and influenced global poultry production. Probiotics are potential antibiotic substitutes that can be used to prevent subclinical necrotic enteriti. However, the precise mechanism of action of probiotics and information on which gut microbes confer this efficacy remain elusive. Methods and results The subclinical necrotic enteritis animal model was used to reveal the mechanism underlying the effect of probiotics on intestinal health through RNA sequencing and 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing. Bacillus licheniformis H2 feeding significantly reduced the relative abundance of Clostridium perfringens in the ileum and markedly ameliorated the pathological damage in the ileum and liver. In addition, oral administration of B. licheniformis H2 contributed to the enhancement of the intestinal barrier function and epithelial renewal, reducing energy consumption, and improving enteral nutrition absorption. Probiotic B. licheniformis H2 also ameliorated the inflammatory response and increased the immunity of subclinical necrotic enteritis infected broilers. Finally, B. licheniformis H2 feeding regulated liver gene expression to suppress immune response and promoted growth and metabolism depending on the gut microbiota. Conclusions These results indicated the mechanism of probiotic action of B. licheniformis H2 in maintaining intestinal health and thus promoting growth and B. licheniformis H2 may serve as an antibiotic substitute to prevent subclinical necrotic enteritis in poultry farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dong Zeng
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hesong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ning Sun
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinge Xin
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengjia Zhou
- Sichuan Academy of Animal Sciences, Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Hanbo Yang
- Chengdu Slan Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Chengdu Slan Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Abdul Khalique
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Danish Sharafat Rajput
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Baoxing Gan
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wan
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhipeng Yao
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kangcheng Pan
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Shu
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Jing
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xueqin Ni
- Animal Microecology Institute, College of Veterinary, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xueqin Ni,
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Prevalence, Antibiotic Resistance, Toxin-Typing and Genotyping of Clostridium perfringens in Raw Beef Meats Obtained from Qazvin City, Iran. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11030340. [PMID: 35326802 PMCID: PMC8944464 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11030340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Clostridium perfringens is one of the highest prevailing spore-forming foodborne pathogens, which is widely distributed and causes severe disease and outbreaks in humans and animals. Raw meat and poultry are the main vehicles of this pathogen. In this study, we investigated the prevalence, antibiotic resistance pattern, toxin-encoding genes and genetic diversity of C. perfringens isolates from raw whole and minced meat samples purchased from local markets in Qazvin city, Iran (the source of beef cattle production was also located in Qazvin city, Iran). Methods: We used conventional culture-based and Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion and conventional and arbitrary primer PCR methods. Results: A total of 18 C. perfringens strains were isolated from 133 raw meat samples (13.53%). Up to 44.4 and 55.5% of these isolates were detected in raw minced and whole meat samples, respectively. We found that 72.2, 66.6, 61.1, 37.8 and 33.3% of the C. perfringens isolates were resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol antibiotics, respectively. Multidrug resistance was found in 38% of the isolates. Among the four main toxin genes evaluated, the Cpa gene was detected in all isolates, and 61.1% of the isolates were mostly recognized as type A C. perfringens. High levels of genetic diversity were observed among the isolates, and they were classified into five distinct groups. Conclusions: The isolates from whole meat samples were more resistant to antibiotics. However, toxin genes were more detected in the isolates from minced meat samples. Our findings suggest that contamination of raw meat products with multidrug resistant C. perfringens could be regarded as one of the concerning pathogens in these products. Comprehensive monitoring of C. perfringens isolates is strongly recommended.
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Zhu Y, Liu S, Li M, Liu W, Wei Z, Zhao L, Liu Y, Xu L, Zhao G, Ma Y. Preparation of an AgNPs@Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) multi-hole filter membrane chip for the rapid identification of food-borne pathogens by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 267:120456. [PMID: 34653807 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of food infected with food-borne pathogens has become a global public health problem. Therefore, it is monitor food-borne infections to avoid health and financial consequences. The rapid detection and differentiation of bacteria for biomedical and food safety applications continues to be a significant challenge. Herein, we present a label-free surface-enhanced Raman scattering approach for separating harmful bacteria from food. The method relies on the ascorbic acid reduction method to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) multi-hole filter membrane chip (AgNPs@PDMS multi-hole filter membrane chip). Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was used, followed by multivariate statistical analysis to differentiate five important food-borne pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium difficiles and Clostridium perfringens. The results demonstrated that compared to normal Raman signals, the intensity of the SERS signal was greatly enhanced with an analytical enhancement factor of 5.2 × 103. The spectral ranges of 400-1800 cm-1 were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) and stepwise linear discriminant analysis (SWLDA) were used to determine the optimal parameters for the discrimination of food-borne pathogens. The first three principal components (PC1, PC2, and PC3) accounted for 87.3% of the total variance in the spectra. The established SWLDA model had 100% accuracy and cross-validation accuracy, which accurately distinguished the SERS spectra of the five species. In conclusion, the SERS technology based on the AgNPs@PDMS multi-hole filter membrane chip was useful for the rapid identification of food-borne pathogens and can be employed for food quality management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaodi Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, No.63 Wenhua Rd, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China; Postdoctoral Workstation of Hengdu Food Co., LTD, Zhumadian 463700, PR China
| | - Shijie Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, No.63 Wenhua Rd, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Miaoyun Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, No.63 Wenhua Rd, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China.
| | - Weijia Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, No.63 Wenhua Rd, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Zhanyong Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, No.63 Wenhua Rd, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Lijun Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, No.63 Wenhua Rd, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Yanxia Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, No.63 Wenhua Rd, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Lina Xu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, No.63 Wenhua Rd, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Gaiming Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, No.63 Wenhua Rd, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Yangyang Ma
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, No.63 Wenhua Rd, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
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La Charité-Harbec S, Lachance JFB, Ryan AK, Gupta IR. Claudin-3 regulates luminal fluid accumulation in the developing chick lung. Differentiation 2022; 124:52-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Xie K, Yan Z, Wang W, Luo R, Gao X, Wang P, Yang Q, Huang X, Zhang J, Yang J, Gun S. ssc-microRNA-132 targets DACH1 to exert anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects in Clostridium perfringens beta2 toxin-treated porcine intestinal epithelial cells. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:104270. [PMID: 34582881 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) type C (CPC) is one of the chief pathogens that causes diarrhea in piglets, and C. perfringens beta2 (CPB2) toxin is the main virulence factor of CPC. Our previous research demonstrated that ssc-microR-132 was differentially expressed in ileal tissues of CPC-mediated diarrheic piglets and healthy piglets, which implied a potential role of ssc-microR-132 in this process. Here, we found that ssc-microR-132 was notably down-regulated in CPB2-exposed intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2), which was consistent with the ileal tissue expression. Moreover, ssc-microR-132 upregulation alleviated CPB2-induced inflammatory damage and apoptosis in IPEC-J2, whereas ssc-microR-132 knockdown presented the opposite effects. Furthermore, the dual-luciferase reporter assay indicated that ssc-microR-132 directly targeted Dachshund homolog 1 (DACH1). Moreover, DACH1 overexpression intensified CPB2-induced inflammatory injury and apoptosis in IPEC-J2. Remarkably, the introduction of DACH1 weakened the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of ssc-microR-132 in CPB2-exposed IPEC-J2. Overall, the results reveal that ssc-microR-132 targeted DACH1 to alleviate CPB2-mediated inflammation and apoptosis in IPEC-J2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihui Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Zunqiang Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Ruirui Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Xiaoli Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Qiaoli Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Juanli Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Jiaojiao Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China
| | - Shuangbao Gun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China; Gansu Research Center for Swine Production Engineering and Technology, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070, China.
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Necrotic enteritis in chickens: a review of pathogenesis, immune responses and prevention, focusing on probiotics and vaccination. Anim Health Res Rev 2022; 22:147-162. [DOI: 10.1017/s146625232100013x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNecrotic enteritis (NE), caused by Clostridium perfringens (CP), is one of the most common of poultry diseases, causing huge economic losses to the poultry industry. This review provides an overview of the pathogenesis of NE in chickens and of the interaction of CP with the host immune system. The roles of management, nutrition, probiotics, and vaccination in reducing the incidence and severity of NE in poultry flocks are also discussed.
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Protective Effects of Novel Lactobacillaceae Strains Isolated from Chicken Caeca against Necrotic Enteritis Infection: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidences. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10010152. [PMID: 35056601 PMCID: PMC8780607 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to show the benefits of novel lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains isolated from the caeca of healthy chickens. These novel strains, identified as Limosilactobacillus reuteri and Ligilactobacillus salivarius, displayed high levels of lactic acid production, capability of biofilm formation, high aggregation and adhesion scores, and significant survival rates under conditions mimicking the chicken gastrointestinal tract (GIT). In addition, these novel Lactobacillaceae isolates were neither hemolytic nor cytotoxic. In vivo trials were able to establish their ability to reduce necrotic enteritis. Notably, a significant weight gain was registered, on day 10 of treatment, in the group of chickens fed with a mixture of L. reuteri ICVB416 and L. salivarius ICVB430 strains, as compared with the control group. This group has also shown a reduced number of lesions in the gut compared with other infected chicken groups. This study provides in vitro and in vivo evidence supporting the benefits of these novel Lactobacillaceae isolates for their use in poultry livestock as protective cultures to control the bacterial necrotic enteritis (NE) Clostridium perfringens.
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