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Arce-López B, Coton M, Coton E, Hymery N. Occurrence of the two major regulated mycotoxins, ochratoxin A and fumonisin B1, in cereal and cereal-based products in Europe and toxicological effects: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 109:104489. [PMID: 38844151 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Among cereal contaminants, mycotoxins are of concern due to their importance in terms of food and feed safety. The difficulty in establishing a diagnosis for mycotoxicosis relies on the fact that the effects are most often subclinical for chronic exposure and the most common scenario is multi-contamination by various toxins. Mycotoxin co-occurrence is a major food safety concern as additive or even synergic toxic impacts may occur, but also regarding current regulations as they mainly concern individual mycotoxin levels in specific foods and feed in the food chain. However, due to the large number of possible mycotoxin combinations, there is still limited knowledge on co-exposure toxicity data, which depends on several parameters. In this context, this systematic review aims to provide an overview of the toxic effects of two regulated mycotoxins, namely ochratoxin A and fumonisin B1. This review focused on the 2012-2022 period and analysed the occurrence in Europe of the selected mycotoxins in different food matrices (cereals and cereal-derived products), and their toxic impact, alone or in combination, on in vitro intestinal and hepatic human cells. To better understand and evaluate the associated risks, further research is needed using new approach methodologies (NAM), such as in vitro 3D models. KEY CONTRIBUTION: Cereals and their derived products are the most important food source for humans and feed for animals worldwide. This manuscript is a state of the art review of the literature over the last ten years on ochratoxin A and fumonisin B1 mycotoxins in these products in Europe as well as their toxicological effects, alone and in combination, on human cells. Future perspectives and some challenges regarding the assessment of toxicological effects of mycotoxins are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Arce-López
- Univ. Brest, INRAE, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, Plouzané F-29280, France
| | - Monika Coton
- Univ. Brest, INRAE, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, Plouzané F-29280, France
| | - Emmanuel Coton
- Univ. Brest, INRAE, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, Plouzané F-29280, France
| | - Nolwenn Hymery
- Univ. Brest, INRAE, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, Plouzané F-29280, France.
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Murtaza B, Li X, Nawaz MY, Saleemi MK, Li G, Jin B, Wang L, Xu Y. Toxicodynamic of combined mycotoxins: MicroRNAs and acute-phase proteins as diagnostic biomarkers. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13338. [PMID: 38629461 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins, ubiquitous contaminants in food, present a global threat to human health and well-being. Mitigation efforts, such as the implementation of sound agricultural practices, thorough food processing, and the advancement of mycotoxin control technologies, have been instrumental in reducing mycotoxin exposure and associated toxicity. To comprehensively assess mycotoxins and their toxicodynamic implications, the deployment of effective and predictive strategies is imperative. Understanding the manner of action, transformation, and cumulative toxic effects of mycotoxins, moreover, their interactions with food matrices can be gleaned through gene expression and transcriptome analyses at cellular and molecular levels. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) govern the expression of target genes and enzymes that play pivotal roles in physiological, pathological, and toxicological responses, whereas acute phase proteins (APPs) exert regulatory control over the metabolism of therapeutic agents, both endogenously and posttranscriptionally. Consequently, this review aims to consolidate current knowledge concerning the regulatory role of miRNAs in the initiation of toxicological pathways by mycotoxins and explores the potential of APPs as biomarkers following mycotoxin exposure. The findings of this research highlight the potential utility of miRNAs and APPs as indicators for the detection and management of mycotoxins in food through biological processes. These markers offer promising avenues for enhancing the safety and quality of food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Murtaza
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- Dalian SEM Bioengineering Technology Co., Ltd, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bio-Intelligent Manufacturing, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | | | | | - Gen Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Bowen Jin
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bio-Intelligent Manufacturing, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yongping Xu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- Dalian SEM Bioengineering Technology Co., Ltd, Dalian, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bio-Intelligent Manufacturing, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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Tassis P, Raj J, Floros D, Mittas N, Ntarampa N, Farkas H, Polizopoulou Z, Vasilievic M. Efficacy of a multicomponent binding agent against combined exposure to zearalenone and ochratoxin A in weaned pigs. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1357723. [PMID: 38511191 PMCID: PMC10951055 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1357723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a novel multicomponent substance against combined exposure to the mycotoxins zearalenone (ZEN) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in weaned piglets. Methods In total, 60 piglets at the age of 28 days were equally allocated to four experimental groups (A-D), consisting of eight female and seven male piglets each (15 animals per group, for a total trial duration of 42 days). Animals from group A received typical weaner feed without mycotoxins or the test product [multicomponent mycotoxin detoxifying agent (MMDA)]. Group B animals received the same weaner feed contaminated with 0.992 mg ZEN/kg feed and 0.531 mg OTA/kg feed without the addition of the MMDA. Animals in group C received the same contaminated feed as group B with the addition of 1.5 g MMDA/kg feed, whereas group D received the same feed as group B with the inclusion of 3 g MMDA/kg feed. Clinical signs and performance parameters [body weight (BW), average daily weight gain (ADWG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR)] were evaluated, while mycotoxin residues were also assessed in the liver and kidney tissues. Results Findings showed improved FCR in the group that received the greatest dose of the test product (3 g MMDA/kg feed) compared to the group that received the lower dose (1.5 g MMDA/kg feed). A few hematological and biochemical parameters were slightly altered, predominantly within normal limits. The residue analysis demonstrated a reduction of OTA in liver samples, a-ZEL in the liver and total tested samples, and a total of ZEN and metabolite contents in all samples of the group that received the greatest MMDA dose in comparison to the group that received the toxins without the addition of the test product. Discussion Therefore, a positive effect of the MMDA at the greatest dosage regime on reducing bioavailability and tissue deposition of ZEN and OTA, with a particularly positive effect on FCR in weaned pigs, is suggested under concurrent ZEN and OTA exposure in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Tassis
- Farm Animals Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Jog Raj
- Patent Co, DOO., Mišićevo, Serbia
| | - Dimitrios Floros
- Farm Animals Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Mittas
- Hephaestus Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, International Hellenic University, Kavala, Greece
| | - Niki Ntarampa
- Farm Animals Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Zoe Polizopoulou
- Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Kalo D, Mendelson P, Komsky-Elbaz A, Voet H, Roth Z. The Effect of Mycotoxins and Their Mixtures on Bovine Spermatozoa Characteristics. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:556. [PMID: 37755982 PMCID: PMC10534433 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing concern about the effects of mycotoxins on mammalian reproduction. Although the effects of single mycotoxins have been well documented, the impact of their mixtures on spermatozoon quality is less known. Here, frozen-thawed semen (n = 6 bulls) was in-vitro-cultured (2 h) without (control) or with (i) a single mycotoxin [zearalenone (ZEN), ochratoxin A (OTA), toxin 2 (T2), and diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS)] in a dose-response manner; (ii) binary mixtures (OTA + T2, OTA + ZEN, OTA + DAS, ZEN + T2, DAS + T2 and ZEN + DAS); or (iii) ternary mixtures (OTA + DAS + T2, OTA + ZEN + T2, and ZEN + DAS + T2). Then, the spermatozoa quality was characterized according to its plasma- and acrosome-membrane integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential, and oxidation status by a flow cytometer. Exposure to single mycotoxins or binary mixtures did not affect the spermatozoa characteristics. However, exposure to the ternary mixtures, OTA + DAS + T2 and OTA + ZEN + T2, reduced (p < 0.05) the mitochondrial membrane potential relative to the control. In addition, OTA + ZEN + T2 increased (p < 0.05) the proportion of spermatozoa with reactive oxygen species relative to the control. The most suggested interaction effect between the mycotoxins was found to be an additive one. A synergistic interaction, mainly regarding the oxidation status of the spermatozoa, was also found between the mycotoxins. The current study sheds light on the potential risk of exposing spermatozoa to a mycotoxin mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Kalo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Paz Mendelson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Alisa Komsky-Elbaz
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Hillary Voet
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Management, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Zvi Roth
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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Du X, Fu Y, Tian Z, Liu H, Xin H, Fu X, Wang F, Zhang H, Zeng X. Microcystin-LR accelerates follicular atresia in mice via JNK-mediated adherent junction damage of ovarian granulosa cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 252:114592. [PMID: 36731181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), one of aquatic environmental contaminants with reproductive toxicity produced by cyanobacterial blooms, but its toxic effects and mechanisms on the ovary are not fully understood. Here, proteomic techniques and molecular biology experiments were performed to study the potential mechanism of MC-LR-caused ovarian toxicity. Results showed that protein expression profile of ovarian granulosa cells (KK-1) was changed by 17 μg/mL MC-LR exposure. Comparing with the control group, 118 upregulated proteins as well as 97 downregulated proteins were identified in MC-LR group. Function of differentially expressed proteins was found to be enriched in pathways related to adherent junction, such as cadherin binding, cell-cell junction, cell adhesion and focal adherens. Furthermore, in vitro experiments, MC-LR significantly downregulated the expression levels of proteins associated with adherent junction (β-catenin, N-cadherin, and α-catenin) as well as caused cytoskeletal disruption in KK-1 cells (P < 0.05), indicating that the adherent junction was damaged. Results of in vivo experiments have shown that after 14 days of acute MC-LR exposure (40 μg/kg), damaged adherent junction and an increased number of atretic follicles were observed in mouse ovaries. Moreover, MC-LR activated JNK, an upstream regulator of adherent junction proteins, in KK-1 cells and mouse ovarian tissues. In contrast, JNK inhibition alleviated MC-LR-induced adherent junction damage in vivo and in vitro, as well as the number of atretic follicles. Taken together, findings from the present study indicated that JNK is involved in MC-LR-induced granulosa cell adherent junction damage, which accelerated follicular atresia. Our study clarified a novel mechanism of MC-LR-caused ovarian toxicity, providing a theoretical foundation for protecting female reproductive health from environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingde Du
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yu Fu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhihui Tian
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Haohao Liu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hongxia Xin
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Xiaoli Fu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Fufang Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Xin Zeng
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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Impact of Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone as Single and Combined Treatment on DNA, Cell Cycle and Cell Proliferation in HepG2 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044082. [PMID: 36835492 PMCID: PMC9958612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate toxicity and the mechanism of toxicity of two Fusarium mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA). DON and ZEA were applied to HepG2 cells as single compounds and in combination at low environmentally relevant concentrations. HepG2 cells were exposed to DON (0.5, 1, and 2 µM), ZEA (5, 10, and 20 µM) or their combinations (1 µM DON + 5 µM ZEA, 1 µM DON + 10 µM ZEA and 1 µM DON + 20 µM ZEA) for 24 h and cell viability, DNA damage, cell cycle and proliferation were assessed. Both mycotoxins reduced cell viability, however, combined treatment with DON and ZEA resulted in higher reduction of cell viability. DON (1 µM) induced primary DNA damage, while DON (1 µM) in combination with higher ZEA concentrations showed antagonistic effects compared to DON alone at 1 µM. DON arrested HepG2 cells in G2 phase and significantly inhibited cell proliferation, while ZEA had no significant effect on cell cycle. The combined treatment with DON and ZEA arrested cells in G2 phase to a higher extend compared to treatment with single mycotoxins. Potentiating effect observed after DON and ZEA co-exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations indicates that in risk assessment and setting governments' regulations, mixtures of mycotoxins should be considered.
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Zhang G, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Chen W, Wu S, Yang H, Zhou Y. MnO 2 nanosheets-triggered oxVB 1 fluorescence immunoassay for detection zearalenone. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 286:121954. [PMID: 36228491 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-mediated fluorescence immunoassay for detecting zearalenone (ZEN) was established based on the oxVB1 fluorescence signal modulated by MnO2 nanosheets (MnO2 NS). As the ALP-antibody content increased, more 2-phosphoascorbic acid (AAP) was hydrolyzed to ascorbic acid (AA) which destroyed the MnO2 NS rapidly. In the lack of MnO2 NS, VB1 cannot be oxidized to oxVB1 for emitting fluorescence. On the contrary, the fluorescence of oxVB1 recovered slowly with the decrease of the ALP-antibody concentration. In the optimization condition, the detection limit of this method was 15.5 pg mL-1. Moreover, the recovery of ZEN in real samples ranged from 94.24 % to 108.26 %, which indicated the remarkable accuracy and reliability of this approach. Meanwhile, the proposal of this fluorescence immunoassay provided a new possibility for detecting other targets by replacing antibodies and antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohao Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Xingping Zhang
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Wang Chen
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Shixiang Wu
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Hualin Yang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China.
| | - Yu Zhou
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China.
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Valadas J, Sachett A, Marcon M, Bastos LM, Piato A. Ochratoxin A induces locomotor impairment and oxidative imbalance in adult zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:21144-21155. [PMID: 36264473 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23692-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by species of filamentous fungi widely found as a contaminant in food and with high toxic potential. Studies have shown that this toxin causes kidney and liver damage; however, data on the central nervous system effects of exposure to OTA are still scarce. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of exposure to OTA on behavioral and neurochemical parameters in adult zebrafish. The animals were treated with different doses of OTA (1.38, 2.77, and 5.53 mg/kg) with intraperitoneal injections and submitted to behavioral evaluations in the open tank and social interaction tests. Subsequently, they were euthanized, and the brains were used to assess markers associated with oxidative status. In the open tank test, OTA altered distance traveled, absolute turn angle, mean speed, and freezing time. However, no significant effects were observed in the social interaction test. Moreover, OTA also increased glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and glutathione reductase (GR) levels and decreased non-protein thiols (NPSH) levels in the zebrafish brain. This study showed that OTA can affect behavior and neurochemical levels in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Valadas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Prédio UFRGS n° 21116, 6º andar - Campus Saúde, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Adrieli Sachett
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Prédio UFRGS n° 21116, 6º andar - Campus Saúde, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Matheus Marcon
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Farmacologia e Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Leonardo M Bastos
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Angelo Piato
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Prédio UFRGS n° 21116, 6º andar - Campus Saúde, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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9
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Zhao P, Liu X, Jiang WD, Wu P, Liu Y, Jiang J, Zhang L, Mi HF, Kuang SY, Tang L, Zhou XQ, Feng L. The multiple biotoxicity integrated study in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) caused by Ochratoxin A: Oxidative damage, apoptosis and immunosuppression. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129268. [PMID: 35739783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a common hazardous food contaminant that seriously endangers human and animal health. However, limited study is focused on aquatic animal. This research investigated the multiple biotoxicity of OTA on spleen (SP) and head kidney (HK) in grass carp and its related mechanism. Our data showed that, dietary supplemented with OTA above 1209 μg/kg caused histopathological damages by decreasing the number of lymphocytes and necrotizing renal parenchymal cells. Meanwhile, OTA caused oxidative damage and reduced the isoforms mRNAs transcripts of antioxidant enzymes (e.g., GPX1, GPX4, GSTO) partly due to suppressing NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). OTA triggered apoptosis through mitochondria and death receptor pathway potentially by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) activation. Besides, OTA exacerbated inflammation by down-regulation of anti-inflammatory factor (e.g., IL-10, IL-4) and up-regulations of pro-inflammatory factors (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6), which could be ascribed to signaling meditation of Janus kinase / signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT). Additionally, the safe upper limits of OTA were estimated to be 677.6 and 695.08 μg/kg based on the immune-related indexes (C3 contents in the SP and LZ activities in the HK, respectively). Our study has provided a wide insight for toxicological assessment of feed pollutant in aquatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piao Zhao
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei-Dan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Tongwei Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China, Healthy Aquaculture Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hai-Feng Mi
- Tongwei Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China, Healthy Aquaculture Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Sheng-Yao Kuang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan 611130, China.
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan 611130, China.
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10
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Bai J, Zhou Y, Luo X, Hai J, Si X, Li J, Fu H, Dai Z, Yang Y, Wu Z. Roles of stress response-related signaling and its contribution to the toxicity of zearalenone in mammals. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:3326-3345. [PMID: 35751400 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a mycotoxin frequently found in cereal crops and cereal-derived foodstuffs worldwide. It affects plant productivity, and is also a serious hazard to humans and animals if being exposed to food/feed contaminated by ZEA. Studies over the last decade have shown that the toxicity of ZEA in animals is mainly mediated by the various stress responses, such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative stress, and others. Accumulating evidence shows that oxidative stress and ER stress signaling are actively implicated in and contributes to the pathophysiology of various diseases. Biochemically, the deleterious effects of ZEA are associated with apoptosis, DNA damage, and lipid peroxidation by regulating the expression of genes implicated in these biological processes. Despite these findings, the underlying mechanisms responsible for these alterations remain unclear. This review summarized the characteristics, metabolism, toxicity and the deleterious effects of ZEA exposure in various tissues of animals. Stress response signaling implicated in the toxicity as well as potential therapeutic options with the ability to reduce the deleterious effects of ZEA in animals were highlighted and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yusong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jia Hai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xuemeng Si
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Huiyang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhaolai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Companion Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China.,Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Center, #1, Yuda Road, Pinggu, Beijing, P. R. China
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11
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Yun Y, Lu Z, Jiao X, Xue P, Sun W, Qiao Y, Liu Y. Involvement of O 2·- release in zearalenone-induced hormesis of intestinal porcine enterocytes: An electrochemical sensor-based analysis. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 144:108049. [PMID: 35016067 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.108049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Relationship between mycotoxin-induced hormesis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) has not been systematically investigated due to the lack of an effective analysis method. To monitor cellular release and intracellular level of O2·-, carboxymethyl cellulose-Mn3(PO4)2 nanocomposite was synthesized to fabricate an electrochemical biosensor, which selectively detects O2·- over the range of 57.50 nM ∼ 2.95 μM (R2 = 0.99) with the sensitivity of 78.67 μA μM-1 cm-2 and the detection limit of 8.47 nM. Transient exposure to zearalenone (ZEA) induces the enhancement on cell viability, immediate O2·- release from cells, and reduction of intracellular O2·- level. After post-treatment culture, intracellular O2·- initially increases to a high level and then decreases to the normal level. Concurrently, the ZEA-induced hormesis disappears. Based on the findings, we propose a mechanism, involving the ROS release, increase of succinate dehydrogenase activity and recovery of intracellular ROS, to explain the occurrence and disappearance of hormesis in intestinal porcine enterocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjing Yun
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials & Energy, Southwest University, No. 1 Tiansheng Road, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Institute for Clean Energy & Advanced Materials, School of Materials & Energy, Southwest University, No.1 Tiansheng Road, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Zhisong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials & Energy, Southwest University, No. 1 Tiansheng Road, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Institute for Clean Energy & Advanced Materials, School of Materials & Energy, Southwest University, No.1 Tiansheng Road, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| | - Xiaodan Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials & Energy, Southwest University, No. 1 Tiansheng Road, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Institute for Clean Energy & Advanced Materials, School of Materials & Energy, Southwest University, No.1 Tiansheng Road, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Peng Xue
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials & Energy, Southwest University, No. 1 Tiansheng Road, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Institute for Clean Energy & Advanced Materials, School of Materials & Energy, Southwest University, No.1 Tiansheng Road, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Laser Technology and Optoelectronic Functional Materials of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, PR China
| | - Yan Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Materials & Energy, Southwest University, No. 1 Tiansheng Road, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Institute for Clean Energy & Advanced Materials, School of Materials & Energy, Southwest University, No.1 Tiansheng Road, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University/Quality Control Technical Center (Foshan) of National Famous and Special Agricultural Products (CAQS-GAP-KZZX043), Foshan 528231, Guangdong, PR China.
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12
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Geng H, Tan X, Zhao M, Ma Y, Li Y. Proteomic analysis of zearalenone toxicity on mouse thymic epithelial cells. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:660-670. [PMID: 34716709 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is one of the most major food contaminants in cereal crops worldwide, risking health of both livestock and humans. This study aimed to assess the cytotoxicity and the underlying mechanism of ZEA on thymic epithelial cells. By using proteomics analysis, we identified 596 differentially expressed proteins in MTEC1 cells upon zearalenone exposure, of which 245 were upregulated and 351 were downregulated. Gene ontology (GO) analysis suggested that differentially expressed proteins were participated in protein synthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and ATP binding. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that differentially expressed proteins were mainly related to mitochndrial metabolism, such as citrate cycle (TCA cycle) and oxidative phosphorylation. We demonstrated that ZEA treatment was able to increase the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, to decrease ΔΨm, ATP level, and the copy number of mtDNA, leading to necrotic cell death. Moreover, we showed that ZEA treatment inhibited cell proliferation and induced G2/M phase arrest by downregulation of proliferation-associated proteins ERK, p-ERK, CDK1, and p-CHK1. Taken together, we found that the toxicity of ZEA on thymic epithelial cells is mainly caused by the inhibition of mitochondrial dysfunction and cell proliferation. Our study might open new avenues for treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrui Geng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaotong Tan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miao Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjiang Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yugu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Du X, Liu H, Liu X, Chen X, Yuan L, Ma Y, Huang H, Wang Y, Wang R, Zhang S, Tian Z, Shi L, Zhang H. Microcystin-LR induces ovarian injury and apoptosis in mice via activating apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1-mediated P38/JNK pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 213:112066. [PMID: 33610944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As an emerging pollutant in the aquatic environment, microcystin-LR (MC-LR) can enter the body through multiple pathways, and then induce apoptosis and gonadal damage, affecting reproductive function. Previous studies focused on male reproductive toxicity induced by MC-LR neglecting its effects on females. The apoptotic signal-regulated kinase 1 (ASK1) is an upstream protein of P38/JNK pathway, closely associated with apoptosis and organ damage. However, the role of ASK1 in MC-LR-induced reproductive toxicity is unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the role of ASK1 in mouse ovarian injury and apoptosis induced by MC-LR. After MC-LR exposure, ASK1 expression in mouse ovarian granulosa cells was increased at the protein and mRNA levels, and decreased following pretreatment by antioxidant N-acetylcysteine, suggesting that MC-LR-induced oxidative stress has a regulatory role in ASK1 expression. Inhibition of ASK1 expression with siASK1 and NQDI-1 could effectively alleviate MC-LR-induced mitochondrial membrane potential damage and apoptosis in ovarian granulosa cells, as well as pathological damage, apoptosis and the decreased gonadal index in ovaries of C57BL/6 mice. Moreover, the P38/JNK pathway and downstream apoptosis-related proteins (P-P38, P-JNK, P-P53, Fas) and genes (MKK4, MKK3, Ddit3, Mef2c) were activated in vivo and vitro, but their activation was restrained after ASK1 inhibition. Data presented herein suggest that the ASK1-mediated P38/JNK pathway is involved in ovarian injury and apoptosis induced by MC-LR in mice. It is confirmed that ASK1 has an important role in MC-LR-induced ovarian injury, which provides new insights for preventing MCs-induced reproductive toxicity in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingde Du
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Haohao Liu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xinghai Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, St Mary's University, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA
| | - Le Yuan
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ya Ma
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hui Huang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yueqin Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhihui Tian
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Linjia Shi
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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14
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Ma Y, Liu H, Du X, Petlulu P, Chen X, Wang R, Zhang S, Tian Z, Shi L, Guo H, Zhang H. IRE1 and CaMKKβ pathways to reveal the mechanism involved in microcystin-LR-induced autophagy in mouse ovarian cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 147:111911. [PMID: 33290805 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is an emerging water pollutant produced by blooming cyanobacteria. It could be absorbed into human body via contaminated food and drinking water causing severe reproductive toxicity. Previous studies showed that MC-LR could regulate autophagy by inducing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress thereby causing female reproductive toxicity. However, the molecular mechanisms of MC-LR-induced autophagy remain to be elucidated. It is known that IRE1 and CaMKKβ pathways are two important pathways involved in autophagy induced by ER stress. Hence, this study investigated the roles of both pathways in MC-LR-induced autophagy in mouse ovarian cells. The results showed that MC-LR significantly up-regulated the expression of autophagy marker proteins LC3Ⅱ and BECLIN1 and down-regulated the expression of P62 in vivo and in vitro. MC-LR-caused increase of autophagosomes could be observed in KK-1 cells by MDC staining. MC-LR induced the formation of autolysosomes as indicated by the overlap of LAMP1 and LC3. Meanwhile, MC-LR significantly activated the proteins in IRE1 pathway (IRE1, XBP1 and JNK) and in CaMKKβ pathway (CaMKKβ, AMPK, mTOR). Furthermore, MC-LR caused weight loss and ovarian histopathological damage in mice. In contrast, after the expression and function of IRE1 and CaMKKβ were inhibited with siRNA in vitro and by inhibitors (4μ8C and STO-609, respectively) in vivo, the up-regulation of LC3Ⅱ and BECLIN1 and the degradation of P62 induced by MC-LR were significantly suppressed. MC-LR-induced autophagosomes in KK-1 cells and autolysosomes in mouse ovarian cells were also decreased. Moreover, the knockdown of IRE1 and CaMKKβ relieved MC-LR-induced histopathological injury to mouse ovaries. These results indicated that MC-LR induced ovarian cell autophagy and ovarian injury via IRE1 and CaMKKβ pathways. This study is the first study revealing the molecular mechanisms of MC-LR-induced autophagy of ovarian cells and providing new insights into the female reproductive toxicity of MC-LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Ma
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Haohao Liu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Xingde Du
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | | | - Xinghai Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, St Mary's University, San Antonio, TX 78264, USA
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Zhihui Tian
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Linjia Shi
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China
| | - Hongxiang Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, PR China
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, PR China.
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15
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Effect of Gamma-Radiation on Zearalenone-Degradation, Cytotoxicity and Estrogenicity. Foods 2020; 9:foods9111687. [PMID: 33218048 PMCID: PMC7698921 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is produced in cereals by different species of Fusarium, being a non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin. Despite having a low acute toxicity, ZEA strongly interferes with estrogen receptors. Gamma-radiation has been investigated to eliminate mycotoxins from food and feed, showing promising results. The present study aims to investigate the gamma-radiation effect on ZEA at different moisture conditions and to evaluate the cytotoxicity and estrogenicity of the irradiated ZEA. Different concentrations of dehydrated ZEA and aqueous solutions of ZEA were exposed to gamma-radiation doses ranging from 0.4 to 8.6 kGy and the mycotoxin concentration determined after exposure by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. Following this, the cytotoxicity of irradiated samples was assessed in HepG2 cells, by measuring alterations of metabolic activity, plasma membrane integrity and lysosomal function, and their estrogenicity by measuring luciferase activity in HeLa 9903 cells. Gamma-radiation was found to be effective in reducing ZEA, with significant increases in degradation with increased moisture content. Furthermore, a reduction of cytotoxicity with irradiation was observed. ZEA estrogenicity was also increasingly reduced with increasing radiation doses, but mainly in aqueous solutions. These results suggest reduction of ZEA levels and of its toxicity in food and feed commodities may be achieved by irradiation.
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16
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The Compromised Intestinal Barrier Induced by Mycotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12100619. [PMID: 32998222 PMCID: PMC7600953 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are fungal metabolites that occur in human foods and animal feeds, potentially threatening human and animal health. The intestine is considered as the first barrier against these external contaminants, and it consists of interconnected physical, chemical, immunological, and microbial barriers. In this context, based on in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models, we summarize the literature for compromised intestinal barrier issues caused by various mycotoxins, and we reviewed events related to disrupted intestinal integrity (physical barrier), thinned mucus layer (chemical barrier), imbalanced inflammatory factors (immunological barrier), and dysfunctional bacterial homeostasis (microbial barrier). We also provide important information on deoxynivalenol, a leading mycotoxin implicated in intestinal dysfunction, and other adverse intestinal effects induced by other mycotoxins, including aflatoxins and ochratoxin A. In addition, intestinal perturbations caused by mycotoxins may also contribute to the development of mycotoxicosis, including human chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases. Therefore, we provide a clear understanding of compromised intestinal barrier induced by mycotoxins, with a view to potentially develop innovative strategies to prevent and treat mycotoxicosis. In addition, because of increased combinatorial interactions between mycotoxins, we explore the interactive effects of multiple mycotoxins in this review.
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Lee HJ, Park JH, Oh SY, Cho DH, Kim S, Jo I. Zearalenone-Induced Interaction between PXR and Sp1 Increases Binding of Sp1 to a Promoter Site of the eNOS, Decreasing Its Transcription and NO Production in BAECs. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060421. [PMID: 32630586 PMCID: PMC7354576 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a non-steroidal mycotoxin that has various toxicological impacts on mammalian health. Here, we found that ZEN significantly affected the production of nitric oxide (NO) and the expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) of bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs). A promoter analysis using 5′-serially deleted human eNOS promoter revealed that the proximal region (−135 to +22) was responsible for ZEN-mediated reduction of the human eNOS promoter activity. This effect was reversed by mutation of two specificity protein 1 (Sp1) binding elements in the human eNOS promoter. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that ZEN increased Sp1 binding to the bovine eNOS promoter region (−113 to −12), which is homologous to −135 to +22 of the human eNOS promoter region. We also found that ZEN promoted the binding of the pregnane X receptor (PXR) to Sp1 of the bovine eNOS, consequently decreasing eNOS expression. This reduction of eNOS could have contributed to the decreased acetylcholine-induced vessel relaxation upon ZEN treatment in our ex vivo study using mouse aortas. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that ZEN decreases eNOS expression by enhancing the binding of PXR-Sp1 to the eNOS promoter, thereby decreasing NO production and potentially causing vessel dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Ju Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea; (H.-J.L.); (J.-H.P.); (S.-Y.O.)
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea; (H.-J.L.); (J.-H.P.); (S.-Y.O.)
| | - Se-Young Oh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea; (H.-J.L.); (J.-H.P.); (S.-Y.O.)
| | - Du-Hyong Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyunchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu 42415, Korea; (D.-H.C.); (S.K.)
| | - Suji Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, 170 Hyunchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu 42415, Korea; (D.-H.C.); (S.K.)
| | - Inho Jo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07804, Korea; (H.-J.L.); (J.-H.P.); (S.-Y.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: 82-2-6986-6267
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18
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Yang C, Song G, Lim W. Effects of mycotoxin-contaminated feed on farm animals. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 389:122087. [PMID: 32004836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary products produced by fungi in cereals and are frequently found in the livestock industry as contaminants of farm animal feed. Studies analyzing feed mycotoxins have been conducted worldwide and have confirmed the presence of mycotoxins with biological activity, including aflatoxin, ochratoxin A, fumonisin, zearalenone, and deoxynivalenol, in a large proportion of feed samples. Exposure to mycotoxins can cause immunotoxicity and impair reproductive function in farm animals. In addition, exposure of tissues, such as the kidneys, liver, and intestines, to mycotoxins can exert histopathological changes that can interfere with animal growth and survival. This review describes previous studies regarding the presence of major mycotoxins in the feed of farm animals, especially pigs and poultry. Moreover, it describes the adverse effects of mycotoxins in farm animals following exposure, as well as the biological activity of mycotoxins in animal-derived cells. Mycotoxins have been shown to regulate signaling pathways, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis, and proliferation in porcine and bovine cells. A clear understanding of the effects of mycotoxins on farm animals will help reduce farm household economic loss and address the health concerns of people who consume these meat and dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwon Yang
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Assessing the Effect of Mycotoxin Combinations: Which Mathematical Model Is (the Most) Appropriate? Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12030153. [PMID: 32121330 PMCID: PMC7150917 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decades, many studies have examined the nature of the interaction between mycotoxins in biological models classifying interaction effects as antagonisms, additive effects, or synergisms based on a comparison of the observed effect with the expected effect of combination. Among several described mathematical models, the arithmetic definition of additivity and factorial analysis of variance were the most commonly used in mycotoxicology. These models are incorrectly based on the assumption that mycotoxin dose-effect curves are linear. More appropriate mathematical models for assessing mycotoxin interactions include Bliss independence, Loewe’s additivity law, combination index, and isobologram analysis, Chou-Talalays median-effect approach, response surface, code for the identification of synergism numerically efficient (CISNE) and MixLow method. However, it seems that neither model is ideal. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of these mathematical models.
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20
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Yoon JE, Lee KY, Seok JS, Cheng WN, Kwon HC, Jeong CH, Han SG. Zearalenone Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Modulates the Expression of Phase I/II Enzymes in Human Liver Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 12:E2. [PMID: 31861425 PMCID: PMC7020402 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species; however, its mechanisms of action in human livers have not been fully elucidated. Thus, we investigated the toxic mechanisms of ZEN in human liver cells. HepG2 cells were treated with ZEN (0-40 μg/mL) for up to 24 h. A significant decrease in cell viability was observed after treatment with 20 and 40 μg/mL of ZEN, including a significant increase in apoptosis and reactive oxygen species production. ZEN increased GRP78 and CHOP, and eIF2α phosphorylation, indicating ER stress; elevated transcription of the autophagy-associated genes, beclin1 and LC3, and translation of LC3; and increased phase I metabolism by increasing PXR and CYP3A4. The protein expression level of CYP3A4 was higher with ZEN treatment up to 20 μg/mL, but remained at the control level after treatment with 40 μg/mL ZEN. In phase II metabolism, Nrf2 activation and UGT1A expression were increased with ZEN treatment up to 20 μg/mL. Treating cells with an ER stress inhibitor alleviated ZEN-induced cell death and autophagy, and inhibited the expression of phase I/II enzymes. Overall, high ZEN concentrations can modulate the expression of phase I/II enzymes via ER stress and reduced protein levels in human liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Eun Yoon
- Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (J.E.Y.); (J.S.S.); (W.N.C.); (H.C.K.); (C.H.J.)
| | - Kwang Yong Lee
- R & D department, Morningbio Co., Ltd., Cheonan 31111, Korea;
| | - Jin Sil Seok
- Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (J.E.Y.); (J.S.S.); (W.N.C.); (H.C.K.); (C.H.J.)
| | - Wei Nee Cheng
- Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (J.E.Y.); (J.S.S.); (W.N.C.); (H.C.K.); (C.H.J.)
| | - Hyuk Cheol Kwon
- Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (J.E.Y.); (J.S.S.); (W.N.C.); (H.C.K.); (C.H.J.)
| | - Chang Hee Jeong
- Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (J.E.Y.); (J.S.S.); (W.N.C.); (H.C.K.); (C.H.J.)
| | - Sung Gu Han
- Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (J.E.Y.); (J.S.S.); (W.N.C.); (H.C.K.); (C.H.J.)
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21
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Maatouk I, Mehrez A, Amara AB, Chayma R, Abid S, Jerbi T, Landoulsi A. Effects of Gamma Irradiation on Ochratoxin A Stability and Cytotoxicity in Methanolic Solutions and Potential Application in Tunisian Millet Samples. J Food Prot 2019; 82:1433-1439. [PMID: 31339370 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Gamma irradiation is a useful technology for degrading mycotoxins. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of irradiation on ochratoxin A (OTA) stability under different conditions. OTA was irradiated in methanolic solution and on millet flour at doses of 2 and 4 kGy. Residual OTA concentrations and possible degradation products in irradiated samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The extent of in vitro cytotoxicity of OTA to HepG2 cells, with and without irradiation treatment, was assessed with an MTT assay. OTA was more sensitive to gamma radiation on Tunisian millet flour than in methanolic solutions. After irradiation of naturally contaminated millet flour, the OTA concentration was significantly reduced by 48 and 62% at a dose of 2 and 4 kGy, respectively. However, in the methanolic solution, OTA at concentrations of 1 and 5 μg mL-1 was relatively stable even at a dose of 4 kGy, with no degradation products detected in the chemical analysis. Analytical results were confirmed by cell culture assays. The remaining cytotoxicity (MTT assay) of OTA following irradiation was not significantly affected compared with the controls. These findings indicate that gamma irradiation could offer a solution for OTA decontamination in the postharvest processing chain of millet flour. However, the associated toxicological hazard of decontaminated food matrices needs more investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imed Maatouk
- 1 Research Unit Risques Iiés aux stress environmentaux: Lutte et prévention, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Zarzouna 7021, Tunisia
| | - Amel Mehrez
- 1 Research Unit Risques Iiés aux stress environmentaux: Lutte et prévention, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Zarzouna 7021, Tunisia
| | - Aya Ben Amara
- 1 Research Unit Risques Iiés aux stress environmentaux: Lutte et prévention, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Zarzouna 7021, Tunisia
| | - Ragoubi Chayma
- 1 Research Unit Risques Iiés aux stress environmentaux: Lutte et prévention, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Zarzouna 7021, Tunisia
| | - Salwa Abid
- 2 Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dentistry, Rue Avicenne, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Taieb Jerbi
- 3 National Center for Nuclear Sciences and Technologies (CNSTN), Tunis cedex 2020, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Landoulsi
- 1 Research Unit Risques Iiés aux stress environmentaux: Lutte et prévention, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Zarzouna 7021, Tunisia
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22
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Zheng W, Fan W, Feng N, Lu N, Zou H, Gu J, Yuan Y, Liu X, Bai J, Bian J, Liu Z. T he Role of miRNAs in Zearalenone-Promotion of TM3 Cell Proliferation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16091517. [PMID: 31035709 PMCID: PMC6540048 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16091517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a non-steroidal estrogen mycotoxin produced by several Gibberella and Fusarium species. Accumulating evidence has indicated that ZEA strongly stimulates cell proliferation. However the detailed molecular and cellular mechanisms of ZEA-mediated induction of cell proliferation have not yet been completely explained. The aim of this study was to detect the role of miRNAs in ZEA-mediated induction of cell proliferation. The effects of ZEA on cell proliferation were assessed using a cell counting kit assay and xCELLigence system. Micro-RNA sequencing was performed after treatment of TM3 cells with ZEA (0.01 μmol/L) for different time periods (0, 2, 6 and 18 h). Cell function and pathway analysis of the miRNA target genes were performed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). We found that ZEA promotes TM3 cell proliferation at low concentrations. miRNA sequenceing revealed 66 differentially expressed miRNAs in ZEA-treated cells in comparison to the untreated control ( p < 0.05). The miRNA sequencing indicated that compared to control group, there were 66 miRNAs significant change (p < 0.05) in ZEA-treated groups. IPA analysis showed that the predicated miRNAs target gene involved in cell Bio-functions including cell cycle, growth and proliferation, and in signaling pathways including MAPK and RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathways. Results from flow cytometry and Western Blot analysis validated the predictions that ZEA can affect cell cycle, and the MAPK signaling pathway. Taking these together, the cell proliferation induced ZEA is regulated by miRNAs. The results shed light on the molecular and cellular mechanisms for the mediation of ZEA to induce proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanglong Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Wentong Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Nannan Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Nanyan Lu
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Hui Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jianhong Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yan Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xuezhong Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jianfa Bai
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Jianchun Bian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zongping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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23
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Pagkali V, Petrou PS, Makarona E, Peters J, Haasnoot W, Jobst G, Moser I, Gajos K, Budkowski A, Economou A, Misiakos K, Raptis I, Kakabakos SE. Simultaneous determination of aflatoxin B 1, fumonisin B 1 and deoxynivalenol in beer samples with a label-free monolithically integrated optoelectronic biosensor. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 359:445-453. [PMID: 30059886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A label-free optical biosensor for the fast simultaneous determination of three mycotoxins, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), fumonisin B1 (FB1) and deoxynivalenol (DON), in beer samples is presented. The biosensor is based on an array of ten Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) monolithically integrated along with their respective broad-band silicon light sources onto a single chip. Multi-analyte determination is accomplished by functionalizing the sensing arms of individual MZIs with mycotoxin-protein conjugates. Assay is performed by pumping over the chip mixtures of calibrators or samples with a mixture of specific monoclonal antibodies, followed by reaction with a secondary anti-mouse IgG antibody. Reactions are monitored in real-time by continuously recording the MZI output spectra, which are then subjected to Discrete Fourier Transform to convert spectrum shifts to phase shifts. The detection limits achieved for AFB1, FB1 and DON were 0.8, 5.6 and 24 ng/ml, respectively, while the assay duration was 12 min. Recovery values ranging from 85 to 115% were determined in beer samples spiked with known concentrations of the three mycotoxins. In addition, beers of different types and origin were analysed with the biosensor developed and the results were compared with those provided by established laboratory methods, further supporting the accuracy of the proposed device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Pagkali
- Immunoassays-Immunosensors Lab, INRaSTES, NCSR "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi 15310, Greece; Analytical Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou 15771, Greece
| | - Panagiota S Petrou
- Immunoassays-Immunosensors Lab, INRaSTES, NCSR "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi 15310, Greece.
| | - Eleni Makarona
- Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi 15310, Greece
| | - Jeroen Peters
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Haasnoot
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Katarzyna Gajos
- M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Budkowski
- M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anastasios Economou
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou 15771, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Misiakos
- Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi 15310, Greece
| | - Ioannis Raptis
- Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi 15310, Greece
| | - Sotirios E Kakabakos
- Immunoassays-Immunosensors Lab, INRaSTES, NCSR "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi 15310, Greece.
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24
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Wang BJ, Zheng WL, Feng NN, Wang T, Zou H, Gu JH, Yuan Y, Liu XZ, Liu ZP, Bian JC. The Effects of Autophagy and PI3K/AKT/m-TOR Signaling Pathway on the Cell-Cycle Arrest of Rats Primary Sertoli Cells Induced by Zearalenone. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10100398. [PMID: 30274213 PMCID: PMC6215106 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10100398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A high concentration of Zearalenone (ZEA) will perturb the differentiation of germ cells, and induce a death of germ cells, but the toxic mechanism and molecular mechanism remain unclear. The Sertoli cells (SCs) play an irreplaceable role in spermatogenesis. In order to explore the potential mechanism of ZEA male reproductive toxicity, we studied the effects of ZEA on cell proliferation, cell-cycle distribution, cell-cycle-related proteins and autophagy-related pathway the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling in primary cultured rats SCs, and the effects of autophagy and PI3K/AKT/m TOR signaling pathway on the SCs cell-cycle arrest induced by ZEA treated with the autophagy promoter RAPA, autophagy inhibitor CQ, and the PI3K inhibitor LY294002, respectively. The data revealed that ZEA could inhibit the proliferation of SCs by arresting the cell cycle in the G2/M phase and trigger the autophagy via inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/m TOR signaling pathway. Promoting or inhibiting the level of autophagy could either augment or reverse the arrest of cell cycle. And it was regulated by PI3K/Akt/m TOR signaling pathway. Taken together, this study provides evidence that autophagy and PI3K/Akt/m TOR signaling pathway are involved in regulating rats primary SCs cell-cycle arrest due to ZEA in vitro. To some extent, ZEA-induced autophagy plays a protective role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Jie Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Wang-Long Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Nan-Nan Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Hui Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Jian-Hong Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Yan Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Xue-Zhong Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Zong-Ping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Jian-Chun Bian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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25
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Liu H, Zhang X, Zhang S, Huang H, Wu J, Wang Y, Yuan L, Liu C, Zeng X, Cheng X, Zhuang D, Zhang H. Oxidative Stress Mediates Microcystin-LR-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Autophagy in KK-1 Cells and C57BL/6 Mice Ovaries. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1058. [PMID: 30131715 PMCID: PMC6090159 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) is a cyclic heptapeptide intracellular toxin released by cyanobacteria that exhibits strong reproductive toxicity. However, little is known about its biotoxicity to the female reproductive system. The present study investigates unexplored molecular pathways by which oxidative stress acts on MC-LR-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERs) and autophagy. In the present study, immortalized murine ovarian granular cells (KK-1 cells) were exposed to 8.5, 17, and 34 μg/mL (IC50) of MC-LR with or without N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC, 10 mM) for 24 h, and C57BL/6 mice were treated with 12.5, 25.0, and 40.0 μg/kg⋅bw of MC-LR with or without NAC (200 mg/kg⋅bw) for 14 days. The results revealed that MC-LR could induce cells apoptosis and morphologic changes in ovarian tissues, induce oxidative stress by stimulating the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), destroying antioxidant capacity, and subsequently trigger ERs and autophagy by inducing the hyper-expression of ATG12, ATG5, ATG16, EIF2α (phosphorylated at S51), CHOP, XBP1, GRP78, Beclin1, and PERK (Thr980). Furthermore, NAC pretreatment partly inhibited MC-LR-induced ERs and autophagy via the PERK/ATG12 and XBP1/Beclin1 pathways. These results suggest that oxidative stress mediated MC-LR-induced ERs and autophagy in KK-1 cells and C57BL/6 mice ovaries. Therefore, oxidative stress plays an important role in female toxicity induced by MC-LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohao Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shenshen Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinxia Wu
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yueqin Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Le Yuan
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chuanrui Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuemin Cheng
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Donggang Zhuang
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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26
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Yu Z, Wu F, Tian J, Guo X, An R. Protective effects of compound ammonium glycyrrhizin, L‑arginine, silymarin and glucurolactone against liver damage induced by ochratoxin A in primary chicken hepatocytes. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:2551-2560. [PMID: 30015927 PMCID: PMC6102706 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin that is produced by fungi in improperly stored food and animal feed. It exhibits nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, embryotoxic, teratogenic, neurotoxic, immunotoxic and carcinogenic effects in laboratory and farm animals. In the present study, the hepatotoxicity of OPA was investigated in chicken primary hepatocytes. On this basis, the cytoprotective effects of compound ammonium glycyrrhizin (CAG), L‑arginine (L‑Arg), silymarin (Sil) and glucurolactone (GA) were investigated in vitro. Hepatocytes were treated with OTA, which resulted in a significant decrease in cell viability and increases in serum aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase activities, as determined by an MTT assay and commercial kits, respectively. Furthermore, following OTA treatment, the levels of hepatic antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione, were decreased, and the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde was increased, compared with the control group. However, pretreatment with CAG, L‑Arg, Sil and GA significantly ameliorated these alterations and Sil exerted the optimum hepatoprotective effect. The apoptotic rates were measured by flow cytometry and the results revealed that OTA increased cell apoptosis. The four types of hepatoprotective compounds employed in the present study decreased the apoptosis rate and significantly reversed OTA‑induced increases in the mRNA expression levels of caspase‑3, which was determined by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, B‑cell lymphoma‑2 (Bcl‑2) mRNA expression was increased in OTA‑treated cells when pretreated with CAG, L‑Arg, Sil and GA. However, no alterations in the mRNA expression of Bcl‑2‑associated X were observed in the L‑Arg and GA groups, compared with the OTA‑only group. These results indicate that OTA may exhibit hepatotoxicity in chickens and that CAG, L‑Arg, Sil and GA may protect the liver against this via anti‑oxidative and antiapoptosis mechanisms. In addition, CAG and GA are likely to mediate their effects through the mitochondrion‑dependent apoptosis pathway; however, the exact hepatoprotective mechanism of L‑Arg and GA require further investigation. Therefore, CAG, L‑Arg, Sil and GA are potential candidates for the prevention and treatment of chicken liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zugong Yu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Feng Wu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Jing Tian
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Xuewen Guo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
| | - Ran An
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, P.R. China
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27
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Sobral MMC, Faria MA, Cunha SC, Ferreira IMPLVO. Toxicological interactions between mycotoxins from ubiquitous fungi: Impact on hepatic and intestinal human epithelial cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 202:538-548. [PMID: 29587235 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin B1 (FB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are toxic fungal metabolites co-occurring naturally in the environment. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicological interactions of these mycotoxins concerning additive, antagonistic and synergistic toxicity towards human cells. The theoretical biology-based Combination index-isobologram method was used to evaluate the individual and binary effect of these toxins and determine the type of the interaction using as models Caco-2 (intestinal) and HepG2 (hepatic) cells. Cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTT test at the concentrations of 0.625-20 μM for all the compounds. DON exerted the highest toxicity toward both cells, OTA and AFB1 also showed a dose-effect response, whereas no toxicity was verified for FB1. Synergism or antagonism effects occurred when exposing AFB1-DON and AFB1-OTA on Caco-2 cells at higher or lower concentrations, respectively; while DON-OTA showed synergism throughout all inhibition levels. Concerning HepG2, AFB1-DON exerted a strong synergism, regardless of the level; whereas AFB1-OTA had slight synergism/nearly additive effect; and, OTA-DON had a moderate antagonism/nearly additive effect. Synergistic strengths as high as a dose reduction index of 10 for AFB1-DON were observed in hepatic cells. Taken together our findings indicate that the toxicological effects differ regarding the type of mycotoxins used for combinations and the stronger synergistic effect was observed for mixtures containing DON in both cells. Therefore, even though DON has not been classified as to its carcinogenicity to humans, this mycotoxin may present a serious threat to health, mainly when co-occurring in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Madalena C Sobral
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel A Faria
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sara C Cunha
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel M P L V O Ferreira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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28
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Zearalenone Promotes Cell Proliferation or Causes Cell Death? Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10050184. [PMID: 29724047 PMCID: PMC5983240 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10050184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA), one of the mycotoxins, exerts different mechanisms of toxicity in different cell types at different doses. It can not only stimulate cell proliferation but also inhibit cell viability, induce cell apoptosis, and cause cell death. Thus, the objective of this review is to summarize the available mechanisms and current evidence of what is known about the cell proliferation or cell death induced by ZEA. An increasing number of studies have suggested that ZEA promoted cell proliferation attributing to its estrogen-like effects and carcinogenic properties. What’s more, many studies have indicated that ZEA caused cell death via affecting the distribution of the cell cycle, stimulating oxidative stress and inducing apoptosis. In addition, several studies have revealed that autophagy and some antioxidants can reverse the damage or cell death induced by ZEA. This review thoroughly summarized the metabolic process of ZEA and the molecular mechanisms of ZEA stimulating cell proliferation and cell death. It concluded that a low dose of ZEA can exert estrogen-like effects and carcinogenic properties, which can stimulate the proliferation of cells. While, in addition, a high dose of ZEA can cause cell death through inducing cell cycle arrest, oxidative stress, DNA damage, mitochondrial damage, and apoptosis.
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29
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Zhang S, Chen H, Wang A, Liu Y, Hou H, Hu Q. Genotoxicity analysis of five particle matter toxicants from cigarette smoke based on γH2AX assay combined with Hill/Two-component model. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 58:131-140. [PMID: 29329021 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the genotoxic characteristics of typical toxicants in particle phase of cigarette smoke, including B[a]P, nicotine, tar, NNN and NNK. The in vitro γH2AX assay was used to detect the DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in A549 cells using high content screening (HCS). The results showed all toxicants had a dose/time-dependent effects on induction of γH2AX except for NNN and NNK. Based on dose-response of γH2AX and Hill model, the ability to induce DSBs was evaluated: NNN-acetate > B[a]P > NNK-acetate > tar > nicotine. Based on time-course of γH2AX and two-component model, the complex DNA damage was the main subtypes of DNA damage induced by these toxicants. Overall, all toxicants were genotoxic in A549 cells in a dose- or time- dependent manner except for NNN and NNK based on the γH2AX HCS assay. NNN-acetate had more potential to induce DSBs, which was followed by B[a]P, NNK-acetate, tar and nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Zhang
- Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230088, PR China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China; China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Huan Chen
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - An Wang
- Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230088, PR China
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230088, PR China
| | - Hongwei Hou
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
| | - Qingyuan Hu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
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Zheng N, Gao YN, Liu J, Wang HW, Wang JQ. Individual and combined cytotoxicity assessment of zearalenone with ochratoxin A or α-zearalenol by full factorial design. Food Sci Biotechnol 2018; 27:251-259. [PMID: 30263747 PMCID: PMC6049762 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The combined mycotoxins zearalenone (ZEA) with ochratoxin A (OTA) or α-zearalenol (α-ZOL) are frequently found together in milk. Toxicological data concerning the combined effects of these mycotoxins are sparse. In present study, individual and combined ZEA, OTA and α-ZOL caused cytotoxicity and oxidative damage, including reductions in intracellular superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities and glutathione content, along with increases in malonaldehyde content on human Hep G2 cells after 48 h of exposure. Among individual mycotoxins, OTA had the greatest cytotoxic effect followed by α-ZOL. Compared with individual mycotoxins, combinations produced more serious negative effects, more importantly, ZEA + OTA was antagonistic for these effects, whereas ZEA + α-ZOL was antagonistic at low concentrations, but synergistic at high concentrations of ZEA, which were evaluated by 3 × 3 full factorial analysis and estimated marginal means plots. Our results also demonstrated a significant correlation between cytotoxicity and oxidative damage in response to these combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Zheng
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Y. N. Gao
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - J. Liu
- China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing, 100027 People’s Republic of China
| | - H. W. Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 People’s Republic of China
| | - J. Q. Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
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Alassane-Kpembi I, Schatzmayr G, Taranu I, Marin D, Puel O, Oswald IP. Mycotoxins co-contamination: Methodological aspects and biological relevance of combined toxicity studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 57:3489-3507. [PMID: 26918653 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1140632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites produced mainly by Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium. As evidenced by large-scale surveys, humans and animals are simultaneously exposed to several mycotoxins. Simultaneous exposure could result in synergistic, additive or antagonistic effects. However, most toxicity studies addressed the effects of mycotoxins separately. We present the experimental designs and we discuss the conclusions drawn from in vitro experiments exploring toxicological interactions of mycotoxins. We report more than 80 publications related to mycotoxin interactions. The studies explored combinations involving the regulated groups of mycotoxins, especially aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, zearalenone and trichothecenes, but also the "emerging" mycotoxins beauvericin and enniatins. Over 50 publications are based on the arithmetic model of additivity. Few studies used the factorial designs or the theoretical biology-based models of additivity. The latter approaches are gaining increased attention. These analyses allow determination of the type of interaction and, optionally, its magnitude. The type of interaction reported for mycotoxin combinations depended on several factors, in particular cell models and the tested dose ranges. However, synergy among Fusarium toxins was highlighted in several studies. This review indicates that well-addressed in vitro studies remain valuable tools for the screening of interactive potential in mycotoxin mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imourana Alassane-Kpembi
- a Toxalim , Research Centre in Food Toxicology Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP- PURPAN, UPS , Toulouse , France.,b Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Camp Guézo , Cotonou , Bénin
| | | | - Ionelia Taranu
- d National Institute for Research and Development in Animal Biology and Nutrition (IBNA), Calea Bucuresti , Balotesti , Romania
| | - Daniela Marin
- d National Institute for Research and Development in Animal Biology and Nutrition (IBNA), Calea Bucuresti , Balotesti , Romania
| | - Olivier Puel
- a Toxalim , Research Centre in Food Toxicology Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP- PURPAN, UPS , Toulouse , France
| | - Isabelle Paule Oswald
- a Toxalim , Research Centre in Food Toxicology Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP- PURPAN, UPS , Toulouse , France
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Lee HJ, Ryu D. Worldwide Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Cereals and Cereal-Derived Food Products: Public Health Perspectives of Their Co-occurrence. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7034-7051. [PMID: 27976878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cereal grains and their processed food products are frequently contaminated with mycotoxins. Among many, five major mycotoxins of aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone are of significant public health concern as they can cause adverse effects in humans. Being airborne or soilborne, the cosmopolitan nature of mycotoxigenic fungi contribute to the worldwide occurrence of mycotoxins. On the basis of the global occurrence data reported during the past 10 years, the incidences and maximum levels in raw cereal grains were 55% and 1642 μg/kg for aflatoxins, 29% and 1164 μg/kg for ochratoxin A, 61% and 71,121 μg/kg for fumonisins, 58% and 41,157 μg/kg, for deoxynivalenol, and 46% and 3049 μg/kg for zearalenone. The concentrations of mycotoxins tend to be lower in processed food products; the incidences varied depending on the individual mycotoxins, possibly due to the varying stability during processing and distribution of mycotoxins. It should be noted that more than one mycotoxin, produced by a single or several fungal species, may occur in various combinations in a given sample or food. Most studies reported additive or synergistic effects, suggesting that these mixtures may pose a significant threat to public health, particularly to infants and young children. Therefore, information on the co-occurrence of mycotoxins and their interactive toxicity is summarized in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Lee
- School of Food Science, University of Idaho , 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2312, Moscow, Idaho 83844, United States
| | - Dojin Ryu
- School of Food Science, University of Idaho , 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2312, Moscow, Idaho 83844, United States
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Gamma irradiation effects on ochratoxin A: Degradation, cytotoxicity and application in food. Food Chem 2017; 240:463-471. [PMID: 28946299 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.07.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the main mycotoxins that can be found in food. The use of gamma radiation is a technique for preserving food that may exert some effects on mycotoxins. OTA was irradiated in its dry form, in aqueous and in methanolic solutions, and in wheat flour, grape juice and wine. Additionally, the toxicity of OTA irradiated in water was tested. In aqueous solutions, more than 90% of the OTA was degraded by γ-radiation doses ≥2.5kGy, and a 2-fold reduction in OTA cytotoxicity was observed. In food matrices, the elimination of OTA by γ-radiation was found more difficult, as radiation doses of 30kGy eliminate at most 24% of the OTA. Higher moisture content of food matrices did not substantially increase OTA elimination. It is concluded that OTA is very sensitive to irradiation in water solutions but resistant in its dry form and in food matrices.
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Akhtar S, Shahzad MA, Yoo SH, Ismail A, Hameed A, Ismail T, Riaz M. Determination of Aflatoxin M 1 and Heavy Metals in Infant Formula Milk Brands Available in Pakistani Markets. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2017; 37:79-86. [PMID: 28316474 PMCID: PMC5355587 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2017.37.1.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) after its bioconversion from aflatoxin B1 in animal liver becomes the part of milk while heavy metals get entry into milk and milk products during handling in the supply chain. Aflatoxin M1 and heavy metals being toxic compounds are needed to be monitored continuously to avoid any ailments among consumers of foods contaminated with such toxicants. Thirteen commercially available infant formula milk (IFM) brands available in Pakistani markets were analyzed for the quantitative determination of AFM1 and heavy metals through ELISA and atomic absorption spectrophotometer, respectively. AFM1 was found positive in 53.84% samples while 30.76% samples were found exceeding the maximum EU limit i.e. 0.025 μg/kg for AFM1 in IFM. Heavy metals lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) were found below the detection limits in any of the sample, whereas the concentrations of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and nickel (Ni) ranged between 45.40-97.10, 29.72-113.50 and <0.001-50.90 μg/kg, respectively. The concentration of Fe in all the tested brands was found in normal ranges while the concentrations of Zn and Ni were found exceeding the standard norms. Elevated levels of AFM1, Zn and Ni in some of the tested IFM brands indicated that a diet completely based on these IFM brands might pose sever health implications in the most vulnerable community i.e., infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Akhtar
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan-Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arif Shahzad
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan-Pakistan
| | - Sang-Ho Yoo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea
| | - Amir Ismail
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan-Pakistan
| | - Aneela Hameed
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan-Pakistan
| | - Tariq Ismail
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan-Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan-Pakistan; Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Korea
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35
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Gao YN, Wang JQ, Li SL, Zhang YD, Zheng N. Aflatoxin M1 cytotoxicity against human intestinal Caco-2 cells is enhanced in the presence of other mycotoxins. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 96:79-89. [PMID: 27470613 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), a class 2B human carcinogen, is the only mycotoxin with established maximum residue limits (MRLs) in milk. Toxicological data for other mycotoxins in baby food, containing cereals and milk, either in isolation or in combination with AFM1, are sparse. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxicity of AFM1, ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), and α-zearalenol (α-ZOL), individually and in combinations, in human Caco-2 cells. The tetrazolium salt (MTT) assay demonstrated that (i) OTA and AFM1 had similar cytotoxicity, which was higher than that of ZEA and α-ZOL, after a 72 h exposure; and (ii) the quaternary combination had the highest cytotoxicity, followed by tertiary and binary combinations and individual mycotoxins. Isobologram analysis indicated that the presence of OTA, ZEA, and/or α-ZOL with AFM1 led to additive and synergistic cytotoxicity in most combinations. The cytotoxicity of OTA was similar to that of AFM1, suggesting that OTA in food poses a health risk to consumers. Furthermore, AFM1 cytotoxicity increased dramatically in the presence of OTA, ZEA, and/or α-ZOL (p < 0.01), indicating that the established MRLs for AFM1 should be re-evaluated considering its frequent co-occurrence with other mycotoxins in baby food which contains milk and cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y N Gao
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - J Q Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - S L Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Y D Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - N Zheng
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
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Heussner AH, Bingle LEH. Comparative Ochratoxin Toxicity: A Review of the Available Data. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:4253-82. [PMID: 26506387 PMCID: PMC4626733 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7104253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxins are a group of mycotoxins produced by a variety of moulds. Ochratoxin A (OTA), the most prominent member of this toxin family, was first described by van der Merwe et al. in Nature in 1965. Dietary exposure to OTA represents a serious health issue and has been associated with several human and animal diseases including poultry ochratoxicosis, porcine nephropathy, human endemic nephropathies and urinary tract tumours in humans. More than 30 years ago, OTA was shown to be carcinogenic in rodents and since then extensive research has been performed in order to investigate its mode of action, however, this is still under debate. OTA is regarded as the most toxic family member, however, other ochratoxins or their metabolites and, in particular, ochratoxin mixtures or combinations with other mycotoxins may represent serious threats to human and animal health. This review summarises and evaluates current knowledge about the differential and comparative toxicity of the ochratoxin group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra H Heussner
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Well-Being, University of Sunderland, City Campus, Sunderland SR1 3SD, UK.
| | - Lewis E H Bingle
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Well-Being, University of Sunderland, City Campus, Sunderland SR1 3SD, UK.
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Li Y, He X, Yang X, Huang K, Luo Y, Zhu L, Li Y, Xu W. Zinc inhibits the reproductive toxicity of Zearalenone in immortalized murine ovarian granular KK-1 cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14277. [PMID: 26395757 PMCID: PMC4585791 DOI: 10.1038/srep14277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) mainly injures the reproductive system of mammals. In the present study, we aimed to explore the mechanism by which zinc inhibits ZEA-induced reproductive damage in KK-1 cells for the first time. The results shown that both zinc sulfate and zinc gluconate addition increased the intracellular zinc concentration and influenced the expression of zinc transporters (Slc30a1 and Slc39a1) in a time-dependent manner. Co-incubation of zinc with ZEA significantly reduced the ZEA-induced reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde elevation by promoting the transcription of Mtf1 and Mt2. Meanwhile, two different zincs inhibited the ZEA-induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and elevation of late-stage apoptosis via activating the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway by recovering the mRNA and protein expression of pro-apoptotic genes (Bax, Casp3, Casp9). Zinc also recovered cells from S-phase cell cycle arrest. In addition, both of them promoted the ZEA-induced estrogen production but regulated the expression of steroidogenic enzymes (Star, Cyp11a1, Hsd3b1, Cyp17a1) in different way. All these results indicated that zinc could inhibit the reproductive toxicity of ZEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China, 100083
| | - Xiaoyun He
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China, 100083
- The Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China, 100083
| | - Xuan Yang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China, 100083
| | - Kunlun Huang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China, 100083
- The Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China, 100083
| | - Yunbo Luo
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China, 100083
| | - Liye Zhu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China, 100083
| | - Yuzhe Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China, 100083
| | - Wentao Xu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China, 100083
- The Supervision, Inspection and Testing Center of Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China, 100083
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Rivas L, Mayorga-Martinez CC, Quesada-González D, Zamora-Gálvez A, de la Escosura-Muñiz A, Merkoçi A. Label-free impedimetric aptasensor for ochratoxin-A detection using iridium oxide nanoparticles. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5167-72. [PMID: 25901535 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this article, a novel aptasensor for ochratoxin A (OTA) detection based on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) modified with polythionine (PTH) and iridium oxide nanoparticles (IrO2 NPs) is presented. The electrotransducer surface is modified with an electropolymerized film of PTH followed by the assembly of IrO2 NPs on which the aminated aptamer selective to OTA is exchanged with the citrate ions surrounding IrO2 NPs via electrostatic interactions with the same surface. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in the presence of the [Fe(CN)6](-3/-4) redox probe is employed to characterize each step in the aptasensor assay and also for label-free detection of OTA in a range between 0.01 and 100 nM, obtaining one of the lowest limits of detection reported so far for label-free impedimetric detection of OTA (14 pM; 5.65 ng/kg). The reported system also exhibits a high reproducibility, a good performance with a white wine sample, and an excellent specificity against another toxin present in such sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Rivas
- ‡Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Arben Merkoçi
- §ICREA - Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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Straumfors A, Uhlig S, Eriksen G, Heldal K, Eduard W, Krska R, Sulyok M. Mycotoxins and other fungal metabolites in grain dust from Norwegian grain elevators and compound feed mills. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2014.1799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Employees at grain elevators and compound feed mills are exposed to large amounts of grain dust during work, frequently leading to airway symptoms and asthma. Although the exposure to grain dust, microorganisms, β-1→3-glucans and endotoxins has been extensively studied, the focus on the mycotoxin content of grain dust has previously been limited to one or few mycotoxins. Our objective was therefore to screen settled grain dust from grain elevators and compound feed mills for fungal metabolites by LC/MS-MS and explore differences between work places, seasons and climatic zones. Seventy fungal metabolites and two bacterial metabolites were detected. Trichothecenes, depsipeptides, ergot alkaloids, and other metabolites from Fusarium, Claviceps, Alternaria, Penicillium, Aspergillus, and other fungi were represented. The prevalence of individual metabolites was highly variable, and the concentration of each metabolite varied considerably between samples. The prevalence and concentration of most metabolites were higher in grain elevators compared to compound feed mills. Differences between seasons and climatic zones were inconclusive. All samples contained multiple mycotoxins, indicating a highly complex pattern of possible inhalational exposure. A mean exposure of 20 ng/m3 of fungal metabolites was estimated, whereas a worst case scenario estimated as much as 10 ?g/m3. Although many of these compounds may be linked to toxicological and immunological effects through experimental or epidemiological studies, it still remains to be determined whether the detected concentrations implicate adverse health outcomes when inhaled.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Straumfors
- Department of Chemical and Biological Work Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 8149 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - S. Uhlig
- Department of Chemical and Biological Work Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 8149 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
- Section for Chemistry and Toxicology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ullevålsveien 68, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - G.S. Eriksen
- Section for Chemistry and Toxicology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ullevålsveien 68, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - K.K. Heldal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Work Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 8149 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - W. Eduard
- Department of Chemical and Biological Work Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 8149 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - R. Krska
- Centre for Analytical Chemistry, Department IFA, Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - M. Sulyok
- Centre for Analytical Chemistry, Department IFA, Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
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40
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Wang HW, Wang JQ, Zheng BQ, Li SL, Zhang YD, Li FD, Zheng N. Cytotoxicity induced by ochratoxin A, zearalenone, and α-zearalenol: effects of individual and combined treatment. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 71:217-24. [PMID: 24952310 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the cytotoxicity of combined mycotoxins of ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), and/or α-zearalenol (α-ZOL). The cytotoxicity of two mycotoxin combinations (two two-toxin combinations and one three-toxin combination) on human Hep G2 cells was evaluated using a tetrazolium salt (MTT) assay and isobologram analysis. Our results demonstrated significant cytotoxic effects of the two-toxin combination and the three-toxin combination on Hep G2 cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The combination indexes (CI) were 2.73-7.67 for the OTA+ZEA combination and 1.23-17.82 for the OTA+α-ZOL combination after 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h of exposure at all inhibit concentration (IC) levels (IC10-IC90), indicating an antagonism. The CIs of the ZEA+α-ZOL combination were 1.29-2.55 after 24 h and 72 h of exposure (IC10-IC90), indicating an antagonism. The CIs of the ZEA+α-ZOL combination were 0.74-1.68 after 48 h of exposure, indicating synergism (IC80-IC90), additive effects (IC50-IC70), or antagonism (IC10-IC40). For the OTA+ZEA+α-ZOL combination, the CIs were 1.41-14.65 after 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h of exposure (IC10-IC90), indicating an antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - J Q Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - B Q Zheng
- Tangshan Livestock and Aquatic Products Quality Monitoring Center, Tangshan 06300, PR China
| | - S L Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Y D Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - F D Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - N Zheng
- Ministry of Agriculture Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products (Beijing), Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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