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Zaharieva MM, Foka P, Karamichali E, Kroumov AD, Philipov S, Ilieva Y, Kim TC, Podlesniy P, Manasiev Y, Kussovski V, Georgopoulou U, Najdenski HM. Photodynamic Inactivation of Bovine Coronavirus with the Photosensitizer Toluidine Blue O. Viruses 2023; 16:48. [PMID: 38257748 PMCID: PMC10818719 DOI: 10.3390/v16010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) belong to the group of enveloped positive-sense single-strand RNA viruses and are causative agents of respiratory, gastro-intestinal, and central nervous systems diseases in many host species, i.e., birds, mammals, and humans. Beta-CoVs revealed a great potential to cross the barrier between species by causing three epidemics/pandemics among humans in the 21st century. Considering the urgent need for powerful antiviral agents for decontamination, prevention, and treatment of BCoV infections, we turned our attention to the possibility of photodynamic inactivation with photosensitizers in combination with light irradiation. In the present study, we evaluated, for the first time, the antiviral activity of toluidine blue O (TBO) against Beta-coronavirus 1 (BCoV) in comparison to methylene blue (MB). First, we determined the in vitro cytotoxicity of MB and TBO on the Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cell line with ISO10993-5/Annex C. Thereafter, BCoV was propagated in MDBK cells, and the virus titer was measured with digital droplet PCR, TCID50 assay and plaque assay. The antiviral activity of non-toxic concentrations of TBO was estimated using the direct inactivation approach. All effects were calculated in MAPLE 15® mathematical software by developing programs for non-linear modeling and response surface analysis. The median inhibitory concentration (IC50) of TBO after 72 h of incubation in MDBK cells was 0.85 µM. The antiviral activity of TBO after the direct inactivation of BCoV (MOI = 1) was significantly stronger than that of MB. The median effective concentration (EC50) of TBO was 0.005 µM. The cytopathic effect decreased in a concentration-dependent manner, from 0.0025 to 0.01 µM, and disappeared fully at concentrations between 0.02 and 0.3 µM of TBO. The number of virus particles also decreased, depending on the concentration applied, as proven by ddPCR analysis. In conclusion, TBO exhibits significant potential for direct inactivation of BCoV in vitro, with a very high selectivity index, and should be subjected to further investigation, aiming at its application in veterinary and/or human medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Margaritova Zaharieva
- Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.M.Z.); (A.D.K.); (Y.I.); (T.C.K.); (V.K.)
| | - Pelagia Foka
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Institute Pasteur, Vasilissis Sofias 127, 11521 Athens, Greece; (P.F.); (E.K.)
| | - Eirini Karamichali
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Institute Pasteur, Vasilissis Sofias 127, 11521 Athens, Greece; (P.F.); (E.K.)
| | - Alexander Dimitrov Kroumov
- Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.M.Z.); (A.D.K.); (Y.I.); (T.C.K.); (V.K.)
| | - Stanislav Philipov
- Chair Human Anatomy, Histology, General and Clinical Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital Lozenetz, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 2 Kozyak Str., 1407 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Yana Ilieva
- Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.M.Z.); (A.D.K.); (Y.I.); (T.C.K.); (V.K.)
| | - Tanya Chan Kim
- Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.M.Z.); (A.D.K.); (Y.I.); (T.C.K.); (V.K.)
| | - Petar Podlesniy
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, CSIC, Rosselló, 161, 7ª Planta, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Yordan Manasiev
- Evgeni Budevski Institute of Electrochemistry and Energy Systems, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Vesselin Kussovski
- Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.M.Z.); (A.D.K.); (Y.I.); (T.C.K.); (V.K.)
| | - Urania Georgopoulou
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Institute Pasteur, Vasilissis Sofias 127, 11521 Athens, Greece; (P.F.); (E.K.)
| | - Hristo Miladinov Najdenski
- Department of Infectious Microbiology, The Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.M.Z.); (A.D.K.); (Y.I.); (T.C.K.); (V.K.)
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Lourenço LMO, Tomé AC, Tomé JPC. Editorial: Photodynamic Therapy as an Important Tool for Biological Breakthroughs-Photoactive Photosensitizers Applied from Cancer to Microbial Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:330. [PMID: 38203501 PMCID: PMC10778883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) stands as an approved clinical treatment for both oncologic and nononcologic disorders [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro M. O. Lourenço
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Augusto C. Tomé
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - João P. C. Tomé
- CQE, IMS, DEQ, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
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Law SK, Leung AWN, Xu C. Photodynamic Action of Curcumin and Methylene Blue against Bacteria and SARS-CoV-2-A Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 17:34. [PMID: 38256868 PMCID: PMC10818644 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has occurred for more than four years, and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing COVID-19 is a strain of coronavirus, which presents high rates of morbidity around the world. Up to the present date, there are no therapeutics that can avert this form of illness, and photodynamic therapy (PDT) may be an alternative approach against SARS-CoV-2. Curcumin and methylene blue have been approved and used in clinical practices as a photosensitizer in PDT for a long time with their anti-viral properties and for disinfection through photo-inactivated SARS-CoV-2. Previously, curcumin and methylene blue with antibacterial properties have been used against Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). METHODS To conduct a literature review, nine electronic databases were researched, such as WanFang Data, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, Springer Link, SciFinder, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), without any regard to language constraints. In vitro and in vivo studies were included that evaluated the effect of PDT mediated via curcumin or methylene blue to combat bacteria and SARS-CoV-2. All eligible studies were analyzed and summarized in this review. RESULTS Curcumin and methylene blue inhibited the replication of SARS-CoV-2. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated during the treatment of PDT with curcumin and methylene blue to prevent the attachment of SARS-CoV-2 on the ACE2 receptor and damage to the nucleic acids either DNA or RNA. It also modulates pro-inflammatory cytokines and attenuates the clotting effects of the host response. CONCLUSION The photodynamic action of curcumin and methylene blue provides a possible approach against bacteria and SARS-CoV-2 infection because they act as non-toxic photosensitizers in PDT with an antibacterial effect, anti-viral properties, and disinfection functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Kan Law
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
- Faculty of Science and Technology, The Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong, Tsing Yi, New Territories, Hong Kong;
| | | | - Chuanshan Xu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
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Bunin DA, Martynov AG, Gvozdev DA, Gorbunova YG. Phthalocyanine aggregates in the photodynamic therapy: dogmas, controversies, and future prospects. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:983-998. [PMID: 37975002 PMCID: PMC10643719 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01129-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a rapidly developing method for the treatment of cancer and bacterial diseases, is based on the photosensitization of oxygen to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that destroy specific biological targets. Among the various photosensitizers, phthalocyanines (Pc) have attracted particular attention due to their excellent photophysical properties, most of which meet the therapeutic requirements. The statement that aggregation of Pc-based photosensitizers is undesirable because it suppresses ROS generation has become commonplace in PDT. In this review, we have collected and discussed a number of works whose results refute this well-established axiom and show that aggregated forms of phthalocyanines can still exhibit photodynamic activity, in some cases in synergy with the photothermal and optoacoustic effects. In addition, ROS generation can be induced by aggregates under the conditions of sonodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A. Bunin
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander G. Martynov
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daniil A. Gvozdev
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia G. Gorbunova
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Mariewskaya KA, Gvozdev DA, Chistov AA, Straková P, Huvarová I, Svoboda P, Kotouček J, Ivanov NM, Krasilnikov MS, Zhitlov MY, Pak AM, Mikhnovets IE, Nikitin TD, Korshun VA, Alferova VA, Mašek J, Růžek D, Eyer L, Ustinov AV. Membrane-Targeting Perylenylethynylphenols Inactivate Medically Important Coronaviruses via the Singlet Oxygen Photogeneration Mechanism. Molecules 2023; 28:6278. [PMID: 37687107 PMCID: PMC10488391 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Perylenylethynyl derivatives have been recognized as broad-spectrum antivirals that target the lipid envelope of enveloped viruses. In this study, we present novel perylenylethynylphenols that exhibit nanomolar or submicromolar antiviral activity against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) in vitro. Perylenylethynylphenols incorporate into viral and cellular membranes and block the entry of the virus into the host cell. Furthermore, these compounds demonstrate an ability to generate singlet oxygen when exposed to visible light. The rate of singlet oxygen production is positively correlated with antiviral activity, confirming that the inhibition of fusion is primarily due to singlet-oxygen-induced damage to the viral envelope. The unique combination of a shape that affords affinity to the lipid bilayer and the capacity to generate singlet oxygen makes perylenylethynylphenols highly effective scaffolds against enveloped viruses. The anticoronaviral activity of perylenylethynylphenols is strictly light-dependent and disappears in the absence of daylight (under red light). Moreover, these compounds exhibit negligible cytotoxicity, highlighting their significant potential for further exploration of the precise antiviral mechanism and the broader scope and limitations of this compound class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniya A. Mariewskaya
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.M.); (A.A.C.); (N.M.I.); (M.S.K.); (M.Y.Z.); (A.M.P.); (I.E.M.); (T.D.N.); (V.A.A.); (A.V.U.)
| | - Daniil A. Gvozdev
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-12, 119234 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexey A. Chistov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.M.); (A.A.C.); (N.M.I.); (M.S.K.); (M.Y.Z.); (A.M.P.); (I.E.M.); (T.D.N.); (V.A.A.); (A.V.U.)
| | - Petra Straková
- Laboratory of Emerging Viral Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, CZ-621 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (I.H.); (P.S.); (D.R.)
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 1160/31, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Huvarová
- Laboratory of Emerging Viral Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, CZ-621 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (I.H.); (P.S.); (D.R.)
| | - Pavel Svoboda
- Laboratory of Emerging Viral Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, CZ-621 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (I.H.); (P.S.); (D.R.)
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 1160/31, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, CZ-612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kotouček
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, CZ-621 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Nikita M. Ivanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.M.); (A.A.C.); (N.M.I.); (M.S.K.); (M.Y.Z.); (A.M.P.); (I.E.M.); (T.D.N.); (V.A.A.); (A.V.U.)
| | - Maxim S. Krasilnikov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.M.); (A.A.C.); (N.M.I.); (M.S.K.); (M.Y.Z.); (A.M.P.); (I.E.M.); (T.D.N.); (V.A.A.); (A.V.U.)
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Y. Zhitlov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.M.); (A.A.C.); (N.M.I.); (M.S.K.); (M.Y.Z.); (A.M.P.); (I.E.M.); (T.D.N.); (V.A.A.); (A.V.U.)
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra M. Pak
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.M.); (A.A.C.); (N.M.I.); (M.S.K.); (M.Y.Z.); (A.M.P.); (I.E.M.); (T.D.N.); (V.A.A.); (A.V.U.)
| | - Igor E. Mikhnovets
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.M.); (A.A.C.); (N.M.I.); (M.S.K.); (M.Y.Z.); (A.M.P.); (I.E.M.); (T.D.N.); (V.A.A.); (A.V.U.)
| | - Timofei D. Nikitin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.M.); (A.A.C.); (N.M.I.); (M.S.K.); (M.Y.Z.); (A.M.P.); (I.E.M.); (T.D.N.); (V.A.A.); (A.V.U.)
| | - Vladimir A. Korshun
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.M.); (A.A.C.); (N.M.I.); (M.S.K.); (M.Y.Z.); (A.M.P.); (I.E.M.); (T.D.N.); (V.A.A.); (A.V.U.)
| | - Vera A. Alferova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.M.); (A.A.C.); (N.M.I.); (M.S.K.); (M.Y.Z.); (A.M.P.); (I.E.M.); (T.D.N.); (V.A.A.); (A.V.U.)
| | - Josef Mašek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, CZ-621 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Daniel Růžek
- Laboratory of Emerging Viral Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, CZ-621 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (I.H.); (P.S.); (D.R.)
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 1160/31, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Luděk Eyer
- Laboratory of Emerging Viral Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, CZ-621 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (I.H.); (P.S.); (D.R.)
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 1160/31, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alexey V. Ustinov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (K.A.M.); (A.A.C.); (N.M.I.); (M.S.K.); (M.Y.Z.); (A.M.P.); (I.E.M.); (T.D.N.); (V.A.A.); (A.V.U.)
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Pallavi P, Harini K, Elboughdiri N, Gowtham P, Girigoswami K, Girigoswami A. Infections associated with SARS-CoV-2 exploited via nanoformulated photodynamic therapy. ADMET AND DMPK 2023; 11:513-531. [PMID: 37937246 PMCID: PMC10626507 DOI: 10.5599/admet.1883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose The pandemic of COVID-19 has highlighted the need for managing infectious diseases, which spreads by airborne transmission leading to serious health, social, and economic issues. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped virus with a 60-140 nm diameter and particle-like features, which majorly accounts for this disease. Expanding diagnostic capabilities, developing safe vaccinations with long-lasting immunity, and formulating effective medications are the strategies to be investigated. Experimental approach For the literature search, electronic databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science were used as the source. Search terms like 'Nano-mediated PDT,' 'PDT for SARS-CoV-2', and 'Nanotechnology in treatment for SARS-CoV-2' were used. Out of 275 initially selected articles, 198 were chosen after the abstract screening. During the full-text screening, 80 papers were excluded, and 18 were eliminated during data extraction. Preference was given to articles published from 2018 onwards, but a few older references were cited for their valuable information. Key results Synthetic nanoparticles (NPs) have a close structural resemblance to viruses and interact greatly with their proteins due to their similarities in the configurations. NPs had previously been reported to be effective against a variety of viruses. In this way, with nanoparticles, photodynamic therapy (PDT) can be a viable alternative to antibiotics in fighting against microbial infections. The protocol of PDT includes the activation of photosensitizers using specific light to destroy microorganisms in the presence of oxygen, treating several respiratory diseases. Conclusion The use of PDT in treating COVID-19 requires intensive investigations, which has been reviewed in this manuscript, including a computational approach to formulating effective photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Pallavi
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai, TN-603103, India
| | - Karthick Harini
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai, TN-603103, India
| | - Noureddine Elboughdiri
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Ha'il, P.O. Box 2440, Ha'il 81441, Saudi Arabia
- Chemical Engineering Process Department, National School of Engineers Gabes, University of Gabes, Gabes 6029, Tunisia
| | - Pemula Gowtham
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai, TN-603103, India
| | - Koyeli Girigoswami
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai, TN-603103, India
| | - Agnishwar Girigoswami
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai, TN-603103, India
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Mariewskaya KA, Krasilnikov MS, Korshun VA, Ustinov AV, Alferova VA. Near-Infrared Dyes: Towards Broad-Spectrum Antivirals. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010188. [PMID: 36613629 PMCID: PMC9820607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Broad antiviral activity in vitro is known for many organic photosensitizers generating reactive oxygen species under irradiation with visible light. Low tissue penetration of visible light prevents further development of antiviral therapeutics based on these compounds. One possible solution to this problem is the development of photosensitizers with near-infrared absorption (NIR dyes). These compounds found diverse applications in the photodynamic therapy of tumors and bacterial infections, but they are scarcely mentioned as antivirals. In this account, we aimed to evaluate the therapeutic prospects of various NIR-absorbing and singlet oxygen-generating chromophores for the development of broad-spectrum photosensitizing antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniya A. Mariewskaya
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim S. Krasilnikov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Korshun
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-4957246715
| | - Alexey V. Ustinov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vera A. Alferova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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Anti-Viral Photodynamic Inactivation of T4-like Bacteriophage as a Mammalian Virus Model in Blood. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911548. [PMID: 36232850 PMCID: PMC9570132 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The laboratorial available methods applied in plasma disinfection can induce damage in other blood components. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) represents a promising approach and is approved for plasma and platelet disinfection using non-porphyrinic photosensitizers (PSs), such as methylene blue (MB). In this study, the photodynamic action of three cationic porphyrins (Tri-Py(+)-Me, Tetra-Py(+)-Me and Tetra-S-Py(+)-Me) towards viruses was evaluated under white light irradiation at an irradiance of 25 and 150 mW·cm−2, and the results were compared with the efficacy of the approved MB. None of the PSs caused hemolysis at the isotonic conditions, using a T4-like phage as a model of mammalian viruses. All porphyrins were more effective than MB in the photoinactivation of the T4-like phage in plasma. Moreover, the most efficient PS promoted a moderate inactivation rate of the T4-like phage in whole blood. Nevertheless, these porphyrins, such as MB, can be considered promising and safe PSs to photoinactivate viruses in blood plasma.
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Electrostatic Map of the SARS-CoV-2 Virion Specifies Binding Sites of the Antiviral Cationic Photosensitizer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137304. [PMID: 35806316 PMCID: PMC9266743 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrostatics is an important part of virus life. Understanding the detailed distribution of charges over the surface of a virus is important to predict its interactions with host cells, antibodies, drugs, and different materials. Using a coarse-grained model of the entire viral envelope developed by D. Korkin and S.-J. Marrink’s scientific groups, we created an electrostatic map of the external surface of SARS-CoV-2 and found a highly heterogeneous distribution of the electrostatic potential field of the viral envelope. Numerous negative patches originate mainly from negatively charged lipid domains in the viral membrane and negatively charged areas on the “stalks” of the spike (S) proteins. Membrane (M) and envelope (E) proteins with the total positive charge tend to colocalize with the negatively charged lipids. In the E protein pentamer exposed to the outer surface, negatively charged glutamate residues and surrounding lipids form a negative electrostatic potential ring around the channel entrance. We simulated the interaction of the antiviral octacationic photosensitizer octakis(cholinyl)zinc phthalocyanine with the surface structures of the entire model virion using the Brownian dynamics computational method implemented in ProKSim software (version r661). All mentioned negatively charged envelope components attracted the photosensitizer molecules and are thus potential targets for reactive oxygen generated in photosensitized reactions.
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Photodynamic Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity and Antiviral Treatment Effects In Vitro. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061301. [PMID: 35746772 PMCID: PMC9229166 DOI: 10.3390/v14061301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite available vaccines, antibodies and antiviral agents, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic still continues to cause severe disease and death. Current treatment options are limited, and emerging new mutations are a challenge. Thus, novel treatments and measures for prevention of viral infections are urgently required. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a potential treatment for infections by a broad variety of critical pathogens, including viruses. We explored the infectiousness of clinical SARS-CoV-2 isolates in Vero cell cultures after PDI-treatment, using the photosensitizer Tetrahydroporphyrin-tetratosylate (THPTS) and near-infrared light. Replication of viral RNA (qPCR), viral cytopathic effects (microscopy) and mitochondrial activity were assessed. PDI of virus suspension with 1 µM THPTS before infection resulted in a reduction of detectable viral RNA by 3 log levels at day 3 and 6 after infection to similar levels as in previously heat-inactivated virions (<99.9%; p < 0.05). Mitochondrial activity, which was significantly reduced by viral infection, was markedly increased by PDI to levels similar to uninfected cell cultures. When applying THPTS-based PDI after infection, a single treatment had a virus load-reducing effect only at a higher concentration (3 µM) and reduced cell viability in terms of PDI-induced toxicity. Repeated PDI with 0.3 µM THPTS every 4 h for 3 d after infection reduced the viral load by more than 99.9% (p < 0.05), while cell viability was maintained. Our data demonstrate that THPTS-based antiviral PDI might constitute a promising approach for inactivation of SARS-CoV-2. Further testing will demonstrate if THPTS is also suitable to reduce the viral load in vivo.
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Infectivity and Morphology of Bovine Coronavirus Inactivated In Vitro by Cationic Photosensitizers. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051053. [PMID: 35632792 PMCID: PMC9144331 DOI: 10.3390/v14051053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine coronaviruses (BCoVs), which cause gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in cattle, and are genetically related to the human coronavirus HCoV-OC43, which is responsible for up to 10% of common colds, attract increased attention. We applied the method of photodynamic inactivation with cationic photosensitizers (PSs) to reduce the titers of BCoV and studied the morphological structure of viral particles under various modes of photodynamic exposure. The samples of virus containing liquid with an initial virus titer of 5 Log10 TCID50/mL were incubated with methylene blue (MB) or octakis(cholinyl)zinc phthalocyanine (Zn-PcChol8+) at concentrations of 1–5 μM for 10 min in the dark at room temperature. After incubation, samples were irradiated with LED (emission with maximum at 663 nm for MB or at 686 nm for Zn-PcChol8+) with light doses of 1.5 or 4 J/cm2. Next, the irradiation titrated virus containing liquid was studied using negative staining transmission electron microscopy. MB and Zn-PcChol8+ at concentrations of 1–5 μM, in combination with red light from LED sources in the low doses of 1.5–4.0 J/cm2, led to a decrease in BCoV titers by at least four orders of magnitude from the initial titer 5 Log10 TCID50/mL. Morphological changes in photodamaged BCoVs with increasing PS concentrations were loss of spikes, change in shape, decreased size of virus particles, destruction of the envelope, and complete disintegration of viruses. BCoV has been found to be sensitive to MB, which is the well-known approved drug, even in the absence of light.
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Sadraeian M, Junior FFP, Miranda M, Galinskas J, Fernandes RS, da Cruz EF, Fu L, Zhang L, Diaz RS, Cabral-Miranda G, Guimarães FEG. Study of Viral Photoinactivation by UV-C Light and Photosensitizer Using a Pseudotyped Model. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030683. [PMID: 35336059 PMCID: PMC8955308 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Different light-based strategies have been investigated to inactivate viruses. Herein, we developed an HIV-based pseudotyped model of SARS-CoV-2 (SC2) to study the mechanisms of virus inactivation by using two different strategies; photoinactivation (PI) by UV-C light and photodynamic inactivation (PDI) by Photodithazine photosensitizer (PDZ). We used two pseudoviral particles harboring the Luciferase-IRES-ZsGreen reporter gene with either a SC2 spike on the membrane or without a spike as a naked control pseudovirus. The mechanism of viral inactivation by UV-C and PDZ-based PDI were studied via biochemical characterizations and quantitative PCR on four levels; free-cell viral damage; viral cell entry; DNA integration; and expression of reporter genes. Both UV-C and PDZ treatments could destroy single stranded RNA (ssRNA) and the spike protein of the virus, with different ratios. However, the virus was still capable of binding and entering into the HEK 293T cells expressing angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2). A dose-dependent manner of UV-C irradiation mostly damages the ssRNA, while PDZ-based PDI mostly destroys the spike and viral membrane in concentration and dose-dependent manners. We observed that the cells infected by the virus and treated with either UV-C or PDZ-based PDI could not express the luciferase reporter gene, signifying the viral inactivation, despite the presence of RNA and DNA intact genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sadraeian
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 369, São Carlos 13560-970, SP, Brazil; (F.F.P.J.); (M.M.); (R.S.F.)
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (L.F.); (L.Z.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (F.E.G.G.); Tel.: +55-(16)-33739792 (F.E.G.G.)
| | - Fabio Francisco Pinto Junior
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 369, São Carlos 13560-970, SP, Brazil; (F.F.P.J.); (M.M.); (R.S.F.)
| | - Marcela Miranda
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 369, São Carlos 13560-970, SP, Brazil; (F.F.P.J.); (M.M.); (R.S.F.)
| | - Juliana Galinskas
- Laboratório de Retrovirologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04039-032, SP, Brazil; (J.G.); (E.F.d.C.); (R.S.D.)
| | - Rafaela Sachetto Fernandes
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 369, São Carlos 13560-970, SP, Brazil; (F.F.P.J.); (M.M.); (R.S.F.)
| | - Edgar Ferreira da Cruz
- Laboratório de Retrovirologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04039-032, SP, Brazil; (J.G.); (E.F.d.C.); (R.S.D.)
| | - Libing Fu
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (L.F.); (L.Z.)
| | - Le Zhang
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (L.F.); (L.Z.)
| | - Ricardo Sobhie Diaz
- Laboratório de Retrovirologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04039-032, SP, Brazil; (J.G.); (E.F.d.C.); (R.S.D.)
| | - Gustavo Cabral-Miranda
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (ICB/USP), São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil;
- Institute of Research and Education in Child Health (PENSI), São Paulo 01228-200, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco Eduardo Gontijo Guimarães
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 369, São Carlos 13560-970, SP, Brazil; (F.F.P.J.); (M.M.); (R.S.F.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (F.E.G.G.); Tel.: +55-(16)-33739792 (F.E.G.G.)
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Alencar WLM, da Silva Arouche T, Neto AFG, de Castro Ramalho T, de Carvalho Júnior RN, de Jesus Chaves Neto AM. Interactions of Co, Cu, and non-metal phthalocyanines with external structures of SARS-CoV-2 using docking and molecular dynamics. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3316. [PMID: 35228662 PMCID: PMC8885651 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07396-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, caused the COVID-19 pandemic, characterized by its high rate of contamination, propagation capacity, and lethality rate. In this work, we approach the use of phthalocyanines as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2, as they present several interactive properties of the phthalocyanines (Pc) of Cobalt (CoPc), Copper (CuPc) and without a metal group (NoPc) can interact with SARS-CoV-2, showing potential be used as filtering by adsorption on paints on walls, masks, clothes, and air conditioning filters. Molecular modeling techniques through Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics were used, where the target was the external structures of the virus, but specifically the envelope protein, main protease, and Spike glycoprotein proteases. Using the g_MM-GBSA module and with it, the molecular docking studies show that the ligands have interaction characteristics capable of adsorbing the structures. Molecular dynamics provided information on the root-mean-square deviation of the atomic positions provided values between 1 and 2.5. The generalized Born implicit solvation model, Gibbs free energy, and solvent accessible surface area approach were used. Among the results obtained through molecular dynamics, it was noticed that interactions occur since Pc could bind to residues of the active site of macromolecules, demonstrating good interactions; in particular with CoPc. Molecular couplings and free energy showed that S-gly active site residues interacted strongly with phthalocyanines with values of - 182.443 kJ/mol (CoPc), 158.954 kJ/mol (CuPc), and - 129.963 kJ/mol (NoPc). The interactions of Pc's with SARS-CoV-2 may predict some promising candidates for antagonists to the virus, which if confirmed through experimental approaches, may contribute to resolving the global crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Luna Machado Alencar
- Laboratory of Preparation and Computation of Nanomaterials (LPCN), Federal University of Pará, C. P. 479, Belem, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
- Pos-Graduation Program in Engineering of Natural Resources of the Amazon, ITEC, Federal University of Pará, C. P. 2626, Belém, PA, 66050-540, Brazil
- Federal Institute of Pará (IFPA), C. P. BR 316, Km 61, Castanhal, PA, 68740-970, Brazil
| | - Tiago da Silva Arouche
- Laboratory of Preparation and Computation of Nanomaterials (LPCN), Federal University of Pará, C. P. 479, Belem, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | | | | | - Raul Nunes de Carvalho Júnior
- Pos-Graduation Program in Engineering of Natural Resources of the Amazon, ITEC, Federal University of Pará, C. P. 2626, Belém, PA, 66050-540, Brazil
- Pos-Graduation Program in Chemical Engineering, ITEC, Federal University of Pará, C. P. 479, Belém, PA, 66075-900, Brazil
| | - Antonio Maia de Jesus Chaves Neto
- Laboratory of Preparation and Computation of Nanomaterials (LPCN), Federal University of Pará, C. P. 479, Belem, PA, 66075-110, Brazil.
- Pos-Graduation Program in Engineering of Natural Resources of the Amazon, ITEC, Federal University of Pará, C. P. 2626, Belém, PA, 66050-540, Brazil.
- Pos-Graduation Program in Chemical Engineering, ITEC, Federal University of Pará, C. P. 479, Belém, PA, 66075-900, Brazil.
- National Professional Master's in Physics Teaching, Federal University of Pará, C. P. 479, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil.
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Photodynamic Inactivation of Human Coronaviruses. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010110. [PMID: 35062314 PMCID: PMC8779093 DOI: 10.3390/v14010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) employs a photosensitizer, light, and oxygen to create a local burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can inactivate microorganisms. The botanical extract PhytoQuinTM is a powerful photosensitizer with antimicrobial properties. We previously demonstrated that photoactivated PhytoQuin also has antiviral properties against herpes simplex viruses and adenoviruses in a dose-dependent manner across a broad range of sub-cytotoxic concentrations. Here, we report that human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are also susceptible to photodynamic inactivation. Photoactivated-PhytoQuin inhibited the replication of the alphacoronavirus HCoV-229E and the betacoronavirus HCoV-OC43 in cultured cells across a range of sub-cytotoxic doses. This antiviral effect was light-dependent, as we observed minimal antiviral effect of PhytoQuin in the absence of photoactivation. Using RNase protection assays, we observed that PDI disrupted HCoV particle integrity allowing for the digestion of viral RNA by exogenous ribonucleases. Using lentiviruses pseudotyped with the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein, we once again observed a strong, light-dependent antiviral effect of PhytoQuin, which prevented S-mediated entry into human cells. We also observed that PhytoQuin PDI altered S protein electrophoretic mobility. The PhytoQuin constituent emodin displayed equivalent light-dependent antiviral activity to PhytoQuin in matched-dose experiments, indicating that it plays a central role in PhytoQuin PDI against CoVs. Together, these findings demonstrate that HCoV lipid envelopes and proteins are damaged by PhytoQuin PDI and expands the list of susceptible viruses.
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What Binds Cationic Photosensitizers Better: Brownian Dynamics Reveals Key Interaction Sites on Spike Proteins of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081615. [PMID: 34452480 PMCID: PMC8402653 DOI: 10.3390/v13081615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the electrostatic properties of the spike proteins (S-proteins) of three coronaviruses, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, and their interactions with photosensitizers (PSs), octacationic octakis(cholinyl)zinc phthalocyanine (Zn-PcChol8+) and monocationic methylene blue (MB). We found a major common PS binding site at the connection of the S-protein stalk and head. The molecules of Zn-PcChol8+ and MB also form electrostatic encounter complexes with large area of negative electrostatic potential at the head of the S-protein of SARS-CoV-2, between fusion protein and heptad repeat 1 domain. The top of the SARS-CoV spike head demonstrates a notable area of electrostatic contacts with Zn-PcChol8+ and MB that corresponds to the N-terminal domain. The S-protein protomers of SARS-CoV-2 in “open” and “closed” conformations demonstrate different ability to attract PS molecules. In contrast with Zn-PcChol8+, MB possesses the ability to penetrate inside the pocket formed as a result of SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain transition into the “open” state. The existence of binding site for cationic PSs common to the S-proteins of SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS-CoV creates prospects for the wide use of this type of PSs to combat the spread of coronaviruses.
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