1
|
von Possel R, Menge B, Deschermeier C, Fritzsche C, Hemmer C, Geerdes-Fenge H, Loebermann M, Schulz A, Lattwein E, Steinhagen K, Tönnies R, Ahrendt R, Emmerich P. Performance Analysis of Serodiagnostic Tests to Characterize the Incline and Decline of the Individual Humoral Immune Response in COVID-19 Patients: Impact on Diagnostic Management. Viruses 2024; 16:91. [PMID: 38257792 PMCID: PMC10820597 DOI: 10.3390/v16010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Serodiagnostic tests for antibody detection to estimate the immunoprotective status regarding SARS-CoV-2 support diagnostic management. This study aimed to investigate the performance of serological assays for COVID-19 and elaborate on test-specific characteristics. Sequential samples (n = 636) of four panels (acute COVID-19, convalescent COVID-19 (partly vaccinated post-infection), pre-pandemic, and cross-reactive) were tested for IgG by indirect immunofluorescence test (IIFT) and EUROIMMUN EUROLINE Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Profile (IgG). Neutralizing antibodies were determined by a virus neutralization test (VNT) and two surrogate neutralization tests (sVNT, GenScript cPass, and EUROIMMUN SARS-CoV-2 NeutraLISA). Analysis of the acute and convalescent panels revealed high positive (78.3% and 91.6%) and negative (91.6%) agreement between IIFT and Profile IgG. The sVNTs revealed differences in their positive (cPass: 89.4% and 97.0%, NeutraLISA: 71.5% and 72.1%) and negative agreement with VNT (cPass: 92.3% and 50.0%, NeutraLISA: 95.1% and 92.5%) at a diagnostic specificity of 100% for all tests. The cPass showed higher inhibition rates than NeutraLISA at VNT titers below 1:640. Cross-reactivities were only found by cPass (57.1%). Serodiagnostic tests, which showed substantial agreement and fast runtime, could provide alternatives for cell-based assays. The findings of this study suggest that careful interpretation of serodiagnostic results obtained at different times after SARS-CoV-2 antigen exposure is crucial to support decision-making in diagnostic management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald von Possel
- Department for Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Babett Menge
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, 23560 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christina Deschermeier
- Diagnostics Development Laboratory, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carlos Fritzsche
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Christoph Hemmer
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Hilte Geerdes-Fenge
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Micha Loebermann
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Anette Schulz
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, 23560 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Erik Lattwein
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, 23560 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Katja Steinhagen
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, 23560 Lübeck, Germany
| | | | | | - Petra Emmerich
- Department for Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wan Shuaib WMA, Badaruddin IA, Mansor M, Salleh SA, Hassan MR, Lindong S, Samad SN, Othman H. SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD IgG & Neutralizing antibodies among different categories of health care workers post third dose BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2266931. [PMID: 37828861 PMCID: PMC10578183 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2266931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies (NTAb) play a significant role in preventing and protecting against SARS-CoV-2 virus infection. Identifying NTAb is undoubtedly imperative in understanding the immunity toward COVID-19 better. However, it is interesting to note that the production of NTAb varies among individuals, especially among healthcare workers (HCWs), as they are exposed to the virus daily. Hence, we would like to investigate factors affecting the production of S-RBD IgG and NTAb among different categories of HCWs, particularly after receiving the third dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine. A total of 361 HCWs from our hospital were prospectively enrolled and had their S-RBD IgG and NTAb titers measured. They were studied in relation to the degree of exposure to COVID-19, breakthrough infections, gender, age, race, household income, housing type, household number, and education levels. HCWs with the highest risk of exposure to COVID-19, breakthrough infections, and male gender displayed the highest median titers of both S-RBD IgG and NTAb, and the differences were statistically significant (p < .05). Age, race, household income, housing type, household number, and education levels were revealed to be insignificant. We concluded that the degree of exposure to COVID-19, breakthrough infections, and male gender are significant factors in NTAb production among HCWs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan Muhammad Azfar Wan Shuaib
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz, UKMMC, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Izzatul Aliaa Badaruddin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz, UKMMC, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Munirah Mansor
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostic Services (JPMD), Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz, UKMMC, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sharifah Azura Salleh
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz, UKMMC, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rohaizat Hassan
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz, UKMMC, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Steward Lindong
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostic Services (JPMD), Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz, UKMMC, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shahril Nizam Samad
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostic Services (JPMD), Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz, UKMMC, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hanita Othman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz, UKMMC, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Epitope Coverage of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid IgA and IgG Antibodies Correlates with Protection against Re-Infection by New Variants in Subsequent Waves of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020584. [PMID: 36851798 PMCID: PMC9967965 DOI: 10.3390/v15020584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to affect individuals across the globe, with some individuals experiencing more severe disease than others. The relatively high frequency of re-infections and breakthrough infections observed with SARS-CoV-2 highlights the importance of extending our understanding of immunity to COVID-19. Here, we aim to shed light on the importance of antibody titres and epitope utilization in protection from re-infection. Health care workers are highly exposed to SARS-CoV-2 and are therefore also more likely to become re-infected. We utilized quantitative, multi-antigen, multi-epitope SARS-CoV-2 protein microarrays to measure IgG and IgA titres against various domains of the nucleocapsid and spike proteins. Potential re-infections in a large, diverse health care worker cohort (N = 300) during the second wave of the pandemic were identified by assessing the IgG anti-N titres before and after the second wave. We assessed epitope coverage and antibody titres between the 'single infection' and 're-infection' groups. Clear differences were observed in the breadth of the anti-N response before the second wave, with the epitope coverage for both IgG (p = 0.019) and IgA (p = 0.015) being significantly increased in those who did not become re-infected compared to those who did. Additionally, the IgG anti-N (p = 0.004) and anti-S titres (p = 0.018) were significantly higher in those not re-infected. These results highlight the importance of the breadth of elicited antibody epitope coverage following natural infection in protection from re-infection and disease in the COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
|
4
|
SARS-CoV-2 and Its Variants in Thrice-Infected Health Workers: A Case Series from an Italian University Hospital. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112536. [PMID: 36423145 PMCID: PMC9695215 DOI: 10.3390/v14112536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We described a SARS-CoV-2 thrice-infected case series in health workers (HW) to evaluate patient and virus variants and lineages and collect information on variables associated with multiple infections. METHODS A retrospective analysis of clinical and laboratory characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 thrice-infected individuals was carried out in Verona University Hospital, concurrent with the ORCHESTRA project. Variant analysis was conducted on a subset of available specimens. RESULTS Twelve HW out of 7368 were thrice infected (0.16%). Symptomatic infections were reported in 63.6%, 54.5% and 72.7% of the first, second and third infections, respectively. Nine subjects were fully vaccinated at the time of the third infection, and five had an additional booster dose. The mean time to second infection was 349.6 days (95% CI, 138-443); the mean interval between the second and third infection was 223.5 days (95% CI, 108-530) (p = 0.032). In three cases, the second and third infections were caused by the Omicron variant, but different lineages were detected when the second vs third infections were sequenced. CONCLUSIONS This case series confirms evidence of multiple reinfections with SARS-CoV-2, even from the same variant, in vaccinated HW. These results reinforce the need for continued infection-specific prevention measures in previously infected and reinfected HW.
Collapse
|
5
|
Marinov GK, Mladenov M, Rangachev A, Alexiev I. SARS-CoV-2 reinfections during the first three major COVID-19 waves in Bulgaria. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274509. [PMID: 36084070 PMCID: PMC9462809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has had a devastating impact on the world over the past two years (2020-2021). One of the key questions about its future trajectory is the protection from subsequent infections and disease conferred by a previous infection, as the SARS-CoV-2 virus belongs to the coronaviruses, a group of viruses the members of which are known for their ability to reinfect convalescent individuals. Bulgaria, with high rates of previous infections combined with low vaccination rates and an elderly population, presents a somewhat unique context to study this question. METHODS We use detailed governmental data on registered COVID-19 cases to evaluate the incidence and outcomes of COVID-19 reinfections in Bulgaria in the period between March 2020 and early December 2021. RESULTS For the period analyzed, a total of 4,106 cases of individuals infected more than once were observed, including 31 cases of three infections and one of four infections. The number of reinfections increased dramatically during the Delta variant-driven wave of the pandemic towards the end of 2021. We observe a moderate reduction of severe outcomes (hospitalization and death) in reinfections relative to primary infections, and a more substantial reduction of severe outcomes in breakthrough infections in vaccinated individuals. CONCLUSIONS In the available datasets from Bulgaria, prior infection appears to provide some protection from severe outcomes, but to a lower degree than the reduction in severity of breakthrough infections in the vaccinated compared to primary infections in the unvaccinated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgi K. Marinov
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Antoni Rangachev
- Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
- International Center for Mathematical Sciences-Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivailo Alexiev
- National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Czech-Sioli M, Günther T, Robitaille A, Roggenkamp H, Büttner H, Indenbirken D, Christner M, Lütgehetmann M, Knobloch J, Aepfelbacher M, Grundhoff A, Fischer N. Integration of Sequencing and Epidemiologic Data for Surveillance of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infections in a Tertiary-Care Hospital. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 76:e263-e273. [PMID: 35717654 PMCID: PMC9214157 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic significantly burdens hospitals and other healthcare facilities. Therefore, understanding the entry and transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical for effective prevention and preparedness measures. We performed surveillance and analysis of testing and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infections in a tertiary-care hospital in Germany during the second and third pandemic waves in fall/winter 2020. METHODS Between calendar week 41 in 2020 and calendar week 1 in 2021, 40%, of all positive patient and staff samples (284 total) were subjected to full-length viral genome sequencing. Clusters were defined based on similar genotypes indicating common sources of infection. We integrated phylogenetic, spatial, and temporal metadata to detect nosocomial infections and outbreaks, uncover transmission chains, and evaluate containment measures' effectiveness. RESULTS Epidemiologic data and contact tracing readily recognize most healthcare-associated (HA) patient infections. However, sequencing data reveal that temporally preceding index cases and transmission routes can be missed using epidemiologic methods, resulting in delayed interventions and serially linked outbreaks being counted as independent events. While hospital-associated transmissions were significantly elevated at a moderate rate of community transmission during the second wave, systematic testing and high vaccination rates among staff have led to a substantial decrease in HA infections at the end of the second/beginning of the third wave despite high community transmissions. CONCLUSIONS While epidemiologic analysis is critical for immediate containment of HA SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks, integration of genomic surveillance revealed weaknesses in identifying staff contacts. Our study underscores the importance of high testing frequency and genomic surveillance to detect, contain and prevent SARS-CoV-2-associated infections in healthcare settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Günther
- Virus Genomics Unit, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexis Robitaille
- Virus Genomics Unit, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hannes Roggenkamp
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henning Büttner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Indenbirken
- Virus Genomics Unit, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Christner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mark Lütgehetmann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Knobloch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Aepfelbacher
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Nicole Fischer
- Corresponding author: Nicole Fischer, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Martinistrasse 52 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Brehm TT, Pfefferle S, von Possel R, Karolyi M, Zoufaly A, Wichmann D, Kobbe R, Emmerich P, Nörz D, Aepfelbacher M, Wiesch JSZ, Addo MM, Stefan, Schmiedel, Lütgehetmann M. Clinical efficacy and in vitro neutralization capacity of monoclonal antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 delta and omicron variants. J Med Virol 2022; 94:5038-5043. [PMID: 35662058 PMCID: PMC9347884 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to provide in vitro data on the neutralization capacity of different monoclonal antibody (mAb) preparations against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) delta and omicron variant, respectively, and describe the in vivo RNA kinetics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) patients treated with the respective mAbs. Virus neutralization assays were performed to assess the neutralizing effect of the mAb formulations casirivimab/imdevimab and sotrovimab on the SARS‐CoV‐2 delta and omicron variant. Additionally, respiratory tract SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA kinetics are provided for 25 COVID‐19 patients infected with either delta variant (n = 18) or omicron variant (n = 7) treated with the respective mAb formulations during their hospital stay. In the virus neutralization assay, sotrovimab exhibits neutralizing capacity at therapeutically achievable concentrations against the SARS‐CoV‐2 delta and omicron variant. In contrast, casivirimab/imdevimab had neutralizing capacity against the delta variant but failed neutralization against the omicron variant except for a very high concentration above the currently recommended therapeutic dosage. In patients with delta variant infections treated with casivirimab/imdevimab, we observed a rapid decrease of respiratory viral RNA at day 3 after mAb therapy. In contrast, no such prompt decline was observed in patients with delta variant or omicron variant infections receiving sotrovimab.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Theo Brehm
- Division of Infectious Diseases, I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel Riems
| | - Susanne Pfefferle
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel Riems.,Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Straße 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany.,Center for Diagnostics, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ronald von Possel
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Straße 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mario Karolyi
- Department of Medicine 4, Klinik Favoriten, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Zoufaly
- Department of Medicine 4, Klinik Favoriten, Vienna, Austria.,Faculty of Medicine, Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominic Wichmann
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Robin Kobbe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Petra Emmerich
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Straße 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Nörz
- Center for Diagnostics, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Aepfelbacher
- Center for Diagnostics, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Schulze Zur Wiesch
- Division of Infectious Diseases, I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel Riems
| | - Marylyn M Addo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel Riems.,Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Schmiedel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel Riems
| | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel Riems.,Center for Diagnostics, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Impact of Oral Rinsing with Octenidine Based Solution on SARS-CoV-2 Loads in Saliva of Infected Patients an Exploratory Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095582. [PMID: 35564977 PMCID: PMC9099814 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective: In this study, the in-vivo effect of an antiseptic mouth rinse with Octenisept plus phenoxyethanol (OCT + PE) on the oral SARS-CoV-2 load was investigated. Material and Methods: In eight COVID-19 patients, saliva samples were obtained before mouth rinsing and at five time points post rinsing with OCT + PE (n = 47 saliva samples in total). SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected and quantified by RT-qPCR and virus isolation in cell culture was performed to assess for infectivity. Results: Immediately after mouth rinsing (1 min), a significant reduction of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA loads in saliva was achieved (p = 0.03) with 7/8 participants having SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels undetectable by RT-qPCR. At later time points, RNA levels returned to baseline levels in all study participants. Infectivity of saliva samples was demonstrated by successful virus isolation from saliva samples collected at later time points. Conclusions: This study highlights that saliva samples from COVID-19 patients are infectious and demonstrates that mouth rinsing with OCT + PE temporarily leads to a significant reduction of the SARS-CoV-2 load in saliva. Clinical relevance: Mouth rinsing with OCT + PE could provide a simple, rapid, and efficient method for SARS-CoV-2 infection prevention, particularly in the field of dental and respiratory medicine
Collapse
|
9
|
Ren X, Zhou J, Guo J, Hao C, Zheng M, Zhang R, Huang Q, Yao X, Li R, Jin Y. Reinfection in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review. Glob Health Res Policy 2022; 7:12. [PMID: 35488305 PMCID: PMC9051013 DOI: 10.1186/s41256-022-00245-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the continuation of the COVID-19 pandemic, some COVID-19 patients have become reinfected with the virus. Viral gene sequencing has found that some of these patients were reinfected by the different and others by same strains. This has raised concerns about the effectiveness of immunity after infection and the reliability of vaccines. To this end, we conducted a systematic review to assess the characteristics of patients with reinfection and possible causes. METHODS A systematic search was conducted across eight databases: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, CNKI, WanFang, VIP and SinoMed from December 1, 2019 to September 1, 2021. The quality of included studies were assessed using JBI critical appraisal tools and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RESULTS This study included 50 studies from 20 countries. There were 118 cases of reinfection. Twenty-five patients were reported to have at least one complication. The shortest duration between the first infection and reinfection was 19 days and the longest was 293 days. During the first infection and reinfection, cough (51.6% and 43.9%) and fever (50% and 30.3%) were the most common symptoms respectively. Nine patients recovered, seven patients died, and five patients were hospitalized, but 97 patients' prognosis were unknown. B.1 is the most common variant strain at the first infection. B.1.1.7, B.1.128 and B.1.351 were the most common variant strains at reinfection. Thirty-three patients were infected by different strains and 9 patients were reported as being infected with the same strain. CONCLUSIONS Our research shows that it is possible for rehabilitated patients to be reinfected by SARS-COV-2. To date, the causes and risk factors of COVID-19 reinfection are not fully understood. For patients with reinfection, the diagnosis and management should be consistent with the treatment of the first infection. The public, including rehabilitated patients, should be fully vaccinated, wear masks in public places, and pay attention to maintaining social distance to avoid reinfection with the virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangying Ren
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- College of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan China
| | - Jie Zhou
- School of Nursing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Acupuncture Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunmei Hao
- The First Clinical College of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Mengxue Zheng
- The First Clinical College of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Neurotumor Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Qiao Huang
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaomei Yao
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
- Center for Clinical Practice Guideline Conduction and Evaluation, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiling Li
- College of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan China
| | - Yinghui Jin
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Perry J, Osman S, Wright J, Richard-Greenblatt M, Buchan SA, Sadarangani M, Bolotin S. Does a humoral correlate of protection exist for SARS-CoV-2? A systematic review. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266852. [PMID: 35395052 PMCID: PMC8993021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A correlate of protection (CoP) is an immunological marker associated with protection against infection. Despite an urgent need, a CoP for SARS-CoV-2 is currently undefined. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to review the evidence for a humoral correlate of protection for SARS-CoV-2, including variants of concern. METHODS We searched OVID MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Health, Biosis Previews and Scopus to January 4, 2022 and pre-prints (using NIH iSearch COVID-19 portfolio) to December 31, 2021, for studies describing SARS-CoV-2 re-infection or breakthrough infection with associated antibody measures. Two reviewers independently extracted study data and performed quality assessment. RESULTS Twenty-five studies were included in our systematic review. Two studies examined the correlation of antibody levels to VE, and reported values from 48.5% to 94.2%. Similarly, several studies found an inverse relationship between antibody levels and infection incidence, risk, or viral load, suggesting that both humoral immunity and other immune components contribute to protection. However, individual level data suggest infection can still occur in the presence of high levels of antibodies. Two studies estimated a quantitative CoP: for Ancestral SARS-CoV-2, these included 154 (95% confidence interval (CI) 42, 559) anti-S binding antibody units/mL (BAU/mL), and 28.6% (95% CI 19.2, 29.2%) of the mean convalescent antibody level following infection. One study reported a CoP for the Alpha (B.1.1.7) variant of concern of 171 (95% CI 57, 519) BAU/mL. No studies have yet reported an Omicron-specific CoP. CONCLUSIONS Our review suggests that a SARS-CoV-2 CoP is likely relative, where higher antibody levels decrease the risk of infection, but do not eliminate it completely. More work is urgently needed in this area to establish a SARS-CoV-2 CoP and guide policy as the pandemic continues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Perry
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Selma Osman
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Sarah A. Buchan
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manish Sadarangani
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shelly Bolotin
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
To A, Wong TAS, Lieberman MM, Thompson K, Ball AH, Pessaint L, Greenhouse J, Daham N, Cook A, Narvaez B, Flinchbaugh Z, Van Ry A, Yalley-Ogunro J, Elyard HA, Lai CY, Donini O, Lehrer AT. A Recombinant Subunit Vaccine Induces a Potent, Broadly Neutralizing, and Durable Antibody Response in Macaques against the SARS-CoV-2 P.1 (Gamma) Variant. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:825-840. [PMID: 35263081 PMCID: PMC8938837 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
FDA-approved and emergency use-authorized vaccines using new mRNA and viral-vector technology are highly effective in preventing moderate to severe disease; however, information on their long-term efficacy and protective breadth against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 variants of concern (VOCs) is currently scarce. Here, we describe the durability and broad-spectrum VOC immunity of a prefusion-stabilized spike (S) protein adjuvanted with liquid or lyophilized CoVaccine HT in cynomolgus macaques. This recombinant subunit vaccine is highly immunogenic and induces robust spike-specific and broadly neutralizing antibody responses effective against circulating VOCs (B.1.351 [Beta], P.1 [Gamma], and B.1.617 [Delta]) for at least three months after the final boost. Protective efficacy and postexposure immunity were evaluated using a heterologous P.1 challenge nearly three months after the last immunization. Our results indicate that while immunization with both high and low S doses shorten and reduce viral loads in the upper and lower respiratory tract, a higher antigen dose is required to provide durable protection against disease as vaccine immunity wanes. Histologically, P.1 infection causes similar COVID-19-like lung pathology as seen with early pandemic isolates. Postchallenge IgG concentrations were restored to peak immunity levels, and vaccine-matched and cross-variant neutralizing antibodies were significantly elevated in immunized macaques indicating an efficient anamnestic response. Only low levels of P.1-specific neutralizing antibodies with limited breadth were observed in control (nonvaccinated but challenged) macaques, suggesting that natural infection may not prevent reinfection by other VOCs. Overall, these results demonstrate that a properly dosed and adjuvanted recombinant subunit vaccine can provide protective immunity against circulating VOCs for at least three months.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert To
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Teri Ann S. Wong
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Michael M. Lieberman
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Karen Thompson
- Department of Pathology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Aquena H. Ball
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | | | - Jack Greenhouse
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | | | - Anthony Cook
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Brandon Narvaez
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Zack Flinchbaugh
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Alex Van Ry
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Jake Yalley-Ogunro
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Hanne Andersen Elyard
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Chih-Yun Lai
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | | | - Axel T. Lehrer
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology, and Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gargouri S, Souissi A, Abid N, Chtourou A, Feki-Berrajah L, Karray R, Kossentini H, Ben Ayed I, Abdelmoula F, Chakroun O, Nasri A, Hammami A, Rekik N, Masmoudi S, Karray-Hakim H, Rebai A. Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 symptomatic reinfection in four healthcare professionals from the same hospital despite the presence of antibodies. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 117:146-154. [PMID: 35017107 PMCID: PMC8743858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, cases of reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 have been reported, raising additional public health concerns. SARS-CoV-2 reinfection was assessed in healthcare workers (HCWs) in Tunisia because they are at the greatest exposure to infection by different variants. METHODS We conducted whole-genome sequencing of the viral RNA from clinical specimens collected during the initial infection and the suspected reinfection from 4 HCWs, who were working at the Habib Bourguiba University Hospital (Sfax, Tunisia) and retested positive for SARS-CoV-2 through reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) after recovery from a first infection. A total of 8 viral RNAs from the patients' respiratory specimens were obtained, which allowed us to characterize the differences between viral genomes from initial infection and positive retest. The serology status for total Ig, IgG, and IgM against SARS-CoV-2 was also determined and followed after the first infection. RESULTS We confirmed through whole-genome sequencing of the viral samples that all 4 cases experienced a reinfection event. The interval between the 2 infection events ranged between 45 and 141 days, and symptoms were milder in the second infection for 2 patients and more severe for the remaining 2 patients. Reinfection occurred in all 4 patients despite the presence of antibodies in 3 of them. CONCLUSION This study adds to the rapidly growing evidence of COVID-19 reinfection, where viral sequences were used to confirm infection by distinct isolates of SARS-CoV-2 in HCWs. These findings suggest that individuals who are exposed to different SARS-CoV-2 variants might not acquire sufficiently protective immunity through natural infection and emphasize the necessity of their vaccination and the regular follow-up of their immune status both in quantitative and qualitative terms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saba Gargouri
- Department of Microbiology, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital/Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Amal Souissi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nabil Abid
- Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biological Active Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, University of Monastir, Tunisia,High Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Amel Chtourou
- Department of Microbiology, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital/Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Lamia Feki-Berrajah
- Department of Microbiology, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital/Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Rim Karray
- Emergency Department, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital/Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hana Kossentini
- Emergency Department, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital/Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ikhlass Ben Ayed
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Abdelmoula
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Chakroun
- Emergency Department, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital/Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Abdennour Nasri
- Emergency Department, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital/Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Adnène Hammami
- Department of Microbiology, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital/Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Noureddine Rekik
- Emergency Department, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital/Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Saber Masmoudi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hela Karray-Hakim
- Department of Microbiology, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital/Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Rebai
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia,Corresponding author. Professor Ahmed Rebai. Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Screening Processes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Sidi Mansour road Km 6, BP "1177" 3018 Sfax-Tunisie
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nörz D, Grunwald M, Tang HT, Weinschenk C, Günther T, Robitaille A, Giersch K, Fischer N, Grundhoff A, Aepfelbacher M, Pfefferle S, Lütgehetmann M. Clinical Evaluation of a Fully-Automated High-Throughput Multiplex Screening-Assay to Detect and Differentiate the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron) and B.1.617.2 (Delta) Lineage Variants. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030608. [PMID: 35337015 PMCID: PMC8950896 DOI: 10.3390/v14030608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 lineage and its sublineages (Omicron variant) pose a new challenge to healthcare systems worldwide due to its ability to efficiently spread in immunized populations and its resistance to currently available monoclonal antibody therapies. RT-PCR-based variant tests can be used to screen large sample-sets rapidly and accurately for relevant variants of concern (VOC). The aim of this study was to establish and validate a multiplex assay on the cobas 6800/8800 systems to allow discrimination between the two currently circulating VOCs, Omicron and Delta, in clinical samples. Methods: Primers and probes were evaluated for multiplex compatibility. Analytic performance was assessed using cell culture supernatant of an Omicron variant isolate and a clinical Delta variant sample, normalized to WHO-Standard. Clinical performance of the multiplex assay was benchmarked against NGS results. Results: In silico testing of all oligos showed no interactions with a high risk of primer-dimer formation or amplification of human DNA/RNA. Over 99.9% of all currently available Omicron variant sequences are a perfect match for at least one of the three Omicron targets included in the multiplex. Analytic sensitivity was determined as 19.0 IU/mL (CI95%: 12.9–132.2 IU/mL) for the A67V + del-HV69-70 target, 193.9 IU/mL (CI95%: 144.7–334.7 IU/mL) for the E484A target, 35.5 IU/mL (CI95%: 23.3–158.0 IU/mL) for the N679K + P681H target and 105.0 IU/mL (CI95%: 80.7–129.3 IU/mL) for the P681R target. All sequence variances were correctly detected in the clinical sample set (225/225 Targets). Conclusion: RT-PCR-based variant screening compared to whole genome sequencing is both rapid and reliable in detecting relevant sequence variations in SARS-CoV-2 positive samples to exclude or verify relevant VOCs. This allows short-term decision-making, e.g., for patient treatment or public health measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Nörz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (D.N.); (M.G.); (H.T.T.); (C.W.); (K.G.); (N.F.); (M.A.); (S.P.)
| | - Moritz Grunwald
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (D.N.); (M.G.); (H.T.T.); (C.W.); (K.G.); (N.F.); (M.A.); (S.P.)
| | - Hui Ting Tang
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (D.N.); (M.G.); (H.T.T.); (C.W.); (K.G.); (N.F.); (M.A.); (S.P.)
| | - Celine Weinschenk
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (D.N.); (M.G.); (H.T.T.); (C.W.); (K.G.); (N.F.); (M.A.); (S.P.)
| | - Thomas Günther
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), Virus Genomics, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (T.G.); (A.R.); (A.G.)
| | - Alexis Robitaille
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), Virus Genomics, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (T.G.); (A.R.); (A.G.)
| | - Katja Giersch
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (D.N.); (M.G.); (H.T.T.); (C.W.); (K.G.); (N.F.); (M.A.); (S.P.)
| | - Nicole Fischer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (D.N.); (M.G.); (H.T.T.); (C.W.); (K.G.); (N.F.); (M.A.); (S.P.)
| | - Adam Grundhoff
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), Virus Genomics, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (T.G.); (A.R.); (A.G.)
| | - Martin Aepfelbacher
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (D.N.); (M.G.); (H.T.T.); (C.W.); (K.G.); (N.F.); (M.A.); (S.P.)
| | - Susanne Pfefferle
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (D.N.); (M.G.); (H.T.T.); (C.W.); (K.G.); (N.F.); (M.A.); (S.P.)
| | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (D.N.); (M.G.); (H.T.T.); (C.W.); (K.G.); (N.F.); (M.A.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pradenas E, Trinité B, Urrea V, Marfil S, Tarrés-Freixas F, Ortiz R, Rovirosa C, Rodon J, Vergara-Alert J, Segalés J, Guallar V, Valencia A, Izquierdo-Useros N, Noguera-Julian M, Carrillo J, Paredes R, Mateu L, Chamorro A, Toledo R, Massanella M, Clotet B, Blanco J. Clinical course impacts early kinetics,magnitude, and amplitude of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies beyond 1 year after infection. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100523. [PMID: 35233547 PMCID: PMC8784437 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To understand the determinants of long-term immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the concurrent impact of vaccination and emerging variants, we follow a prospective cohort of 332 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) over more than a year after symptom onset. We evaluate plasma-neutralizing activity using HIV-based pseudoviruses expressing the spike of different SARS-CoV-2 variants and analyze them longitudinally using mixed-effects models. Long-term neutralizing activity is stable beyond 1 year after infection in mild/asymptomatic and hospitalized participants. However, longitudinal models suggest that hospitalized individuals generate both short- and long-lived memory B cells, while the responses of non-hospitalized individuals are dominated by long-lived B cells. In both groups, vaccination boosts responses to natural infection. Long-term (>300 days from infection) responses in unvaccinated participants show a reduced efficacy against beta, but not alpha nor delta, variants. Multivariate analysis identifies the severity of primary infection as an independent determinant of higher magnitude and lower relative cross-neutralization activity of long-term neutralizing responses. Long-term persistence (>12 months) of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Severity of infection determines the magnitude and quality of neutralizing response Vaccination boosts neutralizing response to natural infection
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwards Pradenas
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Benjamin Trinité
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Víctor Urrea
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Silvia Marfil
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ferran Tarrés-Freixas
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Raquel Ortiz
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carla Rovirosa
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Rodon
- IRTA Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Júlia Vergara-Alert
- IRTA Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Victor Guallar
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alfonso Valencia
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nuria Izquierdo-Useros
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marc Noguera-Julian
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Roger Paredes
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.,Infectious Diseases Department, Fight against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lourdes Mateu
- Infectious Diseases Department, Fight against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Chamorro
- Infectious Diseases Department, Fight against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ruth Toledo
- Infectious Diseases Department, Fight against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Massanella
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.,Infectious Diseases Department, Fight against AIDS Foundation (FLS), Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.,University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.,University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Catalonia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gusev E, Sarapultsev A, Solomatina L, Chereshnev V. SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune Response and the Pathogenesis of COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1716. [PMID: 35163638 PMCID: PMC8835786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The review aims to consolidate research findings on the molecular mechanisms and virulence and pathogenicity characteristics of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) causative agent, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and their relevance to four typical stages in the development of acute viral infection. These four stages are invasion; primary blockade of antiviral innate immunity; engagement of the virus's protection mechanisms against the factors of adaptive immunity; and acute, long-term complications of COVID-19. The invasion stage entails the recognition of the spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 target cell receptors, namely, the main receptor (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, ACE2), its coreceptors, and potential alternative receptors. The presence of a diverse repertoire of receptors allows SARS-CoV-2 to infect various types of cells, including those not expressing ACE2. During the second stage, the majority of the polyfunctional structural, non-structural, and extra proteins SARS-CoV-2 synthesizes in infected cells are involved in the primary blockage of antiviral innate immunity. A high degree of redundancy and systemic action characterizing these pathogenic factors allows SARS-CoV-2 to overcome antiviral mechanisms at the initial stages of invasion. The third stage includes passive and active protection of the virus from factors of adaptive immunity, overcoming of the barrier function at the focus of inflammation, and generalization of SARS-CoV-2 in the body. The fourth stage is associated with the deployment of variants of acute and long-term complications of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2's ability to induce autoimmune and autoinflammatory pathways of tissue invasion and development of both immunosuppressive and hyperergic mechanisms of systemic inflammation is critical at this stage of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii Gusev
- Laboratory of Immunology of Inflammation, Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Alexey Sarapultsev
- Laboratory of Immunology of Inflammation, Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Russian-Chinese Education and Research Center of System Pathology, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Liliya Solomatina
- Laboratory of Immunology of Inflammation, Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Valeriy Chereshnev
- Laboratory of Immunology of Inflammation, Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Brandner JM, Boor P, Borcherding L, Edler C, Gerber S, Heinemann A, Hilsenbeck J, Kasajima A, Lohner L, Märkl B, Pablik J, Schröder AS, Slotta-Huspenina J, Sommer L, Sperhake JP, von Stillfried S, Dintner S. Contamination of personal protective equipment during COVID-19 autopsies. Virchows Arch 2022; 480:519-528. [PMID: 34993593 PMCID: PMC8735722 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-021-03263-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Confronted with an emerging infectious disease at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the medical community faced concerns regarding the safety of autopsies on those who died of the disease. This attitude has changed, and autopsies are now recognized as indispensable tools for understanding COVID-19, but the true risk of infection to autopsy staff is nevertheless still debated. To clarify the rate of SARS-CoV-2 contamination in personal protective equipment (PPE), swabs were taken at nine points in the PPE of one physician and one assistant after each of 11 full autopsies performed at four centers. Swabs were also obtained from three minimally invasive autopsies (MIAs) conducted at a fifth center. Lung/bronchus swabs of the deceased served as positive controls, and SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected by real-time RT-PCR. In 9 of 11 full autopsies, PPE samples tested RNA positive through PCR, accounting for 41 of the 198 PPE samples taken (21%). The main contaminated items of the PPE were gloves (64% positive), aprons (50% positive), and the tops of shoes (36% positive) while the fronts of safety goggles, for example, were positive in only 4.5% of the samples, and all the face masks were negative. In MIAs, viral RNA was observed in one sample from a glove but not in other swabs. Infectious virus isolation in cell culture was performed on RNA-positive swabs from the full autopsies. Of all the RNA-positive PPE samples, 21% of the glove samples, taken in 3 of 11 full autopsies, tested positive for infectious virus. In conclusion, PPE was contaminated with viral RNA in 82% of autopsies. In 27% of autopsies, PPE was found to be contaminated even with infectious virus, representing a potential risk of infection to autopsy staff. Adequate PPE and hygiene measures, including appropriate waste deposition, are therefore essential to ensure a safe work environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Brandner
- Business Division of Safety, Security, and Compliance, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DEFEAT PANDEMIcs Working Group, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Boor
- Institute of Pathology, Rheinisch Westfaelische Technische Hochschule, Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lukas Borcherding
- General Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Stenglinstrasse 2, 86156, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Edler
- DEFEAT PANDEMIcs Working Group, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Gerber
- Business Division of Safety, Security, and Compliance, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DEFEAT PANDEMIcs Working Group, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Axel Heinemann
- DEFEAT PANDEMIcs Working Group, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Hilsenbeck
- DEFEAT PANDEMIcs Working Group, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Atsuko Kasajima
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Larissa Lohner
- DEFEAT PANDEMIcs Working Group, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bruno Märkl
- DEFEAT PANDEMIcs Working Group, Hamburg, Germany. .,General Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Stenglinstrasse 2, 86156, Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Jessica Pablik
- DEFEAT PANDEMIcs Working Group, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ann Sophie Schröder
- DEFEAT PANDEMIcs Working Group, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Slotta-Huspenina
- DEFEAT PANDEMIcs Working Group, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Linna Sommer
- DEFEAT PANDEMIcs Working Group, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jan-Peter Sperhake
- DEFEAT PANDEMIcs Working Group, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Saskia von Stillfried
- DEFEAT PANDEMIcs Working Group, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Rheinisch Westfaelische Technische Hochschule, Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dintner
- General Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Stenglinstrasse 2, 86156, Augsburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nakel J, Robitaille A, Günther T, Rosenau L, Czech-Sioli M, Plenge-Bönig A, Bühler S, Wille A, Jakubowski E, Pruskil S, Wahlen M, Indenbirken D, Nörz D, Lütgehetmann M, Aepfelbacher M, Grundhoff A, Grolle B, Fischer N. Comparing susceptibility and contagiousness in concurrent outbreaks with a non-VOC and the VOC SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 in daycare centers in Hamburg, Germany. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2022; 240:113928. [PMID: 35093719 PMCID: PMC8784653 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.113928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
We describe two outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 in daycare centers in the metropolitan area of Hamburg, Germany. The outbreaks occurred in rapid chronological succession, in neighborhoods with a very similar sociodemographic structure, thus allowing for cross-comparison of these events. We combined classical and molecular epidemiologic investigation methods to study infection entry, spread within the facilities, and subsequent transmission of infections to households. Epidemiologic and molecular evidence suggests a superspreading event with a non-variant of concern (non-VOC) SARS CoV-2 strain at the root of the first outbreak. The second outbreak involved two childcare facilities experiencing infection activity with the variant of concern (VOC) B.1.1.7 (Alpha). We show that the index cases in all outbreaks had been childcare workers, and that children contributed substantially to secondary transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection from childcare facilities to households. The frequency of secondary transmissions in households originating from B.1.1.7-infected children was increased compared to children with non-VOC infections. Self-reported symptoms, particularly cough and rhinitis, occurred more frequently in B.1.1.7-infected children. Especially in light of the rapidly spreading VOC B.1.617.2 (Delta), our data underline the notion that rigorous SARS-CoV-2 testing in combination with screening of contacts regardless of symptoms is an important measure to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection of unvaccinated individuals in daycare centers and associated households.
Collapse
|
18
|
Bürgi JJ, Rösslein M, Hornung H, Jentsch J, Boller VL, Dollenmaier G, Wick P, Peier K, Nohynek B, Fischer A, Stolz R, Cettuzzi M, Reut M, Boy RG, Nolte O, Korte W. Divergent humoral responses in mild to moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection over time - indication of persistence of the virus? J Infect 2021; 84:418-467. [PMID: 34748825 PMCID: PMC8570801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justus J Bürgi
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, Frohbergstrasse 3, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Rösslein
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland; Cantonal Corona Study Group, Oberer Graben 32, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Henry Hornung
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, Frohbergstrasse 3, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Jana Jentsch
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, Frohbergstrasse 3, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Viveka L Boller
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, Frohbergstrasse 3, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Günter Dollenmaier
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, Frohbergstrasse 3, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Peter Wick
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland; Cantonal Corona Study Group, Oberer Graben 32, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Karen Peier
- Cantonal Corona Study Group, Oberer Graben 32, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland; Public Health Department, Oberer Graben 32, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte Nohynek
- Cantonal Corona Study Group, Oberer Graben 32, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Aldo Fischer
- Cantonal Corona Study Group, Oberer Graben 32, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Stolz
- Cantonal Corona Study Group, Oberer Graben 32, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Michele Cettuzzi
- Cantonal Corona Study Group, Oberer Graben 32, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Michael Reut
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, Frohbergstrasse 3, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Regine Garcia Boy
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, Frohbergstrasse 3, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Nolte
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, Frohbergstrasse 3, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland; Cantonal Corona Study Group, Oberer Graben 32, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Korte
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, Frohbergstrasse 3, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland; Cantonal Corona Study Group, Oberer Graben 32, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lo Muzio L, Ambosino M, Lo Muzio E, Quadri MFA. SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection Is a New Challenge for the Effectiveness of Global Vaccination Campaign: A Systematic Review of Cases Reported in Literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:11001. [PMID: 34682746 PMCID: PMC8535385 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182011001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 seems to be a rare phenomenon. The objective of this study is to carry out a systematic search of literature on the SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in order to understand the success of the global vaccine campaigns. A systematic search was performed. Inclusion criteria included a positive RT-PCR test of more than 90 days after the initial test and the confirmed recovery or a positive RT-PCR test of more than 45 days after the initial test that is accompanied by compatible symptoms or epidemiological exposure, naturally after the confirmed recovery. Only 117 articles were included in the final review with 260 confirmed cases. The severity of the reinfection episode was more severe in 92/260 (35.3%) with death only in 14 cases. The observation that many reinfection cases were less severe than initial cases is interesting because it may suggest partial protection from disease. Another interesting line of data is the detection of different clades or lineages by genome sequencing between initial infection and reinfection in 52/260 cases (20%). The findings are useful and contribute towards the role of vaccination in response to the COVID-19 infections. Due to the reinfection cases with SARS-CoV-2, it is evident that the level of immunity is not 100% for all individuals. These data highlight how it is necessary to continue to observe all the prescriptions recently indicated in the literature in order to avoid new contagion for all people after healing from COVID-19 or becoming asymptomatic positive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lo Muzio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 70122 Foggia, Italy;
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Bio-Oncologia (C.I.N.B.O.), 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Ambosino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 70122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Eleonora Lo Muzio
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Mir Faeq Ali Quadri
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 82511, Saudi Arabia;
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Brehm TT, Thompson M, Ullrich F, Schwinge D, Addo MM, Spier A, Knobloch JK, Aepfelbacher M, Lohse AW, Lütgehetmann M, Schulze Zur Wiesch J. Low SARS-CoV-2 infection rates and high vaccine-induced immunity among German healthcare workers at the end of the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 238:113851. [PMID: 34601375 PMCID: PMC8463331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this longitudinal cohort study, we assessed the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) seroconversion rates and analyzed the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine-induced immunity of 872 hospital workers at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf between May 11 and May 31, 2021. The overall seroprevalence of anti–NC–SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was 4.7% (n = 41), indicating low SARS-CoV-2 infection rates and persistent effectiveness of hospital-wide infection control interventions during the second and third wave of the pandemic. In total, 92.7% (n = 808) out of the entire study cohort, 98.2% (n = 325) of those who had been vaccinated once and all 393 individuals who had been vaccinated twice had detectable anti-S1-RBD-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers and no significant differences in vaccine-induced immune response were detected between male and female individuals and between different age groups. Vaccinated study participants with detectable anti–NC–SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers (n = 30) developed generally higher anti-S1-RBD-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers compared to anti–NC–SARS-CoV-2 negative individuals (n = 694) (median titer: 7812 vs. 345 BAU/ml, p < 0.0001). Furthermore, study participants who received heterologous vaccination with AZD1222 followed by an mRNA vaccine showed markedly higher anti-S1-RBD-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers than individuals who received two doses of an mRNA vaccine or two doses of AZD1222 (median titer: AZD1222/AZD1222: 1069 BAU/ml, mRNA/mRNA: 1388 BAU/ml, AZD1222/mRNA: 9450 BAU/ml; p < 0.0001). Our results indicate that infection control interventions were generally effective in preventing nosocomial transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and that COVID-19 vaccines can elicit strong humoral responses in the majority of a real-world cohort of hospital workers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Theo Brehm
- I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Michelle Thompson
- I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felix Ullrich
- I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dorothee Schwinge
- I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marylyn M Addo
- I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Anthea Spier
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes K Knobloch
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Aepfelbacher
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ansgar W Lohse
- I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Schulze Zur Wiesch
- I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Massachi J, Donohue KC, Kelly JD. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Reinfection Cases Corroborated by Sequencing. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 105:884-889. [PMID: 34370705 PMCID: PMC8592142 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluating cases of reinfection may offer some insight into areas for further investigation regarding durability of immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Sixty cases of reinfection with viral sequencing were identified in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and medRxiv before May 1, 2021.Episodes of infection were separated by a median of 116 days. Severity of illness was greater among individuals reinfected within 90 days of initial infection, no asymptomatic initial cases developed severe reinfection, nearly half of cases had suspected escape variants, and nearly all individuals tested following reinfection were found to have detectable levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. This analysis is limited by the heterogeneous methods used among reports. Reinfection continues to be relatively rare. As the case rate presumably increases over time, this review will inform measurements to determine the natural history and causal determinants of reinfection in more rigorous observational cohort studies and other standardized surveillance approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Massachi
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | | | - John Daniel Kelly
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Institute of Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California
- F. I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| |
Collapse
|