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Sharafutdinov I, Friedrich B, Rottner K, Backert S, Tegtmeyer N. Cortactin: A major cellular target of viral, protozoal, and fungal pathogens. Mol Microbiol 2024. [PMID: 38868928 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Many viral, protozoal, and fungal pathogens represent major human and animal health problems due to their great potential of causing infectious diseases. Research on these pathogens has contributed substantially to our current understanding of both microbial virulence determinants and host key factors during infection. Countless studies have also shed light on the molecular mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions that are employed by these microbes. For example, actin cytoskeletal dynamics play critical roles in effective adhesion, host cell entry, and intracellular movements of intruding pathogens. Cortactin is an eminent host cell protein that stimulates actin polymerization and signal transduction, and recently emerged as fundamental player during host-pathogen crosstalk. Here we review the important role of cortactin as major target for various prominent viral, protozoal and fungal pathogens in humans, and its role in human disease development and cancer progression. Most if not all of these important classes of pathogens have been reported to hijack cortactin during infection through mediating up- or downregulation of cortactin mRNA and protein expression as well as signaling. In particular, pathogen-induced changes in tyrosine and serine phosphorylation status of cortactin at its major phospho-sites (Y-421, Y-470, Y-486, S-113, S-298, S-405, and S-418) are addressed. As has been reported for various Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, many pathogenic viruses, protozoa, and fungi also control these regulatory phospho-sites, for example, by activating kinases such as Src, PAK, ERK1/2, and PKD, which are known to phosphorylate cortactin. In addition, the recruitment of cortactin and its interaction partners, like the Arp2/3 complex and F-actin, to the contact sites between pathogens and host cells is highlighted, as this plays an important role in the infection process and internalization of several pathogens. However, there are also other ways in which the pathogens can exploit the function of cortactin for their needs, as the cortactin-mediated regulation of cellular processes is complex and involves numerous different interaction partners. Here, the current state of knowledge is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Sharafutdinov
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Friedrich
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Steffen Backert
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicole Tegtmeyer
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Lafon T, Chapuis N, Guerin E, Daix T, Otranto M, Boumediene A, Jeannet R, Fontenay M, Henri Hani K, Vignon P, Monneret G, François B, Jean-Philippe J, Feuillard J. Along with PaO2/FiO2 ratio and lymphopenia, low HLA-DR monocytes are the only additional parameter that independently predicts the clinical course of undifferentiated SARS-CoV-2 patients in emergency departments. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 115:1131-1142. [PMID: 38366559 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiae022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Because one-third of patients deteriorate after their admission to the emergency department, assessing the prognosis of COVID-19 patients is of great importance. However, to date, only lymphopenia and the partial pressure of oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) ratio have been reported as partly predictive of COVID-19-related further deterioration, and their association has not been evaluated. We asked whether other key biomarkers of SARS-CoV-2 immunologic defects-increase in circulating immature granulocytes, loss of monocyte HLA-DR (mHLA-DR) expression, and monocyte differentiation blockade-could also predict further COVID-19 deterioration. A series of 284 consecutive COVID-19 patients, with the sole inclusion criterion of being an adult, were prospectively enrolled at emergency department admission (day 0) of 2 different hospitals: 1 for the exploratory cohort (180 patients) and 1 for the confirmatory cohort (104 patients). Deterioration was assessed over the next 7 days. Neither increased immature granulocyte levels nor monocyte differentiation blockade predicted patient worsening. Among more than 30 clinical, biological, and radiological parameters, the value of decreased P/F ratio and lymphopenia for prediction of further COVID-19 deterioration was strongly confirmed, and the loss of mHLA-DR was the only additional independent marker. Combined together in a simple OxyLymphoMono score, the 3 variables perfectly predicted patients who did not worsen and correctly predicted worsening in 59% of cases. By highlighting lymphocyte and monocyte defects as preceding COVID-19 deterioration, these results point on early immunosuppression in COVID-19 deterioration. Combining P/F ratio, lymphopenia, and loss of mHLA-DR together in a simple and robust score could offer a pragmatic method for COVID-19 patient stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lafon
- Emergency Department, University Hospital Center of Limoges, 2 avenue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dupuytren, 2 avenue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Nicolas Chapuis
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, 27 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
- Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre-Université Paris Cité, 27 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Estelle Guerin
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, Centre de Biologie et de Recherche en Santé, rue Bernard Descottes, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Thomas Daix
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dupuytren, 2 avenue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges, France
- Réanimation Polyvalente, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, 2 avenue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dupuytren, 2 avenue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Marcela Otranto
- Emergency Department, University Hospital Center of Limoges, 2 avenue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Ahmed Boumediene
- Laboratoire Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, Centre de Biologie et de Recherche en Santé, rue Bernard Descottes, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Robin Jeannet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dupuytren, 2 avenue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de Recherche Scientifique 7276/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1262, Contrôle de la Réponse Immune B et Lymphoproliférations, Centre de Biologie et de Recherche en Santé, rue Bernard Descottes, 87025 Limoges, France
| | - Michaela Fontenay
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Cité, 27 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
- Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre-Université Paris Cité, 27 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Karam Henri Hani
- Emergency Department, University Hospital Center of Limoges, 2 avenue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Philippe Vignon
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dupuytren, 2 avenue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges, France
- Réanimation Polyvalente, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, 2 avenue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dupuytren, 2 avenue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Guillaume Monneret
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hôpital E. Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 5 Pl. d'Arsonval, 69003 Lyon, France
| | - Bruno François
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1435, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dupuytren, 2 avenue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges, France
- Réanimation Polyvalente, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, 2 avenue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1092, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dupuytren, 2 avenue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Jais Jean-Philippe
- Imagine Institute, Université Paris Cité, 24 Bd du Montparnasse, 75015 Paris, France
- Biostatistic Unit, Necker University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 149 rue de Sèvre, 75015 Paris, France
- Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases: Complex Predisposition, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité Mixte de Recherche 1163, 24 Bd du Montparnasse, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jean Feuillard
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, Centre de Biologie et de Recherche en Santé, rue Bernard Descottes, 87042 Limoges, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de Recherche Scientifique 7276/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1262, Contrôle de la Réponse Immune B et Lymphoproliférations, Centre de Biologie et de Recherche en Santé, rue Bernard Descottes, 87025 Limoges, France
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Barbieri F, Carlen V, Martina MG, Sannio F, Cancade S, Perini C, Restori M, Crespan E, Maga G, Docquier JD, Cagno V, Radi M. 4-Trifluoromethyl bithiazoles as broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents for virus-related bacterial infections or co-infections. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:1589-1600. [PMID: 38784463 PMCID: PMC11110737 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00686g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections involving a variety of microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi are a prominent cause of morbidity and mortality globally, exacerbating various pre-existing respiratory and non-respiratory conditions. Moreover, the ability of bacteria and viruses to coexist might impact the development and severity of lung infections, promoting bacterial colonization and subsequent disease exacerbation. Secondary bacterial infections following viral infections represent a complex challenge to be overcome from a therapeutic point of view. We report herein our efforts in the development of new bithiazole derivatives showing broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against both viruses and bacteria. A series of 4-trifluoromethyl bithiazole analogues was synthesized and screened against selected viruses (hRVA16, EVD68, and ZIKV) and a panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Among them, two promising broad-spectrum antimicrobial compounds (8a and 8j) have been identified: both compounds showed low micromolar activity against all tested viruses, 8a showed synergistic activity against E. coli and A. baumannii in the presence of a subinhibitory concentration of colistin, while 8j showed a broader spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Activity against antibiotic-resistant clinical isolates is also reported. Given the ever-increasing need to adequately address viral and bacterial infections or co-infections, this study paves the way for the development of new agents with broad antimicrobial properties and synergistic activity with common antivirals and antibacterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Barbieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco (DipALIFAR), Università degli Studi di Parma Viale delle Scienze, 27/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Vincent Carlen
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital of Lausanne, University of Lausanne 1011 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Maria Grazia Martina
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco (DipALIFAR), Università degli Studi di Parma Viale delle Scienze, 27/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Filomena Sannio
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Siena Viale Bracci 16 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Sacha Cancade
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Siena Viale Bracci 16 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Cecilia Perini
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" Via Abbiategrasso 207 I-27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Margherita Restori
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco (DipALIFAR), Università degli Studi di Parma Viale delle Scienze, 27/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Emmanuele Crespan
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" Via Abbiategrasso 207 I-27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Giovanni Maga
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" Via Abbiategrasso 207 I-27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Jean-Denis Docquier
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Siena Viale Bracci 16 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Valeria Cagno
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital of Lausanne, University of Lausanne 1011 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Marco Radi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco (DipALIFAR), Università degli Studi di Parma Viale delle Scienze, 27/A 43124 Parma Italy
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Wang JZ, Yuan D, Yang XH, Sun CH, Hou LL, Zhang Y, Xie HX, Gao YX. Epidemiological and etiological characteristics of 1266 patients with severe acute respiratory infection in central China, 2018-2020: a retrospective survey. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:426. [PMID: 38649799 PMCID: PMC11034018 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09297-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory infection (SARI), a significant global health concern, imposes a substantial disease burden. In China, there is inadequate data concerning the monitoring of respiratory pathogens, particularly bacteria, among patients with SARI. Therefore, this study aims to delineate the demographic, epidemiological, and aetiological characteristics of hospitalised SARI patients in Central China between 2018 and 2020. METHODS Eligible patients with SARI admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University between 1 January 2018 and 31 December 2020 were included in this retrospective study. Within the first 24 h of admission, respiratory (including sputum, nasal/throat swabs, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, thoracocentesis fluid, etc.), urine, and peripheral blood specimens were collected for viral and bacterial testing. A multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) diagnostic approach was used to identify human influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, human bocavirus, human coronavirus, human metapneumovirus, and rhinovirus. Bacterial cultures of respiratory specimens were performed with a particular focus on pathogenic microorganisms, including S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, Strep A, H. influenzae, A. baumannii, and E. coli. In cases where bacterial culture results were negative, nucleic acid extraction was performed for PCR to assay for the above-mentioned eight bacteria, as well as L. pneumophila and M. pneumoniae. Additionally, urine specimens were exclusively used to detect Legionella antigens. Furthermore, epidemiological, demographic, and clinical data were obtained from electronic medical records. RESULTS The study encompassed 1266 patients, with a mean age of 54 years, among whom 61.6% (780/1266) were males, 61.4% (778/1266) were farmers, and 88.8% (1124/1266) sought medical treatment in 2020. Moreover, 80.3% (1017/1266) were housed in general wards. The most common respiratory symptoms included fever (86.8%, 1122/1266) and cough (77.8%, 986/1266). Chest imaging anomalies were detected in 62.6% (792/1266) of cases, and 58.1% (736/1266) exhibited at least one respiratory pathogen, with 28.5% (361/1266) having multiple infections. Additionally, 95.7% (1212/1266) of the patients were from Henan Province, with the highest proportion (38.3%, 486/1266) falling in the 61-80 years age bracket, predominantly (79.8%, 1010/1266) seeking medical aid in summer and autumn. Bacterial detection rate (39.0%, 495/1266) was higher than viral detection rate (36.9%, 468/1266), with the primary pathogens being influenza virus (13.8%, 175/1266), K. pneumoniae (10.0%, 127/1266), S. pneumoniae (10.0%, 127/1266), adenovirus (8.2%, 105/1266), P. aeruginosa (8.2%, 105/1266), M. pneumoniae (7.8%, 100/1266), and respiratory syncytial virus (7.7%, 98/1266). During spring and winter, there was a significant prevalence of influenza virus and human coronavirus, contrasting with the dominance of parainfluenza viruses in summer and autumn. Respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus exhibited higher prevalence across spring, summer, and winter. P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, and M. pneumoniae were identified at similar rates throughout all seasons without distinct spikes in prevalence. However, S. pneumoniae showed a distinctive pattern with a prevalence that doubled during summer and winter. Moreover, the positive detection rates of various other viruses and bacteria were lower, displaying a comparatively erratic prevalence trend. Among patients admitted to the intensive care unit, the predominant nosocomial bacteria were K. pneumoniae (17.2%, 43/249), A. baumannii (13.6%, 34/249), and P. aeruginosa (12.4%, 31/249). Conversely, in patients from general wards, predominant pathogens included influenza virus (14.8%, 151/1017), S. pneumoniae (10.4%, 106/1017), and adenovirus (9.3%, 95/1017). Additionally, paediatric patients exhibited significantly higher positive detection rates for influenza virus (23.9%, 11/46) and M. pneumoniae (32.6%, 15/46) compared to adults and the elderly. Furthermore, adenovirus (10.0%, 67/669) and rhinovirus (6.4%, 43/669) were the primary pathogens in adults, while K. pneumoniae (11.8%, 65/551) and A. baumannii (7.1%, 39/551) prevailed among the elderly, indicating significant differences among the three age groups. DISCUSSION In Central China, among patients with SARI, the prevailing viruses included influenza virus, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. Among bacteria, K. pneumoniae, S. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, and M. pneumoniae were frequently identified, with multiple infections being very common. Additionally, there were substantial variations in the pathogen spectrum compositions concerning wards and age groups among patients. Consequently, this study holds promise in offering insights to the government for developing strategies aimed at preventing and managing respiratory infectious diseases effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Zhu Wang
- Emergency and Critical Care Center, Intensive Care Unit, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital(Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, 310014, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ding Yuan
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiang-Hong Yang
- Emergency and Critical Care Center, Intensive Care Unit, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital(Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, 310014, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chang-Hua Sun
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lin-Lin Hou
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hong-Xiang Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, 250014, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital(Affiliated People's Hospital), Hangzhou Medical College, 310014, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yan-Xia Gao
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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Yudhawati R, Wicaksono NF. Immunomodulatory Effects of Fluoroquinolones in Community-Acquired Pneumonia-Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Biomedicines 2024; 12:761. [PMID: 38672119 PMCID: PMC11048665 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Community-acquired pneumonia is reported as one of the infectious diseases that leads to the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome. The innate immune system is the first line of defence against microbial invasion; however, its dysregulation during infection, resulting in an increased pathogen load, stimulates the over-secretion of chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines. This phenomenon causes damage to the epithelial-endothelial barrier of the pulmonary alveoli and the leakage of the intravascular protein into the alveolar lumen. Fluoroquinolones are synthetic antimicrobial agents with immunomodulatory properties that can inhibit bacterial proliferation as well as exhibit anti-inflammatory activities. It has been demonstrated that the structure of fluoroquinolones, particularly those with a cyclopropyl group, exerts immunomodulatory effects. Its capability to inhibit phosphodiesterase activity leads to the accumulation of intracellular cAMP, which subsequently enhances PKA activity, resulting in the inhibition of transcriptional factor NF-κB and the activation of CREB. Another mechanism reported is the inhibition of TLR and ERK signalling pathways. Although the sequence of events has not been completely understood, significant progress has been made in comprehending the specific mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory effects of fluoroquinolones. Here, we review the indirect immunomodulatory effects of FQs as an alternative to empirical therapy in patients diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resti Yudhawati
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Universitas Airlangga Teaching Hospital, Surabaya 60015, Indonesia
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya 60286, Indonesia
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Dichtl S, Posch W, Wilflingseder D. The breathtaking world of human respiratory in vitro models: Investigating lung diseases and infections in 3D models, organoids, and lung-on-chip. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2250356. [PMID: 38361030 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic illustrated an urgent need for sophisticated, human tissue models to rapidly test and develop effective treatment options against this newly emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Thus, in particular, the last 3 years faced an extensive boost in respiratory and pulmonary model development. Nowadays, 3D models, organoids and lung-on-chip, respiratory models in perfusion, or precision-cut lung slices are used to study complex research questions in human primary cells. These models provide physiologically relevant systems for studying SARS-CoV-2 and, of course, other respiratory pathogens, but they are, too, suited for studying lung pathologies, such as CF, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or asthma, in more detail in terms of viral infection. With these models, the cornerstone has been laid for further advancing the organs by, for example, inclusion of several immune cell types or humoral immune components, combination with other organs in microfluidic organ-on-chip devices, standardization and harmonization of the devices for reliable and reproducible drug and vaccine testing in high throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Dichtl
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wilfried Posch
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Doris Wilflingseder
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Doubravská L, Htoutou Sedláková M, Fišerová K, Klementová O, Turek R, Langová K, Kolář M. Bacterial Community- and Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia in Patients with Critical COVID-19-A Prospective Monocentric Cohort Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:192. [PMID: 38391578 PMCID: PMC10886267 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13020192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The impact of bacterial pneumonia on patients with COVID-19 infection remains unclear. This prospective observational monocentric cohort study aims to determine the incidence of bacterial community- and hospital-acquired pneumonia (CAP and HAP) and its effect on mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) at University Hospital Olomouc between 1 November 2020 and 31 December 2022. The secondary objectives of this study include identifying the bacterial etiology of CAP and HAP and exploring the capabilities of diagnostic tools, with a focus on inflammatory biomarkers. Data were collected from the electronic information hospital system, encompassing biomarkers, microbiological findings, and daily visit records, and subsequently evaluated by ICU physicians and clinical microbiologists. Out of 171 patients suffering from critical COVID-19, 46 (27%) had CAP, while 78 (46%) developed HAP. Critically ill COVID-19 patients who experienced bacterial CAP and HAP exhibited higher mortality compared to COVID-19 patients without any bacterial infection, with rates of 38% and 56% versus 11%, respectively. In CAP, the most frequent causative agents were chlamydophila and mycoplasma; Enterobacterales, which were multidrug-resistant in 71% of cases; Gram-negative non-fermenting rods; and Staphylococcus aureus. Notably, no strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae were detected, and only a single strain each of Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis was isolated. The most frequent etiologic agents causing HAP were Enterobacterales and Gram-negative non-fermenting rods. Based on the presented results, commonly used biochemical markers demonstrated poor predictive and diagnostic accuracy. To confirm the diagnosis of bacterial CAP in our patient cohort, it was necessary to assess the initial values of inflammatory markers (particularly procalcitonin), consider clinical signs indicative of bacterial infection, and/or rely on positive microbiological findings. For HAP diagnostics, it was appropriate to conduct regular detailed clinical examinations (with a focus on evaluating respiratory functions) and closely monitor the dynamics of inflammatory markers (preferably Interleukin-6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Doubravská
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care, University Hospital Olomouc, Zdravotniku 248/7, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Htoutou Sedláková
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Olomouc, Zdravotniku 248/7, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Fišerová
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Olomouc, Zdravotniku 248/7, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Klementová
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care, University Hospital Olomouc, Zdravotniku 248/7, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radovan Turek
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Langová
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Kolář
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Olomouc, Zdravotniku 248/7, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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8
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Egge SL, Wurster S, Cho SY, Jiang Y, Axell-House DB, Miller WR, Kontoyiannis DP. Co-Occurrence of Gram-Negative Rods in Patients with Hematologic Malignancy and Sinopulmonary Mucormycosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:41. [PMID: 38248950 PMCID: PMC10820027 DOI: 10.3390/jof10010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Both Mucorales and Gram-negative rods (GNRs) commonly infect patients with hematological malignancies (HM); however, their co-occurrence is understudied. Therefore, we retrospectively reviewed the records of 63 patients with HM and proven or probable sinopulmonary mucormycosis at MD Anderson Cancer Center (Houston, Texas) from 2000-2020. Seventeen out of sixty-three reviewed patients (27.0%) had sinopulmonary co-occurrence of GNRs (most commonly Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia) within 30 days of a positive Mucorales culture or histology demonstrating Mucorales species. Eight of seventeen co-isolations of Mucorales and GNRs were found in same-day samples. All 15 patients with GNR co-occurrence and reported antimicrobial data had received anti-Pseudomonal agents within 14 days prior to diagnosis of mucormycosis and 5/15 (33.3%) had received anti-Stenotrophomonal agents. Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with and without GNR co-occurrence were comparable. Forty-two-day all-cause mortality was high (34.9%) and comparable in patients with (41.2%) and without (32.6%) GNR detection (p = 0.53). In summary, over a quarter of heavily immunosuppressed patients with sinopulmonary mucormycosis harbored GNRs in their respiratory tract. Although no impact on survival outcomes was seen in a background of high mortality in our relatively underpowered study, pathogenesis studies are needed to understand the mutualistic interplay of GNR and Mucorales and their influence on host responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L. Egge
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sebastian Wurster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sung-Yeon Cho
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Vaccine Bio Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
- Catholic Hematology Hospital, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Ying Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dierdre B. Axell-House
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - William R. Miller
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dimitrios P. Kontoyiannis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control and Employee Health, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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9
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Carreno-Florez GP, Kocak BR, Hendricks MR, Melvin JA, Mar KB, Kosanovich J, Cumberland RL, Delgoffe GM, Shiva S, Empey KM, Schoggins JW, Bomberger JM. Interferon signaling drives epithelial metabolic reprogramming to promote secondary bacterial infection. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011719. [PMID: 37939149 PMCID: PMC10631704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies report that viral infections promote acute or chronic bacterial infections at multiple host sites. These viral-bacterial co-infections are widely linked to more severe clinical outcomes. In experimental models in vitro and in vivo, virus-induced interferon responses can augment host susceptibility to secondary bacterial infection. Here, we used a cell-based screen to assess 389 interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) for their ability to induce chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. We identified and validated five ISGs that were sufficient to promote bacterial infection. Furthermore, we dissected the mechanism of action of hexokinase 2 (HK2), a gene involved in the induction of aerobic glycolysis, commonly known as the Warburg effect. We report that HK2 upregulation mediates the induction of Warburg effect and secretion of L-lactate, which enhances chronic P. aeruginosa infection. These findings elucidate how the antiviral immune response renders the host susceptible to secondary bacterial infection, revealing potential strategies for viral-bacterial co-infection treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace P. Carreno-Florez
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Brian R. Kocak
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Matthew R. Hendricks
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey A. Melvin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Katrina B. Mar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jessica Kosanovich
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics and Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rachel L. Cumberland
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Greg M. Delgoffe
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sruti Shiva
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kerry M. Empey
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics and Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John W. Schoggins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Bomberger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
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10
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Roe K. Deadly interactions: Synergistic manipulations of concurrent pathogen infections potentially enabling future pandemics. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103762. [PMID: 37660981 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Certain mono-infections of influenza viruses and novel coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are significant threats to human health. Concurrent infections by influenza viruses and coronaviruses increases their danger. Influenza viruses have eight manipulations capable of assisting SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses, and several of these manipulations, which are not specific to viruses, can also directly or indirectly boost dangerous secondary bacterial pneumonias. The influenza virus manipulations include: inhibiting transcription factors and cytokine expression; impairing defensive protein expression; increasing RNA viral replication; inhibiting defenses by manipulating cellular sensors and signaling pathways; inhibiting defenses by secreting exosomes; stimulating cholesterol production to increase synthesized virion infectivities; increasing cellular autophagy to assist viral replication; and stimulating glucocorticoid synthesis to suppress innate and adaptive immune defenses by inhibiting cytokine, chemokine, and adhesion molecule production. Teaser: Rapidly spreading multidrug-resistant respiratory bacteria, combined with influenza virus's far-reaching cellular defense manipulations benefiting evolving SARS-CoV-2 or other coronaviruses and/or respiratory bacteria, can enable more severe pandemics or co-pandemics.
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11
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Lin R, Xing Z, Liu X, Chai Q, Xin Z, Huang M, Zhu C, Luan C, Gao H, Du Y, Deng X, Zhang H, Ma D. Performance of targeted next-generation sequencing in the detection of respiratory pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes for children. J Med Microbiol 2023; 72. [PMID: 37910007 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Respiratory tract infection, which is associated with high morbidity and mortality, occurs frequently in children. At present, the main diagnostic method is culture. However, the low pathogen detection rate of the culture approach prevents timely and accurate diagnosis. Fortunately, next-generation sequencing (NGS) can compensate for the deficiency of culture, and its application in clinical diagnostics has become increasingly available.Gap Statement. Targeted NGS (tNGS) is a platform that can select and enrich specific regions before data enter the NGS pipeline. However, the performance of tNGS in the detection of respiratory pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in infections in children is unclear.Aim and methodology. In this study, we estimated the performance of tNGS in the detection of respiratory pathogens and ARGs in 47 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) specimens from children using conventional culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) as the gold standard.Results. RPIP (Respiratory Pathogen ID/AMR enrichment) sequencing generated almost 500 000 reads for each specimen. In the detection of pathogens, RPIP sequencing showed targeted superiority in detecting difficult-to-culture bacteria, including Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Compared with the results of culture, the sensitivity and specificity of RPIP were 84.4 % (confidence interval 70.5-93.5 %) and 97.7 % (95.9 -98.8%), respectively. Moreover, RPIP results showed that a single infection was detected in 10 of the 47 BALF specimens, and multiple infections were detected in 34, with the largest number of bacterial/viral coinfections. Nevertheless, there were also three specimens where no pathogen was detected. Furthermore, we analysed the drug resistance genes of specimens containing Streptococcus pneumoniae, which was detected in 25 out of 47 specimens in the study. A total of 58 ARGs associated with tetracycline, macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin, beta-lactams, sulfonamide and aminoglycosides were identified by RPIP in 19 of 25 patients. Using the results of AST as a standard, the coincidence rates of erythromycin, tetracycline, penicillin and sulfonamides were 89.5, 79.0, 36.8 and 42.1 %, respectively.Conclusion. These results demonstrated the superiority of RPIP in pathogen detection, particularly for multiple and difficult-to-culture pathogens, as well as in predicting resistance to erythromycin and tetracycline, which has significance for the accurate diagnosis of pathogenic infection and in the guidance of clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihong Lin
- Shenzhen Pediatrics Institute of Shantou University Medical College, Shenzhen 518026, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Zhihao Xing
- Shenzhen Pediatrics Institute of Shantou University Medical College, Shenzhen 518026, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xiaorong Liu
- Shenzhen Pediatrics Institute of Shantou University Medical College, Shenzhen 518026, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Qiang Chai
- Shenzhen Pediatrics Institute of Shantou University Medical College, Shenzhen 518026, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Zefeng Xin
- Shenzhen Pediatrics Institute of Shantou University Medical College, Shenzhen 518026, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Meng Huang
- Shenzhen Pediatrics Institute of Shantou University Medical College, Shenzhen 518026, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Chunqing Zhu
- Shenzhen Pediatrics Institute of Shantou University Medical College, Shenzhen 518026, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Ce Luan
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400042, PR China
| | - Hongdan Gao
- Shenzhen Pediatrics Institute of Shantou University Medical College, Shenzhen 518026, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yao Du
- Shenzhen Pediatrics Institute of Shantou University Medical College, Shenzhen 518026, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xuwen Deng
- Shenzhen Pediatrics Institute of Shantou University Medical College, Shenzhen 518026, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Hetong Zhang
- Shenzhen Pediatrics Institute of Shantou University Medical College, Shenzhen 518026, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Dongli Ma
- Shenzhen Pediatrics Institute of Shantou University Medical College, Shenzhen 518026, Guangdong, PR China
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12
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Bravo M, Diaz-Chamorro S, Garrido-Jiménez S, Blanco J, Simón I, García W, Montero MJ, Gonçalves P, Martínez C, Cumplido-Laso G, Benítez DA, Mulero-Navarro S, Centeno F, Román ÁC, Fernández-Llario P, Cerrato R, Carvajal-González JM. Immunomodulatory effects of inactivated Ligilactobacillus salivarius CECT 9609 on respiratory epithelial cells. Vet Res 2023; 54:91. [PMID: 37845774 PMCID: PMC10580541 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01228-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiota in humans and animals play crucial roles in defense against pathogens and offer a promising natural source for immunomodulatory products. However, the development of physiologically relevant model systems and protocols for testing such products remains challenging. In this study, we present an experimental condition where various natural products derived from the registered lactic acid bacteria Ligilactobacillus salivarius CECT 9609, known for their immunomodulatory activity, were tested. These products included live and inactivated bacteria, as well as fermentation products at different concentrations and culture times. Using our established model system, we observed no morphological changes in the airway epithelium upon exposure to Pasteurella multocida, a common respiratory pathogen. However, early molecular changes associated with the innate immune response were detected through transcript analysis. By employing diverse methodologies ranging from microscopy to next-generation sequencing (NGS), we characterized the interaction of these natural products with the airway epithelium and their potential beneficial effects in the presence of P. multocida infection. In particular, our discovery highlights that among all Ligilactobacillus salivarius CECT 9609 products tested, only inactivated cells preserve the conformation and morphology of respiratory epithelial cells, while also reversing or altering the natural immune responses triggered by Pasteurella multocida. These findings lay the groundwork for further exploration into the protective role of these bacteria and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Selene Diaz-Chamorro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Sergio Garrido-Jiménez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071, Badajoz, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Guadalupe Cumplido-Laso
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Dixan Agustín Benítez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Sonia Mulero-Navarro
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Francisco Centeno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Ángel Carlos Román
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071, Badajoz, Spain
| | | | | | - José María Carvajal-González
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071, Badajoz, Spain.
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13
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Van Laethem J, Pierreux J, Wuyts SC, De Geyter D, Allard SD, Dauby N. Using risk factors and markers to predict bacterial respiratory co-/superinfections in COVID-19 patients: is the antibiotic steward's toolbox full or empty? Acta Clin Belg 2023; 78:418-430. [PMID: 36724448 DOI: 10.1080/17843286.2023.2167328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adequate diagnosis of bacterial respiratory tract co-/superinfection (bRTI) in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients is challenging, as there is insufficient knowledge about the role of risk factors and (para)clinical parameters in the identification of bacterial co-/superinfection in the COVID-19 setting. Empirical antibiotic therapy is mainly based on COVID-19 severity and expert opinion, rather than on scientific evidence generated since the start of the pandemic. PURPOSE We report the best available evidence regarding the predictive value of risk factors and (para)clinical markers in the diagnosis of bRTI in COVID-19 patients. METHODS A multidisciplinary team identified different potential risk factors and (para)clinical predictors of bRTI in COVID-19 and formulated one or two research questions per topic. After a thorough literature search, research gaps were identified, and suggestions concerning further research were formulated. The quality of this narrative review was ensured by following the Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles. RESULTS Taking into account the scarcity of scientific evidence for markers and risk factors of bRTI in COVID-19 patients, to date, COVID-19 severity is the only parameter which can be associated with higher risk of developing bRTI. CONCLUSIONS Evidence on the usefulness of risk factors and (para)clinical factors as predictors of bRTI in COVID-19 patients is scarce. Robust studies are needed to optimise antibiotic prescribing and stewardship activities in the context of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Van Laethem
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Pierreux
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Cm Wuyts
- Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Hospital Pharmacy, Brussels, Belgium
- Research group Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Deborah De Geyter
- Microbiology and Infection Control Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sabine D Allard
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Dauby
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Centre for Environmental Health and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Infectious Diseases, CHU Saint-Pierre - Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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14
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Pazos BA, Morales AL, Ramallo V, González-José R, de Azevedo S, Taire DL. Mapping spatial morbidity patterns for bronchiolitis related to socioeconomic estimators: A spatial epidemiology approach to identify health disparities in Puerto Madryn, Argentina. Am J Hum Biol 2023; 35:e23938. [PMID: 37417369 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the frequency of hospitalizations of infants under 1 year of age with bronchiolitis in Puerto Madryn, Argentina, and to study the spatial distribution of cases throughout the city in relation to socioeconomic indicators. To visualize and better understand the underlying processes behind the local manifestation of the disease by creating a vulnerability map of the city. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study of all patients discharged for bronchiolitis from the local public Hospital in 2017, considering length of hospital stay, readmission rate, patient age, home address and socioeconomic indicators (household overcrowding). To understand the local spatial distribution of the disease and its relationship to overcrowding, we used GIS and Moran's global and local spatial autocorrelation indices. RESULTS The spatial distribution of bronchiolitis cases was not random, but significantly aggregated. Of the 120 hospitalized children, 100 infants (83.33%) live in areas identified as having at least one unsatisfied basic need (UBN). We found a positive and statistically significant relationship between frequency of cases and percentage of overcrowded housing by census radius. CONCLUSIONS A clear association was found between bronchiolitis and neighborhoods with UBNs, and overcrowding is likely to be a particularly important explanatory factor in this association. By combining GIS tools, spatial statistics, geo-referenced epidemiological data, and population-level information, vulnerability maps can be created to facilitate visualization of priority areas for development and implementation of more effective health interventions. Incorporating the spatial and syndemic perspective into health studies makes important contributions to the understanding of local health-disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno A Pazos
- Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Centro Nacional Patagónico (IPCSH), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Ciencias de las Imágenes, Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Computadoras, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Departamento de Informática, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Trelew, Argentina
| | - Arturo L Morales
- Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Centro Nacional Patagónico (IPCSH), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Ciencias de las Imágenes, Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Computadoras, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Departamento de Informática, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Trelew, Argentina
| | - Virginia Ramallo
- Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Centro Nacional Patagónico (IPCSH), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - Rolando González-José
- Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Centro Nacional Patagónico (IPCSH), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
- Programa de Referencia y Biobanco Genómico de la Población Argentina (PoblAr), Secretaría de Planeamiento y Políticas en Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, CABA, Argentina
| | - Soledad de Azevedo
- Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Centro Nacional Patagónico (IPCSH), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - Damián L Taire
- Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas, Centro Nacional Patagónico (IPCSH), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
- Departamento de Neumonología Pediátrica, Hospital Zonal "Dr. Andrés R. Isola", Puerto Madryn, Argentina
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15
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Tian J, Liu C, Wang X, Zhang L, Zhong G, Huang G, Wang H, Hu H, Gong L, Liu D. Comparative analysis of clinical features of lower respiratory tract infection with respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus in adults: a retrospective study. BMC Pulm Med 2023; 23:350. [PMID: 37715219 PMCID: PMC10504734 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-023-02648-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in adults remains less recognized and understood, both socially and clinically, compared to influenza virus infection. This retrospective study aims to delineate and compare the clinical manifestations of adult RSV and influenza virus infections in the lower respiratory tract, thereby enhancing awareness of RSV lower respiratory tract infection and providing strategic insights for its prevention and treatment. METHODS Clinical data from January 2019 to December 2020 were analyzed for 74 patients with RSV and 129 patients with influenza A/B virus lower respiratory tract infections who were admitted to respiratory or intensive care units. All patients had complete clinical data with positive IgM and negative IgG viral antibodies. Comparison parameters included onset timing, baseline data, clinical manifestations, supplementary examination results, treatment methods, and prognosis, while logistic regression was employed to ascertain the correlation of clinical features between the two patient groups. RESULTS In comparison to the influenza group, the RSV group presented less frequently with fever at admission but exhibited a higher incidence of dyspnea and wheezing on pulmonary auscultation (P < 0.01). RSV infection was more prevalent among patients with underlying diseases, particularly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and demonstrated a higher probability of co-infections, most notably with Mycoplasma (P < 0.01). The RSV group had significantly higher lymphocyte counts (P < 0.01) and exhibited more incidences of pleural thickening, pulmonary fibrosis, and emphysema (P < 0.05). The use of non-invasive mechanical ventilation was more common, and hospital stays were longer in the RSV group compared to the influenza group (P < 0.05). Logistic multivariate regression analysis further revealed that age and tachypnea incidence were significantly higher in the RSV group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Compared to influenza virus infection, adults with COPD are more susceptible to RSV infection. Moreover, RSV infection elevates the risk of co-infection with Mycoplasma and may lead to conditions such as pleural thickening, pulmonary fibrosis, and emphysema. The requirement for non-invasive mechanical ventilation is higher in RSV-infected patients, who also tend to have longer hospital stays. Therefore, greater awareness and preventive strategies against RSV infection are imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Tian
- Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Congyue Liu
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | | | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Zunyi (The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University), Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Guoying Zhong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Zunyi (The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University), Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Guichuan Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Zunyi (The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University), Zunyi, 563000, China
| | | | - Hao Hu
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Ling Gong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Zunyi (The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University), Zunyi, 563000, China.
| | - Daishun Liu
- Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China.
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Mponponsuo K, Murthy Y, Kanji J, Tremblay A, Khan D, Conly J, Somayaji R. Co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 with human coronavirus OC43 in a patient with underlying lung disease: A case report. JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE CANADA = JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE L'ASSOCIATION POUR LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE ET L'INFECTIOLOGIE CANADA 2023; 8:150-153. [PMID: 38250284 PMCID: PMC10795697 DOI: 10.3138/jammi-2022-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Co-infections with SARS-CoV-2 remain relatively rare and there is limited published data on the consequences of these events. We present the case of a 26-year-old man with SARS-CoV-2 and human coronavirus OC43 who had a severe infection resulting in prolonged hospitalization. Consideration of co-infections should be considered in high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwadwo Mponponsuo
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yamini Murthy
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jamil Kanji
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alain Tremblay
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniyal Khan
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - John Conly
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ranjani Somayaji
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Viret C, Lavedrine A, Lamiral G, Rozières A, Faure M. Contextual influence of mammalian macro-autophagy in virus-bacteria coinfected cell phenotypes. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011625. [PMID: 37733691 PMCID: PMC10513301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Viret
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Aude Lavedrine
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Guénaëlle Lamiral
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Aurore Rozières
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Mathias Faure
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
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18
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Cao Q, Wu X, Chen Y, Wei Q, You Y, Qiang Y, Cao G. The impact of concurrent bacterial lung infection on immunotherapy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a retrospective cohort study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1257638. [PMID: 37712056 PMCID: PMC10497767 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1257638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To find out how bacterial lung infections (BLI) affect the effectiveness of therapy and the rate of pneumonia caused by pneumonia related to checkpoint inhibitors (CIP) in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who are getting immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Patients and methods 507 NSCLC patients who received at least two ICI treatments between June 2020 and December 2022 at the Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology(AHKUST) were included in a retrospective cohort study. Based on whether there was a concurrent BLI diagnosis from high-resolution CT scans of the chest, the patients were divided into two groups: 238 in the NSCLC with BLI group (NSCLC-BLI group), and 269 in the NSCLC alone group. The collected therapeutic outcome measures included the objective response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and the incidence rate of CIP. We analyzed the effect of BLI on the therapeutic efficacy of ICI treatment and the incidence rate of CIP in NSCLC patients.Inclusion criteria based on NSCLC patients staged I to IV according to the 8th edition of the International Association for Lung Cancer Research (IASLC). Results The NSCLC-BLI group showed superior ORR to the NSCLC group when treated with ICIs. Multifactorial logistic regression and Cox analyses, adjusted for confounders, identified BLI as an independent positive prognostic factor for ORR (HR=0.482, 95%CI: 0.391-0.550; P<0.001) and PFS (HR=0.619; 95%CI: 0.551-0.771; P<0.001). No correlation between BLI and OS was found. Out of 26 cases of CIP, 12 were in the NSCLC-BLI group and 14 in the NSCLC group, with no significant difference in incidence (P=0.145). Conclusion NSCLC patients with BLI receiving ICI treatment show superior ORR and PFS compared to NSCLC alone without an increased CIP risk, positioning BLI as a predictive factor for improved outcomes in NSCLC patients receiving ICIs. However, the study has limitations including its retrospective nature and lacking data on BLI bacteria types and levels, which could influence therapy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Cao
- Department of Earth Sciences, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- School of Medicine, Macao University of Science and Technology, Macao, Macao SAR, China
| | - Xinyan Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuquan Chen
- Institute of Medical Information/Library, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wei
- School of Medicine, Macao University of Science and Technology, Macao, Macao SAR, China
| | - Yanwei You
- Division of Sports Science & Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Qiang
- Department of Earth Sciences, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Guangzhu Cao
- Department of Earth Sciences, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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19
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Grazia Martina M, Giammarino F, Vicenti I, Groaz E, Rozenski J, Incerti M, Sannio F, Docquier JD, Zazzi M, Radi M. Nucleoside Derivatives of 2,6-Diaminopurine Antivirals: Base-Modified Nucleosides with Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Properties. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300200. [PMID: 37221137 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The plethora of viral outbreaks experienced in the last decade, together with the widespread distribution of many re-emerging and newly emerging viruses, emphasize the urgent need for novel broad-spectrum antivirals as tools for early intervention in case of future epidemics. Non-natural nucleosides have been at the forefront for the treatment of infectious diseases for many years and still represent one of the most successful classes of antiviral molecules on the market. In the attempt to explore the biologically relevant chemical space of this class of antimicrobials, we describe herein the development of novel base-modified nucleosides by converting previously identified 2,6-diaminopurine antivirals into the corresponding D/L ribonucleosides, acyclic nucleosides and prodrug derivatives. A phenotypic screening against viruses belonging to different families (Flaviviridae, Coronaviridae, Retroviridae) and against a panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, allowed to identify a few interesting molecules with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Martina
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Giammarino
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Ilaria Vicenti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Groaz
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-Box 1041, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Jef Rozenski
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-Box 1041, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matteo Incerti
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Filomena Sannio
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Jean Denis Docquier
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie Moléculaire, Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines, University of Liège, Allée du 6 Août, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Maurizio Zazzi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Radi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
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20
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Schwermann N, Winstel V. Functional diversity of staphylococcal surface proteins at the host-microbe interface. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1196957. [PMID: 37275142 PMCID: PMC10232760 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1196957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface proteins of Gram-positive pathogens are key determinants of virulence that substantially shape host-microbe interactions. Specifically, these proteins mediate host invasion and pathogen transmission, drive the acquisition of heme-iron from hemoproteins, and subvert innate and adaptive immune cell responses to push bacterial survival and pathogenesis in a hostile environment. Herein, we briefly review and highlight the multi-facetted roles of cell wall-anchored proteins of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a common etiological agent of purulent skin and soft tissue infections as well as severe systemic diseases in humans. In particular, we focus on the functional diversity of staphylococcal surface proteins and discuss their impact on the variety of clinical manifestations of S. aureus infections. We also describe mechanistic and underlying principles of staphylococcal surface protein-mediated immune evasion and coupled strategies S. aureus utilizes to paralyze patrolling neutrophils, macrophages, and other immune cells. Ultimately, we provide a systematic overview of novel therapeutic concepts and anti-infective strategies that aim at neutralizing S. aureus surface proteins or sortases, the molecular catalysts of protein anchoring in Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Schwermann
- Research Group Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture Between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Volker Winstel
- Research Group Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture Between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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21
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Coss SL, Zhou D, Chua GT, Aziz RA, Hoffman RP, Wu YL, Ardoin SP, Atkinson JP, Yu CY. The complement system and human autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun 2023; 137:102979. [PMID: 36535812 PMCID: PMC10276174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetic deficiencies of early components of the classical complement activation pathway (especially C1q, r, s, and C4) are the strongest monogenic causal factors for the prototypic autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but their prevalence is extremely rare. In contrast, isotype genetic deficiency of C4A and acquired deficiency of C1q by autoantibodies are frequent among patients with SLE. Here we review the genetic basis of complement deficiencies in autoimmune disease, discuss the complex genetic diversity seen in complement C4 and its association with autoimmune disease, provide guidance as to when clinicians should suspect and test for complement deficiencies, and outline the current understanding of the mechanisms relating complement deficiencies to autoimmunity. We focus primarily on SLE, as the role of complement in SLE is well-established, but will also discuss other informative diseases such as inflammatory arthritis and myositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Coss
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Danlei Zhou
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gilbert T Chua
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rabheh Abdul Aziz
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Robert P Hoffman
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yee Ling Wu
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Stacy P Ardoin
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John P Atkinson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chack-Yung Yu
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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22
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Obar JJ, Shepardson KM. Coinfections in the lung: How viral infection creates a favorable environment for bacterial and fungal infections. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011334. [PMID: 37141196 PMCID: PMC10159189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Obar
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Kelly M Shepardson
- University of California, Merced, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Merced, California, United States of America
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The Activation of the RIG-I/MDA5 Signaling Pathway upon Influenza D Virus Infection Impairs the Pulmonary Proinflammatory Response Triggered by Mycoplasma bovis Superinfection. J Virol 2023; 97:e0142322. [PMID: 36692289 PMCID: PMC9972951 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01423-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Concurrent infections with multiple pathogens are often described in cattle with respiratory illness. However, how the host-pathogen interactions influence the clinical outcome has been only partially explored in this species. Influenza D virus (IDV) was discovered in 2011. Since then, IDV has been detected worldwide in different hosts. A significant association between IDV and bacterial pathogens in sick cattle was shown in epidemiological studies, especially with Mycoplasma bovis. In an experimental challenge, IDV aggravated M. bovis-induced pneumonia. However, the mechanisms through which IDV drives an increased susceptibility to bacterial superinfections remain unknown. Here, we used the organotypic lung model precision-cut lung slices to study the interplay between IDV and M. bovis coinfection. Our results show that a primary IDV infection promotes M. bovis superinfection by increasing the bacterial replication and the ultrastructural damages in lung pneumocytes. In our model, IDV impaired the innate immune response triggered by M. bovis by decreasing the expression of several proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines that are important for immune cell recruitment and the bacterial clearance. Stimulations with agonists of cytosolic helicases and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) revealed that a primary activation of RIG-I/MDA5 desensitizes the TLR2 activation, similar to what was observed with IDV infection. The cross talk between these two pattern recognition receptors leads to a nonadditive response, which alters the TLR2-mediated cascade that controls the bacterial infection. These results highlight innate immune mechanisms that were not described for cattle so far and improve our understanding of the bovine host-microbe interactions and IDV pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Since the spread of the respiratory influenza D virus (IDV) infection to the cattle population, the question about the impact of this virus on bovine respiratory disease (BRD) remains still unanswered. Animals affected by BRD are often coinfected with multiple pathogens, especially viruses and bacteria. In particular, viruses are suspected to enhance secondary bacterial superinfections. Here, we use an ex vivo model of lung tissue to study the effects of IDV infection on bacterial superinfections. Our results show that IDV increases the susceptibility to the respiratory pathogen Mycoplasma bovis. In particular, IDV seems to activate immune pathways that inhibit the innate immune response against the bacteria. This may allow M. bovis to increase its proliferation and to delay its clearance from lung tissue. These results suggest that IDV could have a negative impact on the respiratory pathology of cattle.
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Risk Factors for Influenza-Induced Exacerbations and Mortality in Non-Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020537. [PMID: 36851751 PMCID: PMC9961441 DOI: 10.3390/v15020537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza infection is a cause of exacerbations in patients with chronic pulmonary diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical outcomes and identify risk factors associated with hospitalization and mortality following influenza infection in adult patients with bronchiectasis. Using the Chang Gung Research Database, we identified patients with bronchiectasis and influenza-related infection (ICD-9-CM 487 and anti-viral medicine) between 2008 and 2017. The main outcomes were influenza-related hospitalization and in-hospital mortality rate. Eight hundred sixty-five patients with bronchiectasis and influenza infection were identified. Five hundred thirty-six (62%) patients with bronchiectasis were hospitalized for influenza-related infection and 118 (22%) patients had respiratory failure. Compared to the group only seen in clinic, the hospitalization group was older, with more male patients, a lower FEV1, higher bronchiectasis aetiology comorbidity index (BACI), and more acute exacerbations in the previous year. Co-infections were evident in 55.6% of hospitalized patients, mainly caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15%), fungus (7%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (6%). The respiratory failure group developed acute kidney injury (36% vs. 16%; p < 0.001), and shock (47% vs. 6%; p < 0.001) more often than influenza patients without respiratory failure. The overall mortality rate was 10.8% and the respiratory failure group exhibited significantly higher in-hospital mortality rates (27.1% vs. 6.2%; p < 0.001). Age, BACI, and previous exacerbations were independently associated with influenza-related hospitalization. Age, presence of shock, and low platelet counts were associated with increased hospital mortality. Influenza virus caused severe exacerbation in bronchiectasis, especially in those who were older and who had high BACI scores and previous exacerbations. A high risk of respiratory failure and mortality were observed in influenza-related hospitalization in bronchiectasis. We highlight the importance of preventing or treating influenza infection in bronchiectasis.
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Escuret V, Terrier O. Co-infection of the respiratory epithelium, scene of complex functional interactions between viral, bacterial, and human neuraminidases. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1137336. [PMID: 37213507 PMCID: PMC10192862 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1137336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity of sialic acids, known to play critical roles in biology and many pathological processes, is finely regulated by a class of enzymes called sialidases, also known as neuraminidases. These are present in mammals and many other biological systems, such as viruses and bacteria. This review focuses on the very particular situation of co-infections of the respiratory epithelium, the scene of complex functional interactions between viral, bacterial, and human neuraminidases. This intrinsically multidisciplinary topic combining structural biology, biochemistry, physiology, and the study of host-pathogen interactions, opens up exciting research perspectives that could lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying virus-bacteria co-infections and their contribution to the aggravation of respiratory pathology, notably in the context of pre-existing pathological contexts. Strategies that mimic or inhibit the activity of the neuraminidases could constitute interesting treatment options for viral and bacterial infections.
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Song J, Zhao J, Cai X, Qin S, Chen Z, Huang X, Li R, Wang Y, Wang X. Lianhuaqingwen capsule inhibits non-lethal doses of influenza virus-induced secondary Staphylococcus aureus infection in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 298:115653. [PMID: 35995276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Lianhuaqingwen capsule (LH-C) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), consisting of two prescriptions, Ma-xing-shi-gan-tang (MXSGT) and Yinqiao San. It has been proven to have antiviral, antibacterial, and immunomodulatory effects in recent years. Clinically, it is commonly used in the treatment of respiratory tract infections. AIM OF THE STUDY It was demonstrated in our previous studies that LH-C has an effect of antivirus and inhibits influenza virus-induced bacterial adhesion to respiratory epithelial cells through down-regulation of cell adhesion molecules in vitro. However, LH-C's effect against influenza-induced secondary bacterial infection in animal studies remains unclear. Therefore, in the present study, we established a mouse model of infection with non-lethal doses of influenza virus(H1N1) and secondary infection of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), to investigate the potential effects of LH-C. METHODS Experiments were carried out on BALB/c mice infecting non-lethal doses of H1N1 and non-lethal doses of S. aureus, and the viral, and bacterial doses were determined by observing and recording changes in the body weight, mortality, and pathological changes. Moreover, after LH-C treatment, the survival rate, body weight, lung index, viral titers, bacterial colonies, pathological changes, and the inflammatory cytokines in the mouse model have all been systematically determined. RESULTS In the superinfection models of H1N1 and S. aureus, the mortality rate was 100% in groups of mice infected with 20 PFU/50 μL of H1N1 and 105 CFU/mL of S. aureus, 20 PFU/50 μL of H1N1 and 106 CFU/mL of S. aureus, 4 PFU/50 μL of H1N1 and 106 CFU/mL of S. aureus. The mortality rate was 50% in the group of mice infected with 4 PFU/50 μL of H1N1 and 105 CFU/mL of S. aureus. The mortality rate was 37.5% in the group of mice infected with 20 PFU/50 μL of H1N1 alone and in the group of mice infected with 2 PFU/50 μL of H1N1 and 106 CFU/mL of S. aureus. The mortality rate in the group of mice infected with 2 PFU/50 μL of H1N1 and 106 CFU/mL of S. aureus was 30%. The infected mice of 2 PFU/50 μL of H1N1 and 106 CFU/mL of S. aureus had a weight loss of nearly 10%. About the histopathological changes in the lung tissue of infection mice, severe lung lesions were found in the superinfection models. LH-C improved survival in the superinfected mice, significantly reduced lung index, lowered viral titers and bacterial loads, and alleviated lung damage. It reduced lung inflammation by down-regulating mRNA expression levels of inflammatory mediators like IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-β, MCP-1, and RANTES. CONCLUSIONS We found that superinfection from non-lethal doses of S. aureus following non-lethal doses of H1N1 was equally fatal in mice, confirming the severity of secondary infections. The ability of LH-C to alleviate lung injury resulting from secondary S. aureus infection induced by H1N1 was confirmed. These findings provided a further assessment of LH-C, suggesting that LH-C may have good therapeutic efficacy in influenza secondary bacterial infection disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuejun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengle Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zexin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaodong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Runfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yutao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xinhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Institute of Integration of Traditional and Western Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Zhou LJ, Chi YT, Chen LS, Pei SC, Chai SQ. One-Step Synthesis of Si-Doped Carbon Dots with Antibacterial Activities. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363222110214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Lai L, Huang X, Sun W, Chen X, Pei S, Chai S, Chen J. One-Step Synthesis of Carbon Quantum Dots with Antibacterial Activity Based on Andrographolide. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363222100309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gaudino M, Nagamine B, Ducatez MF, Meyer G. Understanding the mechanisms of viral and bacterial coinfections in bovine respiratory disease: a comprehensive literature review of experimental evidence. Vet Res 2022; 53:70. [PMID: 36068558 PMCID: PMC9449274 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the most important diseases impacting the global cattle industry, resulting in significant economic loss. Commonly referred to as shipping fever, BRD is especially concerning for young calves during transport when they are most susceptible to developing disease. Despite years of extensive study, managing BRD remains challenging as its aetiology involves complex interactions between pathogens, environmental and host factors. While at the beginning of the twentieth century, scientists believed that BRD was only caused by bacterial infections (“bovine pasteurellosis”), we now know that viruses play a key role in BRD induction. Mixtures of pathogenic bacteria and viruses are frequently isolated from respiratory secretions of animals with respiratory illness. The increased diagnostic screening data has changed our understanding of pathogens contributing to BRD development. In this review, we aim to comprehensively examine experimental evidence from all existing studies performed to understand coinfections between respiratory pathogens in cattle. Despite the fact that pneumonia has not always been successfully reproduced by in vivo calf modelling, several studies attempted to investigate the clinical significance of interactions between different pathogens. The most studied model of pneumonia induction has been reproduced by a primary viral infection followed by a secondary bacterial superinfection, with strong evidence suggesting this could potentially be one of the most common scenarios during BRD onset. Different in vitro studies indicated that viral priming may increase bacterial adherence and colonization of the respiratory tract, suggesting a possible mechanism underpinning bronchopneumonia onset in cattle. In addition, a few in vivo studies on viral coinfections and bacterial coinfections demonstrated that a primary viral infection could also increase the pathogenicity of a secondary viral infection and, similarly, dual infections with two bacterial pathogens could increase the severity of BRD lesions. Therefore, different scenarios of pathogen dynamics could be hypothesized for BRD onset which are not limited to a primary viral infection followed by a secondary bacterial superinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gaudino
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Gilles Meyer
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France.
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30
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Li Q, Zhang X, Chen B, Ji Y, Chen W, Cai S, Xu M, Yu M, Bao Q, Li C, Zhang H. Early predictors of lung necrosis severity in children with community-acquired necrotizing pneumonia. Pediatr Pulmonol 2022; 57:2172-2179. [PMID: 35686616 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.26020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze baseline clinical and laboratory characteristics and explore the possible predictors of lung necrosis severity in children with community-acquired necrotizing pneumonia (NP). METHODOLOGY This retrospective observational study was performed in a tertiary referral center. A total of 104 patients aged <15 years with community-acquired pneumonia and radiologically confirmed NP by computed tomography (CT) were included. Patients were classified into the mild, moderate, or massive necrosis groups. RESULTS Among them, 29, 41, and 34 patients had mild, moderate, and massive necrosis, respectively. Moreover, 34.6% of the patients were admitted to pediatric intensive care unit. Massive necrosis was more likely to occur during winter (p < 0.05) and was associated with more severe clinical outcomes, such as longer duration of fever, longer hospitalization, increased mortality, and a higher risk of subsequent surgical intervention (p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the following were independent risk factors for massive necrosis in this study: C-reactive protein (CRP) (p = 0.036), serum albumin (p = 0.009), and immunoglobulin M (IgM) (p = 0.022). Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that when the cut-off value for CRP, serum albumin, and IgM were set at 122 mg/L, 30.8 g/L, and 95.7 mg/dl, respectively, they showed good diagnostic performance for differentiating patients with massive necrosis from all patients with NP. CONCLUSION NP is a potentially severe complication of pediatric community-acquired pneumonia. Different severities of lung necrosis can lead to different clinical outcomes. CRP, serum albumin, and IgM levels are independent predictors of the degree of lung necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Li
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Biomedical Informatics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xueya Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Biomedical Informatics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yongan Ji
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shujing Cai
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mingwei Yu
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiyu Bao
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Laboratory Sciences, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Changchong Li
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Biomedical Informatics, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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31
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Cipolla EM, Yue M, Nickolich KL, Huckestein BR, Antos D, Chen W, Alcorn JF. Heterotypic Influenza Infections Mitigate Susceptibility to Secondary Bacterial Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:760-771. [PMID: 35914833 PMCID: PMC9378502 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Influenza-associated bacterial superinfections have devastating impacts on the lung and can result in increased risk of mortality. New strains of influenza circulate throughout the population yearly, promoting the establishment of immune memory. Nearly all individuals have some degree of influenza memory before adulthood. Due to this, we sought to understand the role of immune memory during bacterial superinfections. An influenza heterotypic immunity model was established using influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34 and influenza A/X31. We report in this article that influenza-experienced mice are more resistant to secondary bacterial infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as determined by wasting, bacterial burden, pulmonary inflammation, and lung leak, despite significant ongoing lung remodeling. Multidimensional flow cytometry and lung transcriptomics revealed significant alterations in the lung environment in influenza-experienced mice compared with naive animals. These include changes in the lung monocyte and T cell compartments, characterized by increased expansion of influenza tetramer-specific CD8+ T cells. The protection that was seen in the memory-experienced mouse model is associated with the reduction in inflammatory mechanisms, making the lung less susceptible to damage and subsequent bacterial colonization. These findings provide insight into how influenza heterotypic immunity reshapes the lung environment and the immune response to a rechallenge event, which is highly relevant to the context of human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellyse M Cipolla
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; and
| | - Molin Yue
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Kara L Nickolich
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; and
| | - Brydie R Huckestein
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; and
| | - Danielle Antos
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; and
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - John F Alcorn
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA;
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; and
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Arcangeletti MC, De Conto F, Montecchini S, Buttrini M, Maccari C, Chezzi C, Calderaro A. A Rare Case Of Sars-Cov-2 And Influenza A Virus Super-Infection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 104:115743. [PMID: 35834915 PMCID: PMC9212775 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2022.115743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Flora De Conto
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Sara Montecchini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Mirko Buttrini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Clara Maccari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Carlo Chezzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Adriana Calderaro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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The Impact of Multiplex PCR in Diagnosing and Managing Bacterial Infections in COVID-19 Patients Self-Medicated with Antibiotics. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11040437. [PMID: 35453189 PMCID: PMC9025156 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The multiplex PCR is a powerful and efficient tool that was widely used during the COVID-19 pandemic to diagnose SARS-CoV-2 infections and that has applications for bacterial identification, as well as determining bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the usability of multiplex PCR, especially in patients self-medicated with antibiotics, where bacterial cultures often give false-negative results. A cross-sectional study was developed in two COVID-19 units, where 489 eligible patients were included as antibiotic takers and non-antibiotic takers. Antibiotic takers used mostly over-the-counter medication; they suffered significantly more chronic respiratory conditions and were self-medicated most often with cephalosporins (41.4%), macrolide (23.2%), and penicillin (19.7%). The disease severity in these patients was significantly higher than in non-antibiotic takers, and bacterial superinfections were the most common finding in the same group (63.6%). Antibiotic takers had longer hospital and ICU admissions, although the mortality rate was not significantly higher than in non-antibiotic takers. The most common bacteria involved in secondary infections were Staphylococcus aureus (22.2%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27.8%), and Klebsiellaspp (25.0%). Patients self-medicating with antibiotics had significantly higher rates of multidrug resistance. The multiplex PCR test was more accurate in identifying multidrug resistance and resulted in a quicker initiation of therapeutic antibiotics compared with instances where a bacterial culture was initially performed, with an average of 26.8 h vs. 40.4 h, respectively. The hospital stay was also significantly shorter by an average of 2.5 days when PCR was used as an initial assessment tool for secondary bacterial infections. When adjusted for age, COVID-19 severity, and pulmonary disease, over-the-counter use of antibiotics represented a significant independent risk factor for a prolonged hospitalization (AOR = 1.21). Similar findings were observed for smoking status (AOR = 1.44), bacterial superinfection (AOR = 1.52), performing only a conventional bacterial culture (AOR = 1.17), and a duration of more than 48 h for bacterial sampling from the time of hospital admission (AOR = 1.36). Multiplex PCR may be a very effective method for diagnosing secondary bacterial infections in COVID-19 individuals self-medicating with antibiotics. Utilizing this strategy as an initial screen in COVID-19 patients who exhibit signs of sepsis and clinical deterioration will result in a faster recovery time and a shorter period of hospitalization.
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